Blockchain-Based Lightweight Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme for Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping

Blockchain-Based Lightweight Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme for Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Blockchain-Based Lightweight Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme for Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Juan Qu, Wenyan Quan, Li Li, Haiyan Zhou This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6705108/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 18 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract With the advantages of zero emissions, low noise and efficient energy utilization, electric vehicles (EVs) have become an important part of the modern transportation system. Nevertheless, the widespread adoption of EVs remains constrained by limited battery range and insufficient charging infrastructure, both of which can be effectively mitigated by battery swapping technology. However, the open communication channels among EVs, roadside units and battery swapping stations pose risks to data security and user privacy. To address these issues, we propose a lightweight authentication protocol based on Chebyshev chaotic maps and blockchain. The scheme ensures user privacy while leveraging blockchain technology to guarantee the security and reliability of transaction processing and data storage during battery swapping. Moreover, the Chebyshev polynomial is introduced to reduce the computational cost for EVs during authentication with roadside units. Formal security analysis using the real-or-random (ROR) oracle model and Scyther tool confirms that the proposed scheme is secure. Furthermore, informal security analysis indicates that our scheme can effectively withstand known attacks. Finally, the performance evaluation results show that the proposed scheme is superior in terms of communication and computational overheads compared to existing related schemes. Electric vehicle Authentication and key agreement Battery swapping Chebyshev chaotic mapping Blockchain Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 23 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 23 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 23 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 22 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Jun, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 11 Jun, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 29 May, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 21 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 20 May, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6705108","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":471432223,"identity":"0a3c04f2-ab60-4491-92ff-800eefd78ec2","order_by":0,"name":"Juan Qu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chongqing Three Gorges University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juan","middleName":"","lastName":"Qu","suffix":""},{"id":471432224,"identity":"6137add6-bed4-4b52-8771-9193c48969a7","order_by":1,"name":"Wenyan Quan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACeWb+zw8/VNjIsfE3HyBOi2F7g5mxxJk0Yz6JYwlEWnPmgIEEb9vhxHkMOQbE6WCckZBgINmWxtjGcObjjTcMdnK6DQS0sEskHHhQcM6GmY25d7PlHIZkY7MDBG1JbDCQKEtjY2M4u02ah+FA4jZCWhhuJDNI8LAd5mFjyHlGpJYzx4Ba2g5LALWwEafFsL2HDRTIBmwSx4wt5xgQ4Rd5Zh5mUFTWz+9vfnjjTYWdHEEtKECCh8ioQdZCqo5RMApGwSgYEQAAuOFBIqwVdUgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Chongqing Three Gorges University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wenyan","middleName":"","lastName":"Quan","suffix":""},{"id":471432225,"identity":"4bad550c-e625-42d2-93e7-d975d6684a89","order_by":2,"name":"Li Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chongqing Three Gorges University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Li","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":471432226,"identity":"7462a067-b6e2-4eec-8393-0cdda39e86a1","order_by":3,"name":"Haiyan Zhou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chongqing Three Gorges University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haiyan","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-20 07:53:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6705108/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6705108/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":84668006,"identity":"d36c9baf-9a0d-4b3e-8f92-357f2ae312cc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-16 06:07:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1348480,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BlockchainBasedLightweightAuthenticationandKeyAgreementSchemeforElectricVehicleBatterySwapping.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6705108/v1_covered_585022cd-2443-45a6-ac38-9ba49ce02f3e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Blockchain-Based Lightweight Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme for Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"peer-to-peer-networking-and-applications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ppna","sideBox":"Learn more about [Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications](http://link.springer.com/journal/12083)","snPcode":"12083","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12083/3","title":"Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Electric vehicle, Authentication and key agreement, Battery swapping, Chebyshev chaotic mapping, Blockchain","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6705108/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6705108/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWith the advantages of zero emissions, low noise and efficient energy utilization, electric vehicles (EVs) have become an important part of the modern transportation system. 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