Phenotypic Characterization of Auxotrophic Mutant of Nontyphoidal Salmonella and Determination of Its Cytotoxicity, Tumor Inhibiting Cytokine Gene Expression in Cell Line Models

Abstract An auxotrophic mutant of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) strain was phenotypically characterized in this study. The characterization was based on phenotype, morphology, motility, biofilm forming ability, growth kinetics, etc. The phenotypic results from the above experiments determined that the mutant showed variation in phenotypic characters from that of wild-type strain. Subsequently, mutant and wild-type NTS were subjected to epithelial cell invasion and intracellular replication assays. The real time PCR analysis was also performed to analyse expression of tumor inhibiting cytokine genes and virulence genes post bacterial infection in cell lines. The mutant showed highest invasion potential than wild-type NTS whereas the replication of mutant was slower in both the cell lines. Similar to the wild-type strain, the mutant also retained the cytotoxic potential when analysed in vitro. Furthermore, the expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes such as TNF-α and IL-1β was upsurged with the downregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine genes like TGF-β, IL-6 and IL-10 post infection of the mutant strain in cell lines. In addition, virulence genes of Salmonella pathogenicity island one and two of mutant were downregulated in vitro except invA in HeLa cell line. Therefore, the auxotrophic mutant showed positive attributes of a potential antitumor agent in terms of expressing tumor inhibiting cytokine genes when assessed in vitro. Though the study did not check the tumor inhibitory effect of NTS strain directly, findings of the study emphasizes on the development of a novel strain of NTS with less virulence and more immunogenic traits to inhibit tumor cells.