Refined production of egg-derived media additives enhances proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle satellite cell culture

Refined production of egg-derived media additives enhances proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle satellite cell culture | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Refined production of egg-derived media additives enhances proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle satellite cell culture Dahee Han, Da Young Lee, Ermie Jr. Mariano, Jinmo Park, Yeongwoo Choi, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7703725/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In the recently expanding global cultured meat market, fetal bovine serum (FBS) substitutes are being designed as one of the solutions to the ethical issues of FBS and the industrialization of cultured meat. This study aims to select the optimal FBS substitute by comparing the culture efficiency of skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs) according to the method of producing substitutes using eggs. SMSCs cultured under low-serum conditions with whole egg extract as an FBS substitute exhibited a cell proficiency similar to those in media containing commercial FBS, and it was shown that up to 75% of commercial FBS could be replaced. The production method of this substitute was improved compared to the previously announced production method of an FSB substitute derived from egg white, shortening the production time by approximately 53% and increasing the protein yield by up to 5.79 times. Based on this, when 10% chicken serum and improved substitutes derived from whole eggs (E5H) were mixed, it was possible to replace 100% of commercial FBS, and myotubes could be produced with similar differentiation efficiency. Therefore, when E5H is applied to the medium, the cell culture cost is expected to be 2.91 times lower than that using commercial FBS, and when mixed with chicken serum, SMSCs can be cultured at a savings cost of up to 8.10 times. In conclusion, this study improved the proliferation efficiency of three SMSC types using egg-derived FBS substitutes and is expected to effectively reduce the production cost of cultured meat. Fetal bovine serum substitute Eggs Low serum Skeletal muscle satellite cell culture Cell proliferation Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 1. INTRODUCTION According to the 2023 Global Report on Food Crises, approximately 21.5% of the population in 59 countries, which is a 9.3% increase from the previous year, is facing food insecurity (Food Security Information Network (FSIN) and Global Network against Food Crises (GNAFC), 2024 ). As food insecurity increases, research on future food resources is being actively conducted (Lee et al., 2023a ). Among the meat substitutes to emerge in response to food insecurity is cultured meat (CM). CM is a technology that produces meat by culturing skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs) obtained from animal muscle tissue and is a rapidly growing field with an average annual growth rate of 45.46% (Lee et al., 2021 ; Precedence Research, 2024 ). CM is considered to have the potential to contribute to solving global food security problems because it is nutritionally different from traditional meat, and may provide a new option for some consumers (Treich, 2021 ). To industrialize CM with various potential advantages, efficient growth of SMSCs and research on the substitution of fetal bovine serum (FBS) are essential. FBS is widely used in animal cell media because it is rich in bovine serum albumin, which prevents cytotoxicity of free fatty acids and has a growth-promoting effect (Keenan et al., 2006 ). However, as ethical and cost-related issues arise, alternative technologies for CM and general cell culture research are gradually being developed (Chelladurai et al., 2021 ; Lee et al., 2022 , 2023a ; van der Valk, 2022 ). This study aims to induce the proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle cells using eggs as an FBS substitute and to provide a suitable alternative to FBS for the industrialization of CM. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) emphasized in its 2023 report that eggs are a major source of essential nutrients and are evaluated as a high-protein food containing all essential amino acids (FAO, 2023 ; Puglisi & Fernandez, 2022 ). In addition, eggs have recently attracted attention as a serum substitute in animal cell media with the effect of increasing skeletal muscle, but studies on FBS substitutes for SMSCs derived from livestock species are still limited (Bagheri et al., 2020 ; Koshinaka et al., 2021 ; Mizunoya et al., 2015 ; Santos et al., 2021 ). Therefore, the specific objective of this study is to apply egg-derived FBS substitutes (ES) to SMSCs culture in order to select the most effective medium. The developed FBS substitute is expected to contribute to reducing the cost of animal cell culture by inducing effective proliferation of cell lines derived both from livestock species and primary SMSCs. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Acquisition of egg-derived FBS substitutes ES was obtained by supplementing the paper of Lee et al. ( 2024 ) and was obtained from unfertilized eggs. To confirm the cell proliferation effect according to the structural components of eggs, FBS substitutes (Corning, NY, USA) were obtained from egg white, whole egg, and yolk according to the existing method, and a method for removing fat from whole egg and yolk containing a lot of fat was devised. In addition, the egg material with the highest cell proliferation effect was selected and separated using a simpler method than the existing method, and the final product was produced (Fig. 1 ). After separating the whole eggs from the infertile eggs, they were homogenized for 3 min without mixing with DW, and ethanol was added to a final concentration of 43% (v/v). After centrifugation (1,977 × g , 15 min, 4°C), the samples were stored in a freezer at −20°C for 3 h. The supernatant and fat were scraped as much as possible from the frozen sample, excluding the sediment layer, using a reagent spoon so that only the pellet remained. The pellet thus obtained was mixed with DW at a ratio of 1:4 (v/v), homogenized for 2 min, and reacted in a constant temperature water bath at 70°C for 15 min. After centrifugation (1,977 × g , 15 min, 4°C), the supernatant was recovered, and the fat was removed again by sequentially filtering through 25, 11, and 6 µm qualitative filter papers. The filtrate from which the fat was removed was recovered and sterilized. A sterilized 0.1 µm PVDF membrane filter was used, and after sterilization through bottle top filtration, the filtrate was stored in the − 20°C and used in the experiment. 2.2. Determining content of egg-derived FBS substitutes 2.2.1. Protein composition analysis of egg-derived FBS substitutes Protein composition and contents of ES were determined according to Meyer and Lamberts ( 1965 ). The analyzed results were compared with those of FBS, chicken serum (CS), ovalbumin (OVA), and ovotransferrin (OVF). CS was obtained from the blood of ≥ 100 forty-two-day-old male chickens from a Korean slaughterhouse based on the method suggested by Lee et al. ( 2023a ). Each sample was quantified with BCA Protein Assay Kits (23225, Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA) before SDS-PAGE, and the protein amount was adjusted to 7 µg/well for all treatments. The samples were then reacted with 4X Laemmli Sample Buffer (Bio-Rad, CA, USA). The ExcelBand™ Enhanced 3-color High Range Protein Marker (SMOBIO, TW) and samples were loaded onto 5% acrylamide stacking gels and 12% acrylamide separating gels before separation by electrophoresis at 100 V for 60 min. Proteins in the samples were stained with Brilliant Blue R (Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA). 2.2.2. Free-amino acid contents of egg-derived FBS substitutes The composition of free amino acids was analyzed through sample pretreatment according to the method of Lee et al. ( 2023b ). The masses of 1 mL of sample and 1 mL of 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were measured on a balance, mixed, and vortexed twice for 2 min each. The well-mixed sample was centrifuged at 13,572 ⨯ g and 20°C for 20 min, n-hexane was added, and the mixture was shaken vigorously for 15 min. The mixture was centrifuged at 1,977 ⨯ g and 20°C for 10 min, and the lower layer was recovered. This was centrifuged at 13,572 × g and 20°C for 20 min to collect the lower layer. After repeating this process three times, n -hexane was completely evaporated for 20 min in a fume hood, and the sample was filtered using a 0.1 µm pore syringe filter (Hyundai Micro, KR). The pretreated samples were analyzed using an amino acid analyzer (L-8900, Hitachi High-Technologies, JP) and an HPLC packing ion change column (#2622PF, Hitachi High-Technologies). 2.2.3. Fatty acid contents of egg-derived FBS substitutes To investigate the fatty acid composition of ES and the effect of egg components on cell growth, an analysis was conducted with reference to Lee et al. ( 2023b ). An equal amount of Folch I solution (chloroform : methyl alcohol, 2:1) was added to the sample, and the mixture was stirred for 2 min using a vortex mixer. The stirred sample was centrifuged (2,400 × g , 20°C, 5 min) to separate the lower layer. The separated lower layer was dried, dissolved in 1 mL of n -hexane, and diluted to a final volume of 3 mL by adding 2 mL of boron trifluoride methanol solution (BF 3 ). The sample was reacted at 80°C for 5 min using a heating block, and then the temperature was slowly lowered to room temperature. After the reaction was completed, 1 mL of triple-DW was added to the sample to induce layer separation, and the supernatant was obtained from the separated sample. A small amount of sodium sulfate was added to the supernatant to remove moisture, and finally, 1.5 mL of the sample was transferred to a glass vial. The extracted fatty acids were separated using a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (MS 2400 SQ, Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) equipped with an Elite-5ms Capillary Column (60 m × 0.25 mm i.d., film thickness 0.25 µm; N9316286, Perkin-Elmer). 2.3. Cell culture with egg-derived FBS substitutes Chicken muscle satellite cells (CMSCs) and bovine muscle satellite cells (BMSCs) were extracted according to the paper of Yun et al. ( 2023 ). CMSCs were obtained from fertilized eggs cultured in the laboratory for 15 days, and BMSCs were obtained from Musculus semimembranosus of 32-month-old steers. The proliferation medium containing commercial FBS was composed differently depending on the cell type. Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, Cytiva, Marlborough, MA, USA) containing 10% FBS and 1% P/S was used for culturing C2C12 myoblasts (CRL-1772, VA, USA), and DMEM medium containing 20% FBS and 1% P/S was used for culturing CMSCs and BMSCs. The cells were proliferated until they reached sufficient density (> 70%) and then subcultured. Differentiation was induced for 7 days using DMEM differentiation medium containing 2% horse serum (HS) and 1% P/S when the cell density reached 70% or more, and the medium was changed every 3 days. 2.4. Efficiency analysis of cell proliferation and differentiation 2.4.1. Cell viability and growth rate analysis using fluorescein diacetate staining Cell viability and growth rate were observed using fluorescein diacetate (FDA) staining based on Jones and Senft ( 1985 ). FDA stock was prepared by dissolving 5 mg of FDA in 1 mL of acetone to a concentration of 5 mg/mL and stored at −20°C. FDA solution was prepared by diluting FDA stock and DMEM at a ratio of 1:100 (v/v) to a final concentration of 50 µg/mL. At this time, Hoechst 33342 (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) was also diluted in DMEM to a final concentration of 2 µg/mL to observe cell nuclei. After culturing cells for 24 and 72 h, images of detected cells were captured using an inverted fluorescence microscope equipped with various fluorescence filters. The captured cell images were used to analyze the number of living cells and nuclei in ImageJ software, and the percentage of cell viability and growth rate was calculated. 2.4.2. Differentiation potential analysis of egg-derived FBS substitutes To confirm the proliferation efficiency of SMSCs and the area and fusion index of differentiated myotubes, the methods of Yun et al. ( 2023 ) were used. Antibodies used for immunofluorescence staining included mouse anti-MF20 (1:250 dilution; MAB4470, Novus Biologicals, CO, USA) and FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (1:500 dilution; A90-116F, Bethyl Laboratories, TX, USA), and 2 µg/mL of Hoechst was used to stain the cell nuclei. After staining, the cells were photographed using an inverted fluorescence microscope. The images were analyzed for the number of nuclei per area, protein expression levels, myotube areas, and fusion index using ImageJ software. 2.5. Statistical analysis All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 28, and the differences between treatment groups were evaluated using the t- test and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) according to treatment group and factor. The t -test compared the mean difference between groups at a significance level of p < 0.05, and the one-way ANOVA with a post hoc test (Tukey’s HSD) was performed at a significance level of p < 0.05. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Comparison of egg-derived FBS substitutes’ production efficiency The existing method for obtaining an egg white FBS substitute developed by Lee et al. ( 2024 ) was improved to obtain a substitute with high cell proliferation and production efficiency. Unlike the existing method, the substitute was obtained from not only egg white but also whole eggs and egg yolk, and an additional fat layer removal process was performed on whole eggs and egg yolk. In addition, unnecessary steps were omitted during the obtaining process to enable simple and fast production. Figure 5 shows a comparison of the obtaining process of three components, egg white, whole eggs, and egg yolk, obtained by the existing method, and the yield, time, cost, etc. adjusted to more efficiently secure the most effective material-derived components in cell culture (Fig. 5 ). Egg white-derived substitutes (W) contain 1.05 mg/mL of protein, which corresponds to 1.07% on a dry egg white basis (Fig. 5 b,c). W was obtained in the same method as the egg white extract developed by Lee et al. ( 2024 ), and it takes about 17 hrs to produce (Fig. 5 d). The production cost of W is estimated to be USD 5.04 per 500 mL, as shown in Fig. 5 e. In the case of the whole-egg substitute (E), the protein concentration is 1.27 mg/mL, which is about 1.21 times higher than that of W, and corresponds to 2.07% based on dried whole eggs (Fig. 5 b, c). With the addition of the fat removal process, it takes about 18 hrs for production, and it can be produced at a cost about 3.8 times lower than that of W (Fig. 5 d,e). The egg yolk-derived substitute (Y) has the highest protein concentration of 1.41 mg/mL compared to W and E, which corresponds to 0.38% on a dry egg white basis, showing a lower yield than other materials (Fig. 5 b,c). The production time of Y is about 18 hrs, similar to that of E, and the extraction time is about 5.6% longer than that of W (Fig. 5 d). In addition, the production cost was confirmed to be about 3.47 times higher than that of W (Fig. 5 e). Finally, the protein concentration of the improved substitute derived from whole eggs (E5H) was 3.86 mg/mL, which was significantly higher by about 2.7 to 3.7 times than the conventional method ( p < 0.001) (Fig. 5 b). The yield based on dried egg white was also 2.18%, which was significantly higher by about 1.1 to 5.8 times than the conventional method ( p < 0.05) (Fig. 5 c). The production time was approximately 8 hrs, which was 2.2 times shorter than the existing method, and the production cost was also reduced by at least 0.4 times and up to 4.8 times compared to the existing method (Fig. 5 d,e) (Lee et al., 2024 ). As a result of comparing the production efficiency according to each egg material, differences in yield, protein concentration, and production cost were confirmed according to egg white, whole egg, and yolk. Whole eggs are known to contain 12.3% of total protein, et al., 2019; USDA, 2019 ). On the other hand, egg yolk accounts for about 30% of the entire egg, of which 15.6% is composed of protein (Guha et al., 2019 ; USDA, 2019 ). It is believed that these differences in the composition ratio and protein content in eggs are the main factors affecting the differences in yield, protein concentration, and production cost of ES by material. Among all ES, E5H was found to meet the high protein concentration and economic feasibility required for cell culture, but still showed a low figure in terms of yield. Accordingly, additional research appears necessary to secure improved substitutes with higher yields, including the use of specific additives to increase protein solubility and setting optimal pH and temperature conditions. 3.2. Determination of the components in egg-derived FBS substitutes 3.2.1. Protein contents The protein composition of ES is shown in Fig. 6, and the potential role of ES as a nutrient source for muscle growth was evaluated through the major protein bands observed in each substitute. W and E had a comparatively similar SDS-PAGE protein profile; bands were observed around 32, 45, 59, and 68 kDa, and a relatively faint and broad band presumed to be OVF (76 kDa) was confirmed (Fig. 2 ). The band around 45 kDa is consistent with the relative molecular mass of OVA, suggesting that W and E may contribute to muscle growth as an amino acid source (Mizunoya et al., 2015 ). In addition, two proteins tentatively identified as phosvitin (59 kDa) and avidin (68 kDa), are expected to contribute to muscle cell growth by supplying minerals (e.g., iron) and vitamins (Guha et al., 2019 ; Kovacs-Nolan et al., 2005 ). In comparison to W and E, Y displayed more distinct bands at positions corresponding to β-livetin (33−36 kDa) and ovoflavoprotein (32 kDa), and a putative protein band for avidin was included at approximately 68 kDa (Guha et al., 2019 ). This protein composition suggests that Y may contribute to the repair and protection of muscle cells through its immune function provision and metal ion binding properties (Antón & Gandemer, 2006 ). The protein composition of E5H exhibited the same pattern as E. Because it contains constituents of both egg white and egg yolk, it is expected to provide nutrients that support aspects such as muscle cell growth, recovery, and immune enhancement (Abeyrathne et al., 2013 ; Kovacs-Nolan et al., 2005 ). In summary, each ES is expected to have different potential functions that contribute to muscle growth because their major protein components are different. In particular, E5H shows the potential to provide a complex combination of nutrients and protective components necessary for muscle cell growth and recovery by existing in the form of a mixture of proteins of various molecular weights. 3.2.2. Amino acid analysis The total free amino acid content of egg-derived substitutes was the highest in Y, followed by E5H, E, and W in that order (Table 1). This is different from the result that E5H had the highest protein concentration among the substitutes at 3.86 mg/mL. Therefore, the composition and concentration of free amino acids known to be helpful for the growth of SMSCs in the substitutes were confirmed. Taurine is an amino acid essential for muscle cell growth and differentiation, playing a crucial role in osmotic balance, antioxidation, and calcium homeostasis in muscle cells (De Luca et al., 2015 ; Zhou et al., 2021 ). However, taurine was hardly detected in any ES, suggesting that ES may be deficient in taurine compared to taurine-rich FBS and CS. Because CS contains a higher taurine content than FBS, it is expected to significantly contribute to the growth of SMSCs when mixed with ES. Aspartic acid, which was detected in E5H at 4.51 mg/L, plays an essential role in ATP production and energy metabolism of muscle cells, potentially contributing to promoting cell proliferation (Holeček, 2023 ). Additionally, threonine and serine were detected at 4.38 mg/L and 4.78 mg/L, respectively, in E5H (Table 1). These components, along with taurine and glycine, are expected to be involved in glutathione biosynthesis and thus help cell growth (Zhou et al., 2021 ). Asparagine, which was absent from CS, was found at higher concentrations in Y and E5H, at 4.71 and 2.72 mg/L, respectively, compared to commercial FBS, indicating its potential to promote skeletal muscle growth when complementing CS (Table 1). Glutamic acid, a key regulator of skeletal muscle protein synthesis, was detected at 7.52 and 21.35 mg/L in E and Y, respectively. These levels suggest its potential to enhance muscle growth through protein anabolism (Li et al., 2024 ). Alanine, utilized as an energy source in muscles, was identified at 4.76 mg/L in Y (Table 1). Although E5H contains alanine at a relatively low concentration, it is expected to contribute to the energy required for cell proliferation (Li et al., 2024 ; Zhou et al., 2021 ). Valine, an essential branched-chain amino acid, was identified at 2.14 and 4.23 mg/L in E and E5H, respectively (Table 1). Given its role in muscle tissue recovery and energy supply, these levels indicate a potential contribution to muscle cell maintenance (Sharma et al., 2024 ). Similarly, the presence of isoleucine and leucine, detected at 6.02 and 12.55 mg/L in Y, respectively, suggests a possible role of Y in muscle protein synthesis (Liu et al., 2021 ). Although E5H contained relatively lower concentrations, its balanced amino acid profile indicates the possibility of supporting muscle growth. In conclusion, the amino acid compositions observed among the substitutes highlight the unique nutritional contributions of each. ES may have a limited supply of amino acids necessary for promoting muscle growth due to lower concentrations compared to FBS or CS. However, E5H had higher contents of most free amino acids compared to E, and when E5H is mixed with CS and applied to cell culture, muscle growth effects similar to or even greater than those of commercial FBS can be expected (Lee et al., 2024 ). 3.2.3. Fatty acid analysis The total fatty acid content of egg-derived substitutes was highest in E5H, followed by E, Y, and W, unlike the total free amino acid content (Table 2). This is expected to be due to the difference in fat content of the raw material for obtaining the substitutes, but in the case of E5H, it is predicted that a higher concentration of fatty acids was obtained than the existing substitutes due to the difference in the obtaining method. The composition and concentration of fatty acids known to be helpful for the growth of SMSC in these substitutes were confirmed. Palmitic acid (C16:0) is a saturated fatty acid known for its role in β-oxidation, providing ATP for cellular processes (Bakke et al., 2012 ). In this study, the palmitic acid content in E5H (988.66 mg/dL) was slightly lower than that in FBS (1,043.83 mg/dL) and CS (1,362.75 mg/dL) (Table 2). However, given its essential role in muscle metabolism, this concentration suggests that E5H can still effectively support muscle cell energy demands. Oleic acid (C18:1n9c), a monounsaturated fatty acid, is critical for maintaining cell membrane fluidity and influencing signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation (Sun et al., 2023 ). Y contained 13.95 mg/dL of oleic acid, which may still contribute to cell growth despite being of lower amount than determined in FBS and CS, respectively. Significantly lower concentrations were determined in E5H (3.17 mg/dL) and W (4.86 mg/dL), indicating that these substitutes may require supplementation to maintain optimal cellular function. Stearic acid (C18:0) contributes to the formation of cell structure, and E5H showed a high concentration of 1,397.08 mg/dL. This value is somewhat higher than that found in Y (1,088.39 mg/dL), suggesting that E5H can provide structural stability in a muscle growth environment (Lee et al., 2024 ). In addition, margaric acid (C17:0) and myristic acid (C14:0) showed low concentrations in E and Y, which may require supplementation through mixing with serum. In conclusion, the different fatty acid compositions observed among the substitutes highlight the unique nutritional contributions of each. E5H, in particular, appears to provide a balanced combination of essential fatty acids, making it a promising candidate for supporting muscle cell growth. However, further optimization through supplementation may be necessary to enhance its efficacy in cell culture applications. 3.3. Muscle satellite cells cultured in media containing egg-derived FBS substitutes 3.3.1. C2C12 myoblast cells Among the media containing ES, the combination of 5% FBS + 30% E led to the highest C2C12 myoblast proliferation rate. For W and Y, the proliferation efficiency tended to be somewhat lower in most treatment groups, except the + 5% FBS groups, compared to E (Fig. 3 a). Comparing the proliferation efficiency according to the mixing ratio of CS and ES revealed a significantly higher proliferation rate in medium containing a mixture of 20% CS + 30% E compared to the control group ( p 0.05) (Fig. 3 b). These findings suggest that among ES replacing FBS and CS, whole egg may provide an effective combination for C2C12 myoblast proliferation, highlighting its potential as a viable serum replacement for muscle cell culture. When E was used to induce myotube differentiation in C2C12 myoblasts, the 5% FBS + 30% E and 10% CS + 30% E treatments were comparable to commercial FBS ( p > 0.05), indicating that E maintained a similar proliferation rate to the standard FBS condition. Furthermore, a significantly higher number of nuclei was observed in the 20% CS + 30% E combination ( p < 0.05), reinforcing the idea that E can enhance myoblast proliferation when mixed with CS at an appropriate concentration. Previous studies have shown that proteins and lipids derived from egg yolk help to enhance cell proliferation and differentiation rates by increasing the expression of myogenin mRNA (Joglekar et al., 2020 ). In addition, all 10% CS + 30% E conditions showed higher values of myotube cell area, myotube thickness, and fusion index compared to commercial FBS ( p < 0.05; Fig. 3 e−h). This further suggests that E provides a similar culture environment to FBS and does not negatively affect myoblast differentiation efficiency. Therefore, E represents a promising replacement for FBS and potentially provides a cost-effective and nutritionally balanced alternative for myoblast culture applications. Based on these results, we compared the cell proliferation efficiency of E and E5H. Finally, when C2C12 myoblasts were cultured using 10% CS + 30% E5H, myotubes were observed to be similar to the control group (Fig. 3 i,j). This demonstrates that ES, especially E5H, effectively supports C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation when mixed with FBS or CS. These results are consistent with a previous study highlighting the nutritional benefits of egg-based ingredients in cell culture applications (Joglekar et al., 2020 ; Mizunoya et al., 2015 ; Sawano et al., 2022 ). Therefore, E5H does not negatively affect myoblast differentiation and may be a suitable replacement for commercial FBS for muscle cell growth. 3.3.2. Chicken muscle satellite cells When comparing the CMSC proliferation rate among the treatment groups, the fastest rate was observed in the 10% FBS + 30% E group, and there was no significant difference between the control group and the 5% FBS + 30% E group ( p > 0.05) (Fig. 4 a). Combinations of W and Y with 5% and 10% FBS showed similar proliferation rates to the control group, but the proliferation efficiency was relatively low ( p > 0.05). Among the combinations of CS and ES, high proliferation rates were observed not only in 20% CS + 30% E but also in 10% CS + 30% E; again, W and Y showed no significant difference from the control group in the same conditions ( p > 0.05) (Fig. 4 b). The differentiation efficiency of cells was also confirmed under the conditions of 10% FBS + 30% E and 10% CS + 30% E, which showed the best cell proliferation effect (Fig. 4 d−h). In all treatment groups, the total number of nuclei was not significantly different from that obtained when using commercial FBS, and there was no significant difference in terms of myotube area ( p > 0.05; Fig. 4 e,f). While the thickness of myotubes in all treatment groups of serum + 30% E was similar to commercial FBS, it was significantly thinner than 20% CS when mixed with 5% FBS and E ( p < 0.05) (Fig. 4 g). The fusion index of nuclei and myotubes in all treatment groups of CS + E was significantly higher compared to commercial FBS ( p < 0.05; Fig. 4 h). Therefore, it can be confirmed that the differentiation efficiency of muscle satellite cells cultured with 10% FBS or 10% CS + E was also similar to 20% FBS. Based on the above results, we confirmed that the cell growth efficiency in media containing E was the best among the ES studied and compared its effects with E5H, obtained in an improved manner. The cell viability and growth rates of 10% FBS + 30% E5H were higher than those of 10% FBS + 30% E. In addition, the effect was confirmed to be higher when the medium contained 10% CS + 30% E5H than when it contained 10% FBS alone (Fig. 4 i). Furthermore, the differentiation efficiency appeared to be similar between the 10% CS + 30% E5H condition and the 20% FBS condition (Fig. 4 j). Therefore, the combination of medium constituents that exhibits a CMSC growth effect similar to that of the medium containing 20% FBS is 10% CS + 30% E5H. 3.3.3. Bovine muscle satellite cells Similar to CMSCs, the highest proliferation rate of BMSCs was observed for 10% FBS + 30% E, and all FBS + CS treatment groups showed proliferation rates and cell viability rates similar to or higher than the control group (Fig. 5 a,b). When differentiation was induced by including E, which is effective in the proliferation of BMSCs, the differentiation efficiency index in medium containing 20% FBS showed similar values as medium containing 10% CS + 30% E ( p > 0.05; Fig. 5 e−h). This suggests enhanced myogenic differentiation potential, which may be attributed to the biologically active compounds in eggs that support myotube fusion and maturation (Joglekar et al., 2020 ). This is consistent with the results obtained with CMSCs, and it is expected that the transformation of egg into ES will have a favorable effect on the culture of SMSCs. Based on the results in Figs. 5 a-h, when comparing the cell proliferation effects of E and E5H, the cell proliferation and differentiation efficiencies of 10% CS + 30% E5H were similar to or higher than those of 20% FBS. These outcomes suggest that E and E5H are likely to function as the most suitable FBS substitutes for primary SMSC culture, as they show superior results in culture efficiency compared to other substitutes. In particular, the combination of 10% CS + 30% E5H was confirmed to show high differentiation efficiency even with less serum. These findings support the applicability of E5H in biotechnology and alternative protein research and imply that alternative proteins can be used as a useful resource for SMSC culture. 4. CONCLUSION This study developed an improved production method for obtaining ES and established a combination that can effectively replace FBS in cell culture. The specific components and contents of each substitute were different, and E showed a cell culture effect similar to that of commercial FBS. The optimal substitute was E5H, and the combination of 10% CS + 30% E5H showed a similar effect on the growth of SMSCs to commercial FBS. E5H was confirmed to contain balanced nutrients, such as free amino acids and fatty acids, essential for cell proliferation. It seems to provide an environment optimized for cell growth despite its relatively lower total free amino acid concentration than Y, and it is expected to play a role in supplementing the lack of nutrients when mixed with serum at a lower concentration than the existing FBS. As a result, E5H is expected to be an effective FBS substitute in CM by showing high cell culture efficiency at a low cost when mixed with CS. Therefore, this approach of replacing FBS with food-derived substances is expected to positively contribute to the production of safer CM and the development of low-cost cell therapies. Declarations Ethics statement No ethical approval was needed for this research. Funding statement This research was supported by the Chung-Ang University Graduate Research Scholarship in 2025. This work has supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)(No.2023R1A2C100608811). Author Contribution D.H.: Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing - Original Draft, Writing - Review & Editing. D.L.: Methodology, Resources, Visualization. E.J.M.: Writing - Review & Editing, Resources, Visualization. J.P.: Data curation, Resources, Visualization. Y.C.: Data curation, Resources, Visualization. J.S.K.: Date curation, Resources, Visualization.J.W.P.: Data curation, Resources, Visualization. S.N.: Data curation, Resources, Visualization. S.C.: Data curation, Resources, Visualization.Y.S.: Data curation, Resources, Visualization. S.J.H.: Conceptualization, Writing – Original Draft, Supervision, Funding Acquisition. Data Availability Data availability is subject to approval by the authors upon reasonable request. References Abeyrathne, EDNS., Lee, HY., Ham, JS., & Ahn, DU (2013). Separation of ovotransferrin from chicken egg white without using organic solvents. Poultry Science , 92 (4), 1091-1097. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02654. Antón, M., & Gandemer, G (2006). Composition, solubility and emulsifying properties of granules and plasma of egg yolk. Journal of Food Science , 62 (3), 484–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1997.tb04411.x. Bagheri, R., Moghadam, BH., Jo, E., Tinsley, GM., Stratton, MT., Ashtary-Larky, D., Eskandari, M., & Wong, A (2020). Comparison of whole egg v. egg white ingestion during 12 weeks of resistance training on skeletal muscle regulatory markers in resistance-trained men. 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(2021). Taurine protects C2C12 myoblasts from impaired cell proliferation and myotube differentiation under cisplatin-induced ROS exposure. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences , 8 , 685362. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2021.685362. Tables Table I. Free-amino acids composition analysis of egg-derived FBS substitutes Amino acids (mg/L) Free-amino acids profile FBS CS W E Y E5H Phosphoserine − − − − − − Taurine 22.22 31.15 0.00 0.26 0.50 0.00 ± 0.04 b ± 0.04 a ± 0.00 e ± 0.00 d ± 0.01 c ± 0.00 e Phosphorylethanolamine − − − 0.06 0.15 0.05 ± 0.00 b ± 0.00 a ± 0.00 c Urea 289.94 8.39 − − − − ± 0.19 a ± 0.00 b Aspartic acid 14.06 20.11 0.04 2.93 8.44 4.51 ± 0.00 b ± 0.04 a ± 0.00 f ± 0.02 e ± 0.02 c ± 0.00 d Threonine 16.48 68.95 0.02 2.08 7.81 4.38 ± 0.01 b ± 0.01 a ± 0.00 f ± 0.01 e ± 0.01 c ± 0.01 d Serine 33.31 78.13 0.05 2.27 8.36 4.78 ± 0.10 b ± 0.01 a ± 0.00 f ± 0.01 e ± 0.01 c ± 0.00 d Asparagine 2.53 − − 0.61 4.71 2.72 ± 0.00 c ± 0.01 d ± 0.00 a ± 0.01 b Glutamic acid 135.68 59.07 0.13 7.52 21.35 10.92 ± 0.25 a ± 0.07 b ± 0.01 f ± 0.02 e ± 0.04 c ± 0.01 d Glutamine 70.78 100.35 − 0.45 5.24 2.85 ± 0.15 b ± 0.06 a ± 0.01 e ± 0.01 c ± 0.01 d Sarcosine − − − − − − Glycine 48.65 64.70 0.03 0.89 3.05 1.87 ± 0.06 b ± 0.03 a ± 0.00 f ± 0.00 e ± 0.01 c ± 0.00 d Alanine 90.24 73.61 0.02 1.24 4.76 2.72 ± 0.26 a ± 0.09 b ± 0.00 f ± 0.00 e ± 0.00 c ± 0.00 d Citrulline 13.11 1.16 − − − − ± 0.00 a ± 0.00 b α-Amino- n- butyric acid 3.09 7.77 − − − − ± 0.01 b ± 0.02 a Valine 39.98 27.54 0.01 2.14 7.30 4.23 ± 0.09 a ± 0.02 b ± 0.00 f ± 0.01 e ± 0.00 c ± 0.00 d Cysteine 0.14 11.82 − 0.09 0.91 0.43 ± 0.00 d ± 0.02 a ± 0.00 e ± 0.00 b ± 0.01 c Methionine 5.02 10.90 0.02 0.86 3.09 1.86 ± 0.01 b ± 0.01 a ± 0.00 f ± 0.00 e ± 0.01 c ± 0.00 d Cystathionine 1.86 3.42 − − − − ± 0.00 b ± 0.01 a Isoleucine 18.41 18.03 0.03 1.55 6.02 3.46 ± 0.01 a ± 0.05 b ± 0.00 f ± 0.01 e ± 0.02 c ± 0.00 d Leucine 33.02 30.06 0.11 3.32 12.55 7.09 ± 0.01 a ± 0.02 b ± 0.00 f ± 0.03 e ± 0.02 c ± 0.01 d Tyrosine 17.66 30.84 0.02 2.72 9.77 5.66 ± 0.01 b ± 0.04 a ± 0.00 f ± 0.06 e ± 0.01 c ± 0.02 d Phenylalanine 25.81 21.66 − 2.07 7.96 4.60 ± 0.04 a ± 0.03 b ± 0.01 e ± 0.01 c ± 0.01 d β-Alanine − − − − − − β-Amino isobutyric acid − − − − − − γ-Amino- n -butyric acid − − − − − − Tryptophan 9.31 12.88 − 0.62 2.26 1.36 ± 0.01 b ± 0.00 a ± 0.01 e ± 0.02 c ± 0.01 d Ethanol amine 0.59 1.48 − 0.04 0.10 0.05 ± 0.00 b ± 0.00 a ± 0.00 d ± 0.01 c ± 0.01 d Ammonia 13.09 11.73 1.02 1.33 2.20 1.16 ± 0.00 a ± 0.03 b ± 0.10 e ± 0.04 d ± 0.02 c ± 0.00 de Hydroxylysine − − − − − − Ornithine 33.41 2.94 0.00 0.18 0.39 0.48 ± 0.03 a ± 0.00 b ± 0.00 f ± 0.01 e ± 0.00 d ± 0.01 c Lysine 27.30 51.73 0.00 2.85 11.73 6.23 ± 0.06 b ± 0.02 a ± 0.00 f ± 0.02 e ± 0.00 c ± 0.02 d 1-Methylhistidine − − − − − − Histidine 14.40 6.09 0.00 0.57 2.30 1.34 ± 0.02 a ± 0.02 b ± 0.00 f ± 0.01 e ± 0.01 c ± 0.02 d 3-Methylhistidine 6.87 3.47 − − − − ± 0.01 a ± 0.01 b Anserine − 6.71 − − − − ± 0.00 Carnosine 9.16 2.78 − − − − ± 0.03 a ± 0.00 b Arginine 4.80 67.58 0.00 2.37 10.15 5.52 ± 0.02 d ± 0.06 a ± 0.00 f ± 0.01 e ± 0.01 b ± 0.00 c Hydroxyproline 17.45 32.35 − − − − ± 0.03 b ± 0.03 a Proline 24.49 30.07 − 1.66 6.13 3.68 ± 0.01 b ± 0.02 a ± 0.08 e ± 0.29 c ± 0.26 d FBS: mixture of three or more commercial fetal bovine serum, CS: chicken serum, W: egg white-derived FBS substitute, E: whole egg-derived FBS substitute, Y: egg yolk-derived FBS substitute, E5H: improved whole egg-based FBS substitute. Data are mean ± SD. Different superscript letters represent significantly different means as determined by one-way ANOVA ( p < 0.05) Table II. Analysis of fatty acids composition of egg-derived FBS substitutes Compounds Fatty acids profile (mg/dL) FBS CS W E Y E5H C8:0 Caprylic acid 2.48 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.09 ± 0.03 a ± 0.01 b ± 0.00 e ± 0.00 e ± 0.01 c ± 0.00 d C10:0 Capric acid 5.30 0.24 0.07 0.01 0.11 0.11 ± 0.08 a ± 0.01 b ± 0.00 cd ± 0.00 d ± 0.00 c ± 0.01 c C12:0 Lauric acid 18.79 11.78 11.00 10.22 9.08 9.94 ± 0.47 a ± 0.32 b ± 0.37 bc ± 0.35 cd ± 0.53 d ± 0.74 cd C13:0 Tridecanoic acid 6.41 1.02 0.50 0.65 0.65 0.64 ± 0.14 a ± 0.01 b ± 0.02 c ± 0.02 c ± 0.01 c ± 0.01 c C14:1n5 Myristoleic acid 11.22 32.22 17.32 17.77 15.61 17.93 ± 0.45 c ± 0.32 a ± 1.69 ab ± 1.41 ab ± 0.91 b ± 1.21 ab C14:0 Myristic acid 21.32 19.96 15.06 13.13 11.86 13.56 ± 0.41 a ± 0.24 b ± 0.46 c ± 0.65 de ± 0.08 e ± 0.69 d C15:0 Pentadecanoic acid 7.39 5.91 4.52 4.71 3.53 4.17 ± 0.10 a ± 0.19 b ± 0.31 c ± 0.37 c ± 0.11 d ± 0.30 c C16:1n7c Palmitoleic acid 18.43 17.20 8.47 7.02 7.65 7.95 ± 0.75 a ± 0.45 a ± 0.51 b ± 0.18 b ± 0.49 b ± 0.64 b C16:0 Palmitic acid 1,043.83 1,362.75 1,053.29 1,068.86 969.13 988.66 ± 23.69 b ± 17.13 a ± 71.19 b ± 86.34 b ± 92.35 b ± 6.20 b C17:0 Margaric acid 15.37 12.94 8.61 8.24 7.85 7.79 ± 0.27 a ± 0.34 b ± 0.82 c ± 0.17 c ± 0.38 c ± 0.72 c C18:2n6c Linoleic acid 25.15 100.96 0.45 2.20 6.75 1.08 ± 0.43 b ± 3.58 a ± 0.02 d ± 0.17 d ± 0.28 c ± 0.08 d C18:1n9c Oleic acid 49.10 66.06 4.86 9.42 13.95 3.17 ± 2.07 b ± 1.61 a ± 0.18 e ± 0.16 d ± 1.22 c ± 0.12 e C18:1n9t Elaidic acid 11.78 66.05 N.D. N.D. 15.34 N.D. ± 0.28 c ± 0.53 a ± 0.07 b C18:0 Stearic acid 1,564.57 1,767.44 1,316.05 1,233.78 1,088.39 1,397.08 ± 38.02 b ± 23.65 a ± 19.99 cd ± 105.93 de ± 39.49 e ± 46.78 c C20:1 11-Eicosenoic acid 19.21 14.68 20.19 1.55 12.65 0.99 ± 0.24 a ± 0.33 b ± 1.49 a ± 0.07 c ± 0.53 b ± 0.06 c C20:0 Arachidic acid 10.22 9.38 4.76 4.65 4.10 4.20 ± 0.09 a ± 0.07 b ± 0.08 c ± 0.45 c ± 0.27 c ± 0.42 c C22:1n9c Erucic acid N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.00 N.D. ± 0.00 C22:0 Behenic acid 3.32 0.73 0.07 0.00 0.03 0.00 ± 0.11 c ± 0.01 c ± 0.00 c ± 0.00 c ± 0.00 b ± 0.00 a FBS: mixture of three or more commercial fetal bovine serum, CS: chicken serum, W: egg white-derived FBS substitute, E: whole egg-derived FBS substitute, Y: egg yolk-derived FBS substitute, E5H: improved whole egg-based FBS substitute. Data are mean ± SD. Different superscript letters represent significantly different means as determined by one-way ANOVA ( p < 0.05). N.D.: not detected – the fatty acid was not detected, meaning its concentration was below the detection limit, 0: none – the fatty acid is confirmed to be absent in the sample, with a measured concentration of zero Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 17 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 18 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 15 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 15 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 10 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 25 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 24 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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08:18:21","extension":"html","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":233107,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7703725/v1/7551ce9d38e7bd7d76c8b5c1.html"},{"id":94908714,"identity":"67dfe2a4-fdfa-4f52-b02b-cdeb007a5eb4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-01 08:18:21","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":388122,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDiagram of improved method to obtain egg-derived FBS substitutes\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7703725/v1/50c7a3cdbbd085191613e34e.png"},{"id":94908713,"identity":"077fe3a6-8350-4230-9761-22faffcf6a78","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-01 08:18:21","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":433252,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of egg-derived FBS substitutes’ production efficiency. W: egg white-derived FBS substitute, E: whole egg-derived FBS substitute, Y: egg yolk-derived FBS substitute, E5H: improved whole egg-based FBS substitute. Data are mean ± SD (n = 3). Different letters represent significant differences between means (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05). **\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, ***\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.001, N.S: non-significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026gt; 0.05)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7703725/v1/7119d79fd364b32b5134a31a.png"},{"id":94988148,"identity":"d990a271-bc6c-4a03-8201-88f30b7ae693","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 07:05:17","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1174364,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGrowth efficiency of C2C12 myoblasts cultured with egg-derived FBS substitutes.\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e(a,b) Proliferation efficiency of serum and egg-derived FBS substitutes. (c) Cell morphology after culture in medium containing egg-derived FBS substitutes. (d) Representative image of myotubes co-stained with MF20 (MHC, green) and Hoechst 33342 (blue), scale bars: 200 µm (left), 100 µm (right). (e) Indices of nuclei number. (f) Indices of myotube area. (g) Indices of myotube hypertrophy. (h) Indices of myotube fusion index. (i) FBS: fetal bovine serum, CS: chicken serum, ES: egg-derived FBS substitutes. Data are mean ± SD (n = 3). Different letters represent significant differences between means (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05). **\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05, N.S: non-significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026gt; 0.05)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7703725/v1/6b1cc9d2ef171f9baa9a29c2.png"},{"id":94908717,"identity":"9620ffb3-61a0-4974-9133-5c9cd8c066c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-01 08:18:21","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1119312,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGrowth efficiency of chicken muscle satellite cells cultured with egg-derived FBS substitutes. (a,b) Proliferation efficiency of serum and egg-derived FBS substitutes. (c) Cell morphology after culture in medium containing egg-derived FBS substitutes. (d) Representative image of myotubes co-stained with MF20 (MHC, green) and Hoechst 33342 (blue), scale bars: 200 µm (left), 100 µm (right). (e) Indices of nuclei number. (f) Indices of myotube area. (g) Indices of myotube hypertrophy. (h) Indices of myotube fusion index. (i) FBS: fetal bovine serum, CS: chicken serum, ES: egg-derived FBS substitutes. Data are mean ± SD (n = 3). Different letters represent significant differences between means (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05). **\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05, N.S: non-significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026gt; 0.05)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7703725/v1/5a9d015621c306d6591fea82.png"},{"id":94908725,"identity":"7ebe3cde-94dc-4c78-a283-a71fc8a63dbd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-01 08:18:22","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1051157,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGrowth efficiency of bovine muscle satellite cells cultured with egg-derived FBS substitutes. (a,b) Proliferation efficiency of serum and egg-derived FBS substitutes. (c) Cell morphology after culture in medium containing egg-derived FBS substitutes. (d) Representative image of myotubes co-stained with MF20 (MHC, green) and Hoechst 33342 (blue), scale bars: 200 µm (left), 100 µm (right). (e) Indices of nuclei number. (f) Indices of myotube area. (g) Indices of myotube hypertrophy. (h) Indices of myotube fusion index. (i) FBS: fetal bovine serum, CS: chicken serum, ES: egg-derived FBS substitutes. Data are mean ± SD (n = 3). Different letters represent significant differences between means (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05). **\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05, N.S: non-significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026gt; 0.05)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7703725/v1/fdb45c31b2ae99e3e11f1e32.png"},{"id":94990847,"identity":"e1739cb0-4b36-4fa3-a1d1-c48443d11008","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-03 07:18:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":6779159,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7703725/v1/e3407761-f834-4237-abfa-b82a517de7e0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Refined production of egg-derived media additives enhances proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle satellite cell culture","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the 2023 Global Report on Food Crises, approximately 21.5% of the population in 59 countries, which is a 9.3% increase from the previous year, is facing food insecurity (Food Security Information Network (FSIN) and Global Network against Food Crises (GNAFC), \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). As food insecurity increases, research on future food resources is being actively conducted (Lee et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023a\u003c/span\u003e). Among the meat substitutes to emerge in response to food insecurity is cultured meat (CM). CM is a technology that produces meat by culturing skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs) obtained from animal muscle tissue and is a rapidly growing field with an average annual growth rate of 45.46% (Lee et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Precedence Research, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). CM is considered to have the potential to contribute to solving global food security problems because it is nutritionally different from traditional meat, and may provide a new option for some consumers (Treich, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). To industrialize CM with various potential advantages, efficient growth of SMSCs and research on the substitution of fetal bovine serum (FBS) are essential.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFBS is widely used in animal cell media because it is rich in bovine serum albumin, which prevents cytotoxicity of free fatty acids and has a growth-promoting effect (Keenan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). However, as ethical and cost-related issues arise, alternative technologies for CM and general cell culture research are gradually being developed (Chelladurai et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Lee et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023a\u003c/span\u003e; van der Valk, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This study aims to induce the proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle cells using eggs as an FBS substitute and to provide a suitable alternative to FBS for the industrialization of CM.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) emphasized in its 2023 report that eggs are a major source of essential nutrients and are evaluated as a high-protein food containing all essential amino acids (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Puglisi \u0026amp; Fernandez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, eggs have recently attracted attention as a serum substitute in animal cell media with the effect of increasing skeletal muscle, but studies on FBS substitutes for SMSCs derived from livestock species are still limited (Bagheri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Koshinaka et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Mizunoya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Santos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the specific objective of this study is to apply egg-derived FBS substitutes (ES) to SMSCs culture in order to select the most effective medium. The developed FBS substitute is expected to contribute to reducing the cost of animal cell culture by inducing effective proliferation of cell lines derived both from livestock species and primary SMSCs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1. Acquisition of egg-derived FBS substitutes\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eES was obtained by supplementing the paper of Lee et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and was obtained from unfertilized eggs. To confirm the cell proliferation effect according to the structural components of eggs, FBS substitutes (Corning, NY, USA) were obtained from egg white, whole egg, and yolk according to the existing method, and a method for removing fat from whole egg and yolk containing a lot of fat was devised. In addition, the egg material with the highest cell proliferation effect was selected and separated using a simpler method than the existing method, and the final product was produced (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter separating the whole eggs from the infertile eggs, they were homogenized for 3 min without mixing with DW, and ethanol was added to a final concentration of 43% (v/v). After centrifugation (1,977 \u0026times; \u003cem\u003eg\u003c/em\u003e, 15 min, 4\u0026deg;C), the samples were stored in a freezer at \u0026minus;20\u0026deg;C for 3 h. The supernatant and fat were scraped as much as possible from the frozen sample, excluding the sediment layer, using a reagent spoon so that only the pellet remained. The pellet thus obtained was mixed with DW at a ratio of 1:4 (v/v), homogenized for 2 min, and reacted in a constant temperature water bath at 70\u0026deg;C for 15 min. After centrifugation (1,977 \u0026times; \u003cem\u003eg\u003c/em\u003e, 15 min, 4\u0026deg;C), the supernatant was recovered, and the fat was removed again by sequentially filtering through 25, 11, and 6 \u0026micro;m qualitative filter papers. The filtrate from which the fat was removed was recovered and sterilized. A sterilized 0.1 \u0026micro;m PVDF membrane filter was used, and after sterilization through bottle top filtration, the filtrate was stored in the \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20\u0026deg;C and used in the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2. Determining content of egg-derived FBS substitutes\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.1. Protein composition analysis of egg-derived FBS substitutes\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eProtein composition and contents of ES were determined according to Meyer and Lamberts (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e). The analyzed results were compared with those of FBS, chicken serum (CS), ovalbumin (OVA), and ovotransferrin (OVF). CS was obtained from the blood of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;100 forty-two-day-old male chickens from a Korean slaughterhouse based on the method suggested by Lee et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023a\u003c/span\u003e). Each sample was quantified with BCA Protein Assay Kits (23225, Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA) before SDS-PAGE, and the protein amount was adjusted to 7 \u0026micro;g/well for all treatments. The samples were then reacted with 4X Laemmli Sample Buffer (Bio-Rad, CA, USA). The ExcelBand\u0026trade; Enhanced 3-color High Range Protein Marker (SMOBIO, TW) and samples were loaded onto 5% acrylamide stacking gels and 12% acrylamide separating gels before separation by electrophoresis at 100 V for 60 min. Proteins in the samples were stained with Brilliant Blue R (Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.2. Free-amino acid contents of egg-derived FBS substitutes\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe composition of free amino acids was analyzed through sample pretreatment according to the method of Lee et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e). The masses of 1 mL of sample and 1 mL of 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were measured on a balance, mixed, and vortexed twice for 2 min each. The well-mixed sample was centrifuged at 13,572 ⨯ g and 20\u0026deg;C for 20 min, n-hexane was added, and the mixture was shaken vigorously for 15 min. The mixture was centrifuged at 1,977 ⨯ g and 20\u0026deg;C for 10 min, and the lower layer was recovered. This was centrifuged at 13,572 \u0026times; \u003cem\u003eg\u003c/em\u003e and 20\u0026deg;C for 20 min to collect the lower layer. After repeating this process three times, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e-hexane was completely evaporated for 20 min in a fume hood, and the sample was filtered using a 0.1 \u0026micro;m pore syringe filter (Hyundai Micro, KR). The pretreated samples were analyzed using an amino acid analyzer (L-8900, Hitachi High-Technologies, JP) and an HPLC packing ion change column (#2622PF, Hitachi High-Technologies).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2.3. Fatty acid contents of egg-derived FBS substitutes\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo investigate the fatty acid composition of ES and the effect of egg components on cell growth, an analysis was conducted with reference to Lee et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e). An equal amount of Folch I solution (chloroform : methyl alcohol, 2:1) was added to the sample, and the mixture was stirred for 2 min using a vortex mixer. The stirred sample was centrifuged (2,400 \u0026times; \u003cem\u003eg\u003c/em\u003e, 20\u0026deg;C, 5 min) to separate the lower layer. The separated lower layer was dried, dissolved in 1 mL of \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e-hexane, and diluted to a final volume of 3 mL by adding 2 mL of boron trifluoride methanol solution (BF\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e). The sample was reacted at 80\u0026deg;C for 5 min using a heating block, and then the temperature was slowly lowered to room temperature. After the reaction was completed, 1 mL of triple-DW was added to the sample to induce layer separation, and the supernatant was obtained from the separated sample. A small amount of sodium sulfate was added to the supernatant to remove moisture, and finally, 1.5 mL of the sample was transferred to a glass vial. The extracted fatty acids were separated using a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (MS 2400 SQ, Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) equipped with an Elite-5ms Capillary Column (60 m \u0026times; 0.25 mm i.d., film thickness 0.25 \u0026micro;m; N9316286, Perkin-Elmer).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3. Cell culture with egg-derived FBS substitutes\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eChicken muscle satellite cells (CMSCs) and bovine muscle satellite cells (BMSCs) were extracted according to the paper of Yun et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). CMSCs were obtained from fertilized eggs cultured in the laboratory for 15 days, and BMSCs were obtained from \u003cem\u003eMusculus semimembranosus\u003c/em\u003e of 32-month-old steers. The proliferation medium containing commercial FBS was composed differently depending on the cell type. Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, Cytiva, Marlborough, MA, USA) containing 10% FBS and 1% P/S was used for culturing C2C12 myoblasts (CRL-1772, VA, USA), and DMEM medium containing 20% FBS and 1% P/S was used for culturing CMSCs and BMSCs. The cells were proliferated until they reached sufficient density (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;70%) and then subcultured. Differentiation was induced for 7 days using DMEM differentiation medium containing 2% horse serum (HS) and 1% P/S when the cell density reached 70% or more, and the medium was changed every 3 days.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4. Efficiency analysis of cell proliferation and differentiation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4.1. Cell viability and growth rate analysis using fluorescein diacetate staining\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCell viability and growth rate were observed using fluorescein diacetate (FDA) staining based on Jones and Senft (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e). FDA stock was prepared by dissolving 5 mg of FDA in 1 mL of acetone to a concentration of 5 mg/mL and stored at \u0026minus;20\u0026deg;C. FDA solution was prepared by diluting FDA stock and DMEM at a ratio of 1:100 (v/v) to a final concentration of 50 \u0026micro;g/mL. At this time, Hoechst 33342 (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) was also diluted in DMEM to a final concentration of 2 \u0026micro;g/mL to observe cell nuclei. After culturing cells for 24 and 72 h, images of detected cells were captured using an inverted fluorescence microscope equipped with various fluorescence filters. The captured cell images were used to analyze the number of living cells and nuclei in ImageJ software, and the percentage of cell viability and growth rate was calculated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4.2. Differentiation potential analysis of egg-derived FBS substitutes\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo confirm the proliferation efficiency of SMSCs and the area and fusion index of differentiated myotubes, the methods of Yun et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) were used. Antibodies used for immunofluorescence staining included mouse anti-MF20 (1:250 dilution; MAB4470, Novus Biologicals, CO, USA) and FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (1:500 dilution; A90-116F, Bethyl Laboratories, TX, USA), and 2 \u0026micro;g/mL of Hoechst was used to stain the cell nuclei. After staining, the cells were photographed using an inverted fluorescence microscope. The images were analyzed for the number of nuclei per area, protein expression levels, myotube areas, and fusion index using ImageJ software.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.5. Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 28, and the differences between treatment groups were evaluated using the \u003cem\u003et-\u003c/em\u003etest and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) according to treatment group and factor. The \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e-test compared the mean difference between groups at a significance level of \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, and the one-way ANOVA with a \u003cem\u003epost hoc\u003c/em\u003e test (Tukey\u0026rsquo;s HSD) was performed at a significance level of \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1. Comparison of egg-derived FBS substitutes\u0026rsquo; production efficiency\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe existing method for obtaining an egg white FBS substitute developed by Lee et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) was improved to obtain a substitute with high cell proliferation and production efficiency. Unlike the existing method, the substitute was obtained from not only egg white but also whole eggs and egg yolk, and an additional fat layer removal process was performed on whole eggs and egg yolk. In addition, unnecessary steps were omitted during the obtaining process to enable simple and fast production. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows a comparison of the obtaining process of three components, egg white, whole eggs, and egg yolk, obtained by the existing method, and the yield, time, cost, etc. adjusted to more efficiently secure the most effective material-derived components in cell culture (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEgg white-derived substitutes (W) contain 1.05 mg/mL of protein, which corresponds to 1.07% on a dry egg white basis (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eb,c). W was obtained in the same method as the egg white extract developed by Lee et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), and it takes about 17 hrs to produce (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ed). The production cost of W is estimated to be USD 5.04 per 500 mL, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ee. In the case of the whole-egg substitute (E), the protein concentration is 1.27 mg/mL, which is about 1.21 times higher than that of W, and corresponds to 2.07% based on dried whole eggs (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eb, c). With the addition of the fat removal process, it takes about 18 hrs for production, and it can be produced at a cost about 3.8 times lower than that of W (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ed,e). The egg yolk-derived substitute (Y) has the highest protein concentration of 1.41 mg/mL compared to W and E, which corresponds to 0.38% on a dry egg white basis, showing a lower yield than other materials (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eb,c). The production time of Y is about 18 hrs, similar to that of E, and the extraction time is about 5.6% longer than that of W (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ed). In addition, the production cost was confirmed to be about 3.47 times higher than that of W (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ee). Finally, the protein concentration of the improved substitute derived from whole eggs (E5H) was 3.86 mg/mL, which was significantly higher by about 2.7 to 3.7 times than the conventional method (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eb). The yield based on dried egg white was also 2.18%, which was significantly higher by about 1.1 to 5.8 times than the conventional method (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ec). The production time was approximately 8 hrs, which was 2.2 times shorter than the existing method, and the production cost was also reduced by at least 0.4 times and up to 4.8 times compared to the existing method (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ed,e) (Lee et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs a result of comparing the production efficiency according to each egg material, differences in yield, protein concentration, and production cost were confirmed according to egg white, whole egg, and yolk. Whole eggs are known to contain 12.3% of total protein,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eet al., 2019; USDA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, egg yolk accounts for about 30% of the entire egg, of which 15.6% is composed of protein (Guha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; USDA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). It is believed that these differences in the composition ratio and protein content in eggs are the main factors affecting the differences in yield, protein concentration, and production cost of ES by material. Among all ES, E5H was found to meet the high protein concentration and economic feasibility required for cell culture, but still showed a low figure in terms of yield. Accordingly, additional research appears necessary to secure improved substitutes with higher yields, including the use of specific additives to increase protein solubility and setting optimal pH and temperature conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2. Determination of the components in egg-derived FBS substitutes\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2.1. Protein contents\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe protein composition of ES is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;6, and the potential role of ES as a nutrient source for muscle growth was evaluated through the major protein bands observed in each substitute. W and E had a comparatively similar SDS-PAGE protein profile; bands were observed around 32, 45, 59, and 68 kDa, and a relatively faint and broad band presumed to be OVF (76 kDa) was confirmed (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The band around 45 kDa is consistent with the relative molecular mass of OVA, suggesting that W and E may contribute to muscle growth as an amino acid source (Mizunoya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, two proteins tentatively identified as phosvitin (59 kDa) and avidin (68 kDa), are expected to contribute to muscle cell growth by supplying minerals (e.g., iron) and vitamins (Guha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Kovacs-Nolan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). In comparison to W and E, Y displayed more distinct bands at positions corresponding to β-livetin (33\u0026minus;36 kDa) and ovoflavoprotein (32 kDa), and a putative protein band for avidin was included at approximately 68 kDa (Guha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). This protein composition suggests that Y may contribute to the repair and protection of muscle cells through its immune function provision and metal ion binding properties (Ant\u0026oacute;n \u0026amp; Gandemer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). The protein composition of E5H exhibited the same pattern as E. Because it contains constituents of both egg white and egg yolk, it is expected to provide nutrients that support aspects such as muscle cell growth, recovery, and immune enhancement (Abeyrathne et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Kovacs-Nolan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn summary, each ES is expected to have different potential functions that contribute to muscle growth because their major protein components are different. In particular, E5H shows the potential to provide a complex combination of nutrients and protective components necessary for muscle cell growth and recovery by existing in the form of a mixture of proteins of various molecular weights.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2.2. Amino acid analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe total free amino acid content of egg-derived substitutes was the highest in Y, followed by E5H, E, and W in that order (Table\u0026nbsp;1). This is different from the result that E5H had the highest protein concentration among the substitutes at 3.86 mg/mL. Therefore, the composition and concentration of free amino acids known to be helpful for the growth of SMSCs in the substitutes were confirmed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaurine is an amino acid essential for muscle cell growth and differentiation, playing a crucial role in osmotic balance, antioxidation, and calcium homeostasis in muscle cells (De Luca et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Zhou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). However, taurine was hardly detected in any ES, suggesting that ES may be deficient in taurine compared to taurine-rich FBS and CS. Because CS contains a higher taurine content than FBS, it is expected to significantly contribute to the growth of SMSCs when mixed with ES. Aspartic acid, which was detected in E5H at 4.51 mg/L, plays an essential role in ATP production and energy metabolism of muscle cells, potentially contributing to promoting cell proliferation (Holeček, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, threonine and serine were detected at 4.38 mg/L and 4.78 mg/L, respectively, in E5H (Table\u0026nbsp;1). These components, along with taurine and glycine, are expected to be involved in glutathione biosynthesis and thus help cell growth (Zhou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Asparagine, which was absent from CS, was found at higher concentrations in Y and E5H, at 4.71 and 2.72 mg/L, respectively, compared to commercial FBS, indicating its potential to promote skeletal muscle growth when complementing CS (Table\u0026nbsp;1). Glutamic acid, a key regulator of skeletal muscle protein synthesis, was detected at 7.52 and 21.35 mg/L in E and Y, respectively. These levels suggest its potential to enhance muscle growth through protein anabolism (Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Alanine, utilized as an energy source in muscles, was identified at 4.76 mg/L in Y (Table\u0026nbsp;1). Although E5H contains alanine at a relatively low concentration, it is expected to contribute to the energy required for cell proliferation (Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Zhou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Valine, an essential branched-chain amino acid, was identified at 2.14 and 4.23 mg/L in E and E5H, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;1). Given its role in muscle tissue recovery and energy supply, these levels indicate a potential contribution to muscle cell maintenance (Sharma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, the presence of isoleucine and leucine, detected at 6.02 and 12.55 mg/L in Y, respectively, suggests a possible role of Y in muscle protein synthesis (Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Although E5H contained relatively lower concentrations, its balanced amino acid profile indicates the possibility of supporting muscle growth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the amino acid compositions observed among the substitutes highlight the unique nutritional contributions of each. ES may have a limited supply of amino acids necessary for promoting muscle growth due to lower concentrations compared to FBS or CS. However, E5H had higher contents of most free amino acids compared to E, and when E5H is mixed with CS and applied to cell culture, muscle growth effects similar to or even greater than those of commercial FBS can be expected (Lee et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2.3. Fatty acid analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe total fatty acid content of egg-derived substitutes was highest in E5H, followed by E, Y, and W, unlike the total free amino acid content (Table\u0026nbsp;2). This is expected to be due to the difference in fat content of the raw material for obtaining the substitutes, but in the case of E5H, it is predicted that a higher concentration of fatty acids was obtained than the existing substitutes due to the difference in the obtaining method. The composition and concentration of fatty acids known to be helpful for the growth of SMSC in these substitutes were confirmed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePalmitic acid (C16:0) is a saturated fatty acid known for its role in β-oxidation, providing ATP for cellular processes (Bakke et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, the palmitic acid content in E5H (988.66 mg/dL) was slightly lower than that in FBS (1,043.83 mg/dL) and CS (1,362.75 mg/dL) (Table\u0026nbsp;2). However, given its essential role in muscle metabolism, this concentration suggests that E5H can still effectively support muscle cell energy demands. Oleic acid (C18:1n9c), a monounsaturated fatty acid, is critical for maintaining cell membrane fluidity and influencing signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation (Sun et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Y contained 13.95 mg/dL of oleic acid, which may still contribute to cell growth despite being of lower amount than determined in FBS and CS, respectively. Significantly lower concentrations were determined in E5H (3.17 mg/dL) and W (4.86 mg/dL), indicating that these substitutes may require supplementation to maintain optimal cellular function. Stearic acid (C18:0) contributes to the formation of cell structure, and E5H showed a high concentration of 1,397.08 mg/dL. This value is somewhat higher than that found in Y (1,088.39 mg/dL), suggesting that E5H can provide structural stability in a muscle growth environment (Lee et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, margaric acid (C17:0) and myristic acid (C14:0) showed low concentrations in E and Y, which may require supplementation through mixing with serum.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the different fatty acid compositions observed among the substitutes highlight the unique nutritional contributions of each. E5H, in particular, appears to provide a balanced combination of essential fatty acids, making it a promising candidate for supporting muscle cell growth. However, further optimization through supplementation may be necessary to enhance its efficacy in cell culture applications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3. Muscle satellite cells cultured in media containing egg-derived FBS substitutes\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3.1. C2C12 myoblast cells\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong the media containing ES, the combination of 5% FBS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E led to the highest C2C12 myoblast proliferation rate. For W and Y, the proliferation efficiency tended to be somewhat lower in most treatment groups, except the +\u0026thinsp;5% FBS groups, compared to E (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea). Comparing the proliferation efficiency according to the mixing ratio of CS and ES revealed a significantly higher proliferation rate in medium containing a mixture of 20% CS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E compared to the control group (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb). This trend was also observed in the medium containing a combination of 10% CS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E, albeit, the difference was not significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb). These findings suggest that among ES replacing FBS and CS, whole egg may provide an effective combination for C2C12 myoblast proliferation, highlighting its potential as a viable serum replacement for muscle cell culture.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen E was used to induce myotube differentiation in C2C12 myoblasts, the 5% FBS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E and 10% CS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E treatments were comparable to commercial FBS (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), indicating that E maintained a similar proliferation rate to the standard FBS condition. Furthermore, a significantly higher number of nuclei was observed in the 20% CS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E combination (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), reinforcing the idea that E can enhance myoblast proliferation when mixed with CS at an appropriate concentration. Previous studies have shown that proteins and lipids derived from egg yolk help to enhance cell proliferation and differentiation rates by increasing the expression of myogenin mRNA (Joglekar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, all 10% CS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E conditions showed higher values of myotube cell area, myotube thickness, and fusion index compared to commercial FBS (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ee\u0026minus;h). This further suggests that E provides a similar culture environment to FBS and does not negatively affect myoblast differentiation efficiency. Therefore, E represents a promising replacement for FBS and potentially provides a cost-effective and nutritionally balanced alternative for myoblast culture applications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on these results, we compared the cell proliferation efficiency of E and E5H. Finally, when C2C12 myoblasts were cultured using 10% CS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E5H, myotubes were observed to be similar to the control group (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ei,j). This demonstrates that ES, especially E5H, effectively supports C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation when mixed with FBS or CS. These results are consistent with a previous study highlighting the nutritional benefits of egg-based ingredients in cell culture applications (Joglekar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Mizunoya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Sawano et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, E5H does not negatively affect myoblast differentiation and may be a suitable replacement for commercial FBS for muscle cell growth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3.2. Chicken muscle satellite cells\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen comparing the CMSC proliferation rate among the treatment groups, the fastest rate was observed in the 10% FBS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E group, and there was no significant difference between the control group and the 5% FBS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E group (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea). Combinations of W and Y with 5% and 10% FBS showed similar proliferation rates to the control group, but the proliferation efficiency was relatively low (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Among the combinations of CS and ES, high proliferation rates were observed not only in 20% CS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E but also in 10% CS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E; again, W and Y showed no significant difference from the control group in the same conditions (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb). The differentiation efficiency of cells was also confirmed under the conditions of 10% FBS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E and 10% CS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E, which showed the best cell proliferation effect (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ed\u0026minus;h). In all treatment groups, the total number of nuclei was not significantly different from that obtained when using commercial FBS, and there was no significant difference in terms of myotube area (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ee,f). While the thickness of myotubes in all treatment groups of serum\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E was similar to commercial FBS, it was significantly thinner than 20% CS when mixed with 5% FBS and E (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eg). The fusion index of nuclei and myotubes in all treatment groups of CS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;E was significantly higher compared to commercial FBS (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eh). Therefore, it can be confirmed that the differentiation efficiency of muscle satellite cells cultured with 10% FBS or 10% CS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;E was also similar to 20% FBS.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the above results, we confirmed that the cell growth efficiency in media containing E was the best among the ES studied and compared its effects with E5H, obtained in an improved manner. The cell viability and growth rates of 10% FBS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E5H were higher than those of 10% FBS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E. In addition, the effect was confirmed to be higher when the medium contained 10% CS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E5H than when it contained 10% FBS alone (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ei). Furthermore, the differentiation efficiency appeared to be similar between the 10% CS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E5H condition and the 20% FBS condition (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ej). Therefore, the combination of medium constituents that exhibits a CMSC growth effect similar to that of the medium containing 20% FBS is 10% CS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E5H.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3.3. Bovine muscle satellite cells\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar to CMSCs, the highest proliferation rate of BMSCs was observed for 10% FBS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E, and all FBS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;CS treatment groups showed proliferation rates and cell viability rates similar to or higher than the control group (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea,b). When differentiation was induced by including E, which is effective in the proliferation of BMSCs, the differentiation efficiency index in medium containing 20% FBS showed similar values as medium containing 10% CS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ee\u0026minus;h). This suggests enhanced myogenic differentiation potential, which may be attributed to the biologically active compounds in eggs that support myotube fusion and maturation (Joglekar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). This is consistent with the results obtained with CMSCs, and it is expected that the transformation of egg into ES will have a favorable effect on the culture of SMSCs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the results in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea-h, when comparing the cell proliferation effects of E and E5H, the cell proliferation and differentiation efficiencies of 10% CS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E5H were similar to or higher than those of 20% FBS. These outcomes suggest that E and E5H are likely to function as the most suitable FBS substitutes for primary SMSC culture, as they show superior results in culture efficiency compared to other substitutes. In particular, the combination of 10% CS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;30% E5H was confirmed to show high differentiation efficiency even with less serum. These findings support the applicability of E5H in biotechnology and alternative protein research and imply that alternative proteins can be used as a useful resource for SMSC culture.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study developed an improved production method for obtaining ES and established a combination that can effectively replace FBS in cell culture. The specific components and contents of each substitute were different, and E showed a cell culture effect similar to that of commercial FBS. The optimal substitute was E5H, and the combination of 10% CS + 30% E5H showed a similar effect on the growth of SMSCs to commercial FBS. E5H was confirmed to contain balanced nutrients, such as free amino acids and fatty acids, essential for cell proliferation. It seems to provide an environment optimized for cell growth despite its relatively lower total free amino acid concentration than Y, and it is expected to play a role in supplementing the lack of nutrients when mixed with serum at a lower concentration than the existing FBS. As a result, E5H is expected to be an effective FBS substitute in CM by showing high cell culture efficiency at a low cost when mixed with CS. Therefore, this approach of replacing FBS with food-derived substances is expected to positively contribute to the production of safer CM and the development of low-cost cell therapies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo ethical approval was needed for this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was supported by the Chung-Ang University Graduate Research Scholarship in 2025. This work has supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)(No.2023R1A2C100608811).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD.H.: Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing - Original Draft, Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing. D.L.: Methodology, Resources, Visualization. E.J.M.: Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing, Resources, Visualization. J.P.: Data curation, Resources, Visualization. Y.C.: Data curation, Resources, Visualization. J.S.K.: Date curation, Resources, Visualization.J.W.P.: Data curation, Resources, Visualization. S.N.: Data curation, Resources, Visualization. S.C.: Data curation, Resources, Visualization.Y.S.: Data curation, Resources, Visualization. S.J.H.: Conceptualization, Writing – Original Draft, Supervision, Funding Acquisition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData availability is subject to approval by the authors upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbeyrathne, EDNS., Lee, HY., Ham, JS., \u0026amp; Ahn, DU (2013). 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Taurine protects C2C12 myoblasts from impaired cell proliferation and myotube differentiation under cisplatin-induced ROS exposure. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Molecular Biosciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e, 685362. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2021.685362.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e "},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable I.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eFree-amino acids composition analysis of egg-derived FBS substitutes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"911\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAmino acids (mg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 747px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFree-amino acids profile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFBS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE5H\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhosphoserine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTaurine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e22.22\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e31.15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.26\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.50\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.04\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.04\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhosphorylethanolamine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.06\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrea\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e289.94\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.39\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.19\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAspartic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14.06\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20.11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.93\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.44\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.51\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.04\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThreonine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16.48\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e68.95\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.08\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.81\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.38\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSerine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e33.31\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e78.13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.27\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.36\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.78\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.10\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAsparagine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.53\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.61\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.71\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.72\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGlutamic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e135.68\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e59.07\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.52\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21.35\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10.92\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.25\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.07\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.04\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGlutamine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e70.78\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.35\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.45\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.85\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.15\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSarcosine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGlycine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e48.65\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e64.70\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.89\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.87\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlanine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e73.61\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.76\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.72\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.26\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.09\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCitrulline\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13.11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026alpha;-Amino-\u003cem\u003en-\u003c/em\u003ebutyric acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.09\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.77\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eValine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e39.98\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e27.54\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.23\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.09\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCysteine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.82\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.09\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.91\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethionine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10.90\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.86\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.09\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.86\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCystathionine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.86\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.42\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIsoleucine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18.41\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.55\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.46\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.05\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLeucine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e33.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e30.06\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.32\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12.55\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.09\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTyrosine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17.66\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e30.84\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.72\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.77\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.66\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.04\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhenylalanine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e25.81\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21.66\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.07\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.96\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.60\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.04\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026beta;-Alanine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026beta;-Amino isobutyric acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026gamma;-Amino-\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e-butyric acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTryptophan\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.31\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12.88\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.62\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.26\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.36\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthanol amine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.59\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.48\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAmmonia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13.09\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.73\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.33\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.10\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.04\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHydroxylysine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrnithine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e33.41\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.94\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.39\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.48\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLysine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e27.30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e51.73\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.85\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.73\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.23\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-Methylhistidine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHistidine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14.40\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.09\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.57\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.34\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3-Methylhistidine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.87\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.47\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnserine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.71\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCarnosine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.78\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArginine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.80\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e67.58\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.37\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10.15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.52\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHydroxyproline\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17.45\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e32.35\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 164px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProline\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24.49\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e30.07\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.66\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.68\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.29\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.26\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFBS: mixture of three or more commercial fetal bovine serum, CS: chicken serum, W: egg white-derived FBS substitute, E: whole egg-derived FBS substitute, Y: egg yolk-derived FBS substitute, E5H: improved whole egg-based FBS substitute. Data are mean \u0026plusmn; SD. Different superscript letters represent significantly different means as determined by one-way ANOVA (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc182442469\"\u003eTable II. Analysis of fatty acids composition of egg-derived FBS substitutes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"912\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 211px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompounds\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 701px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFatty acids profile (mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFBS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE5H\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC8:0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCaprylic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.48\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.09\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC10:0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCapric acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.07\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC12:0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLauric acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18.79\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.78\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10.22\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.08\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.94\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.47\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.32\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.37\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.35\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.53\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.74\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC13:0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTridecanoic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.41\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.50\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.65\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.65\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.64\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.14\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC14:1n5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMyristoleic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.22\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e32.22\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17.32\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17.77\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15.61\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17.93\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.45\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.32\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 1.69\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 1.41\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.91\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 1.21\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC14:0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMyristic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21.32\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19.96\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15.06\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13.13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.86\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13.56\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.41\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.24\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.46\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.65\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.69\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC15:0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePentadecanoic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.39\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.91\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.52\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.71\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.53\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.10\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.19\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.31\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.37\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.11\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.30\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC16:1n7c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePalmitoleic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18.43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17.20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.47\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.65\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.95\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.75\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.45\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.51\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.18\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.49\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.64\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC16:0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePalmitic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1,043.83\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1,362.75\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1,053.29\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1,068.86\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e969.13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e988.66\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 23.69\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 17.13\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 71.19\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 86.34\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 92.35\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 6.20\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC17:0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMargaric acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15.37\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12.94\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.61\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.85\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.79\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.27\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.34\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.82\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.17\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.38\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.72\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC18:2n6c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLinoleic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e25.15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.96\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.45\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.75\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.08\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.43\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 3.58\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.17\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.28\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC18:1n9c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOleic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e49.10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e66.06\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.86\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.42\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13.95\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 2.07\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 1.61\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.18\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.16\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 1.22\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.12\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC18:1n9t\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eElaidic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.78\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e66.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN.D.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN.D.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15.34\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN.D.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.28\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.53\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.07\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC18:0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStearic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1,564.57\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1,767.44\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1,316.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1,233.78\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1,088.39\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1,397.08\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 38.02\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 23.65\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 19.99\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 105.93\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 39.49\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 46.78\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC20:1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11-Eicosenoic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19.21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14.68\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20.19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.55\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12.65\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.99\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.24\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.33\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 1.49\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.07\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.53\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC20:0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArachidic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10.22\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.38\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.76\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.65\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.09\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.07\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.45\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.27\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.42\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC22:1n9c\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eErucic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN.D.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN.D.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN.D.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN.D.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN.D.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC22:0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBehenic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.32\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.73\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.07\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.11\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan id=\"_Toc1725582710\"\u003eFBS: mixture of three or more commercial fetal bovine serum, CS: chicken serum, W: egg white-derived FBS substitute, E: whole egg-derived FBS substitute, Y: egg yolk-derived FBS substitute, E5H: improved whole egg-based FBS substitute. Data are mean \u0026plusmn; SD. Different superscript letters represent significantly different means as determined by one-way ANOVA (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05). N.D.: not detected \u0026ndash; the fatty acid was not detected, meaning its concentration was below the detection limit, 0: none \u0026ndash; the fatty acid is confirmed to be absent in the sample, with a measured concentration of zero\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"food-science-of-animal-resources","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Food Science of Animal Resources](https://link.springer.com/journal/44463)","snPcode":"44463","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44463/3?","title":"Food Science of Animal Resources","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Fetal bovine serum substitute, Eggs, Low serum, Skeletal muscle satellite cell culture, Cell proliferation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7703725/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7703725/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn the recently expanding global cultured meat market, fetal bovine serum (FBS) substitutes are being designed as one of the solutions to the ethical issues of FBS and the industrialization of cultured meat. This study aims to select the optimal FBS substitute by comparing the culture efficiency of skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs) according to the method of producing substitutes using eggs. SMSCs cultured under low-serum conditions with whole egg extract as an FBS substitute exhibited a cell proficiency similar to those in media containing commercial FBS, and it was shown that up to 75% of commercial FBS could be replaced. The production method of this substitute was improved compared to the previously announced production method of an FSB substitute derived from egg white, shortening the production time by approximately 53% and increasing the protein yield by up to 5.79 times. Based on this, when 10% chicken serum and improved substitutes derived from whole eggs (E5H) were mixed, it was possible to replace 100% of commercial FBS, and myotubes could be produced with similar differentiation efficiency. Therefore, when E5H is applied to the medium, the cell culture cost is expected to be 2.91 times lower than that using commercial FBS, and when mixed with chicken serum, SMSCs can be cultured at a savings cost of up to 8.10 times. In conclusion, this study improved the proliferation efficiency of three SMSC types using egg-derived FBS substitutes and is expected to effectively reduce the production cost of cultured meat.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Refined production of egg-derived media additives enhances proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle satellite cell culture","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-01 08:18:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7703725/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-17T23:48:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-18T05:21:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"242686047468631157630298082815758342318","date":"2025-10-22T01:36:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-16T02:57:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"310812717460943998935646280808774460562","date":"2025-10-15T05:27:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-15T04:05:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-10T04:55:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-25T06:56:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Food Science of Animal Resources","date":"2025-09-24T12:27:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"food-science-of-animal-resources","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Food Science of Animal Resources](https://link.springer.com/journal/44463)","snPcode":"44463","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44463/3?","title":"Food Science of Animal Resources","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b28f50fb-7ffd-46e7-9013-1173bcf9f51b","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-26T00:38:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-01 08:18:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7703725","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7703725","identity":"rs-7703725","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}