Resilience among Clinical Pharmacists and Related Factors: A cross-sectional study

Resilience among Clinical Pharmacists and Related Factors: A cross-sectional study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Short Report Resilience among Clinical Pharmacists and Related Factors: A cross-sectional study Yusuke Tsuchiya, Wataru Arai, Nobuko Sunami, Hiroyuki Hosono, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7091617/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Resilience has recently attracted attention as a means of coping with challenging situations. Although there have been several studies on resilience among healthcare professionals, there are limited reports on resilience among pharmacists. In this study, we conducted a survey of resilience among clinical pharmacists and examined factors related to self-efficacy, burnout, and work. Methods: Clinical pharmacists at 38 medical institutions were surveyed regarding basic attributes, work status, resilience, self-efficacy, and burnout using a web-based questionnaire. Descriptive statistics for each survey item were calculated, and exploratory factor analysis was conducted. The relationship between resilience scores and each factor was examined using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (ρ). A multiple regression analysis was conducted using resilience scores as the objective variable and other factors as explanatory variables. The “Bidimensional Resilience Scale” was used to measure resilience in this study. Results: Responses were obtained from 285 participants, which confirmed the reliability of the psychological scale. Factor analysis extracted five new factor structures but confirmed that the two-dimensional structure was maintained. The correlations were significant for self-efficacy, burnout, and the percentages of research, teaching, and other work (RTOW). Multiple regression analysis suggested that “self-efficacy” was the most influential factor in resilience (overall), innate resilience, and acquired resilience. Conclusions: This study revealed the relationship between resilience, self-efficacy, and RTOW among clinical pharmacists in Japan. Criterion-related validity was also evidenced by high self-efficacy. RTOW being newly identified as an influencing factor in this context provides insights for further development of the scale. resilience clinical pharmacist self-efficacy burnout Bidimensional Resilience Scale innate resilience acquired resilience Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Background In Japan, owing to the emergence of an aging society with a low birth rate, medical care is becoming increasingly sophisticated and diversified. In this context, expectations regarding the social role that pharmacists should play are increasing, and there is a need to improve the quality of pharmacists ( 1 ). Simultaneously, there is a need to train pharmacists in practical skills to respond appropriately in clinical settings ( 2 ). Resilience is a concept that has attracted attention in recent years as the psychological ability to cope with challenging situations. The attributes that define resilience include resilience, deterrence, and self-efficacy ( 3 ). In the field of nursing, several studies on resilience have been conducted ( 4 – 6 ). Resilience is considered a useful indicator of the ability to overcome challenges, and scales to measure it are being developed ( 7 ). Tomita et al. reported on the relationship between resilience and the ability to practice nursing, and they stated that support to enhance resilience is necessary for nurses to continue working and improve the quality of nursing care ( 8 ). A clinical pharmacist’s job is to provide care in a multidisciplinary team by optimizing drug therapy for individual patients ( 9 ). According to a study conducted by Jon et al., pharmacists often experience job stress, burnout, and moral distress. Well-being and resilience play a crucial role in preparing individuals to thrive ( 10 ). Weiss et al. reported that individuals with higher resilience levels have lower burnout and improved occupational performance ( 11 ). In Japan, as medical care becomes increasingly sophisticated, workload increases, and interpersonal work increases, and an increasing number of clinical pharmacists are placed in mentally and physically challenging situations. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the development of resilience and the establishment of support systems for clinical pharmacists. However, there is limited research on resilience among pharmacists in Japan, and the actual situation is yet to be clarified. In this study, we investigated resilience among clinical pharmacists and identified factors related to self-efficacy ( 8 ) and burnout ( 11 ), which are related to resilience and the work of clinical pharmacists. Methods 1. Survey details 1–1. Target population and data collection method This cross-sectional study used a web-based questionnaire targeting clinical pharmacists working in hospitals. Clinical pharmacists were defined as pharmacists who had acquired the qualities expected of pharmacists in the field of medicine and were involved in the pharmacotherapy of patients in collaboration with multiple professionals based on their pharmacological knowledge. The questionnaire was sent via e-mail to the responsible persons in the pharmacy departments of 38 medical institutions with 20 or more beds in Tokyo and nine prefectures in the Kanto Koshinetsu region, requesting their cooperation in the survey. The questionnaire was distributed to the participants through a responsible person, and individuals who volunteered to participate accessed the web-based questionnaire to answer the questions. The information manager then collected the results. 1–2. Contents of the Questionnaire The questionnaire included 21 items from the resilience scale, 23 items from the self-efficacy scale, and 17 items from the burnout scale, in addition to basic attributes (gender, age, years of experience as a pharmacist, years of experience at the hospital, and classification of the facility where the pharmacist works) and the work status of clinical pharmacists (percentage of work, number of patient guidance on medications, number of medication instructions, number of prescription suggestions, number of PREAVOID cases, number of conference presentations, and number of scientific papers submitted). The three psychological scales were validated and found to be reliable (Figs. 1 – 3 ). The Percentage of Work was calculated as the sum of four types of work: clinical practice work (CPW); dispensing room work (DRW); manager’s work (MW); and research, teaching, and other work (RTOW). The percentage of work was surveyed such that the total percentage of work was 100%. The term “PREAVOID” was coined by the Japan Hospital Pharmacists Association based on “PREvent and AVOID” adverse drug reactions. PREAVOID refers to cases in which pharmacists are directly involved in drug therapy to avoid or reduce patient disadvantages (adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, and inadequate therapeutic effects) through the practice of pharmacological patient care. (Insert Fig. 1 here) (Insert Fig. 2 here) (Insert Fig. 3 here) 1–3. Resilience In this study, we used the “Bidimensional Resilience Scale (BRS)” created by Hirano ( 7 ). Hirano believes that among the various factors that lead to resilience, there are intrinsic factors that are strongly influenced by innate characteristics and acquired factors that are less influenced by innate characteristics and are easier to acquire intentionally. She developed the BRS in terms of innate and acquired factors. The BRS consists of seven subscales: “optimism,” “control,” “sociability,” and “vitality” as innate resilience factors, and “attempting to solve a problem,” “self-understanding,” and “understanding others’ psychology” as acquired resilience factors. The reliability and validity of the BRS were confirmed ( 12 ). Considering its use in the future training of clinical pharmacists, the BRS was considered appropriate as the resilience scale used in this study. Responses were rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with “1: not at all applicable,” “2: not applicable,” “3: undecided,” “4: applicable,” and “5: applicable. The higher the score is, the higher the resilience level. In this study, the total score of this scale and the scores of the subscales were calculated and used as resilience scores. 1–4. Self-efficacy Self-efficacy was assessed using the “Japanese version of the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (JGSES)” developed by Narita et al. ( 13 ). There are two levels of self-efficacy ( 14 ). The first is self-efficacy that specifically influences behavior in a certain task or situation, and the second is self-efficacy that influences behavior in more generalized everyday situations over a longer period of time, independent of the specific task or situation. Narita et al. defined the latter as generalized self-efficacy. To examine the relationship between an individual's psychological foundation and resilience independent of specific situations, we considered it appropriate to use the JGSES as a measure of self-efficacy. This scale has been confirmed to be reliable and valid.. Responses were rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with “1: not at all applicable,” “2: not applicable,” “3: undecided,” “4: applicable,” and “5: applicable. The total score on this scale was used as the self-efficacy score. 1–5. Burnout This study used the “Japanese Burnout Scale (JBS)” developed by Kubo ( 15 ). The JBS was developed based on the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), which has been adopted by many researchers. Finally, the JBS was compiled into 17 items through studies with nurses and caregivers to adapt it to the Japanese human service field. The reliability and validity of the JBS have been confirmed, and we consider the JBS to be appropriate as a scale for measuring burnout among clinical pharmacists who focus on interpersonal tasks. Responses were rated on a 5-point Likert scale (“1: never,” “2: rarely,” “3: sometimes,” “4: often,” and “5: always”) over a recent 6-month period, with higher scores indicating higher burnout levels. The total score on this scale was used as the burnout score. 2. Analysis method 2 − 1. Survey of actual resilience and exploratory factor analysis Descriptive statistics were calculated for each survey item. To verify the reliability of the resilience scale, ceiling and floor effects were checked and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were calculated from the existing factor structure. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the 21 questions to confirm the pharmacists’ unique factor structure. 2–2. Investigating factors associated with resilience The relationship between resilience scores and each factor was examined using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (ρ). The Functional Classification of Hospitals was excluded from the survey because it was difficult to quantify. Gender was quantified as 0 for males and 1 for females. The number of patient guidance on medications, prescription suggestions made to physicians, PREAVOID cases, research presentations at academic conferences, and published academic papers submitted were ranked by the number of each question item and treated as ordinal category data. Self-efficacy and burnout were included in the analyses for criterion-related validity. Innate and Acquired Resilience were calculated using a newly identified factor structure. Multiple regression analysis was conducted using resilience scores as the objective variable and other factors as explanatory variables. A stepwise method was used for analysis. The significance level was set at 5%, and a correlation coefficient (ρ) of .20 ≦ | ρ | < .40 was defined as weakly correlated, .40 ≦ | ρ | < .70 as correlated, and .70 ≦ | ρ | ≦ 1.0 as strongly correlated. SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 29.0.2.0. IMB Corp.) was used for the statistical analysis. Results 1. Participants’ attributes In total, 285 respondents were recruited from 38 cooperating facilities. Participants’ attributes are listed in Table 1. (Insert Table 1 here) 2. Data and Reliability of the Psychological Scale The data and Cronbach's alpha values for each psychological scale are presented in Table 2. The median Resilience (Overall) score was 70/105 (66.7%), the median Innate Resilience score was 39/60 (65.0%), and the median Acquired Resilience score was 31/45 (68.9%). The median self-efficacy score was 71/115 (61.7%) and the median burnout score was 48/75 (64.0%). No ceiling or floor effects were observed for any of the scales. (Insert Table 2 here) 3. Exploratory factor analysis Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to confirm the pharmacists’ factor structure for the existing resilience questionnaire. Maximum likelihood and Promax rotation factor analyses were conducted, and five factor structures were identified. The naming of the new factor structure was based on the existing factor structure. Factor 1 was named “A. Perseverance” because the items of perseverance, perseverance to the end, and perseverance in dealing with hard things showed high loadings. Factors 2 and 5 were named “B. sociability” and “E. problem-solving orientation,” respectively, because the same questions as those in the existing factor structure were extracted. Factor 3 was named “C. Optimism” because, as with the existing factor structure, the optimistic items loaded highly. Factor 4 was named “D. Self-Understanding and Understanding of Others” because the existing items “Understanding of Others' Psychology” and “Self-Understanding” indicated high loadings. Factors 1 through 3 were interpreted as Innate Resilience and factors 4 and 5 as Acquired Resilience, and the two-dimensional structure was maintained, as in the existing structure. The details of the new factor structure and reliability coefficient values are presented in Table 3. The cumulative contribution ratio was 60.9% and included items with factor loadings of less than 0.4. (Insert Table 3 here) 4. Correlations between resilience and related factors Resilience (overall) and Innate Resilience and Acquired Resilience were all significantly positively correlated with self-efficacy (ρ = .743, .744, .579), significantly negatively correlated with burnout (ρ = -.436, -.439, -.331), and significantly positively correlated with Percentage of RTOW (ρ = .244, .230, .215). Innate Resilience was significantly and weakly positively correlated with the Number of research presentations at academic conferences (ρ = .204). No correlations were found for other factors. The details are presented in Table 4. (Insert Table 4 here) 4. Multiple regression analysis Multiple regression analysis was conducted using a stepwise method with Resilience (overall), Innate Resilience, and Acquired Resilience as objective variables, and each item as an explanatory variable. For Resilience (overall), four explanatory variables were extracted: “self-efficacy,” “percentage of RTOW,” “burnout,” and “gender,” with a multiple correlation coefficient R of .764 and an adjusted R-square of .577. For Innate Resilience, four explanatory variables were extracted: self-efficacy, burnout, Percentage of RTOW, and Percentage of CPW, with a multiple correlation coefficient R of .775 and an adjusted R-square of .595. For Acquired Resilience, two explanatory variables were extracted: “self-efficacy” and “percentage of RTOW,” with a multiple correlation coefficient R of .594 and an adjusted R-squared of .348. Self-efficacy was suggested to be the most influential factor among all factors, with Resilience (overall) (β .683, t-value: 15.578), Innate Resilience (β .701, t-value: 16.336), and Acquired Resilience (β .575, t-value: 11.947). The details are presented in Table 5. (Insert Table 5 here) Discussion This study revealed the resilience status of clinical pharmacists in Japan. Similar to other reports, resilience and self-efficacy were positively correlated, whereas resilience and burnout were negatively correlated among clinical pharmacists. The results revealed that self-efficacy had a significant impact on resilience among Japanese pharmacists, suggesting the influence of burnout and percentage of RTOW. The BRS has been tested for reliability and validity with nurses ( 6 ). In the present study, the BRS was used for pharmacists, and high reliability was verified for the entire scale and two-dimensional structure. Seven subscales were open for consideration. Compared to the results for nurses, Kasahara et al. ( 6 ) reported similar scores, suggesting that the survey data adequately reflected the two-dimensional resilience of pharmacists. The same high reliability was verified for self-efficacy and burnout. We believe that the results adequately reflect the actual conditions of pharmacists. The results of the validation factorial analysis confirmed the unique five-factor structure of pharmacists. The same two-dimensional structure was confirmed. However, items with low factor loadings were also included, with a cumulative contribution rate of 60.9%. All items were retained in the analysis to preserve the two-dimensional structure and explore potential underlying patterns. This decision was based on the exploratory nature of the study and the theoretical importance of the retained items. There is ample room for the consideration of a pharmacist-specific measure of resilience. Regarding the relationship with resilience, there were significant correlations with self-efficacy, burnout, and percentage of RTOW. While previous studies have reported associations with self-efficacy and burnout ( 15 ), this study confirmed associations with RTOW, which is often performed in addition to normal work. It is assumed that the attitude of attempting to gain experience in conference presentations, in addition to the usual work, influenced Innate Resilience, which was originally considered challenging to acquire. Multiple regression analysis indicated that self-efficacy strongly influenced Resilience (overall), Innate Resilience, and Acquired Resilience. Weiss et al. did not examine self-efficacy in their survey ( 11 ), and the present study was conducted considering the characteristics of Japanese pharmacists. The strong influence of self-efficacy and the impact of RTOW, as suggested by job characteristics, can be considered a distinctive trait in the Japanese context. When considering the development of resilience in the field, attention should also be given to Acquired Resilience. Self-efficacy and RTOW were extracted as explanatory variables for acquired resilience. Measures to increase self-efficacy in the normal course of work and job challenges, such as research and teaching, are significant for enhancing acquired resilience. According to Sakai et al., self-efficacy increases with years of experience, but it is important to assign roles to patients based on their abilities, acknowledge successful experiences, and communicate supportive intentions ( 16 ). For pharmacists, gaining experience through clinical work that can be achieved despite the effort and time required, reflection, and receiving feedback from others may lead to the development of self-efficacy as well as to the improvement of Acquired Resilience and Innate Resilience. This study confirmed that burnout has a strong impact on Innate Resilience. Patel et al. reported that “emotional exhaustion was found to be the leading contributor of burnout in community pharmacists” and future research is warranted to examine optimal strategies aimed at preventing burnout and promoting resiliency in this profession ( 17 ). Understanding individual personalities and characteristics, and preventing emotional exhaustion may also play a significant role in promoting Innate Resilience. One limitation of this study is that it only investigated pharmacists' clinical competence in terms of their workload. Although it is necessary to evaluate individual performance in addition to workload to assess professional performance, it is difficult to do so when conducting research. A limitation of this study is that workload was evaluated as an individual’s performance. Second, 28 of the 38 facilities that participated in this study had pharmacists from the same group, and the possibility that this influenced the responses cannot be denied. However, although details cannot be confirmed owing to the anonymity of the responses, it is inferred that the influence is low, considering the number of responses. Third, the results of the exploratory factor analysis included points with low cumulative contributions and factor loadings. As mentioned above, the purpose of this study was exploratory, and the creation of a scale is an issue for future research. This is a limitation of this study, and we believe that caution should be exercised when interpreting the factor analysis results. Conclusions This study revealed the relationship between resilience, self-efficacy, and RTOW among clinical pharmacists in Japan. Criterion-related validity was also evidenced by high self-efficacy. RTOW being newly identified as an influencing factor in this context provides insights for further development of the scale. As the stress and problems faced by pharmacists differ depending on the type of work, the development of a resilience scale unique to pharmacists is needed in the future. Abbreviations PREAVIOD PREvent and AVOID adverse drug reactions CPW Clinical Practice Work DRW Dispensing Room Work MW Manager's Work RTOW Research, Teaching, and Other Work BRS Bidimensional Resilience Scale JGSES Japanese version of the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale JBS Japanese Burnout Scale Declarations Ethical considerations This study was conducted in compliance with the “Ethical Principles Based on the Declaration of Helsinki” and the “Ethical Guidelines for Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Human Subjects” and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Teikyo University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (approval number: Teirin 23-147). This study was conducted using a web-based questionnaire answered by individuals of their own free will, and the system was designed such that the individuals could not be identified. Only the person in charge of information management had access to the results. The questionnaire included a section regarding consent to participate in the study, and only those who provided consent were included. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This study did not receive any specific grants from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Authors’ contributions YT and MW conceived of the study and drafted the manuscript. WA, NS, HH, TM and FI interpreted the data and critically revised the manuscript. The final version of the manuscript has been read and approved by all authors. Acknowledgements Not applicable. Availability of Data and Materials The datasets used analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Outline of the model core curriculum for pharmaceutical education (Revised 2022) [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Oct 31]. Available from: https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/11121000/001079344.pdf Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Clinical training guidelines for pharmacists [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Oct 31]. Available from: https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/001234125.pdf Garcia-Dia MJ, DiNapoli JM, Garcia-Ona L, Jakubowski R, O’Flaherty D. Concept analysis: resilience. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2013; 27:264–270. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2013.07.003 Sunami N. Resilience in clinical nurses: A concept analysis. J St Lukes Soc Nurs Res. 2018; 22:13–20. 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Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2020.09.022 Tables Table 1 Participants’ Attributes survey item N=285 Gender, n male 121 female 164 Age, n 20's 92 30's 105 40's 63 50's 22 60's 3 Functional Classification of Hospitals, n Hospital with Specific Functions 72 General Hospitals：More than 500 beds 84 General Hospitals：100~499 beds 110 General Hospitals：20~99 beds 5 Chronic Care Hospitals 7 Convalescent Hospitals 7 Years of pharmacist experience (year)* 10 (4–16) Years of hospital experience (year)* 9 (3–16) Percentage of work (%) * Clinical Practice Work (CPW) 50 (20–66.7) Dispensing Room Work (DRW) † 30 (15–50) Manager's Work (MW) 0 (0–10) Research, Teaching, and Other Work (RTOW) 5 (0–10) Number of patient guidance on medications in the last 1 year, n Less than 10 cases 52 10-49 cases (about 2-3 cases per month) 14 50-99 cases (about 5 cases per month) 14 100-299 cases (about 5-10 cases per month) 23 300-599 cases (about 10-50 cases per month) 77 600-1199 cases (about 50-100 cases per month) 66 More than 1200 cases (about more than 100 cases per month) 39 Number of prescribing suggestions made to physicians in the past year, n Less than 5 cases 30 5-9 cases (about 1 case in 2 months) 8 10-19 cases (about 1 case per month) 24 20-39 cases (about 2-3 cases per month) 44 40-59 cases (about 4-6 cases per month) 50 60-99 cases (about 7-8 cases per month) 36 More than 100 cases (about more than 8 cases per month) 93 Number of PREAVOID cases in the last 1 year, n Less than 5 cases 103 5-9 cases (about 1 case in 2 months) 45 10-19 cases (about 1 case per month) 57 20-39 cases (about 2-3 cases per month) 40 40-59 cases (about 5 cases per month) 15 60-99 cases (about 7-8 cases per month) 8 More than 100 cases (about more than 8 cases per month) 17 Number of research presentations at academic conferences, n No experience 107 1 case 63 2-3 cases 59 4-10 cases 38 More than 10 cases 18 Number of published academic papers, n No experience 242 1 case 25 2-3 cases 13 4-10 cases 3 More than 10 cases 2 *Median (interquartile range) Table 2. Scores and reliability coefficients for each psychological scale Median score* Cronbach's α Resilience (overall) 70 (63–77) .900 Innate Resilience† 39 (34–43) .864 optimism 10 (8–13) .808 control 10 (8–13) .592 sociability 9 (6–13) .880 vitality 11 (9–13.5) .810 Acquired Resilience† 31 (28–36) .802 attempting to solve a problem 10 (9–12) .639 self-understanding 11 (10–12) .602 understanding others 10 (9–12) .703 Self-efficacy 71 (64–79) .881 Burnout 48 (42–55) .856 * Median (interquartile range) † Existing factor structure scores created by Hirano. Table 3. Exploratory factor analysis Resilience (overall), α ＝ .900 1 2 3 4 5 Innate R esilience, α ＝ .864 A. Perseverance, α ＝ .839 12. I consider myself a tenacious person. .924 -.016 -.058 -.088 -.042 8. I can finish what I decide to do. .846 -.040 .001 -.048 -.053 6. I am a person who values hard work. .723 .083 -.091 -.092 .055 9. I think I can somehow get through difficult events that come my way. .485 -.048 .473 .093 -.066 7. I am a person who can endure even the hardest things. .483 -.149 .186 .134 -.005 13. I treat others with compassion. .352 .093 -.199 .287 .092 B. Sociability, α ＝ .880 4. I am good at getting to know people on my own. -.011 .936 .040 -.041 -.002 2. I have always been good at relating to others. -.104 .831 -.008 .151 -.057 10. I have a wide range of friendships and I am a good company man. .085 .759 .051 -.114 .047 C. Optimism, α ＝ .688 1. I feel that I can usually manage anything. -.167 -.010 .935 -.051 .137 3. Even if I am not sure about something, I think I can manage it in the end. .075 .110 .681 .060 -.135 5. I am physically strong. .149 .133 .228 -.003 .144 Acquired Resilience, α ＝ .793 D. Self-understanding and understanding of others, α ＝ .738 21. I am relatively good at understanding how others think. .051 .071 -.111 .698 -.021 17. I am good at reading people's feelings and subtle changes in facial expressions. .071 .096 -.155 .632 .023 14. I understand my own personality well. -.103 -.042 .172 .601 -.051 19. I understand how a bad event can affect my feelings. -.028 -.211 .014 .564 .197 16. I am often unsure of my thoughts and feelings. (*) .160 -.070 -.155 -.509 .092 11. I can control my emotions even when I have a bad day. .157 .023 .177 .289 -.008 E. Problem-solving oriented, α ＝ .639 20. When I have a bad event, I gather information to solve the problem. -.049 -.035 .007 -.007 .877 18. I actively try to talk to people when I have misunderstandings with them. .092 .158 .090 .061 .369 15. When I have a bad event, I look for what I can gain from the experience. .232 .066 .043 .073 .275 Maximum Likelihood Method, Promax Rotation, Cumulative contribution ratio 60.9 α = Cronbach's α Table 4. Correlations between resilience and related factors Resilience (overall) Innate Resilience Acquired Resilience Self-efficacy .743** .744** .579** Burnout ‐ .436** ‐ .439** ‐ .331** Age .029 .033 .003 Gender -.050 -.035 -.039 Years of pharmacist experience .020 .035 -.008 Years of hospital experience .019 .036 -.013 Percentage of work CPW .018 .039 -.026 DRW ‐.157** ‐.172** -.081 MW .159** .147* .139* RTOW .244** .230** .215** Number of patient guidance on medications .072 .085 .028 Number of prescribing suggestions made to physicians .036 .046 .016 Number of PREAVOID cases .105 .087 .090 Number of research presentations at academic conferences .194** .204** .134* Number of published academic papers .173** .165** .152** The correlation coefficient (ρ) of .20 ≦ | ρ | < .40 is weakly correlated, .40 ≦ | ρ | < .70 is correlated, and .70 ≦ | ρ | ≦ 1.00 is strongly correlated. Tables are expressed in ρ, and only items with significant correlations are shown in bold. Significance level * P <.05 ** P <.01 Table 5. Multiple linear regression analysis 5-1. Resilience (overall) Model summary: R 2 =.583, Adjusted R 2 =.577 B SE β T-value P-value VIF (Constant) 34.219 4.924 - 6.950 ＜.01** - Self-efficacy 0.627 0.040 0.683 15.578 ＜.01** 1.290 Percentage of RTOW 0.137 0.046 0.119 2.981 ＜.01** 1.064 Burnout -0.139 0.050 -0.122 -2.757 ＜.01** 1.317 Gender (1=F) -0.099 0.048 -0.084 -2.083 0.038* 1.080 5-2. Innate resilience Model summary: R 2 =.601, Adjusted R 2 =.595 B SE β T-value P-value VIF (Constant) 12.951 2.930 - 4.420 ＜.01** - Self-efficacy 0.408 0.025 0.701 16.336 ＜.01** 1.294 Burnout -0.080 0.031 -0.111 -2.591 .010* 1.294 Percentage of RTOW 0.078 0.029 0.106 2.708 ＜.01** 1.082 Percentage of CPW 0.021 0.010 0.078 1.990 .048* 1.074 5-3. Acquired resilience Model summary: R 2 =.353, Adjusted R 2 =.348 B SE β T-value P-value VIF (Constant) 13.029 1.437 - 9.066 ＜.01** - Self-efficacy 0.238 0.020 0.575 11.947 ＜.01** 1.009 Percentage of RTOW 0.055 0.025 0.105 2.177 .030* 1.009 Significance level * P <.05 ** P <.01 R 2 : Coefficient of determination B: Unstandardized regression coefficient SE: Standard error β: Standardized regression coefficient VIF: Variance Inflation Factor Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7091617","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Short Report","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":484857723,"identity":"16332a00-f572-4536-867a-e19de9e98d36","order_by":0,"name":"Yusuke Tsuchiya","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABS0lEQVRIie2RMUvDQBTHXzhIlyd1jFTtV3ihUBFrg9+k4SAuEQKCOBQ5CehSyJqCH8LgFwgEOuUDdLNdOmUIdGiHiF5iC22IuArmN9wd7+7H+98dQE3NH4UBbZchgCKYHGmws70PViiqKX5XYEeRNV0ADOAnjGasLx0naoNmd5YY94D59mqWOpbpARKsh9A4K3WRJ1s+RbrQ7G4LpxYo/k3w6JNtjgWSMpoAOxclBbsMKVJyhWEaFYqLdG++vicEBwIYhftKMy4UQxTB0k+p2HM3y5VQdvmoUMAuFFMqJIOFuaK4IIPlCqvqMrVuW0jX/AkXd0cvMUdltNDHI7I6Y6E60fFEK9+l4UXBErOLS6/B39Jk0j/Vn/ksXWf8xAMWzJNhj5debIML6uH3TxSfknOVzzKSxqlSeQBobhK3NyVju9evVmpqamr+D19W7m86D8vCpwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Ageo Central General Hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yusuke","middleName":"","lastName":"Tsuchiya","suffix":""},{"id":484857724,"identity":"3f2ad54c-5021-482d-8a36-17ac1c508b6d","order_by":1,"name":"Wataru Arai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ageo Central General Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wataru","middleName":"","lastName":"Arai","suffix":""},{"id":484857727,"identity":"d0dc714b-457c-455a-9821-575f15daa6fc","order_by":2,"name":"Nobuko Sunami","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Teikyo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nobuko","middleName":"","lastName":"Sunami","suffix":""},{"id":484857728,"identity":"e96a6878-8e8b-4885-8972-31dedd3d1649","order_by":3,"name":"Hiroyuki Hosono","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The University of Tokyo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hiroyuki","middleName":"","lastName":"Hosono","suffix":""},{"id":484857730,"identity":"720b7acc-019c-4df7-ab8c-071936c20981","order_by":4,"name":"Tae Maeshima","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Teikyo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tae","middleName":"","lastName":"Maeshima","suffix":""},{"id":484857731,"identity":"358ff4d6-d39f-4472-9577-a87ec85424c6","order_by":5,"name":"Fumio Itagaki","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Teikyo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fumio","middleName":"","lastName":"Itagaki","suffix":""},{"id":484857733,"identity":"c37f36e5-dd9c-4041-87d9-bbc9f1fd2429","order_by":6,"name":"Machiko Watanabe","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Teikyo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Machiko","middleName":"","lastName":"Watanabe","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-10 09:53:35","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7091617/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7091617/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40780-025-00498-3","type":"published","date":"2025-10-24T16:16:47+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87037718,"identity":"0b269fb7-939a-4e53-990c-f381ea3a9899","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-18 13:25:06","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":433472,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResilience Scale Question Content\u003cbr\u003e\n The psychological Scale of Resilience, 12 items from “1.” to “12.” are qualitatively resilient items and 9 items from “13.” to “21.” are acquisition resilience items; each item is rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a minimum score of 21 and a maximum score of 105, and (*) is a reversal item.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7091617/v1/2b97d924671ad2e136d8aa0f.jpg"},{"id":87034393,"identity":"a491906c-91aa-4d25-839d-8dd7bda22a46","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-18 13:09:06","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":457503,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSelf-efficacy Scale Question Content\u003cbr\u003e\n The psychological scale of self-efficacy has 23 items rated on a scale of 1–5, from a minimum of 23 to a maximum of 115; (*) is a reversal item.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7091617/v1/7a932a9328e91d6dbe961d28.jpg"},{"id":87035737,"identity":"edc68461-30a7-4da1-8a88-eecf030a9372","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-18 13:17:06","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":350185,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBurnout Scale Question Content\u003cbr\u003e\nThe psychological scale of burnout consists of 17 items rated on a scale of 1 to 5, with a minimum score of 17 and a maximum score of 85.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7091617/v1/85a960acd90ea7e1ba86061e.jpg"},{"id":94490496,"identity":"e06afbc5-6943-4170-98e9-196c47f546ee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:11:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2270777,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7091617/v1/90840ae1-083e-4131-9432-6307a4b23e2a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Resilience among Clinical Pharmacists and Related Factors: A cross-sectional study","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn Japan, owing to the emergence of an aging society with a low birth rate, medical care is becoming increasingly sophisticated and diversified. In this context, expectations regarding the social role that pharmacists should play are increasing, and there is a need to improve the quality of pharmacists (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Simultaneously, there is a need to train pharmacists in practical skills to respond appropriately in clinical settings (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResilience is a concept that has attracted attention in recent years as the psychological ability to cope with challenging situations. The attributes that define resilience include resilience, deterrence, and self-efficacy (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In the field of nursing, several studies on resilience have been conducted (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Resilience is considered a useful indicator of the ability to overcome challenges, and scales to measure it are being developed (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Tomita et al. reported on the relationship between resilience and the ability to practice nursing, and they stated that support to enhance resilience is necessary for nurses to continue working and improve the quality of nursing care (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA clinical pharmacist\u0026rsquo;s job is to provide care in a multidisciplinary team by optimizing drug therapy for individual patients (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). According to a study conducted by Jon et al., pharmacists often experience job stress, burnout, and moral distress. Well-being and resilience play a crucial role in preparing individuals to thrive (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Weiss et al. reported that individuals with higher resilience levels have lower burnout and improved occupational performance (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). In Japan, as medical care becomes increasingly sophisticated, workload increases, and interpersonal work increases, and an increasing number of clinical pharmacists are placed in mentally and physically challenging situations. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the development of resilience and the establishment of support systems for clinical pharmacists. However, there is limited research on resilience among pharmacists in Japan, and the actual situation is yet to be clarified.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we investigated resilience among clinical pharmacists and identified factors related to self-efficacy (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) and burnout (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e), which are related to resilience and the work of clinical pharmacists.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\n\u003ch3\u003e1. Survey details\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;1. Target population and data collection method\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study used a web-based questionnaire targeting clinical pharmacists working in hospitals. Clinical pharmacists were defined as pharmacists who had acquired the qualities expected of pharmacists in the field of medicine and were involved in the pharmacotherapy of patients in collaboration with multiple professionals based on their pharmacological knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire was sent via e-mail to the responsible persons in the pharmacy departments of 38 medical institutions with 20 or more beds in Tokyo and nine prefectures in the Kanto Koshinetsu region, requesting their cooperation in the survey. The questionnaire was distributed to the participants through a responsible person, and individuals who volunteered to participate accessed the web-based questionnaire to answer the questions. The information manager then collected the results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1–2. Contents of the Questionnaire\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire included 21 items from the resilience scale, 23 items from the self-efficacy scale, and 17 items from the burnout scale, in addition to basic attributes (gender, age, years of experience as a pharmacist, years of experience at the hospital, and classification of the facility where the pharmacist works) and the work status of clinical pharmacists (percentage of work, number of patient guidance on medications, number of medication instructions, number of prescription suggestions, number of PREAVOID cases, number of conference presentations, and number of scientific papers submitted).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe three psychological scales were validated and found to be reliable (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The Percentage of Work was calculated as the sum of four types of work: clinical practice work (CPW); dispensing room work (DRW); manager\u0026rsquo;s work (MW); and research, teaching, and other work (RTOW). The percentage of work was surveyed such that the total percentage of work was 100%. The term \u0026ldquo;PREAVOID\u0026rdquo; was coined by the Japan Hospital Pharmacists Association based on \u0026ldquo;PREvent and AVOID\u0026rdquo; adverse drug reactions. PREAVOID refers to cases in which pharmacists are directly involved in drug therapy to avoid or reduce patient disadvantages (adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, and inadequate therapeutic effects) through the practice of pharmacological patient care.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(Insert\u003c/b\u003e Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003ehere)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(Insert\u003c/b\u003e Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003ehere)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(Insert\u003c/b\u003e Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003ehere)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1–3. Resilience\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we used the \u0026ldquo;Bidimensional Resilience Scale (BRS)\u0026rdquo; created by Hirano (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Hirano believes that among the various factors that lead to resilience, there are intrinsic factors that are strongly influenced by innate characteristics and acquired factors that are less influenced by innate characteristics and are easier to acquire intentionally. She developed the BRS in terms of innate and acquired factors. The BRS consists of seven subscales: \u0026ldquo;optimism,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;control,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;sociability,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;vitality\u0026rdquo; as innate resilience factors, and \u0026ldquo;attempting to solve a problem,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;self-understanding,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;understanding others\u0026rsquo; psychology\u0026rdquo; as acquired resilience factors. The reliability and validity of the BRS were confirmed (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsidering its use in the future training of clinical pharmacists, the BRS was considered appropriate as the resilience scale used in this study. Responses were rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with \u0026ldquo;1: not at all applicable,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;2: not applicable,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;3: undecided,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;4: applicable,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;5: applicable. The higher the score is, the higher the resilience level. In this study, the total score of this scale and the scores of the subscales were calculated and used as resilience scores.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1–4. Self-efficacy\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelf-efficacy was assessed using the \u0026ldquo;Japanese version of the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (JGSES)\u0026rdquo; developed by Narita et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). There are two levels of self-efficacy (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). The first is self-efficacy that specifically influences behavior in a certain task or situation, and the second is self-efficacy that influences behavior in more generalized everyday situations over a longer period of time, independent of the specific task or situation. Narita et al. defined the latter as generalized self-efficacy. To examine the relationship between an individual's psychological foundation and resilience independent of specific situations, we considered it appropriate to use the JGSES as a measure of self-efficacy. This scale has been confirmed to be reliable and valid.. Responses were rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with \u0026ldquo;1: not at all applicable,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;2: not applicable,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;3: undecided,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;4: applicable,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;5: applicable. The total score on this scale was used as the self-efficacy score.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1–5. Burnout\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study used the \u0026ldquo;Japanese Burnout Scale (JBS)\u0026rdquo; developed by Kubo (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). The JBS was developed based on the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), which has been adopted by many researchers. Finally, the JBS was compiled into 17 items through studies with nurses and caregivers to adapt it to the Japanese human service field. The reliability and validity of the JBS have been confirmed, and we consider the JBS to be appropriate as a scale for measuring burnout among clinical pharmacists who focus on interpersonal tasks. Responses were rated on a 5-point Likert scale (\u0026ldquo;1: never,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;2: rarely,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;3: sometimes,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;4: often,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;5: always\u0026rdquo;) over a recent 6-month period, with higher scores indicating higher burnout levels. The total score on this scale was used as the burnout score.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2. Analysis method\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1. Survey of actual resilience and exploratory factor analysis\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics were calculated for each survey item. To verify the reliability of the resilience scale, ceiling and floor effects were checked and Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha coefficients were calculated from the existing factor structure. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the 21 questions to confirm the pharmacists\u0026rsquo; unique factor structure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2–2. Investigating factors associated with resilience\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between resilience scores and each factor was examined using Spearman\u0026rsquo;s rank correlation coefficient (ρ). The Functional Classification of Hospitals was excluded from the survey because it was difficult to quantify. Gender was quantified as 0 for males and 1 for females. The number of patient guidance on medications, prescription suggestions made to physicians, PREAVOID cases, research presentations at academic conferences, and published academic papers submitted were ranked by the number of each question item and treated as ordinal category data. Self-efficacy and burnout were included in the analyses for criterion-related validity. Innate and Acquired Resilience were calculated using a newly identified factor structure.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultiple regression analysis was conducted using resilience scores as the objective variable and other factors as explanatory variables. A stepwise method was used for analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe significance level was set at 5%, and a correlation coefficient (ρ) of .20 ≦ | ρ | \u0026lt; .40 was defined as weakly correlated, .40 ≦ | ρ | \u0026lt; .70 as correlated, and .70 ≦ | ρ | ≦ 1.0 as strongly correlated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 29.0.2.0. IMB Corp.) was used for the statistical analysis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e1. Participants\u0026rsquo; attributes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn total, 285 respondents were recruited from 38 cooperating facilities. Participants\u0026rsquo; attributes are listed in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Insert Table 1 here)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. Data and Reliability of the Psychological Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data and Cronbach\u0026apos;s alpha values for each psychological scale are presented in Table 2. The median Resilience (Overall)\u0026nbsp;score\u0026nbsp;was 70/105 (66.7%), the median Innate Resilience score was 39/60 (65.0%), and the median Acquired Resilience score was 31/45 (68.9%). The median self-efficacy score was 71/115 (61.7%) and the median burnout score was 48/75 (64.0%). No\u0026nbsp;ceiling or floor effects were observed for any of the scales.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Insert Table 2 here)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. Exploratory factor analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExploratory factor analysis was conducted to confirm the pharmacists\u0026rsquo; factor structure for the existing resilience questionnaire. Maximum likelihood and Promax rotation factor analyses were conducted, and five factor structures were identified. The naming of the new factor structure was based on the existing factor structure. Factor 1 was named \u0026ldquo;A. Perseverance\u0026rdquo; because the items of perseverance, perseverance to the end,\u0026nbsp;and perseverance in dealing with hard things showed high loadings.\u0026nbsp;Factors 2 and 5 were named \u0026ldquo;B. sociability\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;E. problem-solving orientation,\u0026rdquo; respectively, because the same questions as those in the existing factor structure were extracted.\u0026nbsp;Factor 3 was named \u0026ldquo;C. Optimism\u0026rdquo; because, as with the existing factor structure, the optimistic items loaded highly.\u0026nbsp;Factor 4 was named \u0026ldquo;D. Self-Understanding and Understanding of Others\u0026rdquo; because the existing items \u0026ldquo;Understanding of Others\u0026apos; Psychology\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Self-Understanding\u0026rdquo; indicated high loadings.\u0026nbsp;Factors 1 through 3 were interpreted as Innate Resilience and factors 4 and 5 as Acquired Resilience, and the two-dimensional structure was maintained, as in the existing structure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe details of the new factor structure and reliability coefficient values are presented in Table 3. The cumulative contribution ratio was 60.9% and included items with factor loadings of less than 0.4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Insert Table 3 here)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. Correlations between resilience and related factors\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResilience (overall) and Innate Resilience and Acquired Resilience were all significantly positively correlated with self-efficacy (\u0026rho; = .743, .744, .579), significantly negatively correlated with burnout (\u0026rho; = -.436, -.439, -.331), and significantly positively correlated with Percentage of RTOW (\u0026rho; = .244, .230, .215). Innate Resilience was significantly and weakly positively correlated with the Number of research presentations at academic conferences (\u0026rho; = .204). No correlations were found for other factors. The details are presented in Table 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Insert Table 4 here)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. Multiple regression analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMultiple regression analysis was conducted using a stepwise method with Resilience (overall), Innate Resilience, and Acquired Resilience as objective variables, and each item as an explanatory variable.\u0026nbsp;For Resilience (overall), four explanatory variables were extracted: \u0026ldquo;self-efficacy,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;percentage of RTOW,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;burnout,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;gender,\u0026rdquo; with a multiple correlation coefficient R of .764 and an adjusted R-square of .577. For Innate Resilience, four explanatory variables were extracted: self-efficacy, burnout, Percentage of RTOW, and Percentage of CPW, with a multiple correlation coefficient R of .775 and an adjusted R-square of .595. For Acquired Resilience, two explanatory variables were extracted: \u0026ldquo;self-efficacy\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;percentage of RTOW,\u0026rdquo; with a multiple correlation coefficient R of .594 and an adjusted R-squared of .348.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelf-efficacy was suggested to be the most influential factor among all factors, with Resilience (overall) (\u0026beta; .683, t-value: 15.578), Innate Resilience (\u0026beta; .701, t-value: 16.336), and Acquired Resilience (\u0026beta; .575, t-value: 11.947). The details are presented in Table 5.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Insert Table 5 here)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study revealed the resilience status of clinical pharmacists in Japan. Similar to other reports, resilience and self-efficacy were positively correlated, whereas resilience and burnout were negatively correlated among clinical pharmacists. The results revealed that self-efficacy had a significant impact on resilience among Japanese pharmacists, suggesting the influence of burnout and percentage of RTOW.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe BRS has been tested for reliability and validity with nurses (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). In the present study, the BRS was used for pharmacists, and high reliability was verified for the entire scale and two-dimensional structure. Seven subscales were open for consideration. Compared to the results for nurses, Kasahara et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) reported similar scores, suggesting that the survey data adequately reflected the two-dimensional resilience of pharmacists. The same high reliability was verified for self-efficacy and burnout. We believe that the results adequately reflect the actual conditions of pharmacists.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of the validation factorial analysis confirmed the unique five-factor structure of pharmacists. The same two-dimensional structure was confirmed. However, items with low factor loadings were also included, with a cumulative contribution rate of 60.9%. All items were retained in the analysis to preserve the two-dimensional structure and explore potential underlying patterns. This decision was based on the exploratory nature of the study and the theoretical importance of the retained items. There is ample room for the consideration of a pharmacist-specific measure of resilience.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding the relationship with resilience, there were significant correlations with self-efficacy, burnout, and percentage of RTOW. While previous studies have reported associations with self-efficacy and burnout (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e), this study confirmed associations with RTOW, which is often performed in addition to normal work. It is assumed that the attitude of attempting to gain experience in conference presentations, in addition to the usual work, influenced Innate Resilience, which was originally considered challenging to acquire.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultiple regression analysis indicated that self-efficacy strongly influenced Resilience (overall), Innate Resilience, and Acquired Resilience. Weiss et al. did not examine self-efficacy in their survey (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e), and the present study was conducted considering the characteristics of Japanese pharmacists. The strong influence of self-efficacy and the impact of RTOW, as suggested by job characteristics, can be considered a distinctive trait in the Japanese context.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen considering the development of resilience in the field, attention should also be given to Acquired Resilience. Self-efficacy and RTOW were extracted as explanatory variables for acquired resilience. Measures to increase self-efficacy in the normal course of work and job challenges, such as research and teaching, are significant for enhancing acquired resilience. According to Sakai et al., self-efficacy increases with years of experience, but it is important to assign roles to patients based on their abilities, acknowledge successful experiences, and communicate supportive intentions (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). For pharmacists, gaining experience through clinical work that can be achieved despite the effort and time required, reflection, and receiving feedback from others may lead to the development of self-efficacy as well as to the improvement of Acquired Resilience and Innate Resilience.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study confirmed that burnout has a strong impact on Innate Resilience. Patel et al. reported that \u0026ldquo;emotional exhaustion was found to be the leading contributor of burnout in community pharmacists\u0026rdquo; and future research is warranted to examine optimal strategies aimed at preventing burnout and promoting resiliency in this profession (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). Understanding individual personalities and characteristics, and preventing emotional exhaustion may also play a significant role in promoting Innate Resilience.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne limitation of this study is that it only investigated pharmacists' clinical competence in terms of their workload. Although it is necessary to evaluate individual performance in addition to workload to assess professional performance, it is difficult to do so when conducting research. A limitation of this study is that workload was evaluated as an individual\u0026rsquo;s performance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecond, 28 of the 38 facilities that participated in this study had pharmacists from the same group, and the possibility that this influenced the responses cannot be denied. However, although details cannot be confirmed owing to the anonymity of the responses, it is inferred that the influence is low, considering the number of responses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThird, the results of the exploratory factor analysis included points with low cumulative contributions and factor loadings. As mentioned above, the purpose of this study was exploratory, and the creation of a scale is an issue for future research. This is a limitation of this study, and we believe that caution should be exercised when interpreting the factor analysis results.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study revealed the relationship between resilience, self-efficacy, and RTOW among clinical pharmacists in Japan. Criterion-related validity was also evidenced by high self-efficacy. RTOW being newly identified as an influencing factor in this context provides insights for further development of the scale. As the stress and problems faced by pharmacists differ depending on the type of work, the development of a resilience scale unique to pharmacists is needed in the future.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePREAVIOD\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePREvent and AVOID adverse drug reactions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCPW\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClinical Practice Work\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDRW\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDispensing Room Work\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMW\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eManager's Work\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eRTOW\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch, Teaching, and Other Work\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eBRS\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBidimensional Resilience Scale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eJGSES\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJapanese version of the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eJBS\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJapanese Burnout Scale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical considerations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in compliance with the \u0026ldquo;Ethical Principles Based on the Declaration of Helsinki\u0026rdquo; and the \u0026ldquo;Ethical Guidelines for Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Human Subjects\u0026rdquo; and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Teikyo University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (approval number: Teirin 23-147).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted using a web-based questionnaire answered by individuals of their own free will, and the system was\u0026nbsp;designed such that the individuals could not be identified. Only the\u0026nbsp;person in charge of\u0026nbsp;information management had access to\u0026nbsp;the results. The questionnaire included a section regarding consent to participate in the study, and only those who provided consent were included.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study did not receive any specific grants from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYT and MW conceived\u0026nbsp;of the study and drafted the manuscript. WA, NS, HH, TM and FI interpreted the data and critically revised the manuscript. The final version of the manuscript has been read and approved by all authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Data and Materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMinistry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Outline of the model core curriculum for pharmaceutical education (Revised 2022) [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Oct 31]. 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Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2020.09.022\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.japh.2020.09.022\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"601\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 1 Participants\u0026rsquo; Attributes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esurvey item\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN=285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender, n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge, n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e 20\u0026apos;s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e 30\u0026apos;s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e 40\u0026apos;s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e 50\u0026apos;s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e 60\u0026apos;s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFunctional Classification of Hospitals, n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e Hospital with Specific Functions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e General Hospitals：More than 500 beds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e General Hospitals：100~499 beds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e General Hospitals：20~99 beds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e Chronic Care Hospitals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e Convalescent Hospitals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYears of pharmacist experience (year)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (4\u0026ndash;16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYears of hospital experience (year)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (3\u0026ndash;16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage of work (%) *\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e Clinical Practice Work (CPW)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (20\u0026ndash;66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e Dispensing Room Work (DRW) \u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (15\u0026ndash;50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e Manager\u0026apos;s Work (MW)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0\u0026ndash;10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e Research, Teaching, and Other Work (RTOW)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (0\u0026ndash;10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of patient guidance on medications in the last 1 year, n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;Less than 10 cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;10-49 cases (about 2-3 cases per month)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;50-99 cases (about 5 cases per month)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;100-299 cases (about 5-10 cases per month)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;300-599 cases (about 10-50 cases per month)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;600-1199 cases (about 50-100 cases per month)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;More than 1200 cases (about more than 100 cases per month)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of prescribing suggestions made to physicians in the past year, n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;Less than 5 cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;5-9 cases (about 1 case in 2 months)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;10-19 cases (about 1 case per month)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;20-39 cases (about 2-3 cases per month)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;40-59 cases (about 4-6 cases per month)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;60-99 cases (about 7-8 cases per month)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;More than 100 cases (about more than 8 cases per month)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of PREAVOID cases in the last 1 year, n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;Less than 5 cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;5-9 cases (about 1 case in 2 months)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;10-19 cases (about 1 case per month)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;20-39 cases (about 2-3 cases per month)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;40-59 cases (about 5 cases per month)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;60-99 cases (about 7-8 cases per month)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;More than 100 cases (about more than 8 cases per month)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of research presentations at academic conferences, n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;No experience\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;1 case\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;2-3 cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;4-10 cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;More than 10 cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of published academic papers, n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;No experience\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e242\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;1 case\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;2-3 cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;4-10 cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u0026nbsp;More than 10 cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 488px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Median (interquartile range)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"416\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 416px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 2. Scores and reliability coefficients for each psychological scale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 226px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian score*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCronbach\u0026apos;s \u0026alpha;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 226px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResilience (overall)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 (63\u0026ndash;77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 226px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInnate Resilience\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (34\u0026ndash;43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.864\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 226px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; optimism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (8\u0026ndash;13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.808\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 226px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; control\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (8\u0026ndash;13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.592\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 226px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; sociability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (6\u0026ndash;13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.880\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 226px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; vitality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (9\u0026ndash;13.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.810\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 226px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcquired Resilience\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (28\u0026ndash;36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.802\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 226px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;attempting to solve a problem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (9\u0026ndash;12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.639\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 226px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;self-understanding\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (10\u0026ndash;12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.602\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 226px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;understanding others\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (9\u0026ndash;12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.703\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 226px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-efficacy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71 (64\u0026ndash;79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.881\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 226px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBurnout\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (42\u0026ndash;55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.856\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 226px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* Median (interquartile range)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 334px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026dagger; Existing factor structure scores created by Hirano.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"924\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp;Exploratory factor analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResilience (overall), \u0026alpha;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e＝\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.900\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInnate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eesilience, \u0026alpha;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e＝\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.864\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;A. Perseverance, \u0026alpha;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e＝\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.839\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;12. I consider myself a tenacious person.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.924\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.088\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;8. I can finish what I decide to do.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.846\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;6. I am a person who values hard work.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.723\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;9. I think I can somehow get through difficult events that come my way.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.485\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.473\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;7. I am a person who can endure even the hardest things.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.483\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;13. I treat others with compassion.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.352\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;B. Sociability, \u0026alpha;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e＝\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.880\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;4. I am good at getting to know people on my own.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.936\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2. I have always been good at relating to others.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.831\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;10. I have a wide range of friendships and I am a good company man.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.759\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;C. Optimism, \u0026alpha;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e＝\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.688\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1. I feel that I can usually manage anything.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.935\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;3. Even if I am not sure about something, I think I can manage it in the end.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.681\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;5. I am physically strong.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcquired Resilience, \u0026alpha;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e＝\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.793\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;D. Self-understanding and understanding of others, \u0026alpha;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e＝\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.738\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;21. I am relatively good at understanding how others think.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.071\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.698\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;17. I am good at reading people\u0026apos;s feelings and subtle changes in facial expressions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.071\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.096\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.632\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;14. I understand my own personality well.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.601\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;19. I understand how a bad event can affect my feelings.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.564\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;16. I am often unsure of my thoughts and feelings. (*)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.509\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;11. I can control my emotions even when I have a bad day.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.289\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;E. Problem-solving oriented, \u0026alpha;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e＝\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.639\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;20. When I have a bad event, I gather information to solve the problem.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.877\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;18. I actively try to talk to people when I have misunderstandings with them.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.090\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.369\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;15. When I have a bad event, I look for what I can gain from the experience.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 924px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaximum Likelihood Method, Promax Rotation, Cumulative contribution ratio 60.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 551px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026alpha; =\u0026nbsp;Cronbach\u0026apos;s \u0026alpha;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"707\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 707px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 4.\u0026nbsp;Correlations between resilience and related factors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 359px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResilience\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp; (overall)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInnate\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Resilience\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcquired\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Resilience\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 359px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-efficacy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.743**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.744**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.579**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 359px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBurnout\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e‐\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.436**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e‐\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.439**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e‐\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.331**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 359px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 359px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 359px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYears of pharmacist experience\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 359px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYears of hospital experience\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 359px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage of work\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 359px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;CPW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 359px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;DRW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e‐.157**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e‐.172**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 359px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;MW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.159**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.147*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.139*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 359px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;RTOW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.244**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.230**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.215**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 359px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of patient guidance on medications\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 359px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of prescribing suggestions made to physicians\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 359px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of PREAVOID cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.087\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.090\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 359px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of research presentations at academic conferences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.194**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.204**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.134*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 359px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of published academic papers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.173**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.165**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.152**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 707px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe correlation coefficient (\u0026rho;) of .20\u0026nbsp;≦\u0026nbsp;|\u0026nbsp;\u0026rho; | \u0026lt; .40 is weakly correlated, .40\u0026nbsp;≦\u0026nbsp;|\u0026nbsp;\u0026rho; | \u0026lt; .70 is correlated, and .70\u0026nbsp;≦\u0026nbsp;|\u0026nbsp;\u0026rho; |\u0026nbsp;≦\u0026nbsp;1.00 is strongly correlated.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 707px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTables are expressed in \u0026rho;, and only items with significant correlations are shown in bold.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 359px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSignificance level \u0026nbsp;*\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;.05 **\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"584\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 584px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 5. \u0026nbsp;Multiple linear regression analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-1. Resilience (overall)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel summary: \u003cem\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e =.583, Adjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e =.577\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVIF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Constant)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.924\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.950\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜.01**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-efficacy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.627\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.683\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.578\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜.01**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.290\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage of RTOW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.981\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜.01**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBurnout\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.757\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜.01**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.317\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender (1=F)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-2. Innate resilience\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel summary: \u003cem\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e =.601, Adjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e =.595\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVIF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Constant)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.951\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.930\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.420\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜.01**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-efficacy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.408\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.701\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.336\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜.01**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.294\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBurnout\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.591\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.010*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.294\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage of RTOW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.708\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜.01**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage of CPW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.990\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.048*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 231px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-3. Acquired resilience\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel summary: \u003cem\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e =.353, Adjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e =.348\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVIF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Constant)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.437\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜.01**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-efficacy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.575\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.947\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜.01**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage of RTOW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.030*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 160px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 372px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSignificance level \u0026nbsp;*\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;.05 **\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 372px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: Coefficient of determination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 372px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB: Unstandardized regression coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 372px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE: Standard error\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 372px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;:\u0026nbsp;Standardized regression coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 372px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVIF: Variance Inflation Factor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"resilience, clinical pharmacist, self-efficacy, burnout, Bidimensional Resilience Scale, innate resilience, acquired resilience","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7091617/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7091617/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e Resilience has recently attracted attention as a means of coping with challenging situations. Although there have been several studies on resilience among healthcare professionals, there are limited reports on resilience among pharmacists. In this study, we conducted a survey of resilience among clinical pharmacists and examined factors related to self-efficacy, burnout, and work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e Clinical pharmacists at 38 medical institutions were surveyed regarding basic attributes, work status, resilience, self-efficacy, and burnout using a web-based questionnaire. Descriptive statistics for each survey item were calculated, and exploratory factor analysis was conducted. The relationship between resilience scores and each factor was examined using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (ρ). A multiple regression analysis was conducted using resilience scores as the objective variable and other factors as explanatory variables. The “Bidimensional Resilience Scale” was used to measure resilience in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e Responses were obtained from 285 participants, which confirmed the reliability of the psychological scale. Factor analysis extracted five new factor structures but confirmed that the two-dimensional structure was maintained. The correlations were significant for self-efficacy, burnout, and the percentages of research, teaching, and other work (RTOW). Multiple regression analysis suggested that “self-efficacy” was the most influential factor in resilience (overall), innate resilience, and acquired resilience.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions:\u003c/strong\u003e This study revealed the relationship between resilience, self-efficacy, and RTOW among clinical pharmacists in Japan. Criterion-related validity was also evidenced by high self-efficacy. RTOW being newly identified as an influencing factor in this context provides insights for further development of the scale.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Resilience among Clinical Pharmacists and Related Factors: A cross-sectional study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-18 13:08:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7091617/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"73dd84d1-272d-4285-9e99-b808da78e445","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-27T16:26:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7091617","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40780-025-00498-3","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-pharmaceutical-health-care-and-sciences","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences"},"publishedOn":"2025-10-24 16:16:47","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 24th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-18 13:08:54","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s40780-025-00498-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40780-025-00498-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7091617","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7091617","identity":"rs-7091617","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}