War exposure, PTSD, and Complex PTSD among parents living in Ukraine during the Russian war

Background: High rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been documented in war-affected populations. The prevalence of CPTSD has never been assessed in an active war zone. Here, we provide initial data on war-related experiences, and estimated prevalence rates of ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD (CPTSD) in the general adult population of Ukraine during the Russian war. We also examined how war-related stressors, PTSD, and CPTSD were associated with age, sex, and living location in Ukraine. Method: Self-report data were gathered from a nationwide sample of 2,004 adult parents of children under 18 from the general population of Ukraine approximately six months after Russia’s invasion. Results: All participants were exposed to at least one war-related stressor, and the mean number of exposures was 9.07 (range = 1-26). Additionally, 25.9% (95% CI = 23.9%, 27.8%) met diagnostic requirements for probable PTSD and 14.6% (95% CI = 12.9%, 16.0%) met requirements for probable CPTSD. There was evidence of a strong dose-response relationship between war-related stressors and meeting criteria for probable PTSD and CPTSD. Participants who had the highest exposure to war-related stressors were significantly more likely to meet the requirements for probable PTSD (OR = 4.20; 95% CI = 2.96 -5.95) or CPTSD (OR = 8.12; 95% CI = 5.11 - 12.91) compared to the least exposed. Conclusions: Humanitarian responses to the mental health needs of the Ukrainian population will need to take account of posttraumatic stress reactions. Education in diagnosing and treating PTSD/CPTSD, especially in the situation of a significant lack of human resources and continuing displacement of the population, is necessary.