3D Spatiotemporal Activation Mapping of Cardiac Organoids Using Conformal Shell Microelectrode Arrays (MEAs)

3D Spatiotemporal Activation Mapping of Cardiac Organoids Using Conformal Shell Microelectrode Arrays (MEAs) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article 3D Spatiotemporal Activation Mapping of Cardiac Organoids Using Conformal Shell Microelectrode Arrays (MEAs) Deok-Ho Kim, Soo Jin Choi, Zhaoyu Liu, Feiyu Yang, Hanwen Wang, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5939602/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Cardiac organoids have emerged as transformative models for investigating cardiogenesis and cardiac diseases. While traditional 2D microelectrode arrays (MEAs) have been used to assess the functionality of cardiac organoids, they are limited to electrophysiological measurements from a single plane and do not capture the 3D propagation of electrical signals. Here, we present a programmable, shape-adaptive shell MEA designed to map the electrical activity across the entire surface of cardiac organoids. These shell MEAs are fabricated on-chip, with tunable dimensions and electrode layout, enabling precise encapsulation of spherical organoids. Using shell MEAs, we generated 3D isochrone maps with conduction velocity vectors, revealing the speed and trajectory of electrical signal propagation in spontaneously beating cardiac organoids. The optical transparency of the shell MEAs allowed for simultaneous calcium imaging, validating the electrophysiological propagation pattern. To demonstrate their utility in cardiotoxicity screening, we monitored the electrophysiological changes of organoids treated with isoproterenol and E-4031 over nine days. We anticipate that shell MEAs, combined with spatiotemporal mapping, can significantly advance the development of spatially organized cardiac organoids, structural disease models, and high-throughput drug screening platforms. Biological sciences/Biological techniques/Electrophysiology/Extracellular recording Biological sciences/Biotechnology/Stem-cell biotechnology Full Text Additional Declarations Yes there is potential Competing Interest. D.H.K is a scientific founder, a member of the board of directors, and a shareholder of Curi Bio. Additionally, D.H.K. serves on the advisory boards of Samsung Biologics, Samsung Bioepis, and Vita Therapeutics. Supplementary Files SupplementaryVideo1.avi Supplementary Video 1 SupplementaryVideo2.mp4 Supplementary Video 2 Supplementaryvideo3.mp4 Supplementary Video 3 SupplementaryVideo4.avi Supplementary Video 4 Supplementaryvideo5.avi Supplementary Video 5 NatCommSIChoietal.docx Supplementary Information Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5939602","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":411756813,"identity":"7dbbb805-b46e-4415-a7a8-85104830ab75","order_by":0,"name":"Deok-Ho 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