Fires in the Mediterranean Ecosystem (Turkey) in July 2021

Fires in the Mediterranean Ecosystem (Turkey) in July 2021 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Fires in the Mediterranean Ecosystem (Turkey) in July 2021 Fatma KAFALI YILMAZ, Okan BOZYURT, İlyas AVCI This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4132633/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Turkey has an ecologically rich ecology, including three main climate zones and three transition zones. Main climate zones; Black Sea, Mediterranean and Continental climate zones, and transition zones are Marmara, Mediterranean and Southeastern Anatolia regions. Of these ecological regions, a large area was damaged by the fire that broke out in July 2021 in the Mediterranean region in the south of Turkey and the Aegean region in the west (Mediterranean climate zone). The fire first started in Manavgat and Gündoğmuş districts of Antalya, and then broke out in various parts of Adana, Osmaniye and Muğla provinces. The fires that occurred in Adana took place in a wide area in the north of Adana, within the borders of four districts. In Osmaniye, fires occurred in the central district and Kadirli. These fires, which occurred in Osmaniye and Adana, took place in the forest area at an altitude of 500–1000 m. Since the fires that occurred in Antalya and Mersin were effective in the altitude zone starting from the coast and up to 1500 m, the mountain belt forest as well as the climax vegetation of the Mediterranean were burned. The fires that occurred in Muğla reached up to 2000 m and damaged a wide forest ecosystem. Due to the fire being at different altitude levels, Pinus brutia within the orobiome, Pinus nigra, Cedrus libani and Cedrus cilicia, which are mountain forests, and the understory were damaged. The fire also destroyed underground and aboveground fauna within the forest ecosystem, which could not be recorded statistically. Fire forest mediterranean ecosystem Method in successive fires in July 2021 in Turkey. For this reason, the method of preparing and comparing the maps of the areas exposed to the fire before and after the fire was used. In the preparation of maps, a 30-meter digital elevation model (DEM data) with pixel size was prepared using the Arcgis program as a base for the elevation map. The slope map was prepared using the Arcgis program using the same brew data. Multispectral camera recordings were used to detect the burned areas. Plants use the chlorophyll in their leaves and sunlight to produce organic matter from inorganic matter. During this process, called photosynthesis, the part of the electromagnetic energy coming from the sun with a wavelength of 0.63 µm – 0.69 µm and corresponding to red light is used. Therefore, a Multispectral camera measuring the reflectance of red light will have low numerical values in areas with dense live vegetation. On the other hand, plants do not absorb electromagnetic energy with a wavelength of 0.7 µm and higher, but reflect it back. Therefore, areas with dense vegetation will have high numerical values in a Multispectral camera image that measures the reflection of near infrared (NIR) electromagnetic energy. Therefore, fire areas With Landsat 8 satellite images, remote sensing methods in the Arcgis program, two maps were prepared as before and after the fire, and the fire areas were determined ( https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ ). Accordingly, multispectral bands were used in the detection of fire areas, and while the red colored areas showed plant vitality (before the fire), the areal evaluation of the burned areas was made with the decrease of red colors in the same areas after the fire . Login The natural features or ecology of any environment; determines climate, soil, parent material, topography and biotic (living) components. This success is divided into two parts: animate and inanimate. The living elements of the environment are soil, flora (plants) and fauna (animals). Non-living elements consist of climate, topography and parent materials. The relationships between living and non-living elements in the environment are in balance under natural conditions. While natural tissues in balance do not lose the natural feature of one of the living and non-living factors, it causes the relationships of all parts, especially the plant, to be divided (ATALAY, İ. 2002 ). Turkey's residential location, diverse climate and topography, especially spacing and aspect conditions, make it one of the countries with the richest vegetation cover or biological richness in the world after the equatorial and subequatorial regions. In Turkey, where the main regions of European-Siberian, Mediterranean and Iran-Turanian plant geography are located, the entire population, excluding equatorial, subequatorial regions and tundra regions, includes a large part (ATALAY, İ. 2015 ). The northern region of Turkey as a whole falls into the European-Siberian Region. The northern coasts of the Marmara Region and the Aegean and Mediterranean regions include the Eastern Mediterranean flora. Central and Eastern Anatolia regions fall into the Turan-Near Asia or Iran-Turan Flora Region, and the steppe areas of Southeastern Anatolia fall into the Iran-Turanian cooled Mesopotamian Flora Region (ATALAY, İ. EFE, R. 2015 ). Accordingly, the frequent changes in altitude and aspect conditions in Turkey make it difficult to draw the exact boundaries of the flora regions and are an important factor in increasing the floristic richness. The interaction/relationship of the natural environment with living things is important in the development of sustainable policies. However, the increase in the human population and the use of natural environmental conditions in a way that disrupts the ecological balance or a chain of neglect causes deterioration in the ecosystem. This situation causes deterioration in the ecosystem by repeating human negativities that do not give nature the opportunity to repair itself or that exceed the speed of repair. Along the Black Sea and Mediterranean coasts of Turkey, there are mountain ranges (located in the Alpine-Himalayan belt) with altitudes exceeding 2000 m and sometimes exceeding 3000 m. Map-1: Fire areas location With the effect of the altitude factor, environmental conditions called orobiome have been formed in these mountains, which contribute significantly to the increase of ecological richness in Turkey. However, the fires that broke out in July 2021 caused great damage to the rich ecosystem in these mountainous areas. The fires initially started in Manavgat and then spread to many points throughout the Mediterranean ecosystem. Thus, while the plants belonging to this ecosystem were burned in very large areas, creatures belonging to the underground and aboveground fauna also perished. However, there was also deterioration in the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the burned areas. Fire areas and areal values ​​are given in the table below. However, while the plants belonging to this ecosystem burned in very large areas, the creatures belonging to the underground and aboveground fauna were also destroyed. In addition, there were deteriorations in the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the burned areas. Fire areas and areal values are given in the table below. Table-: Fire Areas and Area (ha) FIRE PLACE FIRE AREA (HA) Manavgat 55566.9 Gundogmus 14599.5 Qadirli center 4063 Karaisali Aladag Imamoglu 4038 Kozan 2426 Silifke 3407 Aydincik 10387 Koycegiz 10795.5 Marmaris 12085.8 Bodrum Milas 16461.5 Mentese Kavaklidere 13418.9 Manavgat with 55566.9 hectares, Bodrum Milas with 16461.5 hectares, Gündoğmuş with 14599.5 hectares were damaged in the fire. This was followed by Menteşe Kavaklıdere and other places indicated in the table with 13418.6 ha. The ecological characteristics and spatial evaluations of these areas where fires occur are discussed below. AREAS WHERE FOREST FIRE OCCURRED 1-Fires in Adana and Osmaniye The fires that occurred in Adana took place in a wide area in the north of Adana within the borders of four districts. These are Kozan, Karaisalı, İmamoğlu and Aladağ districts. In Osmaniye, fires occurred in the central district and Kadirli. These fires were effective in the 500–1000 meters altitude zone (Map-2) and 4063 hectares in Osmaniye and 4038 hectares in Adana were exposed to fire. Burnt areas are areas with 2–4% and 4–6% gradients (Map-3). Mediterranean climate is effective in areas exposed to fire in Adana and Osmaniye, and the main vegetation is pinus. brutia ( Map − 4). Pinus in this generation the brutian the undergrowth and Pinus In the place where brutia was destroyed, Quercus coccifera, Arbutus, which is in the form of a bush dominates the environment. andrachne, Arbutus unedo, Ceratonia siliqua, Laurus nobilis mythus communis, Olea europea, Nerium oleander, Phllyrea latifolia, Styrax officinalis, Pistecia lentiscus _ _ terebinthus, Calicotoma villosa, Paliurus spina-christi, Vitex agnus Plants such as castus take place widely. Both pinus in fire Both brutia and under-forest plants in this shrub form were damaged. (Map-4). Map-2: Elevation step map of the fire area in Adana and Osmaniye Map-3: Slope map of the fire area in Adana and Osmaniye Map-4: Plant density map of pre-fire and post-fire multispectral camera recordings in Adana and Osmaniye 2-Fires in Antalya The fires in Antalya's Manavgat and Gündoğmuş districts, where the fires of July 2021 first occurred, affected a wide area. The fires around Manavgat were effective in a wide belt from 2–4% to 20–89% (Map-6). On the south-facing slopes of the Taurus Mountains, maquis and pinus brutia and pinus pinus forming the Mediterranean montane forest above the Brutia border nigra , Cedrus Libani and Abies Forests consisting of cilicica trees were exposed to fire. A total area of 55566.9 hectares was burned in this fire in Manavgat. Gündoğmuş took place at an altitude of 0-1500 meters (Map-5). In the fire, 14599.5 hectares of area were burned and Pinus brutia Pinus with forests nigra, Cedrus libani andAbies The forest area consisting of Clicica trees was damaged (Map-7). Map-5: step map of the fire area in Antalya Map-6: Slope map of the fire area in Antalya Map-7: Multispectral camera recordings before and after the fire in Antalya 3-Fires in Mersin Fires occurred in Aydıncık and Silifke districts of Mersin. Pinus in the 0-1500 meter altitude zone (Map-8) Pinus in the upper belt as well as the brutia forest nigra, Cedrus libani and Abies The mountain belt forest consisting of cilicica trees was also burned (Map-9). These fires, which broke out around Aydıncık and Silifke, were effective in a wide belt from 2–4% to 20–89% (Map-9) Pinus was located in the 0-1000 meters altitude belt. brutian forests and bush formation burned. (Map-10). Map-8: Elevation step map of the fire area in Mersin Map-9: Slope map of the fire area in Mersin Map-10: Multispectral camera recordings before and after the fire in Mersin 4-Fires in Muğla The forest fire in the Köyceğiz district of Muğla occurred on the south-facing slopes of Gölgölli Mountain. The fire was effective in a wide area at an altitude of 0-2000 meters (Map-11), and an area of 10795.5 hectares was burned. Pinus in this generation brutia forests as well as Pinus nigra, Cedruz libani and Abies Mountain belt forests consisting of cilicica trees were also burned. Forest fires in Marmaris district took place in the 0-1000 meter zone. The slope of the burning belt is between 0–2% and 20–89% and a large area was exposed to fire (Map-12). 12085.8 hectares of Pinus in this belt brutia forest and shrub-shaped maquis were burned. Pinus on an area of 16461.5 hectares in the 0-1000 meter belt around the Yaran Mountain in Bodrum and Milas districts brutia forest burned. In Menteşe and Kavaklıdere districts, a fire occurred in a wide area at an altitude of 0-2000 meters. In this fire, 13418.9 hectares of area in and around Oyuklu mountain, which is an extension of Madranbaba mountain, was exposed to fire. Pinus in the belt extending up to 2000 meters Abies, a mountain belt forest as well as the brutia species cilicica larch, cedar and fir trees were also burned (Map-13). Map-11: Elevation step map of the fire area in Muğla Map-12: Slope map of the fire area in Muğla Map-13: Plant density map of pre-fire and post-fire multispectral camera recordings in Muğla CONCLUSION A large forest area was exposed to fire in the July 2021 fires in Turkey. In this fire, a large area was burned in the south of the country, along the Taurus mountain belt, at different altitudes. A total area of 91681.3 ha was damaged in the fire. Manavgat was damaged the most by the fire with a maximum of 55566,9 ha. This was followed by Bodrum Milas with 16461.5 ha and Gündoğmuş with 14599.5 ha. Fire is rather Pinus Pinus, the climax plant of the Mediterranean Region, occurred in the brutia forest belt and due to the Manavgat, Gündoğmuş, Silifke, Aydıncık and Köyceğiz fires reaching levels above 1000 m. Cedrus as well as the brutia community libani, Abies cilicica and pinus Mediterranean mountain belt forests consisting of nigra species were also damaged. Burnt areas are areas where coastal tourism is particularly important in Turkey. These areas contain many factors that make tourism attractive. These are in terms of human factors such as the morphological diversity of the bays, the fact that the sea water temperature covers a period of approximately 5–6 months for swimming, the diversity of plant species and the presence of forests, as well as the cultural richness of ancient ruins, being on an international yacht route. are also important fields. In other words, they are the favorite areas of Turkey in terms of natural, human and economic resources. It takes a long time for the forest to renew itself in the burned areas. The main measures to be taken for this are: 1-First of all, the burned areas should be cleaned and taken under protection, 2- In addition to the natural regeneration of the forest, afforestation efforts should be accelerated, 3-Legal measures should be taken to prevent fire areas from being developed. Declarations Author Contribution Fatma Kafali Yilmaz has determined the the perpespective of this search. In other Words, Fatma Kafalı Yılmaz drew the outline. And Okan Bozyurt has collected the data and commented the maps. İlyas Avcı has prepared the maps by using Geographical Information System. Finally, The comments and the comparation the maps have been analysed by Fatma Kafalı Yılmaz and Okan BOZYURT. References Atalay, I. (2002), Ecoregions of Turkey. Meta Press. Atalay, I. (2014Türkiye’nin Ekolojik Bölgeleri (Ecoregions of Turkey). Meta Press. Atalay, I., Efe R. (2015) Türkiye Biyocoğrafyası, Meta Press. Bilgili, E., (2004), “Ülkemizde Orman Yangını Gerçeği”, Orman Mühendisleri Odası Dergisi, Sayı 7-8-9, s.14-19. Büyük Larousse Ansiklopedisi, (1985), Gelişim Yay. Cilt:5 ve Cilt:14, İstanbul. Çanakçıoğlu, H., (1993), Orman Koruma, İstanbul Üniv. Yay. No: 3264, Orman Fak. Yay. No: 411, İstanbul. Dönmez, Y., (1985), Bitki Coğrafyası, İstanbul Üniv. Coğ. Ens. Yay. No: 3213, İstanbul. Kılıç, S.E., Mutluer, M., (2004), “Coğrafyada ve Bölge Planlamada Bölge Kavramının Karşılaştırmalı Olarak İrdelenmesi” Ege Coğ. Der. sa.13, İzmir, s.18-27. Erinç, S., (1977), Vejetasyon Coğrafyası, İstanbul Üniv. Coğ. Ens. Yay. No: 2276, İstanbul 1977. Erol, O., (1988), Genel Klimatoloji, Final Ofset Matbaacılık ve Ambalaj San.,3. Baskı, İstanbul. Eron, Z., Gürbüzer, E., 1988. Marmaris 1979 yılı orman yangını ile toprak özelliklerinin değişimi ve kızılçam gençliğinin gelişimi arasındaki ilişkiler. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü, Teknik Bülten No: 195, Ankara. Eron, Z., Sarıgül, M., 1992. Ege Bölgesinde verimli Kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) yanık orman alanlarının kozalaklı dal serme yöntemi ile doğal olarak gençleştirilmesi olanakları. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü, Teknik Rapor, cilt:38, no:48, s. 7-37. Ertuğrul, M., (2005), “Orman Yangınları Dünyadaki ve Türkiye’deki Durumu”, ZKÜ Bartın Orman Fakültesi Derg., Cilt:7, Sayı:7, s.43-49. Keskin, S., Şahin, M., Abbasoğlu, E. 1996. Kızılçam tohumlarının doğal koşullarda bekleme süresi. Batı Akdeniz Ormancılık Araştırma Müdürlüğü yayını, 2:43-52. Keskin, S., Sabuncu, R., Şahin, M., 2001. Düzlerçamı’nda 1997 yılında yanan kızılçam (Pinus brutiaTen.) ormanlarında farklı ekim yöntemleri ile gençliğin elde edilmesi. Batı Akdeniz Ormancılık Araştırma Müdürlüğü Teknik Bülteni, no.9, 40s. Neyişçi, T., 1987a. Kızılçamın ekolojisi. In: Öktem, E. (ed.), Kızılçam, Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, El Kitabı Serisi, 2:23-56. Neyişçi, T., 1987b. Orman yangınlarının önlenmesinde kullanılabilecek yavaş yanan bitki türleri üzerinde bir çalışma. TÜBİTAK Doğa Dergisi, s. 595-604. Neyişçi, T., 1988. Kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) tohumlarının çimlenme ekolojisi üzerine bir çalışma. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 34(68):79-89. Neyişçi, T., 1989. Kızılçam ekosistemlerinde denetimli yakmanın toprak kimyasal özellikleri ve fidan gelişimi üzerine etkileri. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, Teknik Bülten, No: 205, 55 s. Neyişçi, T., 1993. Ecological adaptive traits of Pinus brutia Ten. to fires. Uluslararası Kızılçam Sempozyumu, 18-23 Ekim 1993, Marmaris, Orman Bakanlığı Yayını, s. 79-84. Neyişçi, T., Cengiz, Y., 1985. Sıcaklık ve külün kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) tohumlarının çimlenme yeteneği ve fidan büyümesi üzerine etkileri. Doğa Bilim Dergisi D2, 1: 121-131. Odabaşı, T., 1983. Kızılçam doğal gençleştirme tekniğindeki gelişmeler. İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi B, 33:95–111. Özdemir, T., 1977. Antalya bölgesinde kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) ormanlarının tabii gençleştirme olanakları üzerinde araştırmalar. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, Seri:A, 27(2): 239-293. INTERNET REFERENCE https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ Map 1 to 13 Map 1 to 13 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4132633","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":281892670,"identity":"38bd72b2-7400-41ea-b247-452eada169a5","order_by":0,"name":"Fatma KAFALI YILMAZ","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Afyon Kocatepe University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fatma","middleName":"KAFALI","lastName":"YILMAZ","suffix":""},{"id":281892673,"identity":"424bf918-ecce-4603-8d55-0244cd899407","order_by":1,"name":"Okan BOZYURT","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAz0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCSjNz8AGopiJ1yIh2QDTwkasFoMDxGrhl24+/Jm37V6d8fFjaRIMFdaJDfK9D/BqkZxzLMGYt61YwuxM2jEJhjPpiQ1s7AZ4tRjcyDFI5m1LkDA7kN4mwdh2GKiFgMtAWg6DtBj3Pwdq+UecFsNmkBYDCaDDGBuI0AL0SzLjnHMJkjNuPEu2SDiWbtzGloZfCyjEPrwpS+Dn708zvPGhxlq2n/kYfi0gwMQDYyUwEBGTIMD4gxhVo2AUjIJRMHIBADgMPnMbl8HUAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Afyon Kocatepe University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Okan","middleName":"","lastName":"BOZYURT","suffix":""},{"id":281892676,"identity":"9986285f-1328-4e89-aab3-1a160acde112","order_by":2,"name":"İlyas AVCI","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Afyon Kocatepe University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"İlyas","middleName":"","lastName":"AVCI","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-19 19:43:34","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4132633/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4132633/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":53328173,"identity":"b610cc66-049b-4d8a-8cff-16a59e526ad2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-24 08:37:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":347219,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4132633/v1/80042c30-aa6e-4bcc-bfe2-6a7060fe8df7.pdf"},{"id":53274609,"identity":"7cdf31ff-c82c-4bc5-976d-6539c83630b7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-22 17:35:47","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":7443750,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Map.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4132633/v1/b53d1f438fe5b2c48d3c73b1.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eFires in the Mediterranean Ecosystem (Turkey) in July 2021\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cp\u003ein successive fires in July 2021 in Turkey. For this reason, the method of preparing and comparing the maps of the areas exposed to the fire before and after the fire was used. In the preparation of maps, a 30-meter digital elevation model (DEM data) with pixel size was prepared using the Arcgis program as a base for the elevation map. The slope map was prepared using the Arcgis program using the same brew data. Multispectral camera recordings were used to detect the burned areas. Plants use the chlorophyll in their leaves and sunlight to produce organic matter from inorganic matter. During this process, called photosynthesis, the part of the electromagnetic energy coming from the sun with a wavelength of 0.63 µm – 0.69 µm and corresponding to red light is used. Therefore, a Multispectral camera measuring the reflectance of red light will have low numerical values in areas with dense live vegetation. On the other hand, plants do not absorb electromagnetic energy with a wavelength of 0.7 µm and higher, but reflect it back. Therefore, areas with dense vegetation will have high numerical values in a Multispectral camera image that measures the reflection of near infrared (NIR) electromagnetic energy. Therefore, fire areas With Landsat 8 satellite images, remote sensing methods in the Arcgis program, two maps were prepared as before and after the fire, and the fire areas were determined (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). Accordingly, multispectral bands were used in the detection of fire areas, and while the red colored areas showed plant vitality (before the fire), the areal evaluation of the burned areas was made with the decrease of red colors in the same areas after the fire .\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Login","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe natural features or ecology of any environment; determines climate, soil, parent material, topography and biotic (living) components. This success is divided into two parts: animate and inanimate. The living elements of the environment are soil, flora (plants) and fauna (animals). Non-living elements consist of climate, topography and parent materials. The relationships between living and non-living elements in the environment are in balance under natural conditions. While natural tissues in balance do not lose the natural feature of one of the living and non-living factors, it causes the relationships of all parts, especially the plant, to be divided (ATALAY, İ. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Turkey's residential location, diverse climate and topography, especially spacing and aspect conditions, make it one of the countries with the richest vegetation cover or biological richness in the world after the equatorial and subequatorial regions. In Turkey, where the main regions of European-Siberian, Mediterranean and Iran-Turanian plant geography are located, the entire population, excluding equatorial, subequatorial regions and tundra regions, includes a large part (ATALAY, İ. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The northern region of Turkey as a whole falls into the European-Siberian Region. The northern coasts of the Marmara Region and the Aegean and Mediterranean regions include the Eastern Mediterranean flora. Central and Eastern Anatolia regions fall into the Turan-Near Asia or Iran-Turan Flora Region, and the steppe areas of Southeastern Anatolia fall into the Iran-Turanian cooled Mesopotamian Flora Region (ATALAY, İ. EFE, R. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Accordingly, the frequent changes in altitude and aspect conditions in Turkey make it difficult to draw the exact boundaries of the flora regions and are an important factor in increasing the floristic richness. The interaction/relationship of the natural environment with living things is important in the development of sustainable policies. However, the increase in the human population and the use of natural environmental conditions in a way that disrupts the ecological balance or a chain of neglect causes deterioration in the ecosystem. This situation causes deterioration in the ecosystem by repeating human negativities that do not give nature the opportunity to repair itself or that exceed the speed of repair. Along the Black Sea and Mediterranean coasts of Turkey, there are mountain ranges (located in the Alpine-Himalayan belt) with altitudes exceeding 2000 m and sometimes exceeding 3000 m.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMap-1: Fire areas location\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith the effect of the altitude factor, environmental conditions called orobiome have been formed in these mountains, which contribute significantly to the increase of ecological richness in Turkey. However, the fires that broke out in July 2021 caused great damage to the rich ecosystem in these mountainous areas. The fires initially started in Manavgat and then spread to many points throughout the Mediterranean ecosystem. Thus, while the plants belonging to this ecosystem were burned in very large areas, creatures belonging to the underground and aboveground fauna also perished. However, there was also deterioration in the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the burned areas. Fire areas and areal values ​​are given in the table below.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, while the plants belonging to this ecosystem burned in very large areas, the creatures belonging to the underground and aboveground fauna were also destroyed. In addition, there were deteriorations in the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the burned areas. Fire areas and areal values are given in the table below.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable-: Fire Areas and Area (ha)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFIRE PLACE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFIRE AREA (HA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManavgat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55566.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGundogmus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14599.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQadirli center\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKaraisali Aladag Imamoglu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKozan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2426\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSilifke\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3407\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAydincik\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10387\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKoycegiz\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10795.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarmaris\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12085.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBodrum Milas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16461.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMentese Kavaklidere\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13418.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003eManavgat with 55566.9 hectares, Bodrum Milas with 16461.5 hectares, Gündoğmuş with 14599.5 hectares were damaged in the fire. This was followed by Menteşe Kavaklıdere and other places indicated in the table with 13418.6 ha. The ecological characteristics and spatial evaluations of these areas where fires occur are discussed below.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"AREAS WHERE FOREST FIRE OCCURRED","content":"\u003ch2\u003e1-Fires in Adana and Osmaniye\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe fires that occurred in Adana took place in a wide area in the north of Adana within the borders of four districts. These are Kozan, Karaisalı, İmamoğlu and Aladağ districts. In Osmaniye, fires occurred in the central district and Kadirli.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese fires were effective in the 500–1000 meters altitude zone (Map-2) and 4063 hectares in Osmaniye and 4038 hectares in Adana were exposed to fire. Burnt areas are areas with 2–4% and 4–6% gradients (Map-3).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMediterranean climate is effective in areas exposed to fire in Adana and Osmaniye, and the main vegetation is \u003cem\u003epinus. brutia\u003c/em\u003e ( Map − 4). \u003cem\u003ePinus\u003c/em\u003e in this generation \u003cem\u003ethe brutian\u003c/em\u003e the undergrowth and \u003cem\u003ePinus In the place where brutia\u003c/em\u003e was destroyed, Quercus coccifera, Arbutus, which is in the form of a bush dominates the environment. andrachne, Arbutus unedo, Ceratonia siliqua, Laurus nobilis mythus communis, Olea europea, Nerium oleander, Phllyrea latifolia, Styrax officinalis, Pistecia lentiscus _ _ terebinthus, Calicotoma villosa, Paliurus spina-christi, Vitex agnus Plants such as castus take place widely. Both pinus in fire Both brutia and under-forest plants in this shrub form were damaged. (Map-4).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMap-2: Elevation step map of the fire area in Adana and Osmaniye\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMap-3: Slope map of the fire area in Adana and Osmaniye\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMap-4: Plant density map of pre-fire and post-fire multispectral camera recordings in Adana and Osmaniye\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2-Fires in Antalya\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe fires in Antalya's Manavgat and Gündoğmuş districts, where the fires of July 2021 first occurred, affected a wide area. The fires around Manavgat were effective in a wide belt from 2–4% to 20–89% (Map-6). On the south-facing slopes of the Taurus Mountains, maquis and \u003cem\u003epinus brutia\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003epinus pinus\u003c/em\u003e forming the Mediterranean montane forest above the \u003cem\u003eBrutia border nigra\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCedrus Libani\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAbies Forests consisting of cilicica\u003c/em\u003e trees were exposed to fire. A total area of 55566.9 hectares was burned in this fire in Manavgat.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGündoğmuş took place at an altitude of 0-1500 meters (Map-5). In the fire, 14599.5 hectares of area were burned and \u003cem\u003ePinus brutia Pinus\u003c/em\u003e with forests \u003cem\u003enigra, Cedrus libani andAbies The forest area consisting of Clicica\u003c/em\u003e trees was damaged (Map-7).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMap-5: step map of the fire area in Antalya\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMap-6: Slope map of the fire area in Antalya\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMap-7: Multispectral camera recordings before and after the fire in Antalya\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3-Fires in Mersin\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFires occurred in Aydıncık and Silifke districts of Mersin.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ePinus\u003c/em\u003e in the 0-1500 meter altitude zone (Map-8) \u003cem\u003ePinus\u003c/em\u003e in the upper belt as well as the \u003cem\u003ebrutia forest nigra, Cedrus libani\u003c/em\u003e and Abies The mountain belt forest consisting of cilicica trees was also burned (Map-9). These fires, which broke out around Aydıncık and Silifke, were effective in a wide belt from 2–4% to 20–89% (Map-9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ePinus\u003c/em\u003e was located in the 0-1000 meters altitude belt. \u003cem\u003ebrutian\u003c/em\u003e forests and bush formation burned. (Map-10).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMap-8: Elevation step map of the fire area in Mersin\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMap-9: Slope map of the fire area in Mersin\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMap-10: Multispectral camera recordings before and after the fire in Mersin\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4-Fires in Muğla\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe forest fire in the Köyceğiz district of Muğla occurred on the south-facing slopes of Gölgölli Mountain. The fire was effective in a wide area at an altitude of 0-2000 meters (Map-11), and an area of 10795.5 hectares was burned. \u003cem\u003ePinus\u003c/em\u003e in this generation \u003cem\u003ebrutia\u003c/em\u003e forests as well as \u003cem\u003ePinus nigra, Cedruz libani\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAbies\u003c/em\u003e Mountain belt forests consisting of \u003cem\u003ecilicica trees were also burned.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eForest fires in Marmaris district took place in the 0-1000 meter zone. The slope of the burning belt is between 0–2% and 20–89% and a large area was exposed to fire (Map-12). 12085.8 hectares of \u003cem\u003ePinus in this belt brutia\u003c/em\u003e forest and shrub-shaped maquis were burned.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ePinus\u003c/em\u003e on an area of 16461.5 hectares in the 0-1000 meter belt around the Yaran Mountain in Bodrum and Milas districts \u003cem\u003ebrutia\u003c/em\u003e forest burned.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Menteşe and Kavaklıdere districts, a fire occurred in a wide area at an altitude of 0-2000 meters. In this fire, 13418.9 hectares of area in and around Oyuklu mountain, which is an extension of Madranbaba mountain, was exposed to fire. Pinus in the belt extending up to 2000 meters Abies, a mountain belt forest as well as the brutia species cilicica larch, cedar and fir trees were also burned (Map-13).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMap-11: Elevation step map of the fire area in Muğla\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMap-12: Slope map of the fire area in Muğla\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMap-13: Plant density map of pre-fire and post-fire multispectral camera recordings in Muğla\u003c/h2\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eA large forest area was exposed to fire in the July 2021 fires in Turkey. In this fire, a large area was burned in the south of the country, along the Taurus mountain belt, at different altitudes. A total area of 91681.3 ha was damaged in the fire. Manavgat was damaged the most by the fire with a maximum of 55566,9 ha. This was followed by Bodrum Milas with 16461.5 ha and G\u0026uuml;ndoğmuş with 14599.5 ha. Fire is rather Pinus \u003cem\u003ePinus, the\u003c/em\u003e climax plant of the Mediterranean Region, occurred in the brutia forest belt and due to the Manavgat, G\u0026uuml;ndoğmuş, Silifke, Aydıncık and K\u0026ouml;yceğiz fires reaching levels above 1000 m. Cedrus as well as the \u003cem\u003ebrutia community\u003c/em\u003e libani, Abies cilicica and pinus Mediterranean mountain belt forests consisting of nigra species were also damaged.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurnt areas are areas where coastal tourism is particularly important in Turkey. These areas contain many factors that make tourism attractive. These are in terms of human factors such as the morphological diversity of the bays, the fact that the sea water temperature covers a period of approximately 5\u0026ndash;6 months for swimming, the diversity of plant species and the presence of forests, as well as the cultural richness of ancient ruins, being on an international yacht route. are also important fields. In other words, they are the favorite areas of Turkey in terms of natural, human and economic resources.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt takes a long time for the forest to renew itself in the burned areas. The main measures to be taken for this are:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-First of all, the burned areas should be cleaned and taken under protection,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2- In addition to the natural regeneration of the forest, afforestation efforts should be accelerated,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3-Legal measures should be taken to prevent fire areas from being developed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFatma Kafali Yilmaz has determined the the perpespective of this search. In other Words, Fatma Kafalı Yılmaz drew the outline. And Okan Bozyurt has collected the data and commented the maps. İlyas Avcı has prepared the maps by using Geographical Information System. Finally, The comments and the comparation the maps have been analysed by Fatma Kafalı Yılmaz and Okan BOZYURT.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAtalay, I. (2002), Ecoregions of Turkey. Meta Press.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAtalay, I. (2014T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;nin Ekolojik B\u0026ouml;lgeleri (Ecoregions of Turkey). Meta Press.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAtalay, I., Efe R. (2015) T\u0026uuml;rkiye Biyocoğrafyası, Meta Press.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBilgili, E., (2004), \u0026ldquo;\u0026Uuml;lkemizde Orman Yangını Ger\u0026ccedil;eği\u0026rdquo;, Orman M\u0026uuml;hendisleri Odası Dergisi, Sayı 7-8-9, s.14-19.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eB\u0026uuml;y\u0026uuml;k Larousse Ansiklopedisi, (1985), Gelişim Yay. Cilt:5 ve Cilt:14, İstanbul.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Ccedil;anak\u0026ccedil;ıoğlu, H., (1993), Orman Koruma, İstanbul \u0026Uuml;niv. Yay. No: 3264, Orman Fak. Yay. No: 411, İstanbul.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eD\u0026ouml;nmez, Y., (1985), Bitki Coğrafyası, İstanbul \u0026Uuml;niv. Coğ. Ens. Yay. No: 3213, İstanbul.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKılı\u0026ccedil;, S.E., Mutluer, M., (2004), \u0026ldquo;Coğrafyada ve B\u0026ouml;lge Planlamada B\u0026ouml;lge \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKavramının Karşılaştırmalı Olarak İrdelenmesi\u0026rdquo; Ege Coğ. Der. sa.13, İzmir, s.18-27.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eErin\u0026ccedil;, S., (1977), Vejetasyon Coğrafyası, İstanbul \u0026Uuml;niv. Coğ. Ens. Yay. No: 2276, İstanbul 1977.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eErol, O., (1988), Genel Klimatoloji, Final Ofset Matbaacılık ve Ambalaj San.,3. Baskı, İstanbul.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEron, Z., G\u0026uuml;rb\u0026uuml;zer, E., 1988. Marmaris 1979 yılı orman yangını ile toprak \u0026ouml;zelliklerinin değişimi ve kızıl\u0026ccedil;am gen\u0026ccedil;liğinin gelişimi arasındaki ilişkiler. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstit\u0026uuml;s\u0026uuml;, Teknik B\u0026uuml;lten No: 195, Ankara.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEron, Z., Sarıg\u0026uuml;l, M., 1992. Ege B\u0026ouml;lgesinde verimli Kızıl\u0026ccedil;am (Pinus brutia Ten.) yanık orman alanlarının kozalaklı dal serme y\u0026ouml;ntemi ile doğal olarak gen\u0026ccedil;leştirilmesi olanakları. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstit\u0026uuml;s\u0026uuml;, Teknik Rapor, cilt:38, no:48, s. 7-37.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eErtuğrul, M., (2005), \u0026ldquo;Orman Yangınları D\u0026uuml;nyadaki ve T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;deki Durumu\u0026rdquo;, ZK\u0026Uuml; Bartın Orman Fak\u0026uuml;ltesi Derg., Cilt:7, Sayı:7, s.43-49.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKeskin, S., Şahin, M., Abbasoğlu, E. 1996. Kızıl\u0026ccedil;am tohumlarının doğal koşullarda bekleme s\u0026uuml;resi. Batı Akdeniz Ormancılık Araştırma M\u0026uuml;d\u0026uuml;rl\u0026uuml;ğ\u0026uuml; yayını, 2:43-52. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKeskin, S., Sabuncu, R., Şahin, M., 2001. D\u0026uuml;zler\u0026ccedil;amı\u0026rsquo;nda 1997 yılında yanan kızıl\u0026ccedil;am (Pinus brutiaTen.) ormanlarında farklı ekim y\u0026ouml;ntemleri ile gen\u0026ccedil;liğin elde edilmesi. Batı Akdeniz Ormancılık Araştırma M\u0026uuml;d\u0026uuml;rl\u0026uuml;ğ\u0026uuml; Teknik B\u0026uuml;lteni, no.9, 40s.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNeyiş\u0026ccedil;i, T., 1987a. Kızıl\u0026ccedil;amın ekolojisi. In: \u0026Ouml;ktem, E. (ed.), Kızıl\u0026ccedil;am, Ormancılık Araştırma Enstit\u0026uuml;s\u0026uuml; Yayınları, El Kitabı Serisi, 2:23-56. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNeyiş\u0026ccedil;i, T., 1987b. Orman yangınlarının \u0026ouml;nlenmesinde kullanılabilecek yavaş yanan bitki t\u0026uuml;rleri \u0026uuml;zerinde bir \u0026ccedil;alışma. T\u0026Uuml;BİTAK Doğa Dergisi, s. 595-604. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNeyiş\u0026ccedil;i, T., 1988. Kızıl\u0026ccedil;am (Pinus brutia Ten.) tohumlarının \u0026ccedil;imlenme ekolojisi \u0026uuml;zerine bir \u0026ccedil;alışma. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstit\u0026uuml;s\u0026uuml; Dergisi, 34(68):79-89. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNeyiş\u0026ccedil;i, T., 1989. Kızıl\u0026ccedil;am ekosistemlerinde denetimli yakmanın toprak kimyasal \u0026ouml;zellikleri ve fidan gelişimi \u0026uuml;zerine etkileri. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstit\u0026uuml;s\u0026uuml; Yayınları, Teknik B\u0026uuml;lten, No: 205, 55 s. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNeyiş\u0026ccedil;i, T., 1993. Ecological adaptive traits of Pinus brutia Ten. to fires. Uluslararası Kızıl\u0026ccedil;am Sempozyumu, 18-23 Ekim 1993, Marmaris, Orman Bakanlığı Yayını, s. 79-84. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNeyiş\u0026ccedil;i, T., Cengiz, Y., 1985. Sıcaklık ve k\u0026uuml;l\u0026uuml;n kızıl\u0026ccedil;am (Pinus brutia Ten.) tohumlarının \u0026ccedil;imlenme yeteneği ve fidan b\u0026uuml;y\u0026uuml;mesi \u0026uuml;zerine etkileri. Doğa Bilim Dergisi D2, 1: 121-131. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOdabaşı, T., 1983. Kızıl\u0026ccedil;am doğal gen\u0026ccedil;leştirme tekniğindeki gelişmeler. İ.\u0026Uuml;. Orman Fak\u0026uuml;ltesi Dergisi B, 33:95\u0026ndash;111. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Ouml;zdemir, T., 1977. Antalya b\u0026ouml;lgesinde kızıl\u0026ccedil;am (Pinus brutia Ten.) ormanlarının tabii gen\u0026ccedil;leştirme olanakları \u0026uuml;zerinde araştırmalar. İstanbul \u0026Uuml;niversitesi Orman Fak\u0026uuml;ltesi Dergisi, Seri:A, 27(2): 239-293.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eINTERNET REFERENCE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ehttps://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Map 1 to 13","content":"\u003cp\u003eMap 1 to 13 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Fire, forest, mediterranean, ecosystem","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4132633/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4132633/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTurkey has an ecologically rich ecology, including three main climate zones and three transition zones. Main climate zones; Black Sea, Mediterranean and Continental climate zones, and transition zones are Marmara, Mediterranean and Southeastern Anatolia regions. Of these ecological regions, a large area was damaged by the fire that broke out in July 2021 in the Mediterranean region in the south of Turkey and the Aegean region in the west (Mediterranean climate zone). The fire first started in Manavgat and G\u0026uuml;ndoğmuş districts of Antalya, and then broke out in various parts of Adana, Osmaniye and Muğla provinces. The fires that occurred in Adana took place in a wide area in the north of Adana, within the borders of four districts. In Osmaniye, fires occurred in the central district and Kadirli. These fires, which occurred in Osmaniye and Adana, took place in the forest area at an altitude of 500\u0026ndash;1000 m. Since the fires that occurred in Antalya and Mersin were effective in the altitude zone starting from the coast and up to 1500 m, the mountain belt forest as well as the climax vegetation of the Mediterranean were burned. The fires that occurred in Muğla reached up to 2000 m and damaged a wide forest ecosystem. Due to the fire being at different altitude levels, Pinus brutia within the orobiome, Pinus nigra, Cedrus libani and Cedrus cilicia, which are mountain forests, and the understory were damaged. The fire also destroyed underground and aboveground fauna within the forest ecosystem, which could not be recorded statistically.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Fires in the Mediterranean Ecosystem (Turkey) in July 2021","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-22 17:35:40","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4132633/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"da429275-f2cc-423b-b35a-10d5afe08f62","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 22nd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-02T03:44:21+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-22 17:35:40","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4132633","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4132633","identity":"rs-4132633","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}