Temporal and Spatial Variability of Hydrogeomorphological Attributes in Coastal Wetlands – Lagoa do Peixe National Park, Brazil

Coastal wetlands play important environmental roles, but their hydrogeomorphological dynamics remain poorly understood under extreme climatic events. This study aimed to characterize the temporal and spatial variability of hydrogeomorphological attributes (vegetation, water, and soil) in the wetlands of Lagoa do Peixe National Park, Brazil. The methodology involved applying Principal Component Analysis in both temporal (T) and spatial (S) modes, and correlating decomposed spectral indices (NDVI, MNDWI, BI2) for each attribute to identify variability patterns. The results show that PCA highlighted the sensitivity of the Lagoon Terraces and the Lagoon Fringe, where the low slope amplifies hydrological variations. The soil exhibited greater complexity, reflecting its textural composition and distinct temporal response to the water balance. Vegetation and water showed strong correlation, with seasonal dynamics influenced by ENSO events (El Niño/La Niña). In the time series (2019–2024), precipitation and evapotranspiration exhibited distinct seasonal patterns, influenced by an extended La Niña period (2020–2023), characterized by water deficit. The temporal variability in response to climate extremes has implications for the conservation of these ecosystems, while spatial variability is more closely related to hydrogeomorphological characteristics.