Assessment of Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity Risks and Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons of Monitored Black Carbon (Soot) in Air and Swimming Pool Water in Port Harcourt

Assessment of Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity Risks and Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons of Monitored Black Carbon (Soot) in Air and Swimming Pool Water in Port Harcourt | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessment of Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity Risks and Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons of Monitored Black Carbon (Soot) in Air and Swimming Pool Water in Port Harcourt Oloyede Muhyideen, Shittu Lukman, Yusuf Falola Ajibola, Igwe Patrick Okechukwu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2880375/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of monitored soot in air and water in Port Harcourt swimming pool environment were assessed due to incessant downpour of soot in the area. Samples of soot were collected each for six hours in wet and dry seasons. Samples of water were also collected in the two seasons. PAH samples were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) to generate data which were described using descriptive statistics. In wet season, the total PAHs concentration in the air is 4.603E-03 ppm and in water 7.782E-03 mg/l while in the dry season, it’s 3.636E-03 ppm in the air and 5.172E-03 mg/l in water. The PAH distribution patterns in water followed the same trend in air in wet and in dry seasons with the diagnostic ratios indicating similar source thus suggesting that the major source of PAHs in water is atmospheric deposition from the air. Also, HMW-PAHs dominated each profile with air and water in the study area act as secondary sources for LMW-PAHs in the wet season and water acts as a sink for HMW-PAHs in both the wet and dry seasons. The results of mutagenic equivalent (MEQ) of the study ranged between 5.01E-04 ppm (mg/l) and 1.82E-03mg/l (ppm) while that of toxic equivalent (TEQ) ranged between 1.88E-04ppm (mg/l) and 3.71E-03mg/l ppm. The highest contributions to the MEQ and TEQ and their respective potentials (MP and CP) which is the capacity to cause modifications in human’s DNA thus forming PAH-DNA adduct thereby resulting in mutations and cancer were made in the wet season by IcdP contributing 64% MP and 60 % CP and those of dry season were made by DahA contributing 61% MP and 90% CP. These dominant PAH compounds ie IcdP, DahA, BghiP, BbF, BaP, etc with diagnostic ratios indicated artisanal refineries and other minor contributory sources. Due to the effect of soot toxicants, individuals are to limit exposure while Governments need to take strict measures to reduce the activities of artisanal refineries. Mutagenicity Carcinogenicity High Molecular Weight-PAHs Low Molecular Weight-PAHs Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are dangerous group of organic substances Adeniji et al . (2018), comprised of two or more benzene rings bonded in linear, cluster, or angular arrangements (Abdel-Shafy and Mansour, 2016) many of which have mutagenic and carcinogenic risk potentials as well as non-cancer adverse health outcomes/effects. Mutagenicity according to Bartsch and Tomatis (1983), is a DNA-damaging activity that is expressed mainly as mutations. Honma (2020), holds that mutagenicity is a key mechanism in oncogenic processes that is based on the chemical reactivity between DNA and chemical substances resulting in mutations. Furthermore, Kumar et al (2014), hold that activation of PAH during metabolism leads to formation of diol-epoxides which binds covalently to DNA resulting into adducts (PAH-DNA adduct) or induce oxidative stress which results in mutations. Adding that the PAH diol-epoxides (PAHDEs) precisely bind covalently to exocyclic amino groups of guanine and adenine leading to the formation of stable adducts within DNA (Lin et al ., 2001). These adducts in DNA according to Hsu et al . (2005), block polymerase replication activity, contributing to increase DNA damage by reducing repair activity. These reactive metabolites i.e. epoxides and dihydrodiols of some PAHs have the potential to bind to cellular proteins and DNA with toxic effects resulting biochemical disruption and cell damage can lead to mutations, tumors and cancer (Armstrong et al., 2004; Bach et al ., 2003). Carcinogenesis occur when adduct formation affects DNA repair mechanism thus resulting in accumulation of mutations in DNA (Kumar et al ., 2014). On the other hand, Honma (2020), holds that with just one mutation in genome, there is the possibility of generating cancerous cell and consequently a threshold value cannot be assigned. The reactive epoxides and dihydrodiols PAH metabolites have the potential to bind to cellular proteins and DNA with toxic effects which result in biochemical disruption and cell damage can lead to mutations, tumours and cancer (Armstrong et al., 2004; Bach et al., 2003; Kumar et al ., 2014). USEPA (2008), classified seven PAHs which are benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo (b) fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene as potent carcinogens. Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity are clearly correlated according to Griffiths et al (2000), who also reported that approximately 90% of known carcinogens are also mutagens. Also, there is increasing evidence to suggest that DNA damage (expressed mainly as mutations) is involved in the induction of many cancers (Bartsch and Tomatis 1983), Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is marker PAH for cancer which is believed to be the most toxic PAH has been well-characterized toxicologically. Toxic equivalency factors based on BaP are used for assessment of potential risk of many other PAH compounds. On this, mutagenic equivalent factor (MEF) and toxic equivalent factor (TEF) were developed/proposed by Durant et al . (1999) and Nisbet and LaGoy (1992) respectively. Calculation of BaP-MEQ and BaP-TEQ and to estimate the atmospheric air and swimming pool water PAH mutagenic and carcinogenic hazards in people for adverse health outcomes in both dry and wet seasons. This is as Jung (2010), calculated BaP-MEQ and BaP-TEQ to estimate residential indoor and outdoor PAH carcinogenic and mutagenic hazards in young inner city children, known to be at greater risk for adverse health consequences from exposure to air pollution. In addressing the mutagenic and carcinogenic risk of PAHs, identification and understanding of different sources of PAHs is crucial for proper risk assessment and risk management. Diagnostic ratios of chemical compounds like PAHs are useful tools in identifying pollutant emission sources (Yunker et al. , 2002). PAH diagnostic ratio according to Tobiszewski and Namiesnik, (2012), is globally used. These PAHs originated from different processes which include anthropogenic sources, biomass burning, volcanic eruptions and diagenesis are other sources. PAHs can also be from petrogenic or pyrogenic sources generally characterized by higher levels of low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs for the former and high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs for the latter. Jamhari et al. (2014), hold that PAH diagnostic ratios distinguishes between the contributions from petrogenic sources ie unburnt crude oil and its other petroleum fractions like kerosene, gasoline, diesel, asphalt and lubricating oil from pyrogenic sources like incomplete combustion of fossil fuel and vehicular exhaust emission. PAH contents together with PAH diagnostic ratios provide important information on pollution emission sources. A medium with PAH contents having high concentration of BghiP and IcdP indicated gasoline and oil combustion sources (Kwon & Choi, 2008; Kamal e t al ., 2016). High concentration of several LMW-PAHs including Nap, Phe indicate petroleum source originating from the petroleum refinery petroleum tanker spills, falls and explosion according to Kamal et al. (2016). PAH diagnostic ratio Phe/Ant according to Adeniji et al. (2018), classifies sources into petrogenic or pyrogenic origin while Katsoyiannis et al ., (2007), used the ratio BaP/BghiP to classify the sources into traffic emission and non-traffic emission. PAH contents and diagnostic ratios do not only diagnosed and apportioned sources of emission, but also enhance proper human health risk assessment as well as risk management and communication (Tobiszewski and Namiesnik 2012). Most studies conducted on swimming pools dwell on microbial contamination of the water while few look into physicochemical parameters for water quality studies. In line with this, Belonwu et al (2020), investigated physicochemical and microbial profiles of selected hotel swimming pools in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria and found that physicochemical analysis of most of the studied pools and the microbial loads (ie total coliform, faecal coliform and Escherichia coli) of the studied pools were higher than WHO standard showing that most fall short of WHO standard for recreational activity. Attention is not paid to ubiquitous PAHs pollution particularly during this period of incessant downpour of soot (black carbon) coupled to the fact that swimming pools are generally under direct deposition of air pollutants from the atmosphere day and night. The aim of this research work was therefore to assess the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of 17 PAHs and their source diagnostic ratios in air and water in both the wet and dry seasons. Materials and Method Samples of soot were collected each for six hours in wet and dry seasons. Samples of water were collected each is a mixture of surface and middle of swimming pool in wet and dry seasons. PAH samples were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) fitted with mass spectrometer (MS) to generate data which were described using descriptive statistics. 2.1 Study Area The study area is Port Harcourt in Rivers State. Port Harcourt is a metropolitan city and the capital of Rivers state, Nigeria (Akukwe and Ogbodo, 2015) situated between 04°49ˊ27″N and 07°02ˊ01″E with an altitude of 10 m above seas level (Belonwu et al (2020). Port Harcourt has a projected population of 2,467,000 for 2016 (NPC, 2006). Wet and dry are two distinct seasons in the area with seasonal rainfall increases from the month of March to October before decreasing in the dry season from the month of November to February with annual average rainfall amount of 200.45 mm (Ayoade and Abams, 1991; Uko and Tamunobereton-Ari 2015). 2.2 Method The air samples were collected using the Air Metrix Minivolt Active Sampler (SN 3018 ver 4.2 10/01/02 by Environ Technology Services PLC 13028). Minivol portable sampler is a filter based gravimetric measurement equipment. The sampler draws air continuously for 6 hours and trapped it on a weighed Teflon filters carefully placed inside the filter holders using sterilized forceps to avoid contamination. Each filter containing the sample was treated with 10 ml of dichloromethane and agitated for an hour after which the extract was concentrated and finally analysed for 17 PAHs in the laboratory for 17 PAHs. They are naphthalene (Nap), methyl naphthalene (mNap), acenaphthylene (Acy), acenaphthene (Ace), fluorine (Flu), phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (Ant), fluoranthene (Fla), pyrene (Pyr), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chr), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo (k)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), indeno( 1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IcdP), dibenzo(a,h) anthracene (DBA), benzo(ghi)perylene (BghiP). One microlitre (1 μl) of the sample was injected into a gas chromatograph. The product was heated to vapourized and flow of inert gas (carrier) carried the compounds into a capillary column. The temperature of the column was programmed and as it increases, the compounds began to move through the column with the volatile compounds having lower boiling points start moving first. Mass spectrometer detector (MSD) connected to the end of the column detects the components. Detector sensed and provides signal for the separated compounds. The concentration of each PAH recorded. Cleaned and dried glass bottles were used for the collection of water samples. Each sample of water taken was a mixture of surface and middle of the swimming pool water which was then adjusted to pH 2 with concentrated HCl stored iced cooler at temperature below 4 o C. One litre each of water sample spiked with standard and extracted with 20 ml of n-hexane and concentrated to about 2 ml. Similarly, 1 μl of the sample extract was injected into a gas chromatograph and PAH concentrations determined after calibration. Concentrations of PAHs in air in ppm were converted mg/m 3 (equation 1) for comparing concentrations of PAHs in air to that in water. As for concentrations in water, 1 g/m3 approximately equals 1 mg/l as contained in equation 2. (Boguski 2006). Concentration (mg/m 3 ) = 0.0409 x Concentration (ppm) x Molecular Weight 1 For water: 1 g/m3 = 1 mg/L = 1 ppm 2 2.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Mutagenic equivalent of eight PAHs (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH) and carcinogenic equivalent of 17PAHs (BaP-TEQ)∑17PAH) were assessed. The 8 PAHs for mutagenic assessment are benz(a)anthracene (BaA), chrysene/iso-chrysene (Chry), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbFA), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkFA), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (IP), dibenz(a,h)anthracene(DahA), and benzo(ghi)perylene (BghiP). The 17 PAHs assessed are naphthalene (Nap), methyl-naphthalene (mNap), acenaphthylene (Acy), acenaphthene (Ace), fluorine (Flu), phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (Ant), fluoranthene (fla), pyrene (Pyr), benz(a)anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chr), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), dibenz(a,h)anthracene (DahA), benzo(g,h,i)perylene (BghiP), and indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (IcdP). 2.4 Mutagenic and Carcinogenic Potentials The toxic equivalent (TEQ) of the PAHs and mutagenic equivalent (MEQ) of high molecular weight PAHs were calculated by multiplying their individual toxic equivalent factor (TEF) and mutagenic equivalent factor (MEF) with the mean concentration of each PAH in the samples as shown in Eqs. (1) and (2) (CCME 2010; Adeniji et al ., 2018). TEQ = ∑Cn x TEF n (3) MEQ = ∑Cn x MEF n (4) Where: Cn = concentration of the individual PAH n in the mixture TEFn = toxic equivalence factor for individual PAH n. MEFn = mutagenic equivalent factor for individual PAH n. In accordance with Błaszczyk et al . (2017), carcinogenic potential (CP) was calculated using the formula: Results 3.1 Distribution of PAHs in Air and Water in the Wet and Dry Seasons Result for PAH component concentrations in water and in suspended particulate matter of air in both the wet and dry seasons are presented in Table 1. In the wet season, the concentration of PAH in suspended particulate matter of air ranged between 7.659E-06 ppm and 2.01E-03 ppm while the concentration of PAHs in water ranged between 3.558E-07 mg/l and 4.43E-03 mg/l. In the dry season, the concentration of PAH in suspended particulate matter of air ranged between 2.24E-05 ppm and 1.00E-03 ppm with the first five LMW-PAHs and two HMW-PAHs ( BaP and BghiP) not detected (ND) while the concentration of PAHs in water ranged between 2.15E-06 mg/l and 3.58E-03 mg/l with seven LMW-PAHs and two HMW-PAHs (BaP and BghiP) not detected (ND). The total PAHs concentration in the air is 4.603E-03 ppm and in water 7.782E-03 mg/l in the wet season while the total PAHs concentration in the air is 3.636E-03 ppm and in water 5.172E-03 mg/l in the dry season. Both the individual and total PAHs concentration in water are less than the available limit set by department of petroleum resources (DPR). The water environment is safe as its total PAHs concentration is lower than DPR permissible limit (7.782/5.172E-03 mg/l < 1mg/l). 3.2 Trend and Patterns of the Distribution of PAHs in Air and Water The patterns of the distribution of PAHs in water followed the same patterns in the air as shown in Fig. 2. Though, the concentrations of PAHs in water were relatively higher than concentrations in air but their trend are identical. 3.3 Distribution of PAHs, LMW-PAHs and HMW-PAHs in Air and Water in the Wet and Dry Seasons The distribution of each of the 17 PAHs in air (above) and swimming pool water (below it) in the wet and dry seasons is as shown in Figure 3. In the wet season, the concentrations of PAHs are in the order Chr > IcdP >BghiP > Acy > BaA > BbF > DahA> ….>Ant in the air and IcdP > BghiP > Flu > Acy > 2mNap> …. >Nap in the water. In the dry season, the order are: DahA > BbF > BkF > IcdP > Chr >…>Ant in the air and DahA > BbF > BaA > IcdP > Pyr >…Ant in the water. In all of these high moleular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs) concentration are considerably higher than low moleular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs). This as shown in the Figures 3 and 4 where the total concentrations of HMW-PAHs 5.56 and 7.381 times higher than the concentrations of LMW-PAHs in the air and water respectively in the wet season. Though the LMW-PAHs and HMW-PAHs concentrations are relatively lower in the dry season than the values in the wet season but the total concentrations of HMW-PAHs 30.88 and 2400 times higher than the concentrations of LMW-PAHs in the air and water respectively in the dry season. 3.4 Ratios of PAHs between Air and Water Media in Wet and Dry Seasons Table 2 presented the ratio of individual PAH in the air in dry season to the PAH in air in the wet season and also the ratio of individual PAH concentration in the water in dry season to the PAH in water in the wet season. The ratios of PAHs in the air in wet season to the PAHs in air in the dry season ranged between 0.0324 (DahA) and 9.45E (Chr) while the ratios of PAHs in the water in wet season to the PAHs in water in the dry season ranged between 0.012 (DahA) and 16.5 (IcdP) 3.5 Mutagenic Equivalent (MEQ) and Mutagenic Potential (MP) of PAHs Result for mutagenic equivalent (MEQ) and mutagenic potential (MP) of PAH component of water and air in both the wet and dry seasons are presented in Table 3. In the wet season, the MEQ concentration of the mutagenic PAH in suspended particulate matter of air ranged between 3.55E-06 ppm and 2.67E-04 ppm with total of 5.01E-04 ppm while the MEQ concentration of mutagenic PAHs in water ranged between 2.45E-06 mg/l and 1.37E-03 mg/l with total of 1.82E-03 mg/l. In the dry season, the MEQ concentration of mutagenic PAH in air ranged between 3.61E-06 ppm and 2.90E-04 ppm with total of 6.90E-04 ppm and while the MEQ of mutagenic PAHs in water ranged between 2.55E-06 mg/l and 1.04E-03 mg/l with total MEQ of 1.29E-03 mg/l. In both the air and water, two PAHs ie BaP and BghiP were not detected (ND). The total concentration of dry season air BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH is higher than wet season air (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH (6.90E-04 > 5.01E-04 ppm) by 1.38 times. Conversely, The total concentration of dry season water BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH is lower than wet season water (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH (1.29E-03 > 1.82E-03 mg/l) by 0.71 times. 3.6 Mutagenic Potential (MP) In the wet season, the mutagenic potential (MP) of BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH are in the order IcdP 53.3 % > BghP 28% with the least recorded for BkF 0.7% in the air and IcdP 75.3% > BghP 18.8% with the least recorded for Chr 0.1% in the water. Average MP of 64.3% calculated for IcdP followed by BghP with 23.4% and BkF with the least MP of 0.7% in the season. In the dry season, the order of the highest percentages are: DahA 42% > BbF 31.5% > BkF 12.5% > IcdP 11.2 % in the air and DahA 80.7% > BbF 9.3% > IcdP 6.4% in the water. Average MP of 61.3% for DahA followed by BbF with 20.4% and IcdP 8.8% and the least of 6.9% for BkF in the season. 3.7 Carcinogenic Equivalent (TEQ) and Carcinogenic Potential (CP) of PAHs Result for carcinogenic equivalent (TEQ) and carcinogenic potential (CP) of PAH component of water and air in both the wet and dry seasons are presented in Table 4. TEQ In the wet season, the TEQ concentration of the carcinogenic PAH in suspended particulate matter of air ranged between 9.51E-09 ppm and 8.61E-05 ppm with total of 1.88E-04 ppm while the TEQ concentration of carcinogenic PAHs in water ranged between 3.56E-10 mg/l and 4.43E-04 mg/l with total of 5.90E-04 mg/l. In the dry season, the TEQ concentration of carcinogenic PAH in air ranged between 2.24E-08 ppm and 1.00E-03 ppm with total of 1.21E-03 ppm and while the TEQ of carcinogenic PAHs in water ranged between 2.15E-08 mg/l and 3.58E-03 mg/l with total TEQ of 3.71E-03 mg/l. In both the air and water, LMW-PAHs and two HMW-PAHs ie BaP and BghiP were not detected (ND). Different media across season/ Different media in the same season The carcinogenic equivalent variation showed that the concentration for wet season water BaP-TEQ)∑ 17 PAH is higher than wet season air (BaP-TEQ)∑ 17 PAH (1.82E-03 > 5.01E-04) by 3.6 times. In the dry season, the concentration of Dry Season Water (BaP-TEQ)∑ 17 PAH is higher than Dry Season Air (BaP-TEQ)∑ 17 PAH (1.29E-03 > 6.90E-04) by 1.9 times. Same medium within season/ Same medium in different seasons The total concentration of dry season air BaP-TEQ)∑17PAH is higher than wet season air (BaP-TEQ)∑17PAH (1.21E-03 > 1.88E-04 ppm) by 6.44 times. The total concentration of dry season water BaP-TEQ)∑ 17 PAH is higher than wet season water (BaP-TEQ)∑17PAH (3.71E-03 > 5.90E-04 mg/l) by 6.29 times. 3.8 Carcinogenic Potential (CP) In the wet season, the carcinogenic potential CP of BaP-TEQ)∑17PAH are in the order: IcdP 45.9% % > DahA 17.3%% > BaP 11.6%> Chr 10.7% with the least recorded for Ace 0% in the air and the order: IcdP 74.9% > BaP 9.1% > DahA 7.3% with the least recorded for NaP 0% in the water. Average CP of 60.4% for IcdP followed by DahA with 12.3% and BaP 10.4% with the least CP of 0% for Ace in the season. In the dry season, the order are: DahA 82.55% > BbF 7.2% > BkF 6.5% with the least recorded for Flr 0% /ND in the air and DahA 96.6% > BbF 1.3% with the least recorded for Ant 0%/ND in the water. Average CP of 89.6% for DahA followed by BbF with 4.2% and BkF 3.4 with the least record of 0 % for Ant in the season. Mutagenic Equivalent (MEQ) and Mutagenic Potential (MP) The concentrations of eight PAHs and 17 PAHs in air and water as well as the mutagenic equivalent (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH) of the former and carcinogenic PAHs (TEQ)∑17PAH) of the later respectively were compared using Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks non-parametric tests and the results presented in Table 5. These two tests were performed to compare air and water concentrations MEQ∑8PAH and TEQ∑17PAH in wet and dry seasons and were also performed to compare air and water concentrations (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH wet and dry seasons. PAH Diagnostic Ratios for Source Identification The laboratory results of the concentrations of PAHs were used in calculating the diagnostic ratios presented in Table 1 below. 17 diagnostic ratios including isomeric and non-isomeric ratios were computed. The first seven diagnostic ratios classify PAHs into petrogenic or pyrogenic sources while the 8 th ratio ia a measure of combustion. The ratio of combustion PAHs to the total PAHs (∑COMB/∑PAHs ~1) approximately 1 indicates combustion source while close to zero indicates non-combustion origin. All the four profiles in this study showed combustion source. The last nine diagnostic ratios further differentiate petrogenic sources of PAHs into petroleum or diesel emission. And the pyrogenic sources were further classified into various types of combustions like petroleum, kerosene, vehicular or biomass. Discussion Both the individual and total PAHs concentration in water are less than the available limit set by department of petroleum resources (DPR). Total PAHs concentration is lower than DPR permissible limit (172E-03 mg/l < 1mg/l). Similarly, the PAHs concentrations in air are lower compared to maximum contaminant level set by United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 1985). The two PAHs with the highest concentrations in air in wet seasons are chrysene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene. Chrysene has the highest concentration of 2.01E-03 ppm (0.018748818 mg/m3) which is lower than maximum contaminant level of 0.2mg/m3 and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene has the next concentration of 8.61E-04 ppm (0.009725282 mg/m3) which is lower than maximum contaminant level of 0.4mg/m3 (USEPA, 1985). Similarly, dibenz(a,h)anthracene (DahA) and benz(b) fluoranthene (BbF) are the two PAHs with highest concentrations in air in the dry season. DahA has the highest concentration of 1.00E-03 ppm (1.138E-02 mg/m3) which is lower than maximum contaminant level of 0.3mg/m3 and BbF has the next concentration of 8.69E-04 ppm (0.008967 mg/m3) which is lower than maximum contaminant level of 0.2mg/m3 (USEPA, 1985). The water environment is safe for non-carcinogenic risk as PAHs concentrations are lower than DPR permissible limit and USEPA maximum contaminant level but not for carcinogenic risk, Koki et al . (2015), citing several studies, reported that carcinogenic chemicals do not have effective or safe threshold as there is a risk of cancer developing with exposures at low doses. Bartsch and Tomatis (1983), hold that it is important to assess cancer risk of chemical substances with or without mutations even at low levels of exposure. The distribution of PAHs in the two media in the wet and dry seasons showed that high molecular weight PAHs (∑ 10 HMW-PAHs) concentrations are higher than the low molecular weight PAHs (∑LMW-PAHs) in air and water by 5.56 and 7.381 times in the wet and 30.88 and 2400 in the dry seasons respectively indicated pyrogenic sources of PAHs (Table 6). The sum of the PAHs concentrations in the wet season is higher than the sum of the PAHs in the dry season as shown in Table 1 above. Similarly, the ratio of the sum of PAHs ()in the wet season to the sum of the PAHs in the dry season for air is 1.27 and for water 1.5. These results showed that concentrations of PAHs in the wet season are higher than the concentrations in the dry season. The observed dominance of HMW-PAHs over LMW-PAHs in this work is consistent with the reports of Colby (2019) who holds that the dominance of HMW-PAHs as seen in Table 6 is an indication of predominant pyrogenic source and Wilcke (2007) established that the dominance are associated with increasing atmospheric PAH deposition. Therefore, the dominance of HMW-PAHs in this study implies deposition from atmospheric air (carrier from source)into swimming pool water (receptor). In addition to this, Colby (2019), reported dominance of HMW-PAHs over LMW-PAHs in Fairbank and Solitaire lakes PAH profiles suggesting atmospheric deposition on both lakes not in the immediate vicinity of an influence point source. In this dominance of HMW-PAHs over LMW-PAHs in the four profiles (ie air in wet season, water in wet season, air in dry season and water in dry season) which are respectively 5.56, 7.381, 30.88 and 2400 times higher further corroborated by the ratios LMW-PAHs/HMW-PAHs < 1 Zhang et al. (2008) not only indicated atmospheric deposition but also that the source is pyrogenic. Amodio (2014) reported that some PAHs emitted in reasonably regular proportions, transported and the paired compounds during transportation are diluted to a similar extent that their subsequent ratios (ie diagnostic ratios) remain constant between the source and receptor. Occurrence/contribution of BaA, BaP, BbF, BghiP and IcdP according to Guo et al. (2003) is a source markers for gasoline emission and Venkataraman, (2000), Ravindra et al. (2006) posited that a high factor loading of Acy, Ace, Chr, BbF and BeP is an indicator of stationary emission sources which in this study is artisanal refineries’ emission . The patterns of distribution of PAHs in air and water followed the same trend (IcdP >BghiP > Acy > BaA in wet and DahA>BbF>BkF>IcdP in dry seasons) (Fig. 1) so also their diagnostic (pair or isomeric) ratios shown in Table 6 (most of which are approximately equal) in each of the two seasons indicating that the sources or origin of PAHs in the two media are same ie BaP/BghiP, 0.03; ∑COMB/SPAHs ~1; BbF/BkF > 0.5; BaA/(BaA + Chr) > 0.35 ; IcdP/(IcdP + BghiP > 0.5 etc. The sum of the PAHs concentrations in the wet season is higher than the sum of the PAHs in the dry season as shown in Table 1 above. Similarly, the ratio of the sum of PAHs ()in the wet season to the sum of the PAHs in the dry season for air is 1.27 and for water 1.5. These results showed that concentrations of PAHs in the wet season are higher than the concentrations in the dry season. The wet season/dry season atmospheric air PAH concentration ratios ranged between 0.0324 (DahA) and 9.45E (Chr) while the wet season/dry season swimming pool water PAH concentration ratios ranged between 0.012 (DahA) and 16.5 (IcdP). This report is consistent with that of Bozlaker et al (2008), who reported that winter/summer PAH concentration ratios ranged between 0.8 (Ace) and 6.6 (BaA). Several studies on the seasonality of PAH deposition showed high deposit during cold season (winter or wet) than other seasons like summer, spring, autumn or dry due to pollution, residential heating, etc. (Wu et al., 2005; Colby (2019). Siudek (2022), also recorded high deposition flux in the order: winter > autumn > spring> summer with deposition of winter 11.1 times that of summer. Regarding the high deposition in polluted area, Esen et al (2008), recorded high deposition for Σ14PAHs in polluted regions of Bursa in Turkey and Zhang et al (2008) made similar observation in Shanghai and Beijing which were all attributed to the influence of industrial sources, residential heating activities and atmospheric conditions. Consistent with these reports, high concentration for Σ17PAHs deposition in the study area and the entire region was largely due to the contribution of soot (black carbon) emission from artisanal/illegal refineries with little contribution from other sources. Supporting this, the observed ratios BaP/BghiP < 0.6 of the PAH profiles with value 0.03 each according to Katsoyiannis et al . (2007), indicated that the main source contributor of PAH contaminants was non-mobile in origin ie artisanal refineries. Other sources with little or additional contribution to high PAHs deposition are other combustion (∑COMB/SPAHs = ~1); vehicular emission (BaA/(BaA + Chr > 0.35); Grass, wood and coal combustion (IcdP/(IcdP + BghiP > 0.5); diesel BbF/BkF > 0.5 (Yunker et al ., 2002; Ravindra et al 2008; Tobiszewski and Namiesnik, 2011). From the PAHs distribution and deposition in this study, it was found that air and water act as secondary source for low molecular weight PAHs in wet season and water as a sink for the higher molecular weight PAHs in both the wet and dry seasons. On deposition and air–soil exchange of PAHs in an industrial region in Turkey, Bozlaker et al . (2008), showed with Fugacity calculations in air and soil that the soil acts as a secondary source to the atmosphere for low molecular weight PAHs in summer and as a sink for the higher molecular weight ones in summer and winter. The trend of PAH distribution and the source diagnostic ratios which were found to be identical/same in water and air were also subjected to non-parametric statistical analysis which Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon signed ranks test confirmed same. Concentration of PAHs in air compared with that of water showed higher BaP∑8PAH and TEQ∑17PAH in swimming pool water than in air with the degree of associations found to be statistically insignificant in both the wet and dry seasons (Table 5; p > 0.001, Mann-Whitney test and p > 0.01, Wilcoxon signed ranks test). It therefore means that we accept the null hypothesis which implies that the profile of PAHs and distribution in the air and that in swimming pool water are identical. And that sources of PAHs in water are not only the same with that in air but suggesting major deposition from the air above the swimming pool. Mutagenic Equivalent (MEQ) and Carcinogenic Equivalent (TEQ) The mutagenic equivalent (MEQ) variation showed that the concentration of wet season water BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH is higher than Wet Season Air (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH (1.82E-03 > 5.01E-04) by 3.6 times. In the dry season, the concentration of Dry Season Water (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH is higher than Dry Season Air (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH (1.29E-03 > 6.90E-04) by 1.9 times. The total concentration of dry season air BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH is higher than wet season air (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH (6.90E-04 > 5.01E-04 ppm) by 1.38 times. As for swimming pool water, the total concentration of wet season water BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH is higher than dry season water (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH (1.82E-03 > 1.29E-03 mg/l) by 1.41 times. The carcinogenic equivalent (TEQ) variation in different media in the same season showed that the concentration for wet season water BaP-TEQ)∑ 17 PAH is higher than wet season air (BaP-TEQ)∑ 17 PAH (5.90E-04 > 1.88E-04) by 3.1 times. Similarly, in the dry season, the concentration of Dry Season Water (BaP-TEQ)∑ 17 PAH is higher than Dry Season Air (BaP-TEQ)∑ 17 PAH (3.71E-03 > 1.21E-03) by 3.1 times. As for TEQ in the same medium across season, the total concentration of dry season air BaP-TEQ)∑17PAH is higher than wet season air (BaP-TEQ)∑17PAH (1.21E-03 > 1.88E-04 ppm) by 6.44 times. Similarly, the total concentration of dry season water BaP-TEQ)∑ 17 PAH is higher than wet season water (BaP-TEQ)∑17PAH (3.71E-03 > 5.90E-04 mg/l) by 6.29 times. Assessment of mutagenic potential (MP) and carcinogenic potential (CP) revealed that in the wet season, the highest contribution of PAH to mutagenicity risk was made by IcdP with contribution accounting for average of 64% of wet season (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH followed by BghiP with average of 23% and carcinogenicity risk 60% of wet season (BaP-TEQ)∑17PAH followed by sum of DahA and BaP to (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH) with 23%. The carcinogenic risk of IcdP, DahA and BaP accounting for a total of 83% of wet season carcinogenicity ((BaP-TEQ)∑17PAH) in this work is consistent with the report of Oloyede and Ede (2020) who found that BaP, DahA and IcdP out of 16 PAHs contributed highest cancer toxicity with 94% recorded in the wet and 85% in the dry seasons. In the dry season, the highest contribution of PAH to mutagenicity risk was made by DahA with contribution accounting for average of 61% of dry season (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH followed by BbF with average of 20% to (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH) and carcinogenicity risk 89.6% of dry season (BaP-TEQ)∑17PAH followed by BbF with average of 4.2% to (BaP-TEQ)∑17PAH). Similarly, Jung et al. (2010), observed that BaP dominated the PAH contribution to (BaP-TEQ)∑8PAH, 45% of indoor (BaP-TEQ)∑8PAH and outdoor 35% followed by IcdP and BghiP with 11- 12% for both indoor and outdoor while a comparable higher mutagenic toxicity (to carcinogenic) with contribution to (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH of 45-48% were recorded and attributing these PAH compounds to vehicular emissions sources. The mutagenic equivalent (MEQ) of PAHs in air (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH) compared with that in water (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH) showed higher (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH in water than in air with the degree of associations found to be statistically insignificant in both the wet and dry seasons (Table 5; p > 0.001, Mann-Whitney test and p > 0.01 Wilcoxon signed ranks test). This shows that the trend of mutagenicity in swimming pool water and air is same with PAHs. Jung (2010), however observed significant association between heating and non-heating as well as indoors and outdoors with (BaP-TEQ)∑8PAH and (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH (p < 0.001, Mann-Whitney test and p < 0.01, Wilcoxon signed ranks test). Conclusion The study assessed the mutagenic and carcinogenic health risks to people who are exposed to PAHs in the atmosphere and in the swimming pool water. It was observed/found that PAHs concentrations are below the permissible limit or maximum contaminant level but the mutagenic and carcinogenic risks are imminent as there is no effective threshold for carcinogens. The patterns of distribution of PAHs in water followed the same trend in air in wet and in dry seasons with the diagnostic ratios indicating similar source thus suggesting that the main source of PAHs in water is atmospheric deposition as supported by report of many studies. Furthermore, it was observed that HMW-PAHs were dominant in each profile and that air and water act as a secondary source for low molecular weight PAHs in wet season and water as a sink for the higher molecular weight PAHs in both the wet and dry seasons. The outcome of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity showed that in the wet season, the highest contribution of PAH to mutagenicity risk was made by IcdP with contribution accounting for average of 64% of wet season (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH and carcinogenicity risk of 60% of wet season (BaP-TEQ)∑17PAH. IcdP 64% MP and 60% CP. In the dry season, the highest contribution of PAH to mutagenicity risk was made by DahA with contribution accounting for average of 61% of dry season (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH and carcinogenicity risk 90 % of dry season (BaP-TEQ)∑17PAH followed by BbF with average of 4.2% to (BaP-TEQ)∑17PAH). DahA 61% MP and 90% CP. These compounds IcdP, DahA, BghiP, BbF, etc diagonised in the PAH ratios as indicators of artisanal refineries and other minor sources and exposure to them could impact more mutagenic risk of between 2.7 to 3.1 times than carcinogenic risk in the wet season. While in the dry season, they could impact more carcinogenic risk of between 1.8 to 2.9 times than mutagenic risk as calculated from the computed total MEQ and TEQ profiles. Therefore, the highest mutagenic equivalent (MEQ) and carcinogenic equivalent (TEQ) which is the capacity of each PAH congener to cause modification in human’s deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) resulting in mutations and cancer were found in water in both the wet and dry seasons respectively while the least MEQ and TEQ was found atmospheric air in the wet season. 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Tables Table 1: Result for PAH component concentrations in air and in water Wet Season Dry Season Parameter In Air (ppm) In Water (mg/l) In Air (ppm) In Water (mg/l) Naphthalene 1.407 x 10 -5 3.588 x 10 -7 ND ND 2-methyl Naphthalene 6.933 x 10 -5 1.708 x 10 -4 ND ND Acenaphthylene 5.341 x 10 -4 3.009 x 10 -4 ND ND Fluorene 4.333 x 10 -5 3.692 x 10 -4 ND ND Acenaphthene 9.511 x 10 -6 1.612 x 10 -5 ND ND Phenanthrene 2.255 x 10 -5 5.220 x 10 -5 4.67 x 10 -5 ND Antracene 7.659 x 10 -6 1.851 x 10 -5 6.73 x 10 -5 2.15 x 10 -6 Fluoranthene 2.995 x 10 -5 1.743 x 10 -5 2.24 x 10 -5 ND Pyrene 1.948 x 10 -5 6.275 x 10 -5 1.97 x 10 -4 2.01 x 10 -4 Benz(a)anthracene 8.959 x 10 -5 1.282 x 10 -4 1.86 x 10 -4 3.44 x 10 -4 Chrysene 2.008 x 10 -3 1.441 x 10 -4 2.13 x 10 -4 1.50 x 10 -4 Benz(b) Fluoranthene 7.086 x 10 -5 6.737 x 10 -5 8.69 x 10 -4 4.77 x 10 -4 Benz(k) Fluoranthene 3.229 x 10 -5 1.116 x 10 -4 7.85 x 10 -4 1.46 x 10 -4 Benz(a)pyrene 2.176 x 10 -5 5.386 x 10 -5 ND ND Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 3.238 x 10 -5 4.288 x 10 -5 1.00 x 10 -3 3.58 x 10 -3 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 8.605 x 10 -4 4.425 x 10 -3 2.50 x 10 -4 2.68 x 10 -4 Benz(g,h,i)perylene 7.379 x 10 -4 1.801 x 10 -3 ND ND Total 4.603 x 10 -3 7.782 x 10 -3 3.636 x 10 -3 5.172 x 10 -3 Table 2: Ratios of PAHs between Air and Water Media in Wet and Dry Seasons Wet Season Dry Season Air/Air Water/Water Parameter W/A W/A WetA/DryA WetW/DryW Naphthalene 2.53E-02 0 0 0 2-methyl Naphthalene 2.46E+00 0 0 0 Acenaphthylene 5.63E-01 0 0 0 Fluorene 8.52E+00 0 0 0 Acenaphthene 1.69E+00 0 0 0 Phenanthrene 2.31E+00 0 4.83E-01 0 Antracene 2.42E+00 3.20E-02 1.14E-01 8.60E+00 Fluoranthene 5.82E-01 0.00E+00 1.34E+00 0 Pyrene 3.22E+00 1.02E+00 9.91E-02 3.13E-01 Benz(a)anthracene 1.43E+00 1.85E+00 4.81E-01 3.72E-01 Chrysene 7.18E-02 7.07E-01 9.45E+00 9.59E-01 Benz(b) Fluoranthene 9.51E-01 5.49E-01 8.16E-02 1.41E-01 Benz(k) Fluoranthene 3.46E+00 1.86E-01 4.11E-02 7.63E-01 Benz(a)pyrene 2.48E+00 0 0 0 Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 1.32E+00 3.59E+00 3.24E-02 1.20E-02 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 5.14E+00 1.07E+00 3.44E+00 1.65E+01 Benz(g,h,i)perylene 2.44E+00 0 0 0 Total 1.69E+00 1.42E+00 1.27E+00 1.50E+00 For water: 1 g/m3 = 1 mg/L = 1 ppm CHSR, 2006 Boguski, T. K. CHSR Table 3: Mutagenic Equivalent (MEQ) and Mutagenic Potential (MP) of PAHs Wet Season Dry Season Air Water Average % Air Water Average % PAH MEF MEQ MP MEQ MP MEQ MP MEQ MP Benz (a) antracene 0.082 7.35E-06 1.5 1.05E-05 0.6 1.0 1.53E-05 2.2 2.82E-05 2.2 2.2 Chrysene 0.017 3.41E-05 6.8 2.45E-06 0.1 3.5 3.61E-06 0.5 2.55E-06 0.2 0.4 Benzo (b) flouranthene 0.25 1.77E-05 3.5 1.68E-05 0.9 2.2 2.17E-04 31.5 1.19E-04 9.3 20.4 Benzo (k) flouranthene 0.11 3.55E-06 0.7 1.23E-05 0.7 0.7 8.64E-05 12.5 1.61E-05 1.2 6.9 Benzo (a)pyrene 1 2.18E-05 4.3 5.39E-05 3.0 3.7 0.00E+00 0.0 0.00E+00 0.0 0.0 DiBenzo (a,h) antracene 0.29 9.39E-06 1.9 1.24E-05 0.7 1.3 2.90E-04 42.0 1.04E-03 80.7 61.3 Indeno (1.2.3-cd) pyrene 0.31 2.67E-04 53.3 1.37E-03 75.3 64.3 7.76E-05 11.2 8.30E-05 6.4 8.8 Benzo (ghi) perylene 0.19 1.40E-04 28.0 3.42E-04 18.8 23.4 0.00E+00 0.0 0.00E+00 0.0 0.0 Total Beq 5.01E-04 100.0 1.82E-03 100.0 100.0 6.90E-04 100.0 1.29E-03 100.0 100.0 MEQ trend: WetWater > DryWater > DryAir > WetAir Table 4: Carcinogenic Equivalent (TEQ) and Carcinogenic Potential (CP) of PAHs BaPeq Wet Season Dry Season Air Water Average % Air Water Average % PAH TEF TEQ CP TEQ CP TEQ CP TEQ CP Naphthalene 0.001 1.41E-08 0 3.56E-10 0 0 0.00E+00 0 0.00E+00 0 0 Acenaphthylene 0.001 5.34E-07 0.3 3.01E-07 0.1 0.2 0.00E+00 0 0.00E+00 0 0 Acenaphthene 0.001 9.51E-09 0 1.61E-08 0 0 0.00E+00 0 0.00E+00 0 0 Flourene 0.001 4.33E-08 0 3.69E-07 0.1 0 0.00E+00 0 0.00E+00 0 0 Anthracene 0.01 7.66E-08 0 1.85E-07 0 0 6.73E-07 0.1 2.15E-08 0 0 Phenanthrene 0.001 2.26E-08 0 5.22E-08 0 0 4.67E-08 0 0.00E+00 0 0 Flouranthene 0.001 3.00E-08 0 1.74E-08 0 0 2.24E-08 0 0.00E+00 0 0 Pyrene 0.001 1.95E-08 0 6.28E-08 0 0 1.97E-07 0 2.01E-07 0 0 Benz (a) antracene 0.1 8.96E-06 4.8 1.28E-05 2.2 3.5 1.86E-05 1.5 3.44E-05 0.9 1.2 Chrysene 0.01 2.01E-05 10.7 1.44E-06 0.2 5.5 2.13E-06 0.2 1.50E-06 0 0.1 Benzo (b) flouranthene 0.1 7.09E-06 3.8 6.74E-06 1.1 2.5 8.69E-05 7.2 4.77E-05 1.3 4.2 Benzo (k) flouranthene 0.1 3.23E-06 1.7 1.12E-05 1.9 1.8 7.85E-05 6.5 1.46E-05 0.4 3.4 Benzo (a) pyrene 1 2.18E-05 11.6 5.39E-05 9.1 10.4 0.00E+00 0 0.00E+00 0 0 DiBenzo (a,h) antracene 1 3.24E-05 17.3 4.29E-05 7.3 12.3 1.00E-03 82.5 3.58E-03 96.6 89.6 Indeno (1.2.3-cd) pyrene 0.1 8.61E-05 45.9 4.43E-04 74.9 60.4 2.50E-05 2.1 2.68E-05 0.7 1.4 Benzo (ghi) perylene 0.01 7.38E-06 3.9 1.80E-05 3.1 3.5 0.00E+00 0 0.00E+00 0 0 Total Beq 1.88E-04 100 5.90E-04 100 100 1.21E-03 100 3.71E-03 100 100 TEQ trend: DryWater > DryAir > WetWater > WetAir Table 5: Relationship between PAHs, BaP-equivalent and Mutagenicity Risks of Air and Water in Wet and Dry seasons. Medium Measure Air Water Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon Average+SD Median Average+SD Median U Z P Z p Wet Season Carcinogenic TEQ∑17PAH 2.71E-04 ± 5.23E-04 3.24E-05 4.58E-04 ± 1.11E-03 6.74E-05 129.5 -0.8440 0.3987 -1.681 0.093 Mutagenic MEQ∑8PAH 4.82E-04 ± 7.05E-04 8.02E-05 8.47E-04 ± 1.57E-03 1.20E-04 25 -0.7302 0.4653 -1.400 0.161 BaP-MEQ∑8PAH 6.26E-05 ± 9.38E-05 1.98E-05 2.28E-04 ± 4.76E-04 1.46E-05 30 -0.2100 0.8337 -1.68n 0.093 Dry Season TEQ)∑17PAH 2.14E-04 ± 3.34E-04 4.67E-05 3.04E-04 ± 8.58E-04 0.00E+00 120 -0.5458 0.5852 -0.764 0.445 Mutagenic MEQ∑8PAH 4.13E-04 ± 4.05E-04 2.31E-04 6.21E-04 ± 1.21E-03 2.09E-04 29 -0.5068 0.7509 -0.105p 0.917 BaP-MEQ∑8PAH 8.63E-05 ± 1.10E-04 4.65E-05 1.61E-04 ± 3.58E-04 2.22E-05 31 -0.1058 0.9157 -0.105n 0.917 Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test Based on positive and negative ranks. Table 6: PAH Diagnostic Ratios for Source Apportionment Wet Wet Dry Dry PAH RATIOS In Air In Water In Air In Water Range Source Reference Phe/Ant 2.94 2.82 0.69 0 > 15 Petrogenic <10 Pyrogenic Adeniji et al., 2018 Chr/BaA 2.24E+01 1.12E+00 1.14E+00 4.36E-01 0.9 Pyrogenic Adeniji et al., 2018 Fla/Pyr 1.54E+00 2.78E-01 1.14E-01 0.00E+00 1.0 Pyrogenic Ant/178 4.30E-08 1.04E-07 3.78E-07 1.21E-08 /0.1 Pyrogenic BaA/228 3.93E-07 5.62E-07 8.17E-07 1.51E-06 <0.2 Petrogenic Adeniji et al., 2018 0.2-0.35 Pyrogenic Adeniji et al., 2018 Ant/(Ant + Phe) 2.54E-01 2.62E-01 5.91E-01 1.00E+00 0.1 Pyrogenic Adeniji et al., 2018 ∑LMW/∑HMW 1.62E-01 1.10E-01 3.24E-02 4.16E-04 1 Petrogenic ∑COMB/SPAHs 8.54E-01 8.95E-01 6.94E-01 3.07E-01 ~1 Tobiszewski and Namiesnik, 2011 BaA/(BaA + Chr) 4.27E-02 4.71E-01 4.67E-01 6.96E-01 0.2-0.35 Coal combustion >0.35 Vehicular emissions 0.35 Combustion 0.5 Coal/coke Błaszczyk et al ., 2016 0.46 Coal burning BaP/(BaP + Chr) 1.07E-02 2.72E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.5 Diesel 0.73 Gasoline Fla/(Fla + Pyr) 6.06E-01 2.17E-01 0.5 Grass, wood, coal combustion Ravindra et al. , 2008b Flu/(Flu+‏ Pyr) 6.90E-01 8.55E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.5 Diesel emissions BaA/BaP 4.12E+00 2.38E+00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.5 Gasoline 1 Diesel and wood combustion IcdP/(IcdP + BghiP) 5.38E-01 7.11E-01 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 0.2–0.5 Petroleum combustion >0.5 Grass, wood and coal combustion IcdP/BghiP 1.17E+00 2.46E+00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! ~1 Diesel BbF/BkF 2.19E+00 6.04E-01 1.11E+00 3.26E+00 >0.5 Diesel BaP/BghiP 2.95E-02 2.99E-02 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0.9-6.6 Wood combustion 0.6 Traffic emissions Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2880375","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":197035084,"identity":"bcfdffb0-1f32-429b-9d56-5079692491ff","order_by":0,"name":"Oloyede Muhyideen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Rivers State University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Oloyede","middleName":"","lastName":"Muhyideen","suffix":""},{"id":197035085,"identity":"c569cbf7-5ab6-4532-9557-9782dd1148e1","order_by":1,"name":"Shittu Lukman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Rivers State University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shittu","middleName":"","lastName":"Lukman","suffix":""},{"id":197035086,"identity":"c9a67876-9d71-4dc0-ac48-f3adece623be","order_by":2,"name":"Yusuf Falola Ajibola","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA80lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC9gbmBoYHUM6HD0CCjZ2AFp4DjA0MCRA248wZIC3MpGiZzQOiCGphP9j4IKGGIXHD+TOGzTa/tsnzMTMwfviYg0cLT2KzQcIxoJYbOYbNuX23DduYGZglZ27DrcWeIbFNIoENpIXH/HFuz21GoBY2Zl48Wnj4HwK1/IM6zLLntj1hLRJAWxLbgFoOAB3G8ON2IhFaHjYbJPZJGM+8kVbY2NtwO7mNmbEZr194+JMPPvjwzUa27/zhjQ0//ty2nd/efPDDRzxaoEDCsQFEMbaByQaC6kHAHkL9IUrxKBgFo2AUjDAAAMpAVIk8J2JuAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Rivers State University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yusuf","middleName":"Falola","lastName":"Ajibola","suffix":""},{"id":197035087,"identity":"5fd9a3d6-718d-46b1-b725-842d42453d15","order_by":3,"name":"Igwe Patrick Okechukwu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Rivers State University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Igwe","middleName":"Patrick","lastName":"Okechukwu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-05-01 02:14:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2880375/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2880375/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":36659301,"identity":"9862bd6c-32f4-4c0e-8e2a-ba6de135a36d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-05-05 21:32:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":708330,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMap of Port Harcourt\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSource: Oloyede, 2022\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2880375/v1/bdae7235b9b2f1f6abeceee6.jpg"},{"id":36659685,"identity":"6ab6570c-a0eb-42dd-8060-5356bb047f4b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-05-05 21:40:46","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":253935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTrend/Patterns of the Distribution of PAHs in Air and Water\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2880375/v1/8e6017af48dbbf9ded2f6c0c.jpg"},{"id":36659299,"identity":"148b1361-aa9c-4041-9e11-0972b47f68f3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-05-05 21:32:46","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":313251,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMultiple Bar Charts showing the Seasnal Distribution of Individual PAHs in Air and Water\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2880375/v1/22d75f8d2f6c9ce83536330a.jpg"},{"id":36659298,"identity":"2ed4321f-d0ea-45b1-b6d5-ad6580c7f5a0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-05-05 21:32:46","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":220536,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBar Chart showing the Distribution of Low and High Moleular Weight PAHs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2880375/v1/b2f03292a7bcf7b6b122ca9e.jpg"},{"id":37004646,"identity":"785b9800-497c-4883-bff0-f61c77d16308","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-05-14 14:29:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1126611,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2880375/v1/26c40729-1f93-4551-a575-0570b3a71646.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Assessment of Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity Risks and Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons of Monitored Black Carbon (Soot) in Air and Swimming Pool Water in Port Harcourt","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are dangerous group of organic substances Adeniji \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2018), comprised of two or more benzene rings bonded in linear, cluster, or angular arrangements (Abdel-Shafy and Mansour, 2016) many of which have mutagenic and carcinogenic risk potentials as well as non-cancer adverse health outcomes/effects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMutagenicity according to Bartsch and Tomatis (1983), is a DNA-damaging activity that is expressed mainly as mutations. Honma (2020), holds that mutagenicity is a key mechanism in oncogenic processes that is based on the chemical reactivity between DNA and chemical substances resulting in mutations. Furthermore, Kumar \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e (2014), hold that activation of PAH during metabolism leads to formation of diol-epoxides which binds covalently to DNA resulting into adducts (PAH-DNA adduct) or induce oxidative stress which results in mutations. Adding that the PAH diol-epoxides (PAHDEs) precisely bind covalently to exocyclic amino groups of guanine and adenine leading to the formation of stable adducts within DNA (Lin \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2001). These adducts in DNA according to Hsu \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2005), block polymerase replication activity, contributing to increase DNA damage by reducing repair activity. These reactive metabolites i.e. epoxides and dihydrodiols of some PAHs have the potential to bind to cellular proteins and DNA with toxic effects resulting biochemical disruption and cell damage can lead to mutations, tumors and cancer (Armstrong \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2004; Bach \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2003).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCarcinogenesis occur when adduct formation affects DNA repair mechanism thus resulting in accumulation of mutations in DNA (Kumar \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2014). On the other hand, Honma (2020), holds that with just one mutation in genome, there is the possibility of generating cancerous cell and consequently a threshold value cannot be assigned. The reactive epoxides and dihydrodiols PAH metabolites have the potential to bind to cellular proteins and DNA with toxic effects which result in biochemical disruption and cell damage can lead to mutations, tumours and cancer (Armstrong et al., 2004; Bach et al., 2003; Kumar \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2014). USEPA (2008), classified seven PAHs which are benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo (b) fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene as potent carcinogens. Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity are clearly correlated according to Griffiths \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e (2000), who also reported that approximately 90% of known carcinogens are also mutagens. Also, there is increasing evidence to suggest that DNA damage (expressed mainly as mutations) is involved in the induction of many cancers (Bartsch and Tomatis 1983), Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is marker PAH for cancer which is believed to be the most toxic PAH has been well-characterized toxicologically. Toxic equivalency factors based on BaP are used for assessment of potential risk of many other PAH compounds. On this, mutagenic equivalent factor (MEF) and toxic equivalent factor (TEF) were developed/proposed by Durant \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (1999) and Nisbet and LaGoy (1992) respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCalculation of BaP-MEQ and BaP-TEQ and to estimate the atmospheric air and swimming pool water PAH mutagenic and carcinogenic hazards in people for adverse health outcomes in both dry and wet seasons. This is as Jung (2010), calculated BaP-MEQ and BaP-TEQ to estimate residential indoor and outdoor PAH carcinogenic and mutagenic hazards in young inner city children, known to be at greater risk for adverse health consequences from exposure to air pollution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addressing the mutagenic and carcinogenic risk of PAHs, identification and understanding of different sources of PAHs is crucial for proper risk assessment and risk management. Diagnostic ratios of chemical compounds like PAHs are useful tools in identifying pollutant emission sources (Yunker \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2002). PAH diagnostic ratio according to Tobiszewski and Namiesnik, (2012), is globally used.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThese PAHs originated from different processes which include anthropogenic sources, biomass burning, volcanic eruptions and diagenesis are other sources. PAHs can also be from petrogenic or pyrogenic sources generally characterized by higher levels of low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs for the former and high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs for the latter. Jamhari et al. (2014), hold that PAH diagnostic ratios distinguishes between the contributions from petrogenic sources ie unburnt crude oil and its other petroleum fractions like kerosene, gasoline, diesel, asphalt and lubricating oil from pyrogenic sources like incomplete combustion of fossil fuel and vehicular exhaust emission.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePAH contents together with PAH diagnostic ratios provide important information on pollution emission sources. A medium with PAH contents having high concentration of BghiP and IcdP indicated gasoline and oil combustion sources (Kwon \u0026amp; Choi, 2008; Kamal e\u003cem\u003et al\u003c/em\u003e., 2016). High concentration of several LMW-PAHs including Nap, Phe indicate petroleum source originating from the petroleum refinery petroleum tanker spills, falls and explosion according to Kamal \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2016). PAH diagnostic ratio Phe/Ant according to Adeniji \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2018), classifies sources into petrogenic or pyrogenic origin while Katsoyiannis \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., (2007), used the ratio BaP/BghiP to classify the sources into traffic emission and non-traffic emission. PAH contents and diagnostic ratios do not only diagnosed and apportioned sources of emission, but also enhance proper human health risk assessment as well as risk management and communication (Tobiszewski and Namiesnik 2012).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost studies conducted on swimming pools dwell on microbial contamination of the water while few look into physicochemical parameters for water quality studies. In line with this, Belonwu et al (2020), investigated physicochemical and microbial profiles of selected hotel swimming pools in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria and found that physicochemical analysis of most of the studied pools and the microbial loads (ie total coliform, faecal coliform and Escherichia coli) of the studied pools were higher than WHO standard showing that most fall short of WHO standard for recreational activity. Attention is not paid to ubiquitous PAHs pollution particularly during this period of incessant downpour of soot (black carbon) coupled to the fact that swimming pools are generally under direct deposition of air pollutants from the atmosphere day and night. The aim of this research work was therefore to assess the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of 17 PAHs and their source diagnostic ratios in air and water in both the wet and dry seasons.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Method","content":"\u003cp\u003eSamples of soot were collected each for six hours in wet and dry seasons. Samples of water were collected each is a mixture of surface and middle of swimming pool in wet and dry seasons. PAH samples were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) fitted with mass spectrometer (MS) to generate data which were described using descriptive statistics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Study Area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study area is Port Harcourt in Rivers State. Port Harcourt is a metropolitan city and the capital of Rivers state, Nigeria (Akukwe and Ogbodo, 2015) situated between 04°49ˊ27″N and 07°02ˊ01″E with an altitude of 10 m above seas level (Belonwu et al (2020). Port Harcourt has a projected population of 2,467,000 for 2016 (NPC, 2006). Wet and dry are two distinct seasons in the area with seasonal rainfall increases from the month of March to October before decreasing in the dry season from the month of November to February with annual average rainfall amount of 200.45 mm (Ayoade and Abams, 1991; Uko and Tamunobereton-Ari 2015).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Method\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe air samples were collected using the Air Metrix Minivolt Active Sampler (SN 3018 ver 4.2 10/01/02 by Environ Technology Services PLC 13028). Minivol portable sampler is a filter based gravimetric measurement equipment. The sampler draws air continuously for 6 hours and trapped it on a weighed Teflon filters carefully placed inside the filter holders using sterilized forceps to avoid contamination. Each filter containing the sample was treated with 10 ml of dichloromethane and agitated for an hour after which the extract was concentrated and finally analysed for 17 PAHs in the laboratory for 17 PAHs. They are naphthalene (Nap), methyl naphthalene (mNap), acenaphthylene (Acy), acenaphthene (Ace), fluorine (Flu), phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (Ant), fluoranthene (Fla), pyrene (Pyr), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chr), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo (k)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), indeno( 1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IcdP), dibenzo(a,h) anthracene (DBA), benzo(ghi)perylene (BghiP).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne microlitre (1 μl) of the sample was injected into a gas chromatograph. The product was heated to vapourized and flow of inert gas (carrier) carried the compounds into a capillary column. The temperature of the column was programmed and as it increases, the compounds began to move through the column with the volatile compounds having lower boiling points start moving first. Mass spectrometer detector (MSD) connected to the end of the column detects the components. Detector sensed and provides signal for the separated compounds. The concentration of each PAH recorded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCleaned and dried glass bottles were used for the collection of water samples. Each sample of water taken was a mixture of surface and middle of the swimming pool water which was then adjusted to pH 2 with concentrated HCl stored iced cooler at temperature below 4\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. One litre each of water sample spiked with standard and extracted with 20 ml of n-hexane and concentrated to about 2 ml. Similarly, 1 μl of the sample extract was injected into a gas chromatograph and PAH concentrations determined after calibration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConcentrations of PAHs in air in ppm were converted mg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e (equation 1) for comparing concentrations of PAHs in air to that in water. As for concentrations in water, 1 g/m3 approximately equals 1 mg/l as contained in equation 2. (Boguski 2006).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConcentration (mg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) = 0.0409 x Concentration (ppm) x Molecular Weight\u0026nbsp; 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor water: 1 g/m3 = 1 mg/L = 1 ppm\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMutagenic equivalent of eight PAHs (BaP-MEQ)∑8PAH) and carcinogenic equivalent of 17PAHs (BaP-TEQ)∑17PAH) were assessed. The 8 PAHs for mutagenic assessment are benz(a)anthracene (BaA), chrysene/iso-chrysene (Chry), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbFA), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkFA), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (IP), dibenz(a,h)anthracene(DahA), and benzo(ghi)perylene (BghiP). The 17 PAHs assessed are naphthalene (Nap), methyl-naphthalene (mNap), acenaphthylene (Acy), acenaphthene (Ace), fluorine (Flu), phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (Ant), fluoranthene (fla), pyrene (Pyr), benz(a)anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chr), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), dibenz(a,h)anthracene (DahA), benzo(g,h,i)perylene (BghiP), and indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (IcdP).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4 Mutagenic and Carcinogenic Potentials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe toxic equivalent (TEQ) of the PAHs and mutagenic equivalent (MEQ) of high molecular weight PAHs were calculated by multiplying their individual toxic equivalent factor (TEF) and mutagenic equivalent factor (MEF) with the mean concentration of each PAH in the samples as shown in Eqs. (1) and (2) (CCME 2010; Adeniji \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTEQ = ∑Cn x TEF\u003csub\u003en\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMEQ = ∑Cn x MEF\u003csub\u003en\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCn = concentration of the individual PAH n in the mixture\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTEFn = toxic equivalence factor for individual PAH n.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMEFn = mutagenic equivalent factor for individual PAH n.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn accordance with Błaszczyk \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2017), carcinogenic potential (CP) was calculated using the formula:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1 Distribution of PAHs in Air and Water in the Wet and Dry Seasons\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResult for PAH component concentrations in water and in suspended particulate matter of air in both the wet and dry seasons are presented in Table 1. In the wet season, the concentration of PAH in suspended particulate matter of air ranged between 7.659E-06 ppm and 2.01E-03 ppm while the concentration of PAHs in water ranged between 3.558E-07 mg/l and 4.43E-03 mg/l.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the dry season, the concentration of PAH in suspended particulate matter of air ranged between 2.24E-05 ppm and 1.00E-03 ppm with the first five LMW-PAHs and two HMW-PAHs ( BaP and BghiP) not detected (ND) while the concentration of PAHs in water ranged between 2.15E-06 mg/l and 3.58E-03 mg/l with seven LMW-PAHs and two HMW-PAHs (BaP and BghiP) not detected (ND). The total PAHs concentration in the air is 4.603E-03 ppm and in water 7.782E-03 mg/l in the wet season while the total PAHs concentration in the air is 3.636E-03 ppm and in water 5.172E-03 mg/l in the dry season. Both the individual and total PAHs concentration in water are less than the available limit set by department of petroleum resources (DPR). The water environment is safe as its total PAHs concentration is lower than DPR permissible limit (7.782/5.172E-03 mg/l \u0026lt; 1mg/l).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2 Trend and Patterns of the Distribution of PAHs in Air and Water\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe patterns of the distribution of PAHs in water followed the same patterns in the air as shown in Fig. 2. Though, the concentrations of PAHs in water were relatively higher than concentrations in air but their trend are identical.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3 Distribution of PAHs, LMW-PAHs and HMW-PAHs in Air and Water in the Wet and Dry Seasons\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe distribution of each of the 17 PAHs in air (above) and swimming pool water (below it) in the wet and dry\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eseasons is as shown in Figure 3. In the wet season, the concentrations of PAHs are in the order Chr \u0026gt; IcdP \u0026gt;BghiP \u0026gt; Acy \u0026gt; BaA \u0026gt; BbF \u0026gt; DahA\u0026gt; \u0026hellip;.\u0026gt;Ant in the air and IcdP \u0026gt; BghiP \u0026gt; Flu \u0026gt; Acy \u0026gt; 2mNap\u0026gt; \u0026hellip;. \u0026gt;Nap in the water. In the dry season, the order are: DahA \u0026gt; BbF \u0026gt; BkF \u0026gt; IcdP \u0026gt; Chr \u0026gt;\u0026hellip;\u0026gt;Ant in the air and DahA \u0026gt; BbF \u0026gt; BaA \u0026gt; IcdP \u0026gt; Pyr \u0026gt;\u0026hellip;Ant in the water.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn all of these high moleular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs) concentration are considerably higher than low moleular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs). This as shown in the Figures 3 and 4 where the total concentrations of HMW-PAHs 5.56 and 7.381 times higher than the concentrations of LMW-PAHs in the air and water respectively in the wet season. Though the LMW-PAHs and HMW-PAHs concentrations are relatively lower in the dry season than the values in the wet season but the total concentrations of HMW-PAHs 30.88 and 2400 times higher than the concentrations of LMW-PAHs in the air and water respectively in the dry season.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4 Ratios of PAHs between Air and Water Media in Wet and Dry Seasons\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 presented the ratio of individual PAH in the air in dry season to the PAH in air in the wet season and also the ratio of individual PAH concentration in the water in dry season to the PAH in water in the wet season. The ratios of PAHs in the air in wet season to the PAHs in air in the dry season ranged between 0.0324 (DahA) and 9.45E (Chr) while the ratios of PAHs in the water in wet season to the PAHs in water in the dry season ranged between 0.012 (DahA) and 16.5 (IcdP)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.5 Mutagenic Equivalent (MEQ) and Mutagenic Potential (MP) of PAHs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResult for mutagenic equivalent (MEQ) and mutagenic potential (MP) of PAH component of water and air in both the wet and dry seasons are presented in Table 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the wet season, the MEQ concentration of the mutagenic PAH in suspended particulate matter of air ranged between 3.55E-06 ppm and 2.67E-04 ppm with total of 5.01E-04 ppm while the MEQ concentration of mutagenic PAHs in water ranged between 2.45E-06 mg/l and 1.37E-03 mg/l with total of 1.82E-03 mg/l.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the dry season, the MEQ concentration of mutagenic PAH in air ranged between 3.61E-06 ppm and 2.90E-04 ppm with total of 6.90E-04 ppm and while the MEQ of mutagenic PAHs in water ranged between 2.55E-06 mg/l and 1.04E-03 mg/l with total MEQ of 1.29E-03 mg/l. In both the air and water, two PAHs ie BaP and BghiP were not detected (ND).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe total concentration of dry season air BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH is higher than wet season air (BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH (6.90E-04 \u0026gt; 5.01E-04 ppm) by 1.38 times. Conversely, The total concentration of dry season water BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH is lower than wet season water (BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH (1.29E-03 \u0026gt; 1.82E-03 mg/l) by 0.71 times.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.6 Mutagenic Potential (MP)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the wet season, the mutagenic potential (MP) of BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH are in the order IcdP 53.3 % \u0026gt; BghP 28% with the least recorded for BkF 0.7% in the air and IcdP 75.3% \u0026gt; BghP 18.8% with the least recorded for Chr 0.1% in the water. Average MP of 64.3% calculated for IcdP followed by BghP with 23.4% and BkF with the least MP of 0.7% in the season.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the dry season, the order of the highest percentages are: DahA 42% \u0026gt; BbF 31.5% \u0026gt; BkF 12.5% \u0026gt; IcdP 11.2 % in the air and DahA 80.7% \u0026gt; BbF 9.3% \u0026gt; IcdP 6.4% in the water. Average MP of 61.3% for DahA followed by BbF with 20.4% and IcdP 8.8% and the least of 6.9% for BkF in the season.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.7 Carcinogenic Equivalent (TEQ) and Carcinogenic Potential (CP) of PAHs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResult for carcinogenic equivalent (TEQ) and carcinogenic potential (CP) of PAH component of water and air in both the wet and dry seasons are presented in Table 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTEQ\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the wet season, the TEQ concentration of the carcinogenic PAH in suspended particulate matter of air ranged between 9.51E-09 ppm and 8.61E-05 ppm with total of 1.88E-04 ppm while the TEQ concentration of carcinogenic PAHs in water ranged between 3.56E-10 mg/l and 4.43E-04 mg/l with total of 5.90E-04 mg/l.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the dry season, the TEQ concentration of carcinogenic PAH in air ranged between 2.24E-08 ppm and 1.00E-03 ppm with total of 1.21E-03 ppm and while the TEQ of carcinogenic PAHs in water ranged between 2.15E-08 mg/l and 3.58E-03 mg/l with total TEQ of 3.71E-03 mg/l. In both the air and water, LMW-PAHs and two HMW-PAHs ie BaP and BghiP were not detected (ND).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifferent media across season/ Different media in the same season\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe carcinogenic equivalent variation showed that the concentration for wet season water BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003ePAH is higher than wet season air (BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003ePAH (1.82E-03 \u0026gt; 5.01E-04) by 3.6 times. In the dry season, the concentration of Dry Season Water (BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003ePAH is higher than Dry Season Air (BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003ePAH (1.29E-03 \u0026gt; 6.90E-04) by 1.9 times.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSame medium within season/ Same medium in different seasons\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe total concentration of dry season air BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;17PAH is higher than wet season air (BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;17PAH (1.21E-03 \u0026gt; 1.88E-04 ppm) by 6.44 times. The total concentration of dry season water BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003ePAH is higher than wet season water (BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;17PAH (3.71E-03 \u0026gt; 5.90E-04 mg/l) by 6.29 times.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.8 Carcinogenic Potential (CP)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the wet season, the carcinogenic potential CP of BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;17PAH are in the order: IcdP 45.9% % \u0026gt; DahA 17.3%% \u0026gt; BaP 11.6%\u0026gt; Chr 10.7% with the least recorded for Ace 0% in the air and the order: IcdP 74.9% \u0026gt; BaP 9.1% \u0026gt; DahA 7.3% with the least recorded for NaP 0% in the water. Average CP of 60.4% for IcdP followed by DahA with 12.3% and BaP 10.4% with the least CP of 0% for Ace in the season. In the dry season, the order are: DahA 82.55% \u0026gt; BbF 7.2% \u0026gt; BkF 6.5% with the least recorded for Flr 0% /ND in the air and DahA 96.6% \u0026gt; BbF 1.3% with the least recorded for Ant 0%/ND in the water. Average CP of 89.6% for DahA followed by BbF with 4.2% and BkF 3.4 with the least record of 0 % for Ant in the season.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMutagenic Equivalent (MEQ) and Mutagenic Potential (MP)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe concentrations of eight PAHs and 17 PAHs in air and water as well as the mutagenic equivalent (BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH) of the former and carcinogenic PAHs (TEQ)\u0026sum;17PAH) of the later respectively were compared using Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks non-parametric tests and the results presented in Table 5.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese two tests were performed to compare air and water concentrations MEQ\u0026sum;8PAH and TEQ\u0026sum;17PAH in wet and dry seasons and were also performed to compare air and water concentrations (BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH wet and dry seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePAH Diagnostic Ratios for Source Identification\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe laboratory results of the concentrations of PAHs were used in calculating the diagnostic ratios presented in Table 1 below. 17 diagnostic ratios including isomeric and non-isomeric ratios were computed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first seven diagnostic ratios classify PAHs into petrogenic or pyrogenic sources while the 8\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e ratio ia a measure of combustion. The ratio of combustion PAHs to the total PAHs (\u0026sum;COMB/\u0026sum;PAHs ~1) approximately 1 indicates combustion source while close to zero indicates non-combustion origin. All the four profiles in this study showed combustion source. The last nine diagnostic ratios further differentiate petrogenic sources of PAHs into petroleum or diesel emission. And the pyrogenic sources were further classified into various types of combustions like petroleum, kerosene, vehicular or biomass.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBoth the individual and total PAHs concentration in water are less than the available limit set by department of petroleum resources (DPR). Total PAHs concentration is lower than DPR permissible limit (172E-03 mg/l \u0026lt; 1mg/l). Similarly, the PAHs concentrations in air are lower compared to maximum contaminant level set by United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 1985). The two PAHs with the highest concentrations in air in wet seasons are chrysene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene. Chrysene has the highest concentration of 2.01E-03 ppm (0.018748818 mg/m3) which is lower than maximum contaminant level of 0.2mg/m3 and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene has the next concentration of 8.61E-04 ppm (0.009725282 mg/m3) which is lower than maximum contaminant level of 0.4mg/m3 (USEPA, 1985). Similarly, dibenz(a,h)anthracene (DahA) and benz(b) fluoranthene (BbF) are the two PAHs with highest concentrations in air in the dry season. DahA has the highest concentration of 1.00E-03 ppm (1.138E-02 mg/m3) which is lower than maximum contaminant level of 0.3mg/m3 and BbF has the next concentration of 8.69E-04 ppm (0.008967 mg/m3) which is lower than maximum contaminant level of 0.2mg/m3 (USEPA, 1985). The water environment is safe for non-carcinogenic risk as PAHs concentrations are lower than DPR permissible limit and USEPA maximum contaminant level but not for carcinogenic risk, Koki \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2015), citing several studies, reported that carcinogenic chemicals do not have effective or safe threshold as there is a risk of cancer developing with exposures at low doses. Bartsch and Tomatis (1983), hold that it is important to assess cancer risk of chemical substances with or without mutations even at low levels of exposure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe distribution of PAHs in the two media in the wet and dry seasons showed that high molecular weight PAHs (\u0026sum;\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eHMW-PAHs) concentrations are higher than the low molecular weight PAHs (\u0026sum;LMW-PAHs) in air and water by 5.56 and 7.381 times in the wet and 30.88 and 2400 in the dry seasons respectively indicated pyrogenic sources of PAHs (Table 6). The sum of the PAHs concentrations in the wet season is higher than the sum of the PAHs in the dry season as shown in Table 1 above. Similarly, the ratio of the sum of PAHs ()in the wet season to the sum of the PAHs in the dry season for air is 1.27 and for water 1.5. These results showed that concentrations of PAHs in the wet season are higher than the concentrations in the dry season.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe observed dominance of HMW-PAHs over LMW-PAHs in this work is consistent with the reports of Colby (2019) who holds that the dominance of HMW-PAHs as seen in Table 6 is an indication of predominant pyrogenic source and Wilcke (2007) established that the dominance are associated with increasing atmospheric PAH deposition. Therefore, the dominance of HMW-PAHs in this study implies deposition from atmospheric air (carrier from source)into swimming pool water (receptor). In addition to this, Colby (2019), reported dominance of HMW-PAHs over LMW-PAHs in Fairbank and Solitaire lakes PAH profiles suggesting atmospheric deposition on both lakes not in the immediate vicinity of an influence point source. In this dominance of HMW-PAHs over LMW-PAHs in the four profiles (ie air in wet season, water in wet season, air in dry season and water in dry season) which are respectively 5.56, 7.381, 30.88 and 2400 times higher further corroborated by the ratios LMW-PAHs/HMW-PAHs \u0026lt; 1 Zhang et al. (2008) not only indicated atmospheric deposition but also that the source is pyrogenic.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmodio (2014) reported that some PAHs emitted in reasonably\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eregular proportions, transported and the paired compounds during transportation are diluted to a similar extent that their subsequent ratios (ie diagnostic ratios) remain constant between the source and receptor.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOccurrence/contribution of BaA, BaP, BbF, BghiP and IcdP according to Guo et al. (2003) is a source markers for gasoline emission and Venkataraman, (2000), Ravindra et al. (2006) posited that a high factor loading of Acy, Ace, Chr, BbF and BeP is an indicator of stationary emission sources which in this study is artisanal refineries\u0026rsquo; emission\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe patterns of distribution of PAHs in air and water followed the same trend (IcdP \u0026gt;BghiP \u0026gt; Acy \u0026gt; BaA in wet and DahA\u0026gt;BbF\u0026gt;BkF\u0026gt;IcdP in dry seasons) (Fig. 1) so also their diagnostic\u003cu\u003e \u003c/u\u003e(pair or isomeric) ratios shown in Table 6 (most of which are approximately equal) in each of the two seasons indicating that the sources or origin of PAHs in the two media are same ie BaP/BghiP, 0.03; \u0026sum;COMB/SPAHs ~1; BbF/BkF \u0026gt; 0.5; BaA/(BaA + Chr) \u0026gt; 0.35 ; IcdP/(IcdP + BghiP \u0026gt; 0.5 etc.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sum of the PAHs concentrations in the wet season is higher than the sum of the PAHs in the dry season as shown in Table 1 above. Similarly, the ratio of the sum of PAHs ()in the wet season to the sum of the PAHs in the dry season for air is 1.27 and for water 1.5. These results showed that concentrations of PAHs in the wet season are higher than the concentrations in the dry season.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe wet season/dry season atmospheric air PAH concentration ratios ranged between 0.0324 (DahA) and 9.45E (Chr) while the wet season/dry season swimming pool water PAH concentration ratios ranged between 0.012 (DahA) and 16.5 (IcdP). This report is consistent with that of \u003cu\u003eBozlaker \u003c/u\u003eet al (2008), who reported that winter/summer PAH concentration ratios ranged between 0.8 (Ace) and 6.6 (BaA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral studies on the seasonality of PAH deposition showed high deposit during cold season (winter or wet) than other seasons like summer, spring, autumn or dry due to pollution, residential heating, etc. (Wu et al., 2005; Colby (2019). Siudek (2022), also recorded high deposition flux in the order: winter \u0026gt; autumn \u0026gt; spring\u0026gt; summer with deposition of winter 11.1 times that of summer. Regarding the high deposition in polluted area, Esen et al (2008), recorded high deposition for \u0026Sigma;14PAHs in polluted regions of Bursa in Turkey and Zhang et al (2008) made similar observation in Shanghai and Beijing which were all attributed to the influence of industrial sources, residential heating activities and atmospheric conditions. Consistent with these reports, high concentration for \u0026Sigma;17PAHs deposition in the study area and the entire region was largely due to the contribution of soot (black carbon) emission from artisanal/illegal refineries with little contribution from other sources. Supporting this, the observed ratios BaP/BghiP \u0026lt; 0.6 of the PAH profiles with value 0.03 each according to Katsoyiannis \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2007), indicated that the main source contributor of PAH contaminants was non-mobile in origin ie artisanal refineries. Other sources with little or additional contribution to high PAHs deposition are other combustion (\u0026sum;COMB/SPAHs = ~1); vehicular emission (BaA/(BaA + Chr \u0026gt; 0.35); Grass, wood and coal combustion (IcdP/(IcdP + BghiP \u0026gt; 0.5); diesel BbF/BkF \u0026gt; 0.5 (Yunker \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2002; Ravindra et al 2008; Tobiszewski and Namiesnik, 2011).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the PAHs distribution and deposition in this study, it was found that air and water act as secondary source for low molecular weight PAHs in wet season and water as a sink for the higher molecular weight PAHs in both the wet and dry seasons. On deposition and air\u0026ndash;soil exchange of PAHs in an industrial region in Turkey, Bozlaker \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2008), showed with Fugacity calculations in air and soil that the soil acts as a secondary source to the atmosphere for low molecular weight PAHs in summer and as a sink for the higher molecular weight ones in summer and winter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe trend of PAH distribution and the source diagnostic ratios which were found to be identical/same in water and air were also subjected to non-parametric statistical analysis which Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon signed ranks test confirmed same. Concentration of PAHs in air compared with that of water showed higher BaP\u0026sum;8PAH and TEQ\u0026sum;17PAH in swimming pool water than in air with the degree of associations found to be statistically insignificant in both the wet and dry seasons (Table 5; p \u0026gt; 0.001, Mann-Whitney test and p \u0026gt; 0.01, Wilcoxon signed ranks test). It therefore means that we accept the null hypothesis which implies that the profile of PAHs and distribution in the air and that in swimming pool water are identical. And that sources of PAHs in water are not only the same with that in air but suggesting major deposition from the air above the swimming pool.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMutagenic Equivalent (MEQ) and Carcinogenic Equivalent (TEQ)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mutagenic equivalent (MEQ) variation showed that the concentration of wet season water BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH is higher than Wet Season Air (BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH (1.82E-03 \u0026gt; 5.01E-04) by 3.6 times. In the dry season, the concentration of Dry Season Water (BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH is higher than Dry Season Air (BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH (1.29E-03 \u0026gt; 6.90E-04) by 1.9 times. The total concentration of dry season air BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH is higher than wet season air (BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH (6.90E-04 \u0026gt; 5.01E-04 ppm) by 1.38 times. As for swimming pool water, the total concentration of wet season water BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH is higher than dry season water (BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH (1.82E-03 \u0026gt; 1.29E-03 mg/l) by 1.41 times. The carcinogenic equivalent (TEQ) variation in different media in the same season showed that the concentration for wet season water BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003ePAH is higher than wet season air (BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003ePAH (5.90E-04 \u0026gt; 1.88E-04) by 3.1 times. Similarly, in the dry season, the concentration of Dry Season Water (BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003ePAH is higher than Dry Season Air (BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003ePAH (3.71E-03 \u0026gt; 1.21E-03) by 3.1 times. As for TEQ in the same medium across\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eseason, the total concentration of dry season air BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;17PAH is higher than wet season air (BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;17PAH (1.21E-03 \u0026gt; 1.88E-04 ppm) by 6.44 times. Similarly, the total concentration of dry season water BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003ePAH is higher than wet season water (BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;17PAH (3.71E-03 \u0026gt; 5.90E-04 mg/l) by 6.29 times.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAssessment of mutagenic potential (MP) and carcinogenic potential (CP) revealed that in the wet season, the highest contribution of PAH to mutagenicity risk was made by IcdP with contribution accounting for average of 64% of wet season (BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH followed by BghiP with average of 23% and carcinogenicity risk 60% of wet season (BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;17PAH followed by sum of DahA and BaP to (BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH) with 23%. The carcinogenic risk of IcdP, DahA and BaP accounting for a total of 83% of wet season carcinogenicity ((BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;17PAH) in this work is consistent with the report of Oloyede and Ede (2020) who found that BaP, DahA and IcdP out of 16 PAHs contributed highest cancer toxicity with 94% recorded in the wet and 85% in the dry seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the dry season, the highest contribution of PAH to mutagenicity risk was made by DahA with contribution accounting for average of 61% of dry season (BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH followed by BbF with average of 20% to (BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH) and carcinogenicity risk 89.6% of dry season (BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;17PAH followed by BbF with average of 4.2% to (BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;17PAH). Similarly, Jung et al. (2010), observed that BaP dominated the PAH contribution to (BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH, 45% of indoor (BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH and outdoor 35% followed by IcdP and BghiP with 11- 12% for both indoor and outdoor while a comparable higher mutagenic toxicity (to carcinogenic) with contribution to (BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH of 45-48% were recorded and attributing these PAH compounds to vehicular emissions sources. The mutagenic equivalent (MEQ) of PAHs in air (BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH) compared with that in water (BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH) showed higher (BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH in water than in air with the degree of associations found to be statistically insignificant in both the wet and dry seasons (Table 5; p \u0026gt; 0.001, Mann-Whitney test and p \u0026gt; 0.01 Wilcoxon signed ranks test). This shows that the trend of mutagenicity in swimming pool water and air is same with PAHs. Jung (2010), however observed significant association between heating and non-heating as well as indoors and outdoors with (BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH and (BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH (p \u0026lt; 0.001, Mann-Whitney test and p \u0026lt; 0.01, Wilcoxon signed ranks test).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study assessed the mutagenic and carcinogenic health risks to people who are exposed to PAHs in the atmosphere and in the swimming pool water. It was observed/found that PAHs concentrations are below the permissible limit or maximum contaminant level but the mutagenic and carcinogenic risks are imminent as there is no effective threshold for carcinogens.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe patterns of distribution of PAHs in water followed the same trend in air in wet and in dry seasons with the diagnostic ratios indicating similar source thus suggesting that the main source of PAHs in water is atmospheric deposition as supported by report of many studies. Furthermore, it was observed that HMW-PAHs were dominant in each profile and that air and water act as a secondary source for low molecular weight PAHs in wet season and water as a sink for the higher molecular weight PAHs in both the wet and dry seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe outcome of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity showed that in the wet season, the highest contribution of PAH to mutagenicity risk was made by IcdP with contribution accounting for average of 64% of wet season (BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH and carcinogenicity risk of 60% of wet season (BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;17PAH. IcdP 64% MP and 60% CP. In the dry season, the highest contribution of PAH to mutagenicity risk was made by DahA with contribution accounting for average of 61% of dry season (BaP-MEQ)\u0026sum;8PAH and carcinogenicity risk 90 % of dry season (BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;17PAH followed by BbF with average of 4.2% to (BaP-TEQ)\u0026sum;17PAH). DahA 61% MP and 90% CP.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese compounds IcdP, DahA, BghiP, BbF, etc diagonised in the PAH ratios as indicators of artisanal refineries and other minor sources and exposure to them could impact more mutagenic risk of between 2.7 to 3.1 times than carcinogenic risk in the wet season. While in the dry season, they could impact more carcinogenic risk of between 1.8 to 2.9 times than mutagenic risk as calculated from the computed total MEQ and TEQ profiles. Therefore, the highest mutagenic equivalent (MEQ) and carcinogenic equivalent (TEQ) which is the capacity of each PAH congener to cause modification in human\u0026rsquo;s deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) resulting in mutations and cancer were found in water in both the wet and dry seasons respectively while the least MEQ and TEQ was found atmospheric air in the wet season.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeople using the swimming pool as well as workers take in these toxicants through inhalation, ingestion of water while swimming or using the exposed water and through dermal contact with water during swimming when large surface area of the skin come in contact with water containing these substances. These categories of people are vulnerable to mutagenic and carcinogenic risks. Due to the dangers associated with the exposure of human to these mutagens and carcinogens from soot and other sources as highlighted in this study, the Governments need to take strict measures that will curtail or stop the activities of artisanal refineries and other sources of emission. Individuals to limit exposure through proper dressing, cleaningness and swimming time reduction among others.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbdel-Shafy, H. I. and Mansour, S. M. (2016). A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. \u003cem\u003eEgyptian Journal of Petroleum\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 25 (1): 107-123.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAdeniji, A. O., Okoh, O. O., and Okoh, A. I. (2018). 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Freeman and Company.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGuo, H., Lee, S.C., Ho, K.F., Wang, X.M., Zou, S.C., 2003. Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment 37, 5307\u0026ndash;5317.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHonma, M. (2020). An assessment of mutagenicity of chemical substances by (quantitative) structure\u0026ndash; activity relationship. Genes and Environment.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHsu GW, Huang X, Luneva NP, Geacintov NE and Beese LS (2005). Structure of a high fidelity DNA polymerase bound to a benzo(a)pyrene adduct that blocks replication. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280(5): 3764-3770. IPCS.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJamhari, A. A., Sahani, M., Latif, M. T., Chan, K. M., Tan, H. S., Khan, M. F., \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2014). Concentration and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e of urban, industrial and semi-urban areas in Malaysia. \u003cem\u003eAtmospheric Environment\u003c/em\u003e, 86, 16\u0026ndash;27.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKamal, A., Syed, J. H., Li J., Zhang, G., Mahmood, A. and Malik, R. N. (2016). Profile of Atmospheric PAHs in Rawalpindi, Lahore and Gujranwala Districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan. \u003cem\u003eAerosol and Air Quality Research\u003c/em\u003e, 16, 1010\u0026ndash;1021\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKatsoyiannis, A., Terzi, E. and Cai, Q.Y.(2007). On the use of PAH molecular diagnostic ratios in sewage sludge for the understanding of the PAH sources. Is this use appropriate? \u003cem\u003eChemosphere\u003c/em\u003e 69, 1337-1339.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKoki, I. B., Bayero, A. S., Umar, A. and Yusuf, S. (2015). Health risk assessment of heavy metals in water, air, soil and fish. \u003cem\u003eAfrican Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKumar, S. N., Verma, P., Bastia, B. and Jain, A. K. (2014). Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Review. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Pathology and Toxicology\u003c/em\u003e. 1, 16-30. www.jakraya.com/journal/jpt\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKwon, H.O. and Choi, S.D. (2008). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soils from a Multi-industrial City, South Korea. \u003cem\u003eScience of the Total Environment\u003c/em\u003e 470\u0026ndash;471: 1494\u0026ndash; 1501.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLin CH, Huang X, Kolbanovskii A, Hingerty BE, Amin S, Broyde S, Geacintov NE and Patel DJ (2001). Molecular topology of polycyclic aromatic carcinogens determined DNA adduct conformation: a link to tumourogenic activity. Journal of Molecular Biology, 306(5): 1059-1080.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNisbet, I.; LaGoy, P. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. RTP 1992, 16, 290-300.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNPC, (2006). (National Population Commission of Nigeria) (web), National Bureau of Statistics (web).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOloyede, M. and Ede, P. N. (2020). Source Apportionment and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Black Carbon Monitored in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology\u003c/em\u003e. 5(8):653-663.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOloyede, M. (2022). Human Health Risk Assessment of Human Exposure to Black Carbon in Parts of Rivers State. (PhD Thesis).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePies, C., Hoffmann, B., Petrowsky, J., Yang, Y., Ternes, T.A., Hofmann, T., 2008. Characterization and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in river bank soils. \u003cem\u003eChemosphere\u003c/em\u003e 72, 1594-1601.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eK. Ravindra, L. Bencs, E. Wauters et al., \u0026ldquo;Seasonal and sitespecific variation in vapour and aerosol phase PAHs over Flanders (Belgium) and their relationwithanthropogenicactivities,\u0026rdquo; AtmosphericEnvironment,vol.40,no.4,pp.771\u0026ndash;785,2006.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRavindra, K., Wauters, E., Van Grieken, R., (2008a). Variation in particulate PAHs levels and their relation with the transboundary movement of the air masses. \u003cem\u003eScience of the Total Environment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e396, 100-110.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRavindra, K., Sokhi, R. and Van Grieken, R. (2008b). Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation. \u003cem\u003eAtmospheric Environment\u003c/em\u003e (2008).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSiudek, P. (2022). Atmospheric Deposition of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Coastal Urban Environment of Poland: Sources and Transport Patterns. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph192114183\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTobiszewski, M. and Namiesnik, J. (2012). PAH diagnostic ratios for the identification of pollution emission sources. \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental Pollution\u003c/em\u003e 162, 110\u0026ndash;119.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUko, E. D. and I. Tamunobereton-Ari, I. (2015). Variability of Climatic Parameters in Port Harcourt, \u003cem\u003eNigeria\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eJournal\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eof Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e4(5):727-730.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUSEPA, (2008). (United States Environmental Protection Agency).Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS).Online. Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC.http://www.epa.gov/iris/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVenkataraman, C., Negi, G., Sardar, S.B., Rastogi, R., 2002. Size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aerosol emissions from biofuel combustion. Aerosol Science 33, 503\u0026ndash;518.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWilcke, W. (2007). Global patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil. Geoderma, 141(3-4), 157\u0026ndash;166.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWu, S.P.; Tao, S.; Xu, F.L.; Dawson, R.; Lan, T.; Li, B.G.; Cao, J. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in dust fall in Tianjin, China. Sci. Total Environ. 2005, 345, 115\u0026ndash;126. [CrossRef] [PubMed].\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYunker, M. B., Macdonald, R. W., Vingarzan, R., Mitchel, R.H., Goyette, D. and Sylvestre, S. (2002). PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. \u003cem\u003eOrganic Geochemistry\u003c/em\u003e 33, 489\u0026ndash;515.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang, W.S.; Zhang, C.; Wan, D.; Yue, D.; Ye, Y.; Wang, X. Source diagnostics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road runoff, dust, rain and canopy through fall. Environ. Pollut. 2008, 153, 594\u0026ndash;601.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1: Result for PAH component concentrations in air and in water\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"25.963149078726968%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"38.52596314907873%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWet Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"35.5108877721943%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDry Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"29.31323283082077%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn Air\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(ppm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.075376884422111%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn Water \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(mg/l)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn Air\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(ppm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.100502512562816%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn Water\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(mg/l)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"29.31323283082077%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNaphthalene\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.407 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.075376884422111%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.588 x 10\u003csup\u003e-7\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.100502512562816%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"29.31323283082077%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2-methyl Naphthalene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.933 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.075376884422111%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.708 x 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.100502512562816%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"29.31323283082077%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcenaphthylene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.341 x 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.075376884422111%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.009 x 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.100502512562816%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"29.31323283082077%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFluorene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.333 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.075376884422111%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.692 x 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.100502512562816%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"29.31323283082077%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcenaphthene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.511 x 10\u003csup\u003e-6\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.075376884422111%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.612 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.100502512562816%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"29.31323283082077%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhenanthrene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.255 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.075376884422111%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.220 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.67 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.100502512562816%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"29.31323283082077%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntracene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.659 x 10\u003csup\u003e-6\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.075376884422111%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.851 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.73 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.100502512562816%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.15 x 10\u003csup\u003e-6\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"29.31323283082077%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFluoranthene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.995 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.075376884422111%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.743 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.24 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.100502512562816%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"29.31323283082077%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePyrene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.948 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.075376884422111%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.275 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.97 x 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20.100502512562816%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.01 x 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"29.31323283082077%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenz(a)anthracene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.959 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.075376884422111%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.282 x 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.86 x 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20.100502512562816%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.44 x 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"29.31323283082077%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChrysene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.008 x 10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.075376884422111%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.441 x 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.13 x 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20.100502512562816%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.50 x 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"29.31323283082077%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenz(b) Fluoranthene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.086 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.075376884422111%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.737 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.69 x 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20.100502512562816%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.77 x 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"29.31323283082077%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenz(k) Fluoranthene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.229 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.075376884422111%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.116 x 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.85 x 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20.100502512562816%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.46 x 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"29.31323283082077%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenz(a)pyrene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.176 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.075376884422111%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.386 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.100502512562816%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"29.31323283082077%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDibenz(a,h)anthracene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.238 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.075376884422111%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.288 x 10\u003csup\u003e-5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00 x 10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.100502512562816%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.58 x 10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"29.31323283082077%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.605 x 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.075376884422111%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.425 x 10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.50 x 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.100502512562816%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.68 x 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"29.31323283082077%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenz(g,h,i)perylene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.379 x 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.075376884422111%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.801 x 10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.100502512562816%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"29.31323283082077%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.603\u0026nbsp;x 10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.075376884422111%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.782 x 10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.08542713567839%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.636\u0026nbsp;x 10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.100502512562816%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.172 x 10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Ratios of PAHs between Air and Water Media in Wet and Dry Seasons\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"540\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"31.296296296296298%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWet Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDry Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.48148148148148%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAir/Air\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater/Water\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31.296296296296298%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW/A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW/A\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.48148148148148%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWetA/DryA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWetW/DryW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31.296296296296298%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNaphthalene\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.53E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.48148148148148%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31.296296296296298%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2-methyl Naphthalene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.46E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.48148148148148%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31.296296296296298%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcenaphthylene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.63E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.48148148148148%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31.296296296296298%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFluorene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.52E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.48148148148148%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31.296296296296298%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcenaphthene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.69E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.48148148148148%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31.296296296296298%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhenanthrene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.31E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.48148148148148%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.83E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31.296296296296298%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntracene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.42E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.20E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.48148148148148%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.14E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.60E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31.296296296296298%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFluoranthene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.82E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.48148148148148%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.34E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31.296296296296298%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePyrene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.22E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.02E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.48148148148148%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.91E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.13E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31.296296296296298%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenz(a)anthracene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.43E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.85E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.48148148148148%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.81E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.72E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31.296296296296298%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChrysene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.18E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.07E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.48148148148148%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.45E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.59E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31.296296296296298%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenz(b) Fluoranthene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.51E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.49E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.48148148148148%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.16E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.41E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31.296296296296298%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenz(k) Fluoranthene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.46E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.86E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.48148148148148%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.11E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.63E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31.296296296296298%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenz(a)pyrene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.48E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.48148148148148%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31.296296296296298%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDibenz(a,h)anthracene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.32E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.59E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.48148148148148%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.24E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.20E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31.296296296296298%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.14E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.07E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.48148148148148%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.44E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.65E+01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31.296296296296298%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenz(g,h,i)perylene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.44E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.48148148148148%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31.296296296296298%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.69E+00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15.555555555555555%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.42E+00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.48148148148148%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.27E+00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.50E+00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor water: 1 g/m3 = 1 mg/L = 1 ppm CHSR, 2006 Boguski, T. K. CHSR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMutagenic Equivalent (MEQ) and Mutagenic Potential (MP) of PAHs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.981455064194009%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.559201141226819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"39.37232524964337%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWet Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"39.08701854493581%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDry Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.981455064194009%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.559201141226819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"16.119828815977176%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAir\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.121255349500712%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.273894436519258%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage %\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.121255349500712%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAir\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.121255349500712%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.7018544935806%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage %\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.981455064194009%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePAH\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.559201141226819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMEF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.70042796005706%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMEQ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.419400855920114%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.27246790299572%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMEQ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"5.848787446504993%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.273894436519258%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.844507845934379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMEQ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.276747503566334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.844507845934379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMEQ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.276747503566334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.7018544935806%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.981455064194009%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenz (a) antracene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.559201141226819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.70042796005706%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.35E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.419400855920114%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.27246790299572%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.05E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"5.848787446504993%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.273894436519258%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.844507845934379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.53E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.276747503566334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.844507845934379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.82E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.276747503566334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.7018544935806%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.981455064194009%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChrysene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.559201141226819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.70042796005706%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.41E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.419400855920114%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.27246790299572%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.45E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"5.848787446504993%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.273894436519258%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.844507845934379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.61E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.276747503566334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.844507845934379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.55E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.276747503566334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.7018544935806%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.981455064194009%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenzo (b) flouranthene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.559201141226819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.70042796005706%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.77E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.419400855920114%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.27246790299572%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.68E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"5.848787446504993%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.273894436519258%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.844507845934379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.276747503566334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e31.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.844507845934379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.19E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.276747503566334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.7018544935806%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.981455064194009%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenzo (k) flouranthene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.559201141226819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.70042796005706%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.55E-06\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.419400855920114%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.27246790299572%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.23E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"5.848787446504993%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.273894436519258%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.844507845934379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.64E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.276747503566334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.844507845934379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.61E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.276747503566334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.7018544935806%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.981455064194009%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenzo (a)pyrene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.559201141226819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.70042796005706%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.18E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.419400855920114%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.27246790299572%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.39E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"5.848787446504993%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.273894436519258%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.844507845934379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.276747503566334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.844507845934379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.276747503566334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.7018544935806%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.981455064194009%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiBenzo (a,h) antracene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.559201141226819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.70042796005706%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.39E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.419400855920114%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.27246790299572%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.24E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"5.848787446504993%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.273894436519258%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.844507845934379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.90E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.276747503566334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e42.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.844507845934379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.04E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.276747503566334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.7018544935806%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e61.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.981455064194009%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndeno (1.2.3-cd) pyrene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.559201141226819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.70042796005706%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.67E-04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.419400855920114%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e53.3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.27246790299572%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.37E-03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"5.848787446504993%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e75.3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.273894436519258%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e64.3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.844507845934379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.76E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.276747503566334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.844507845934379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.30E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.276747503566334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.7018544935806%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.981455064194009%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenzo (ghi) perylene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.559201141226819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.70042796005706%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.40E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.419400855920114%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.27246790299572%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.42E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"5.848787446504993%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.273894436519258%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e23.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.844507845934379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.276747503566334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.844507845934379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.276747503566334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.7018544935806%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.981455064194009%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal Beq\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.559201141226819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.70042796005706%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.01E-04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.419400855920114%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.27246790299572%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.82E-03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"5.848787446504993%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.273894436519258%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.844507845934379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.90E-04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.276747503566334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.844507845934379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.29E-03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.276747503566334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.7018544935806%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMEQ trend: WetWater \u0026gt; DryWater \u0026gt; DryAir \u0026gt; WetAir\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4: Carcinogenic Equivalent (TEQ) and Carcinogenic Potential (CP) of PAHs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12.708018154311649%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBaPeq\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5.748865355521937%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"4\" width=\"32.829046898638424%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWet Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.32072617246596%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"4\" width=\"32.526475037821484%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDry Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.866868381240544%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12.688821752265861%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5.740181268882175%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAir\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.2507552870090635%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.193353474320242%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.308157099697885%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage %\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Air\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.7975830815709966%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.495468277945619%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.854984894259819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage %\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12.688821752265861%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePAH\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5.740181268882175%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTEF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTEQ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.2507552870090635%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTEQ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.193353474320242%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.308157099697885%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTEQ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.7975830815709966%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTEQ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.495468277945619%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.854984894259819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12.688821752265861%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNaphthalene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5.740181268882175%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.41E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.2507552870090635%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.56E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.193353474320242%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.308157099697885%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.7975830815709966%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.495468277945619%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.854984894259819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12.688821752265861%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcenaphthylene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5.740181268882175%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.34E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.2507552870090635%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.01E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.193353474320242%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.308157099697885%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.7975830815709966%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.495468277945619%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.854984894259819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12.688821752265861%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcenaphthene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5.740181268882175%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.51E-09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.2507552870090635%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.61E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.193353474320242%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.308157099697885%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.7975830815709966%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.495468277945619%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.854984894259819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12.688821752265861%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFlourene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5.740181268882175%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.33E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.2507552870090635%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.69E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.193353474320242%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.308157099697885%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.7975830815709966%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.495468277945619%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.854984894259819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12.688821752265861%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnthracene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5.740181268882175%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.66E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.2507552870090635%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.85E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.193353474320242%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.308157099697885%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.73E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.7975830815709966%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.15E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.495468277945619%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.854984894259819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12.688821752265861%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhenanthrene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5.740181268882175%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.26E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.2507552870090635%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.22E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.193353474320242%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd 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width=\"8.308157099697885%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.13E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.7975830815709966%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.50E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.495468277945619%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.854984894259819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12.688821752265861%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenzo (b) flouranthene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5.740181268882175%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.09E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.2507552870090635%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.74E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.193353474320242%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.308157099697885%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.69E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.7975830815709966%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.77E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.495468277945619%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.854984894259819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12.688821752265861%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenzo (k) flouranthene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5.740181268882175%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.23E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.2507552870090635%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.12E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.193353474320242%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd 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width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.18E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.2507552870090635%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.39E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.193353474320242%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.308157099697885%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.7975830815709966%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.495468277945619%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.854984894259819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12.688821752265861%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiBenzo (a,h) antracene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5.740181268882175%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.24E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.2507552870090635%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17.3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.29E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.193353474320242%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.308157099697885%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12.3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.7975830815709966%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e82.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.58E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.495468277945619%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e96.6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.854984894259819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e89.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12.688821752265861%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndeno (1.2.3-cd) pyrene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5.740181268882175%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.61E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.2507552870090635%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e45.9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.43E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.193353474320242%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e74.9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.308157099697885%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e60.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.50E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.7975830815709966%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.68E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.495468277945619%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.854984894259819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12.688821752265861%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBenzo (ghi) perylene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5.740181268882175%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.38E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.2507552870090635%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.80E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.193353474320242%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.308157099697885%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.7975830815709966%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.495468277945619%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.854984894259819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12.688821752265861%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal Beq\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5.740181268882175%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.88E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.2507552870090635%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.90E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.193353474320242%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.308157099697885%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.21E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.7975830815709966%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9.667673716012084%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.71E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6.495468277945619%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7.854984894259819%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTEQ trend: \u0026nbsp;DryWater \u0026gt; DryAir \u0026gt; WetWater \u0026gt; WetAir\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5: Relationship between PAHs, BaP-equivalent and\u0026nbsp;Mutagenicity Risks of Air and Water in Wet and Dry seasons.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedium\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.971751412429379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.146892655367232%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAir\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.327683615819208%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMann-Whitney U\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.418079096045197%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWilcoxon\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.971751412429379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.146892655367232%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage+SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage+SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.073446327683616%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eU\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.4858757062146895%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.932203389830509%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.971751412429379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.146892655367232%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.073446327683616%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.4858757062146895%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.932203389830509%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWet Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.971751412429379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCarcinogenic TEQ\u0026sum;17PAH\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.146892655367232%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.71E-04\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;5.23E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.24E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.58E-04\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;1.11E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.74E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.073446327683616%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e129.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.8440\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.3987\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.4858757062146895%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.681\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.932203389830509%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.093\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.971751412429379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMutagenic MEQ\u0026sum;8PAH\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.146892655367232%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.82E-04\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;7.05E-04\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.02E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.47E-04\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;1.57E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.20E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.073446327683616%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.7302\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.4653\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.4858757062146895%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.400\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.932203389830509%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.161\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.971751412429379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBaP-MEQ\u0026sum;8PAH\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.146892655367232%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.26E-05\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; \u0026nbsp;9.38E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.98E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.28E-04\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;4.76E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.46E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.073446327683616%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.2100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.8337\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.4858757062146895%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.68n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.932203389830509%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.093\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDry Season\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.971751412429379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTEQ)\u0026sum;17PAH\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.146892655367232%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.14E-04\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;3.34E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.67E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.04E-04\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;8.58E-04\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.073446327683616%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.5458\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5852\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.4858757062146895%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.764\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.932203389830509%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.445\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.971751412429379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMutagenic MEQ\u0026sum;8PAH\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.146892655367232%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.13E-04\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;4.05E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.31E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.21E-04\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;1.21E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.09E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.073446327683616%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.5068\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.7509\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.4858757062146895%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.105p\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.932203389830509%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.917\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.971751412429379%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBaP-MEQ\u0026sum;8PAH\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.146892655367232%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.63E-05\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; \u0026nbsp;1.10E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.65E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.61E-04\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;3.58E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.22E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"6.073446327683616%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.1058\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.627118644067797%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9157\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"7.4858757062146895%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.105n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.932203389830509%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.917\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"11\" valign=\"top\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test Based on positive and negative ranks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6: PAH Diagnostic Ratios for Source Apportionment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWet\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDry\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDry\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePAH RATIOS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn Air\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn Water\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn Air\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn Water\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRange\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReference\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhe/Ant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.94\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Petrogenic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Pyrogenic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdeniji \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2018 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChr/BaA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.24E+01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.12E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.14E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.36E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Petrogenic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Pyrogenic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Adeniji \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2018\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFla/Pyr\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.54E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.78E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.14E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Petrogenic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Pyrogenic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnt/178\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.30E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.04E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.78E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.21E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Petrogenic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Adeniji \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2018\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;/0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Pyrogenic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBaA/228\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.93E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.62E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.17E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.51E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Petrogenic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Adeniji \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2018\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.2-0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Pyrogenic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Adeniji \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2018\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnt/(Ant + Phe)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.54E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.62E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.91E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Petrogenic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Pyrogenic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdeniji \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2018\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026sum;LMW/\u0026sum;HMW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.62E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.10E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.24E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.16E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Pyrogenic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePies \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2008\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Petrogenic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026sum;COMB/SPAHs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.54E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.95E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.94E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.07E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e~1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTobiszewski and Namiesnik, 2011\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBaA/(BaA + Chr)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.27E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.71E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.67E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.96E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.2-0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Coal combustion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVehicular emissions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePetrogenic\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Yunker \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2002\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Combustion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Coal/coke\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBłaszczyk \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2016\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoal burning\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBaP/(BaP + Chr)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.07E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.72E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Diesel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Gasoline\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFla/(Fla + Pyr)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.06E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePetrogenic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDe La Torre-Roche \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2009\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.4-0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFossil fuel combustion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrass, wood, coal combustion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRavindra \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2008b\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlu/(Flu+\u0026rlm; Pyr)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.90E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.55E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Petrol emissions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRavindra \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2008a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Diesel emissions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBaA/BaP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.12E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.38E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e#DIV/0!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e#DIV/0!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Gasoline\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiesel and wood combustion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIcdP/(IcdP + BghiP)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.38E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.11E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.2\u0026ndash;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Petroleum combustion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrass, wood and coal combustion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIcdP/BghiP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.17E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.46E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e#DIV/0!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e#DIV/0!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e~1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Diesel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBbF/BkF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.19E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.04E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.11E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.26E+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiesel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBaP/BghiP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.95E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.99E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e#DIV/0!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e#DIV/0!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9-6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Wood combustion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNon-traffic emissions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKatsoyiannis \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2007\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16.810344827586206%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.908045977011493%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18.103448275862068%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Traffic emissions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21.264367816091955%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Mutagenicity, Carcinogenicity, High Molecular Weight-PAHs, Low Molecular Weight-PAHs","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2880375/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2880375/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of monitored soot in air and water in Port Harcourt swimming pool environment were assessed due to incessant downpour of soot in the area. Samples of soot were collected each for six hours in wet and dry seasons. Samples of water were also collected in the two seasons. PAH samples were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) to generate data which were described using descriptive statistics. In wet season, the total PAHs concentration in the air is 4.603E-03 ppm and in water 7.782E-03 mg/l while in the dry season, it’s 3.636E-03 ppm in the air and 5.172E-03 mg/l in water. The PAH distribution patterns in water followed the same trend in air in wet and in dry seasons with the diagnostic ratios indicating similar source thus suggesting that the major source of PAHs in water is atmospheric deposition from the air. Also, HMW-PAHs dominated each profile with air and water in the study area act as secondary sources for LMW-PAHs in the wet season and water acts as a sink for HMW-PAHs in both the wet and dry seasons. The results of mutagenic equivalent (MEQ) of the study ranged between 5.01E-04 ppm (mg/l) and 1.82E-03mg/l (ppm) while that of toxic equivalent (TEQ) ranged between 1.88E-04ppm (mg/l) and 3.71E-03mg/l ppm. The highest contributions to the MEQ and TEQ and their respective potentials (MP and CP) which is the capacity to cause modifications in human’s DNA thus forming PAH-DNA adduct thereby resulting in mutations and cancer were made in the wet season by IcdP contributing 64% MP and 60 % CP and those of dry season were made by DahA contributing 61% MP and 90% CP. These dominant PAH compounds ie IcdP, DahA, BghiP, BbF, BaP, etc with diagnostic ratios indicated artisanal refineries and other minor contributory sources. Due to the effect of soot toxicants, individuals are to limit exposure while Governments need to take strict measures to reduce the activities of artisanal refineries.","manuscriptTitle":"Assessment of Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity Risks and Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons of Monitored Black Carbon (Soot) in Air and Swimming Pool Water in Port Harcourt","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-05-05 21:32:42","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2880375/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"04869e71-f5ab-4dbe-9cf9-19d45fc4e6c8","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 5th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-05-14T14:29:24+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-05-05 21:32:42","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2880375","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2880375","identity":"rs-2880375","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"FbvkV6FR0MCFSLy54lSbu","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}