Fundamental problems in Planck’s Quantum Theory and Newly Proposed Cosmological Model of symmetry-distribution and energy-distribution of the space quantum.

Fundamental problems in Planck’s Quantum Theory and Newly Proposed Cosmological Model of symmetry-distribution and energy-distribution of the space quantum. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Fundamental problems in Planck’s Quantum Theory and Newly Proposed Cosmological Model of symmetry-distribution and energy-distribution of the space quantum. Nishant Sahdev, Chinmoy Bhattacharya This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8092839/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The Planck quantum theory is based on the concept of photons. However, the geometrical shapes of photons were not disclosed or discussed in the theory. Photons were described variously as: i) packets of energy, ii) electromagnetic waves (EM-waves), and iii) particles. The mathematical equation proposed for the energy of photons is: E = hν , where h is Planck’s constant and ν (nu) is the frequency of the photon. Frequency ν is functionally related to the speed of light ( C ) and the wavelength of light ( λ ) by the equation: λν = C , which resembles a "pressure (P)–volume (V)" constancy-type relation, such as Boyle’s law, PV = K = constant . While defining photons as energy packets, the typical electromagnetic wave profile was used to establish the relation λν = C . This raises a fundamental question: how can "energy" and "EM-wave" be considered the same physical variable? The energy of atoms and molecules remains confined to specific regions of space, whereas EM-waves propagate from one region of space to another. Thus, energy and EM-waves must be dimensionally different physical quantities. In this research article, an analytical approach has been adopted to propose a new cosmological-cum-topological and mathematical model of photons. This model is described as “auto-generated” in the sense that the logic and philosophies of physics, combined with the topological, cosmological, and mathematical coherence of the new concepts, naturally lead to the formulation. The proposed model first establishes that "energy" and "electromagnetic waves" are distinct physical variables. It argues that Planck’s prediction of energy being inversely proportional to wavelength is incorrect, as the mathematical relation λν = C is a thermodynamically invalid proposition in science. The true physical significance of the Spectral Power Distribution (SPD) of the Black Body Radiation (BBR) curve is evaluated through a new 3D cosmological model of Newton’s color wheel . Furthermore, it is shown that the mathematical equation developed by Max Planck for the distribution of energy in BBR curves—based on the inverse relationship between frequency/energy and wavelength—is unjustified. Planck’s Quantum Theory Cosmological Model symmetry-distribution space quantum Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8092839","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":543726657,"identity":"09da897f-74d5-4606-b0c3-7b6ce0c47ffd","order_by":0,"name":"Nishant Sahdev","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2249-1006","institution":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nishant","middleName":"","lastName":"Sahdev","suffix":""},{"id":543726658,"identity":"31203a2c-e655-4668-939d-6d8f75599df5","order_by":1,"name":"Chinmoy Bhattacharya","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA60lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCcYGEMXDxsx8+MEHIIuNnUgtcvzsbGmGM0BamAlqgVDGkv08BtI8ICYhLfyzm9se3ag4nLjhMIOBsc2vbfJ8zAyMHz7m4LHkzsF245wzYC0Jj3P7bhu2MTMwS87chluLgURim3RuG1jLAePcntuMQC1szLzEaWFskLbsuW1PtBZjyWZmBmmGH7cTCWqRuAHUknMmXY6fmY3NsLfhdnIbM2MzXr/wz0h/Jp1TYc3Dxn/+84Mff27bzm9vPvjhIx4tUNAMoRjbwGQDQfVAUAel/xCjeBSMglEwCkYaAAC8C1BHciK6/AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1962-0758","institution":"Austin Paints \u0026 Chemicals Pvt. 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space quantum.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Austin Paints \u0026 Chemicals Pvt. Ltd.","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Planck’s Quantum Theory, Cosmological Model, symmetry-distribution, space quantum","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8092839/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8092839/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe Planck quantum theory is based on the concept of photons. However, the geometrical shapes of photons were not disclosed or discussed in the theory. Photons were described variously as: i) packets of energy, ii) electromagnetic waves (EM-waves), and iii) particles. The mathematical equation proposed for the energy of photons is: \u003cb\u003eE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;hν\u003c/b\u003e, where \u003cem\u003eh\u003c/em\u003e is Planck\u0026rsquo;s constant and \u003cem\u003eν\u003c/em\u003e (nu) is the frequency of the photon. Frequency \u003cem\u003eν\u003c/em\u003e is functionally related to the speed of light (\u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e) and the wavelength of light (\u003cem\u003eλ\u003c/em\u003e) by the equation: \u003cb\u003eλν\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C\u003c/b\u003e, which resembles a \"pressure (P)\u0026ndash;volume (V)\" constancy-type relation, such as Boyle\u0026rsquo;s law, \u003cb\u003ePV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;K\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;constant\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile defining photons as energy packets, the typical electromagnetic wave profile was used to establish the relation \u003cb\u003eλν\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C\u003c/b\u003e. This raises a fundamental question: how can \"energy\" and \"EM-wave\" be considered the same physical variable? The energy of atoms and molecules remains confined to specific regions of space, whereas EM-waves propagate from one region of space to another. Thus, energy and EM-waves must be dimensionally different physical quantities. In this research article, an analytical approach has been adopted to propose a new cosmological-cum-topological and mathematical model of photons. This model is described as \u0026ldquo;auto-generated\u0026rdquo; in the sense that the logic and philosophies of physics, combined with the topological, cosmological, and mathematical coherence of the new concepts, naturally lead to the formulation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe proposed model first establishes that \"energy\" and \"electromagnetic waves\" are distinct physical variables. It argues that Planck\u0026rsquo;s prediction of energy being inversely proportional to wavelength is incorrect, as the mathematical relation \u003cb\u003eλν\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C\u003c/b\u003e is a thermodynamically invalid proposition in science. The true physical significance of the Spectral Power Distribution (SPD) of the Black Body Radiation (BBR) curve is evaluated through a new \u003cb\u003e3D cosmological model of Newton\u0026rsquo;s color wheel\u003c/b\u003e. Furthermore, it is shown that the mathematical equation developed by Max Planck for the distribution of energy in BBR curves\u0026mdash;based on the inverse relationship between frequency/energy and wavelength\u0026mdash;is unjustified.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Fundamental problems in Planck’s Quantum Theory and Newly Proposed Cosmological Model of symmetry-distribution and energy-distribution of the space quantum.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-13 04:21:21","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8092839/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f29d5fb2-5364-4a05-82ce-014e50505b7c","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-13T04:21:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-13 04:21:21","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8092839","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8092839","identity":"rs-8092839","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}