Efficacy of two lines of pupa defence in highly specialised Darwin wasp parasitoids associated with spider hosts (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)

Insects in the pupal stage are vulnerable to various predators because the pupa is immobile. The pupae of parasitoid Darwin wasps associated with spider hosts have evolved two lines of defence against predators, namely a cocoon spun by the parasitoid larva and a web provided by the spider host. The web is derived from a normal or modified spider web built by the spider under manipulation by the penultimate instar of the parasitoid wasp. In laboratory experiments, we tested the efficacy of these two defensive lines using six potential predators with two different types of mouthparts coming from three foraging guilds. The cocoon significantly reduced predation. Scavengers with chewing mouthparts, e.g., cockroaches and crickets, attacked and consumed pupae within both sparse and strong cocoon walls. Scavengers with piercing mouthparts were able to attack pupae in cocoons with a sparse wall, but not with a strong wall. Collectors and true predators showed no interest in cocoons. The presence of a web increased pupa protection up to 80% when the web was on the ground and up to 95% when the web was in the air. Only scavengers with chewing mouthparts were able to reach and consume the pupae sheltered by the web. We provide the first evidence of how the two lines of defence contribute to parasitoid defence during the pupal stage.