Mapping the Competencies and Entrustable Professional Activities of Medical Ethics for Faculty Members

Mapping the Competencies and Entrustable Professional Activities of Medical Ethics for Faculty Members | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Mapping the Competencies and Entrustable Professional Activities of Medical Ethics for Faculty Members Jannat Mashayekhi, Mahboobeh Khabaz Mafinejad This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2122782/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Jun, 2023 Read the published version in BMC Medical Education → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction The present study aimed to develop core competencies and Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) for faculty members through participating in faculty development courses in the field of medical ethics. Methods This study included five stages. First, based on the literature review and interviews with 14 experts and through inductive content analysis, categories and subcategories were extracted. Second, content validity of the core competency list was assessed by 16 experts using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Third, based on previous phase, a framework for EPAs was developed by research taskforce in two sessions through consensus. Fourth, content validity of the list of EPAs compiled based on three-point Likert was evaluated by 11 medical ethics experts from necessity and relevance perspective. Fifth, EPAs were mapped by 10 experts to the developed core competencies. Results After literature review and interviews, 295 codes were extracted, which were further classified into six categories and 18 subcategories. Based on the validation results, five core competencies and 23 EPAs were developed that were required for faculty members in the field of medical ethics. Identified core competencies included teaching, research and scholarship in the field of medical ethics, communication skills, moral reasoning, and decision-making, policy-making and ethical leadership. Conclusion Medical teachers can be strongly effective in moralizing healthcare system, and present findings showed that faculty members should acquire extensive core competencies and EPAs for proficiently integrating medical ethics in curricula. Faculty development programs can be designed in the field of medical ethics for faculty members to help them acquire core competencies and EPAs. Medical Ethics Entrustable Professional Activities Competencies Faculty Members Introduction Medical ethics is a core competency in medical education ( 1 ), and faculty members can be significantly effective in conveying moral values ​​to students ( 2 ). Faculty members tackle medical ethics challenges in clinical service delivery, education, and research ( 3 ). Thus, successfully providing clinical services to patients depends not only on medical knowledge and skills, but also appropriate and ethical relationship with patients, respect for patient confidentiality and privacy, honesty with patients, as well as maintaining patients’ trust ( 4 ), that also lead to reducing medical errors ( 5 ). Moreover, majority of medical knowledge comes from scientific research, and hence, appropriate teaching of ethics in research is a major duty of faculty members in addition to presenting knowledge regarding code of conducts and guidelines in healthcare practice ( 6 , 7 ). Moreover, observance of ethical principles in providing clinical services and research by faculty members, as role models, affects students as it informally conveys them moral values through hidden curriculum ( 8 , 9 ). Observing professional behaviors through such role modeling, which can later have positive effects on improving patient care delivery ( 10 ), is often considered stronger than that the direct teaching in formal curriculum ( 11 ). Through role modeling, medical teachers affect medical students’ attitudes, norms, and beliefs, as well as help them develop professional values ( 12 ). However, direct teaching of medical ethics to students is required ( 13 ), and without it, students may not achieve moral growth and decision-making capacity to resolve ethical dilemmas ( 14 ). Sometimes, faculty members consider themselves incapable of teaching and conveying moral values ​​and professional behaviors to students because they have not received formal education in medical ethics ( 15 ). Eckles et al. showed that faculty members could not play their role in improving medical ethics competency of students, and it needs that medical faculty members should learn about their role in the field of medical ethics through participation in relevant faculty development programs ( 16 ). Evidence shows that medical ethics education for them has been neglected ( 17 ) or inadequate ( 18 ). Hence, to design an effective medical ethics program for faculty members, core competencies in medical ethics should be highlighted, since, currently, competency-based education is considered a fundamental strategy for training and evaluation ( 19 ). Unlike for competencies defined in medical education, for ethical competencies, research work has been limited, and no definition was uniformly agreed upon ( 20 ). In addition to, faculty member’s typical duties and professional plans in various training situations, for each training program, they need to adapt themselves to have related, required and expected competencies. This study aimed at defining core competencies and Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) for faculty members that need to be accommodated in the faculty development courses. Methods And Materials This study was conducted at Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) in Iran in 2018-2020 in 5 stag. A - Stage 1: Literature review A1: Narrative review of the literature was conducted using the following keywords: "fellowship", "faculty development", "curriculum", "medical ethics", "bioethics" in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases on English articles. By critically reviewing the articles’ title and abstract, those related to undergraduate medical education and other professions’ trainings were excluded. However, articles about faculty members were included, and abstracts presented at conferences or other meetings were disregarded. Then, the remaining articles were thematically reviewed and analyzed. A2: A rapid review of gray literature was done on Google to identify medical ethics fellowship and faculty development programs, and the gathered data was excluded regarding registration-type information of curricula, irrelative to medical ethics curricula, or no access to full-detail programs. The data, then, was analyzed using directed content analysis approach . A3: Conducting interviews A purposive sampling and semi-structured individual interviews were conducted to achieve medical ethics’ tasks and competencies expected from faculty members. Fourteen participants were selected purposively from different disciplines including clinicians, medical ethicists and managers. The experts had related experiences or educational activities in medical ethics for minimum five years. In this phase, we have sought the view of experts about the questions including : What competencies are needed for a faculty member in the field of medical ethics ? What are the expected tasks of a faculty member in the field of medical ethics? Interviews lasted from 30 to 90 minutes depending on interactions between the interviewer and interviewee. B- Stage 2: Holding expert panel A list of competencies was compiled to be later assessed by the expert panel. Participants from different disciplines were purposively selected with maximum variation in specialty (medical ethicist, clinical specialists and managers) and gender. The 16 recruited experts had experience in the field of medical ethics attended a session lasted about two and half hours. At the beginning of the session, a moderator explained session’s goals and presented a list of expected competencies derived from the previous phases. Then, participants were asked to comment further on them, and the session was continued to reach a consensus on core competencies by calculating Quantitative content validity indicators (CVR, CVI). CVR was calculated using C.H. Lawshe method and CVI using the Waltz & Bausell method, respectively, and CVR and CVI values ranged from +1 to -1. Competencies with an I-CVI of 0.79 or higher remained in the final list, and competencies with an I-CVR of 0.49 or higher considered evidence of good content validity. C- Stage 3: Developing EPAs framework In this stage, a taskforce, composed of experts from the fields of medical education and medical ethics, was established to develop a set of EPAs along with emerging competencies. Core EPAs framework drafted by two taskforce members (JM and MKM) based on the extracted codes from prior literature review and interviews in two sessions D- Stage 4: Validating EPAs framework This stage assessed the validity of EPAs. To evaluate EPAs, experts examined EPAs from necessity and relevance perspectives. Hence, the list of EPAs was sent to 11 experts of medical ethics through an e-mail to respond the questionnaires’ items based on a three-point Likert scale (high importance, moderate importance, and low importance). Finally, items with scores 70% or higher remained in the list. E- Stage 5: Mapping EPAs to core competencies Mapping EPAs to core competencies intended to create consistency in education and assessment of EPAs along with the different competencies and to address the shortcomings of snapshot, subjective judgments of complex tasks. Experts consisted of 10 faculty members of medical ethics and medical education mapped EPAs to core competencies, independently. Participants checked the relevance of each EPA to the competencies. The degree of relevance for each EPA with related competencies was as follows: minus for less than 50 percent, plus for 50 to 59 percent, plus-two for 60 to 69 percent, plus-three for 70 to 79 percent, and plus-four for more than 80 percent. Findings Step A: Reviewing the literature and conducting the interviews In terms of presenting medical ethics courses for faculty members, 10 articles on faculty’ medical ethics curricula and 10 medical schools’ websites were reviewed. Then, 60 codes were extracted using content analysis of articles and curricula. In interviews, 14 experts were asked about expected duties and competencies of faculty members participating in faculty development courses on medical ethics. Then, 235 codes were extracted which classified into six categories: teaching and research in the field of medical ethics, organizational ethics management, communication skills, ethical reasoning, policy-making, and ethical decision-making (Table 1). Table 1. Summary of categories and subcategories, as well as participants’ sample quotes about the competencies and duties of faculty members in medical ethics Quote Sample Subcategories Categories “Faculty members have the most significant role in teaching medical ethics to learners because learners face them daily. (No 2. female) Teaching medical ethics Teaching “[Faculty members] should be trained in more specialized medical ethics topics that are related to their field of specialty so that they can be referred to or consulted with when needed in their group” . (No 11. female) Providing educational advice in medical ethics field It is possible to entrust the training of undergraduate students to clinical faculty members who are not ethics experts but are familiar with ethics.” (No 5. female) Facilitation in medical ethics “You can contact faculty members in various fields and encourage them to consider joint dissertations with students in medical ethics . ” (No 4. female) Conducting and supervising dissertations in medical ethics Research “In addition to supervising research ethics committees, faculty members should consider ethical aspects in conducting and designing studies.” (No 3. male) Conducting projects in medical ethics “In prescriptive or recommended “developing codes, guidelines or instructions, outside of the target discipline is intangible and inapplicable for that target discipline’s specialists.” (No 5. female) Providing advice to individuals or committees regarding codes of ethics in research “Faculty members with the competency of medical ethics can be present in research committees as peer reviewers.” (No 2. female) Peer reviewing projects in the field of medical ethics “Faculty members can help by having ethical oversight in writing treatment guidelines with considering medical ethics issue.” (No 13. female) Developing guidelines “Faculty members should know the principles of management, policy-making, and policy-evaluation so that later they can ethically manage the issues happening in public healthcare domain, such as ethical issues in quarantine, vaccination, or compulsory healthcare system programs.” (No 5. females) Management of organizational ethics’ activities Management of organizational ethics in healthcare “Decision-makers should be familiar with the philosophical perspectives of ethics when decisions are made regarding the general principles of management, especially in areas such as resource allocation.”(No 12. male) Planning of organizational ethics’ policies “Sometimes, patients argue with us…Someone shouts at the ethics faculty members in front of their students, and then you want them to resolve conflicts in such situations, lead and guide, and ethically solve the issues.” (No 7.male) Resolving conflicts based on principles of ethics Communication skills “Teamwork skills are required to resolve ethical issues of various stakeholders . ” (No 8. male) Teamwork in medical ethics field ... Critical thinking taught me that such actions are immoral and any moral argument about them is weak and unjustifiable.” (No 8. male) Critical analysis of ethical problems Moral reasoning “Faculty members should be able to review and analysis problems and challenges and make decisions to solve them.” (No 2. female) Resolving ethical problems “If we want medical ethics and related concepts to be spread and breach in medical teams, we have no choice but to use the power and capacity of collaboration all colleagues in the ethics field . ” (No 5.female) Cooperation in the dissemination of medical ethics Ethical policy- making and decision- making “Country’s resources are limited, if we use, for example, 5% of health resources for certain patients, is it right? Or, we should spend this 5% on the common diseases of the country, to benefit more patients ; Some special patients die because we did not provide facilities. The different perspectives we have are important. Managers at general levels, not at philosophical level, but at related details (for example, justice and resource allocation) should be trained and receive consultation, and then face problems.” (No 12. male) Providing advice to managers, policy-makers and planners in the field of medical ethics “Faculty members should participate hospital’s ethics committees as they can make better decisions and discuss problems. We need committee members who are scientists familiar with ethics, but we don’t have enough of such members . ” (No 14.male) Ethical decision-making “Discussing or developing medical ethics in the academic environment without the leading of stakeholders seems meaningless.” (No 12.male) Leadership in promoting medical ethics Step B: Holding an expert panel At this stage, extracted tasks and competencies were sent to the experts attended the meeting to discuss the items. Their revisions on the quality of writing style and content for competencies and task were received. Moreover, based on CVR and CVI indices to identify main competencies, the competency of Management of organizational ethics in healthcare for faculty members did not achieve the required score and discarded from the list of competencies. Finally, core competencies included teaching, research and scholarship, communication skills, moral reasoning and decision-making, policy-making and ethical leadership (Table 2) Table 2: CVIs and CVRs calculated for medical faculty members’ expected core competencies CVR CVI Competencies 1 1 Teaching of medical ethics 1 1 Research and scholarship in the field of medical ethics 0 1 Management of organizational ethics in healthcare 0.75 0.87 Communication skills 1 1 Moral reasoning 0.75 1 Policy-making, decision-making and ethical leadership Step C: Compile a list of EPAs At this stage, the taskforce extracted 25 EPAs from the tasks approved in the previous phases . Step D: Validating the list of EPAs The closed-ended questionnaire, included 25 EPAs from the literature review and interview phases, was sent to 11 medical ethics professionals, to which 8 (72.2%) responded. Their completed questionnaires were analyzed, and the items with a score above 70% in terms of necessity and relevance were retained. Analysis revealed that none of the 25 items had an I-CVR less than %70, and two Items with I-CVI less than %70 were excluded. Tables 3 presents experts' responses. Table 3: Percentage of medical ethics scores on the importance and relevance of medical ethics faculty members’ expected EPAs EPA list Importance Relevance No Title High Moderate low No idea High Moderate Low No idea 1 Teaching medical ethics to faculty members through faculty development programs 100 100 2 Providing consultation and feedback to faculty members in medical ethics 100 87.5 12.5 3 Direct teaching of medical ethics to students 100 100 4 Integrated teaching of medical ethics to curricula through role modeling, etc. 82.5 12.5 87.5 25 5 Doing Facilitation in various situations of medical ethics education 75 12.5 12.5 75 12.5 12.5 6 Identifying and determining research priorities in medical ethics 87.5 12.5 75 37.5 7 Designing, implementation and cooperation in projects in medical sciences 100 100 8 Publishing and disseminating science findings ‏ of medical ethics projects 87.5 12.5 87.5 12.5 9 Providing consultation to research ethics committees 100 100 10 Ethical guidance and supervision of research projects 87.5 12.5 87.5 12.5 11 Ethical peer reviewing and critique of research projects 87.5 12.5 100 12 Developing codes of conduct and ethical guidelines in original, prescriptive and developmental research 87.5 12.5 100 13 Managing and directing planning activities in medical ethics field 87.5 12.5 62.5 37.5 14 Providing ethical guidance and supervision of treatment guidelines 70 12.5 12.5 75 12.5 12.5 15 Leading change management in advancing medical ethics at micro and macro levels 87.5 12.5 75 12.5 12.5 16 Decision-making on resource allocation 87.5 12.5 62.5 37.5 17 Managing the Conflict in communications and interactions based on ethical principles 87.5 12.5 87.5 12.5 18 Collaborating in team activities related to the field of medical ethics 100 100 19 Identifying and critically analyzing ethical issues and dilemma 100 100 20 Providing evidence-based solutions to ethical issues and challenges 100 100 21 Conducting ethical reflecting on personal and organisational activities 100 100 22 Planning, cooperation and directing activities related to the development and influence of medical ethics in healthcare system 87.5 12.5 100 23 Providing advice to managers, policy makers and planners in promoting medical ethics programs 75 12.5 12.5 87.5 12.5 24 Guiding organizational ethics committees 87.5 12.5 100 25 Evaluating the quality of ethical decisions and policies 87.5 12.5 100 Step E: Mapping EPAs to core competencies Table 4 presents the relationship between EPAs and core competencies of medical ethics for faculty members. Table 4. Mapping of EPAs to core competencies in medical ethics training faculty development programs for faculty members teaching Research and scholarship Communication skills Moral reasoning Policy-making, decision-making, and leadership EPA Titles No. ++++ - +++ +++ - Teaching medical ethics to faculty members through faculty development programs 1 - - ++ ++++ - Providing consultation and feedback to faculty members in medical ethics 2 ++++ - + + - Direct teaching of medical ethics to students 3 +++ - ++++ +++ - Integrated teaching of medical ethics to curricula through role modeling, etc. 4 ++ - ++++ + - Doing Facilitation in various situations of medical ethics education 5 - ++++ + - ++ Identifying and determining research priorities in medical ethics 6 - ++++ + - + Designing, implementation and cooperation in medical ethics projects 7 - +++ + - +++ Publishing and disseminating science findings ‏ of medical ethics projects 8 - - +++ ++++ + Providing consultation to research ethics committees 9 - + ++ +++ - Ethical guidance and supervision of research projects 10 - - + +++ ++++ Ethical peer reviewing and critique of research projects 11 - ++++ - + ++++ Developing codes of conduct and ethical guidelines in original, prescriptive and developmental research 12 - + - + ++ Providing ethical guidance and supervision of treatment guidelines 13 - - ++ ++ ++++ Leading change management in advancing medical ethics at micro and macro levels 14 - - ++++ ++++ ++ Managing the Conflict in communications and interactions based on ethical principles 15 - - ++++ + + Collaborating in team activities related to the field of medical ethics 16 - ++ - ++++ + Identifying and critically analyzing ethical issues and dilemma 17 - + - ++++ + Providing evidence-based solutions to ethical issues and challenges 18 - - - ++++ + Conducting ethical reflecting on personal activities and organisational activities 19 - - +++ + ++++ Planning, cooperation and directing activities related to the development and influence of medical ethics in healthcare system 20 - - ++++ ++++ ++++ Providing advice to managers, policy makers and planners in promoting medical ethics programs 21 - - ++ ++++ ++ Guiding organizational ethics committees 22 - - - +++ ++++ Evaluating the quality of ethical decisions and policies 23 Discussion Empowerment of human resources is considered as one of the main strategies to achieve resources with appropriate competencies, to lead the organizational change process ( 21 ). Faculty development programs intend to enhance professional knowledge and skills to adapt to the growing changes; training and development of faculty members plays a valuable role in balancing professional knowledge and skills ( 22 ). Research showed that lack of medical ethics’ knowledge and awareness is a significant challenge leading to unethical practices ( 23 , 24 ). In the present study, teaching skill was identified as a core competency for faculty members in medical ethics education. Creating educational opportunities is detrimental to empower faculty members who can teach medical ethics in active ways and relevant to their field’s topics. Furthermore, for integrated medical ethics teaching, faculty members should teach professional behaviours to students in various educational opportunities through courses as well as act as professional role models ( 25 ). The role of medical teachers as a creditable role models for students is necessary for teaching professional and ethical behaviours ( 11 , 26 ). In the study by Bligh et al. the following major competencies were considered required for medical teachers: teaching skills, effective communication skills, professionalism, expert knowledge and role modeling ( 27 ). Research and scholarship in the field of medical ethics is considered as a core competency for faculty members in this study. In our study, faculty members must be competent to design and conduct high-quality original research, developmental and prescriptive research. In this category, the set of outcomes mainly related to determining research priorities, methodology design, implementation, application and dissemination of results as well as evidence-based practice in the field of medical ethics is required. Scholarship highlighted encouraging the participation of faculty members in developing their innovative practice in the medical ethics field. Thomas (2003) recommended that providing professional incentives that value scholarship in medical ethics, even when it is not a faculty member’s primary research area, is necessary for promoting scholarship activities in medical ethics ( 28 ). In this study, besides the research ability to generate the medical ethics studies, the scholarship capability to explore intervention for solving ethical problems and challenges, as well as the ability of informed decision making to choose the best professional practice in professional activities were emphasized. Effective communication skills with different stakeholders to implement and teach medical ethics at the interpersonal and team level, was identified as another core competency in the present study. According to the our findings, to convey ethical values ​​and beliefs to medical students in all three areas of knowledge, attitude and behavior, and institutionalizing medical ethics in the healthcare system, medical teachers should have high-level, effective communication skills ( 29 ). According to current study, ethical reasoning and decision-making competency is another core competency for medical ethics’ faculty members, which other studies referred to it as a multidimensional skill consisting of individual and organizational competencies ( 30 ). Moral reasoning capability required for training and development of professionalism in various dimensions ( 31 ). Ethical reasoning and decision-making competencies have not only used for resolving ethical conflicts along with communication skills in the education system, but also for existing research aimed at assessing such ability ( 32 ). Furthermore, based on our findings, the competency of managing organizational ethics in healthcare did not earn necessary votes to be considered as a core competency because, apparently, participants interpreted it as the capability of management at different levels in schools. To implement competencies in practice and workplace, EPAs in the competency-based curriculum should be used. EPAs translate essential competencies for medical education related to required tasks and duties ( 33 ). Ethics faculty members’ opinions on EPAs showed that most of the tasks, except two items, assigned to faculty members after attending medical ethics faculty development courses, received essential scores in terms of necessity and relevance to the essential role and core competencies. These two items were as follows: “Decision-making on resource allocation”, and “Managing and directing planning activities in medical ethics field." These two items, possibly, due to the direct role of managers and educational administrators in promoting it at the organizational level, are less significant in faculty members’ professional duty list. According to the present findings, the score of moral reasoning competency was equal to or greater than 70% of those of other 11 EPAs, indicating the importance of this competency and the need to address it further; meanwhile, in existing studies, this competency and tools for its measurement were discussed ( 33 , 34 ). Studies on EPAs required for faculty members in medical ethics were not adequate whereas such studies were required to conduct practical and edifying courses for faculty development programs. Moreover, the participation of various experts from the clinical and medical ethics departments and educational administrators in this study, especially those who had research or activities in the field of medical ethics, was valuable to obtain various stakeholders’ viewpoints. In addition, a multi-stage method together with quantitative and qualitative study methods helped explain the study topic. As a limitation, few articles addressed medical ethics curricula or faculty members’ tasks in medical ethics. Another limitation was the lack of determination of entrustment decisions level regarding EPAs in faculty development programs in medical ethics. Conclusion Medical teachers are significantly effective in moralizing the healthcare system and faculty members should attain core competencies and EPAs for medical ethics education. In this study, the competency components of faculty members in the field of medical ethics in five competency domains have been defined as teaching, research and scholarship in the field of medical ethics, communication skills, moral reasoning, and decision-making, policy-making and ethical leadership. Faculty development programs can be designed in the field of medical ethics for faculty members to help them acquire core competencies and EPAs. Abbreviations EPA: Entrustable Professional Activity CVI: Content Validity Index CVR: Content Validity Ratio Declarations Acknowledgements The authors thank all participants in the present research. Ethical considerations The present study was approved by research ethics committee of Tehran University Medical Science with IR.TUMS.MEDICINE.REC.1398.736 code of ethics. The interviews with interviewees' preferred time and location were conducted. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants. And withdrawal of consent right at any time explained and information confidentiality was conserved. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Competing interests The authors have no competing interests . Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Consent for publication Not applicable . Funding No funding Authors' contributions JM and MKM made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the manuscript. JM undertook the acquisition of data. JM and MKM made substantial contributions the analysis and interpretation of data. Draft of the manuscript was written by both authors. MKM consultation and revise the manuscript. All authors reviewed entire manuscript for edits, feedback and approval. References Afshar L. Comparative Study of Medical Ethics Curriculum in General Medicine Course in 10Selected Universities in the World. Journal of Medical Education. 2019;18(1). Majidi F, Karimi-Mouneghi H, Makarem A, Emadzadeh A, Majidi N. What Are the Best Strategies for Faculty Development in Medical Schools? Future of Medical Education Journal. 2018;8(2):21-7. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2122782","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":147461047,"identity":"c99c4e2c-61c0-4b13-9207-dabc73131533","order_by":0,"name":"Jannat Mashayekhi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jannat","middleName":"","lastName":"Mashayekhi","suffix":""},{"id":147461048,"identity":"46d28815-0ee3-4393-a311-cfd30010dfc3","order_by":1,"name":"Mahboobeh Khabaz Mafinejad","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCCCgMGBsYGBsMHDAbIwsx4tJyBaDE2AGthI0oLhDKTAFNseFSCgG4Dd+KHAwV35JjbD2+r/FFwR55Bvsd04w8GO3kGdt4H2LSYHeDdLHHA4JkxY09a2W0eg2eGDWw8Zrd5GJING5jZDbBquf92g/QHg8OJjQ05ZrcZDA4zgrUAPZLAwIzdiSBbfhwwOFzf2P/GrPCHwWF7kJabPxjq8WnZBnTY4QTGGTlmDDxA60BabvAwHMarxQKoxbBxxrNiaaCW5DY2sKeOG7bhcdiNA38Oyxv2J2/8+OPPYdt+5sPbbv6oqJbn5z+GVQscGDZAGRCjDQjHD4M8IQWjYBSMglEwcgEATtpbotu9rtYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mahboobeh","middleName":"Khabaz","lastName":"Mafinejad","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-10-01 07:44:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2122782/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2122782/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04305-1","type":"published","date":"2023-06-05T21:05:32+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":44731763,"identity":"2a233265-b7ce-4edf-b0ec-2a556ca6d6a4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-16 21:47:42","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":505568,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2122782/v1/ef8ba100-8dac-4bf9-b95b-9349e5c73c6c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Mapping the Competencies and Entrustable Professional Activities of Medical Ethics for Faculty Members","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMedical ethics is a core competency in medical education (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), and faculty members can be significantly effective in conveying moral values ​​to students (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Faculty members tackle medical ethics challenges in clinical service delivery, education, and research (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, successfully providing clinical services to patients depends not only on medical knowledge and skills, but also appropriate and ethical relationship with patients, respect for patient confidentiality and privacy, honesty with patients, as well as maintaining patients\u0026rsquo; trust (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), that also lead to reducing medical errors (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, majority of medical knowledge comes from scientific research, and hence, appropriate teaching of ethics in research is a major duty of faculty members in addition to presenting knowledge regarding code of conducts and guidelines in healthcare practice (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, observance of ethical principles in providing clinical services and research by faculty members, as role models, affects students as it informally conveys them moral values through hidden curriculum (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Observing professional behaviors through such role modeling, which can later have positive effects on improving patient care delivery (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e), is often considered stronger than that the direct teaching in formal curriculum (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Through role modeling, medical teachers affect medical students\u0026rsquo; attitudes, norms, and beliefs, as well as help them develop professional values (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). However, direct teaching of medical ethics to students is required (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e), and without it, students may not achieve moral growth and decision-making capacity to resolve ethical dilemmas (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSometimes, faculty members consider themselves incapable of teaching and conveying moral values ​​and professional behaviors to students because they have not received formal education in medical ethics (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). Eckles et al. showed that faculty members could not play their role in improving medical ethics competency of students, and it needs that medical faculty members should learn about their role in the field of medical ethics through participation in relevant faculty development programs (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). Evidence shows that medical ethics education for them has been neglected (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e) or inadequate (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). Hence, to design an effective medical ethics program for faculty members, core competencies in medical ethics should be highlighted, since, currently, competency-based education is considered a fundamental strategy for training and evaluation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). Unlike for competencies defined in medical education, for ethical competencies, research work has been limited, and no definition was uniformly agreed upon (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). In addition to, faculty member\u0026rsquo;s typical duties and professional plans in various training situations, for each training program, they need to adapt themselves to have related, required and expected competencies. This study aimed at defining core competencies and Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) for faculty members that need to be accommodated in the faculty development courses.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods And Materials","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted at Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) in Iran in 2018-2020 in 5 stag.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA - Stage 1: Literature review\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA1:\u003c/strong\u003e Narrative review of the literature was conducted using the following keywords: \u0026quot;fellowship\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;faculty development\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;curriculum\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;medical ethics\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;bioethics\u0026quot; in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases on English articles. By critically reviewing the articles\u0026rsquo; title and abstract, those related to undergraduate medical education and other professions\u0026rsquo; trainings were excluded. However, articles about faculty members were included, and abstracts presented at conferences or other meetings were disregarded. Then, the remaining articles were thematically reviewed and analyzed.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA2:\u003c/strong\u003e A rapid review of gray literature was done on Google to identify medical ethics fellowship and faculty development programs, and the gathered data was excluded regarding registration-type information of curricula, irrelative to medical ethics curricula, or no access to full-detail programs. The data, then, was analyzed using directed content analysis approach\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA3: Conducting interviews\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA purposive sampling and semi-structured individual interviews were conducted to achieve medical ethics\u0026rsquo; tasks and competencies expected from faculty members. Fourteen participants were selected purposively from different disciplines including clinicians, medical ethicists and managers. The experts had related experiences or educational activities in medical ethics for minimum five years. In this phase, we have sought the view of experts about the questions including\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWhat competencies are needed for a faculty member in the field of medical ethics\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e?\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWhat are the expected tasks of a faculty member in the field of medical ethics?\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Interviews lasted from 30 to 90 minutes depending on interactions between the interviewer and interviewee.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB- Stage 2: Holding expert panel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA list of competencies was compiled to be later assessed by the expert panel. Participants from different disciplines were purposively selected with maximum variation in specialty (medical ethicist, clinical specialists and managers) and gender. The 16 recruited experts had experience in the field of medical ethics attended a session lasted about two and half hours.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eAt the beginning of the session, a moderator explained session\u0026rsquo;s goals and presented a list of expected competencies derived from the previous phases. Then, participants were asked to comment further on them, and the session was continued to reach a consensus on core competencies by calculating Quantitative content validity indicators (CVR, CVI). CVR was calculated using C.H. Lawshe method and CVI using the Waltz \u0026amp; Bausell method, respectively, and CVR and CVI values ranged from +1 to -1. \u0026nbsp;Competencies with an I-CVI of 0.79 or higher remained in the final list, and competencies with an I-CVR of 0.49 or higher considered evidence of good content validity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC- Stage 3: Developing EPAs framework\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this stage, a taskforce, composed of experts from the fields of medical education and medical ethics, was established to develop a set of EPAs along with emerging competencies. Core EPAs framework drafted by two taskforce members (JM and MKM) based on the extracted codes from prior literature review and interviews in two sessions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eD- Stage 4: Validating EPAs framework\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis stage assessed the validity of EPAs. To evaluate EPAs, experts examined EPAs from necessity and relevance perspectives. Hence, the list of EPAs was sent to 11 experts of medical ethics through an e-mail to respond the questionnaires\u0026rsquo; items based on a three-point Likert scale (high importance, moderate importance, and low importance). Finally, items with scores 70% or higher remained in the list.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE- Stage 5: Mapping EPAs to core competencies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMapping EPAs to core competencies intended to create consistency in education and assessment of EPAs along with the different competencies and to address the shortcomings of snapshot, subjective judgments of complex tasks. Experts consisted of 10 faculty members of medical ethics and medical education mapped EPAs to core competencies, independently. Participants checked the relevance of each EPA to the competencies. The degree of relevance for each EPA with related competencies was as follows: minus for less than 50 percent, plus for 50 to 59 percent, plus-two for 60 to 69 percent, plus-three for 70 to 79 percent, and plus-four for more than 80 percent.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Findings","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStep A: Reviewing the literature and conducting the interviews\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn terms of presenting medical ethics courses for faculty members, 10 articles on faculty\u0026rsquo; medical ethics curricula and 10 medical schools\u0026rsquo; websites were reviewed. Then, 60 codes were extracted using content analysis of articles and curricula.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn interviews, 14 experts were asked about expected duties and competencies of faculty members participating in faculty development courses on medical ethics. Then, 235 codes were extracted which classified into six categories: teaching and research in the field of medical ethics, organizational ethics management, communication skills, ethical reasoning, policy-making, and ethical decision-making (Table 1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Summary of categories and subcategories, as well as participants\u0026rsquo; sample quotes about the competencies and duties of faculty members in medical ethics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" dir=\"rtl\" width=\"631\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"53.24881141045959%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuote Sample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"30.269413629160063%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubcategories\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.48177496038035%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategories\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.24881141045959%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026ldquo;Faculty members have the most significant role in teaching medical ethics to learners because learners face them daily. (No 2. female)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"30.269413629160063%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTeaching medical ethics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" width=\"16.48177496038035%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTeaching\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.75711574952562%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026ldquo;[Faculty members] should be trained in more specialized medical ethics topics that are related to their field of specialty so that they can be referred to or consulted with when needed in their group\u0026rdquo;\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e (No 11. female)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.24288425047438%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eProviding educational advice in medical ethics field\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.75711574952562%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eIt is possible to entrust the training of undergraduate students to clinical faculty members who are not ethics experts but are familiar with ethics.\u0026rdquo; (No 5. female)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.24288425047438%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eFacilitation in medical ethics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.24881141045959%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026ldquo;You can contact faculty members in various fields and encourage them to consider joint dissertations with students in medical ethics\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026rdquo; (No 4. female)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"30.269413629160063%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eConducting and supervising dissertations in medical ethics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" width=\"16.48177496038035%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eResearch\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.75711574952562%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026ldquo;In addition to supervising research ethics committees, faculty members should consider ethical aspects in conducting and designing studies.\u0026rdquo; (No 3. male)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.24288425047438%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eConducting projects in medical ethics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.75711574952562%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026ldquo;In prescriptive or recommended \u0026ldquo;developing codes, guidelines or instructions, outside of the target discipline is intangible and inapplicable for that target discipline\u0026rsquo;s specialists.\u0026rdquo; (No 5. female)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.24288425047438%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eProviding advice to individuals or committees regarding codes of ethics in research\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.75711574952562%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026ldquo;Faculty members with the competency of medical ethics can be present in research committees as peer reviewers.\u0026rdquo; (No 2. female)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.24288425047438%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003ePeer reviewing projects in the field of medical ethics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.75711574952562%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026ldquo;Faculty members can help by having ethical oversight in writing treatment guidelines with considering medical ethics issue.\u0026rdquo; (No 13. female)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.24288425047438%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eDeveloping guidelines\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.24881141045959%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026ldquo;Faculty members should know the principles of management, policy-making, and policy-evaluation so that later they can ethically manage the issues\u0026nbsp;happening in public healthcare domain, such as ethical issues in quarantine, vaccination, or compulsory healthcare system programs.\u0026rdquo; (No 5. females)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"30.269413629160063%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eManagement of organizational ethics\u0026rsquo; activities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"16.48177496038035%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eManagement of organizational ethics in healthcare\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.75711574952562%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ldquo;Decision-makers should be familiar with the philosophical perspectives of ethics when decisions are made regarding the general principles of management, especially in areas such as resource allocation.\u0026rdquo;(No 12. male)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.24288425047438%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003ePlanning of organizational ethics\u0026rsquo; policies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.24881141045959%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026ldquo;Sometimes, patients argue with us\u0026hellip;Someone shouts at the ethics faculty members in front of their students, and then you want them to resolve conflicts in such situations, lead and guide, and ethically solve the issues.\u0026rdquo; (No 7.male)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"30.269413629160063%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eResolving conflicts based on principles of ethics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"16.48177496038035%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eCommunication skills\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.75711574952562%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026ldquo;Teamwork skills are required to resolve ethical issues of various stakeholders\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026rdquo; (No 8. male)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.24288425047438%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTeamwork in\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003emedical ethics field\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.24881141045959%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e... Critical thinking taught me that such actions are immoral and any moral argument about them is weak and unjustifiable.\u0026rdquo; (No 8. male)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"30.269413629160063%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eCritical analysis of ethical problems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"16.48177496038035%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eMoral reasoning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.75711574952562%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026ldquo;Faculty members should be able to review and analysis problems and challenges and make decisions to solve them.\u0026rdquo; (No 2. female)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.24288425047438%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eResolving ethical problems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.24881141045959%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026ldquo;If we want medical ethics and related concepts to be spread and breach in medical teams, we have no choice but to use the power and capacity of collaboration all colleagues in the ethics field\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026rdquo; (No 5.female)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"30.269413629160063%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eCooperation in the dissemination of medical ethics\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" width=\"16.48177496038035%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eEthical policy- making and decision- making\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.75711574952562%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026ldquo;Country\u0026rsquo;s resources are limited, if we use, for example, 5% of health resources for certain patients, is it right? Or, we should spend this 5% on the common diseases of the country, to benefit more patients\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e;\u003c/span\u003e Some special patients die because we did not provide facilities. The different perspectives we have are important. Managers at general levels, not at philosophical level, but at related details (for example, justice and resource allocation) should be trained and receive consultation, and then face problems.\u0026rdquo; (No 12. male)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.24288425047438%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eProviding advice to managers, policy-makers and planners in the field of medical ethics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.75711574952562%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026ldquo;Faculty members should participate hospital\u0026rsquo;s ethics committees as they can make better decisions and discuss problems. We need committee members who are scientists familiar with ethics, but we don\u0026rsquo;t have enough of such members\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u0026rdquo; (No 14.male)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.24288425047438%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eEthical decision-making\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"63.75711574952562%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026ldquo;Discussing or developing medical ethics in the academic environment without the leading of stakeholders seems meaningless.\u0026rdquo; (No 12.male)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.24288425047438%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eLeadership in promoting medical ethics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStep B: Holding an expert panel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt this stage, extracted tasks and competencies were sent to the experts attended the meeting to discuss the items. Their revisions on the quality of writing style and content for competencies and task were received. Moreover, based on CVR and CVI indices to identify main competencies, the competency of Management of organizational ethics in healthcare for faculty members did not achieve the required score and discarded from the list of competencies. Finally, core competencies included teaching, research and scholarship, communication skills, moral reasoning and decision-making, policy-making and ethical leadership (Table 2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: CVIs and CVRs calculated for medical faculty members\u0026rsquo; expected core competencies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" dir=\"rtl\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCVR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCVI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompetencies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTeaching of medical ethics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eResearch and scholarship in the field of medical ethics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eManagement of organizational ethics in healthcare\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eCommunication skills\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eMoral reasoning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003ePolicy-making, decision-making and ethical leadership\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStep C: Compile a list of EPAs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt this stage, the taskforce extracted 25 EPAs from the tasks approved in the previous phases\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStep D: Validating the list of EPAs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe closed-ended questionnaire, included 25 EPAs from the literature review and interview phases, was sent to 11 medical ethics professionals, to which 8 (72.2%) responded. Their completed questionnaires were analyzed, and the items with a score above 70% in terms of necessity and relevance were retained. Analysis revealed that none of the 25 items had an I-CVR less than %70, and two Items with I-CVI less than %70 were excluded.\u0026nbsp;Tables 3 presents experts\u0026apos; responses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3: Percentage of medical ethics scores on the importance and relevance of medical ethics faculty members\u0026rsquo; expected EPAs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctable align=\"left\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.154639175257732%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.8659793814433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEPA list\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" width=\"32.98969072164948%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImportance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" width=\"32.98969072164948%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelevance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTitle\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModerate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003elow\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo idea\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModerate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLow\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo idea\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTeaching medical ethics to faculty members through faculty development programs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding consultation and feedback to faculty members in medical ethics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e87.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDirect teaching of medical ethics to students\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntegrated teaching of medical ethics to curricula through \u0026nbsp;role modeling, etc.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e82.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e87.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoing Facilitation in various situations of medical ethics education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIdentifying and determining research priorities in medical ethics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e87.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e37.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDesigning, implementation and cooperation in projects in medical sciences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublishing and disseminating science findings\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e of medical ethics projects\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e87.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e87.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding consultation to research ethics committees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthical guidance and supervision of research projects\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e87.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e87.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthical peer reviewing \u0026nbsp;and critique of research projects\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e87.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeveloping codes of conduct and ethical guidelines in original, prescriptive and developmental research\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e87.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManaging and directing \u0026nbsp;planning activities in medical ethics field\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e87.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e62.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e37.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding ethical guidance and supervision of treatment guidelines\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeading change management in advancing medical ethics at micro and macro levels\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e87.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDecision-making on resource allocation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e87.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e62.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e37.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManaging the Conflict \u0026nbsp;in communications and interactions based on ethical principles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e87.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e87.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollaborating in team activities related to the field of medical ethics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIdentifying and critically analyzing ethical issues and dilemma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding evidence-based solutions to ethical issues and challenges\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConducting ethical reflecting on personal and organisational activities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlanning, cooperation and directing activities related to the development and influence of medical ethics in healthcare system\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e87.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding advice to managers, policy makers and planners in promoting medical ethics programs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e87.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGuiding organizational ethics committees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e87.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.107526881720432%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEvaluating the quality of ethical decisions and policies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e87.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e12.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStep E: Mapping EPAs to core competencies\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 presents the relationship between EPAs and core competencies of medical ethics for faculty members.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. Mapping of EPAs to core competencies in medical ethics training faculty development programs for faculty members\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" dir=\"rtl\" width=\"610\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eteaching\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch and scholarship\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommunication skills\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMoral reasoning\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolicy-making, decision-making, and leadership\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEPA Titles\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTeaching medical ethics to faculty members through faculty development programs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eProviding consultation and feedback to faculty members in medical ethics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eDirect teaching of medical ethics to students\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eIntegrated teaching of medical ethics to curricula through \u0026nbsp;role modeling, etc.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eDoing Facilitation in various situations of medical ethics education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eIdentifying and determining research priorities in medical ethics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eDesigning, implementation and cooperation in medical ethics projects\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003ePublishing and disseminating science findings\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e of medical ethics projects\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eProviding consultation to research ethics committees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eEthical guidance and supervision of research projects\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eEthical peer reviewing \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; and critique of research projects\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eDeveloping codes of conduct and ethical guidelines in original, prescriptive and developmental research\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eProviding ethical guidance and supervision of treatment guidelines\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eLeading change management in advancing medical ethics at micro and macro levels\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eManaging the Conflict \u0026nbsp;in communications and interactions based on ethical principles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eCollaborating in team activities related to the field of medical ethics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eIdentifying and critically analyzing ethical issues and dilemma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eProviding evidence-based solutions to ethical issues and challenges\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eConducting ethical reflecting on personal activities and organisational activities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003ePlanning, cooperation and directing activities related to the development and influence of medical ethics in healthcare system\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eProviding advice to managers, policy makers and planners in promoting medical ethics programs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eGuiding organizational ethics committees\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.456628477905074%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.911620294599018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.02127659574468%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e+++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.438625204582651%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e++++\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.350245499181668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eEvaluating the quality of ethical decisions and policies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eEmpowerment of human resources is considered as one of the main strategies to achieve resources with appropriate competencies, to lead the organizational change process (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). Faculty development programs intend to enhance professional knowledge and skills to adapt to the growing changes; training and development of faculty members plays a valuable role in balancing professional knowledge and skills (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). Research showed that lack of medical ethics\u0026rsquo; knowledge and awareness is a significant challenge leading to unethical practices (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, teaching skill was identified as a core competency for faculty members in medical ethics education. Creating educational opportunities is detrimental to empower faculty members who can teach medical ethics in active ways and relevant to their field\u0026rsquo;s topics. Furthermore, for integrated medical ethics teaching, faculty members should teach professional behaviours to students in various educational opportunities through courses as well as act as professional role models (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). The role of medical teachers as a creditable role models for students is necessary for teaching professional and ethical behaviours (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). In the study by Bligh \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e the following major competencies were considered required for medical teachers: teaching skills, effective communication skills, professionalism, expert knowledge and role modeling (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch and scholarship in the field of medical ethics is considered as a core competency for faculty members in this study. In our study, faculty members must be competent to design and conduct high-quality original research, developmental and prescriptive research. In this category, the set of outcomes mainly related to determining research priorities, methodology design, implementation, application and dissemination of results as well as evidence-based practice in the field of medical ethics is required. Scholarship highlighted encouraging the participation of faculty members in developing their innovative practice in the medical ethics field. Thomas (2003) recommended that providing professional incentives that value scholarship in medical ethics, even when it is not a faculty member\u0026rsquo;s primary research area, is necessary for promoting scholarship activities in medical ethics (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, besides the research ability to generate the medical ethics studies, the scholarship capability to explore intervention for solving ethical problems and challenges, as well as the ability of informed decision making to choose the best professional practice in professional activities were emphasized.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffective communication skills with different stakeholders to implement and teach medical ethics at the interpersonal and team level, was identified as another core competency in the present study. According to the our findings, to convey ethical values ​​and beliefs to medical students in all three areas of knowledge, attitude and behavior, and institutionalizing medical ethics in the healthcare system, medical teachers should have high-level, effective communication skills (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to current study, ethical reasoning and decision-making competency is another core competency for medical ethics\u0026rsquo; faculty members, which other studies referred to it as a multidimensional skill consisting of individual and organizational competencies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). Moral reasoning capability required for training and development of professionalism in various dimensions (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). Ethical reasoning and decision-making competencies have not only used for resolving ethical conflicts along with communication skills in the education system, but also for existing research aimed at assessing such ability (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, based on our findings, the competency of managing organizational ethics in healthcare did not earn necessary votes to be considered as a core competency because, apparently, participants interpreted it as the capability of management at different levels in schools.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo implement competencies in practice and workplace, EPAs in the competency-based curriculum should be used. EPAs translate essential competencies for medical education related to required tasks and duties (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). Ethics faculty members\u0026rsquo; opinions on EPAs showed that most of the tasks, except two items, assigned to faculty members after attending medical ethics faculty development courses, received essential scores in terms of necessity and relevance to the essential role and core competencies. These two items were as follows: \u0026ldquo;Decision-making on resource allocation\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;Managing and directing planning activities in medical ethics field.\" These two items, possibly, due to the direct role of managers and educational administrators in promoting it at the organizational level, are less significant in faculty members\u0026rsquo; professional duty list. According to the present findings, the score of moral reasoning competency was equal to or greater than 70% of those of other 11 EPAs, indicating the importance of this competency and the need to address it further; meanwhile, in existing studies, this competency and tools for its measurement were discussed (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies on EPAs required for faculty members in medical ethics were not adequate whereas such studies were required to conduct practical and edifying courses for faculty development programs. Moreover, the participation of various experts from the clinical and medical ethics departments and educational administrators in this study, especially those who had research or activities in the field of medical ethics, was valuable to obtain various stakeholders\u0026rsquo; viewpoints. In addition, a multi-stage method together with quantitative and qualitative study methods helped explain the study topic. As a limitation, few articles addressed medical ethics curricula or faculty members\u0026rsquo; tasks in medical ethics. Another limitation was the lack of determination of entrustment decisions level regarding EPAs in faculty development programs in medical ethics.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eMedical teachers are significantly effective in moralizing the healthcare system and faculty members should attain core competencies and EPAs for medical ethics education. In this study, the competency components of faculty members in the field of medical ethics in five competency domains have been defined as teaching, research and scholarship in the field of medical ethics, communication skills, moral reasoning, and decision-making, policy-making and ethical leadership. Faculty development programs can be designed in the field of medical ethics for faculty members to help them acquire core competencies and EPAs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eEPA: Entrustable Professional Activity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCVI: Content Validity Index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCVR: Content Validity Ratio\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank all participants in the present research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical considerations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present study was approved by research ethics committee of Tehran University Medical Science with IR.TUMS.MEDICINE.REC.1398.736 code of ethics. The interviews with interviewees\u0026apos; preferred time and location were conducted. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants. And withdrawal of consent right at any time explained and information confidentiality was conserved. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no competing interests\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJM and MKM made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the manuscript. JM undertook the acquisition of data. JM and MKM made substantial contributions the analysis and interpretation of data. Draft of the manuscript was written by both authors. MKM consultation and revise the manuscript. All authors reviewed entire manuscript for edits, feedback and approval.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAfshar L. Comparative Study of Medical Ethics Curriculum in General Medicine Course in 10Selected Universities in the World. Journal of Medical Education. 2019;18(1).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMajidi F, Karimi-Mouneghi H, Makarem A, Emadzadeh A, Majidi N. What Are the Best Strategies for Faculty Development in Medical Schools? Future of Medical Education Journal. 2018;8(2):21-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eK\u0026auml;lvemark Sporrong S, Arnetz B, Hansson MG, Westerholm P, H\u0026ouml;glund AT. Developing ethical competence in health care organizations. 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Journal of Dental Education. 2003;67(1):55-63.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-medical-education","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"meed","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Medical Education](http://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/meed/default.aspx","title":"BMC Medical Education","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Medical Ethics, Entrustable Professional Activities, Competencies, Faculty Members","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2122782/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2122782/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntroduction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present study aimed to develop core competencies and Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) for faculty members through participating in faculty development courses in the field of medical ethics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study included five stages. First, based on the literature review and interviews with 14 experts and through inductive content analysis, categories and subcategories were extracted. Second, content validity of the core competency list was assessed by 16 experts using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Third, based on previous phase, a framework for EPAs was developed by research taskforce in two sessions through consensus. Fourth, content validity of the list of EPAs compiled based on three-point Likert was evaluated by 11 medical ethics experts from necessity and relevance perspective. Fifth, EPAs were mapped by 10 experts to the developed core competencies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter literature review and interviews, 295 codes were extracted, which were further classified into six categories and 18 subcategories. Based on the validation results, five core competencies and 23 EPAs were developed that were required for faculty members in the field of medical ethics. Identified core competencies included teaching, research and scholarship in the field of medical ethics, communication skills, moral reasoning, and decision-making, policy-making and ethical leadership.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedical teachers can be strongly effective in moralizing healthcare system, and present findings showed that faculty members should acquire extensive core competencies and EPAs for proficiently integrating medical ethics in curricula. Faculty development programs can be designed in the field of medical ethics for faculty members to help them acquire core competencies and EPAs.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mapping the Competencies and Entrustable Professional Activities of Medical Ethics for Faculty Members","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-10-31 12:39:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2122782/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2023-01-20T10:56:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2023-01-18T17:39:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2022-12-05T17:10:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"6a02dae0-a120-4946-a439-1bed136dd102","date":"2022-11-25T20:15:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2022-11-25T18:00:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2022-11-16T11:12:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2022-10-27T11:33:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2022-10-27T11:29:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Medical Education","date":"2022-10-01T07:36:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-medical-education","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"meed","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Medical Education](http://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/meed/default.aspx","title":"BMC Medical Education","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0da60bb1-cb53-4c88-8ae1-4f9f0b449eac","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 31st, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-10-16T21:32:05+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-2122782","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04305-1","journal":{"identity":"bmc-medical-education","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Medical Education"},"publishedOn":"2023-06-05 21:05:32","publishedOnDateReadable":"June 5th, 2023"},"versionCreatedAt":"2022-10-31 12:39:39","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12909-023-04305-1","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04305-1","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2122782","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2122782","identity":"rs-2122782","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"J0_U0BvcaRcwD8yVFaRlm","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}