Environments of Quasi-stationary Linear Precipitation System Associated with Baiu frontal Depressions

Environments of Quasi-stationary Linear Precipitation System Associated with Baiu frontal Depressions | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Environments of Quasi-stationary Linear Precipitation System Associated with Baiu frontal Depressions Eigo Tochimoto, Hiroshi Niino, Yasutaka Hirockawa This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9411905/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Heavy rainfall in Japan is often caused by quasi-stationary linear precipitation systems (QSLPSs), which frequently occur in association with Baiu frontal depressions (BFDs). While the importance of the roles of BFDs in QSLPS occurrence have been suggested by previous case studies, there is no systematic analysis to clarify the differences between the environments of BFDs that cause QSLPSs (QSL-BFDs) and those that do not (NQSL-BFDs). Using ERA5 reanalysis data, this study statistically compares the characteristics of QSL-BFDs and NQSL-BFDs, based on composite analyses of 36 QSL-BFDs and 101 NQSL-BFDs, respectively, detected over and west of the Kyushu Islands in June and July between 1989 and 2020. The results show that QSL-BFDs are characterized by significantly stronger low-level moisture flux and convergence in the eastern part of mainland China and over the East China Sea, leading to enhanced large-scale lifting and mid-troposphere moistening prior to QSLPS occurrence. Between 6–12 hours before QSLPS occurrence, significant differences in low-level moisture, convergence, and conditional instability (especially in terms of Entraining CAPE) between QSL-BFDs and NQSL-BFDs emerge, suggesting that these quantities can be useful precursors for prediction of the potential of QSLPSs. In contrast, storm-relative environmental helicity (SREH) does not differ significantly between the two types of the BFDs, indicating that it is not an effective discriminator. Quasi-stationary linear precipitation system Baiu frontal depression Heavy rainfall Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 15 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 14 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 14 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 14 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9411905","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":626698207,"identity":"e2921e6e-10e4-4907-b19d-30e985d527d0","order_by":0,"name":"Eigo Tochimoto","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLACxgYJORDJIAEVMMCvnhmsxZhkLQyJDUS7iZ+B/+CDnzss0tfOPtzAYJljxyDv3sBQXIBHi2QDM7Nh7xmJ3G3ngBZJbktmMDxzgMF4Bh4tBgeY2aQZ24BazjC2/5DcxsxgOCOBwZgHjxZ7qJZ0szOMIFvqCWsxYIBoSYBqOcwgL0FAi8QBZmPD3jYJw20QLcd5DHgONuD1C38D48MHP9vq5M3OsD9gltxWLSff3nzMGF+IMcg/QLCZgVHJY3CAsc0Ynw4UwPgBZEYDA/NjorWMglEwCkbBSAAA7KxBrmzLJQ4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eigo","middleName":"","lastName":"Tochimoto","suffix":""},{"id":626698210,"identity":"c9efcb20-5375-4b4d-b6e7-135676d22b67","order_by":1,"name":"Hiroshi Niino","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The University of Tokyo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hiroshi","middleName":"","lastName":"Niino","suffix":""},{"id":626698213,"identity":"76005aa1-ce2a-49d5-b070-5eaff21742c5","order_by":2,"name":"Yasutaka Hirockawa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yasutaka","middleName":"","lastName":"Hirockawa","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-14 07:26:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9411905/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9411905/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107638395,"identity":"47ad0c04-e190-4dda-96d9-3eae1f2d1fe4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-23 12:56:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1082526,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ManuscriptSenjoBFDdraft4final.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9411905/v1_covered_423b7f0d-2848-46ca-9fc8-512bc88298d3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Environments of Quasi-stationary Linear Precipitation System Associated with Baiu frontal Depressions","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-the-meteorological-society-of-japan","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"44394","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44394/3","title":"Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Quasi-stationary linear precipitation system, Baiu frontal depression, Heavy rainfall","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9411905/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9411905/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eHeavy rainfall in Japan is often caused by quasi-stationary linear precipitation systems (QSLPSs), which frequently occur in association with Baiu frontal depressions (BFDs). While the importance of the roles of BFDs in QSLPS occurrence have been suggested by previous case studies, there is no systematic analysis to clarify the differences between the environments of BFDs that cause QSLPSs (QSL-BFDs) and those that do not (NQSL-BFDs). Using ERA5 reanalysis data, this study statistically compares the characteristics of QSL-BFDs and NQSL-BFDs, based on composite analyses of 36 QSL-BFDs and 101 NQSL-BFDs, respectively, detected over and west of the Kyushu Islands in June and July between 1989 and 2020. The results show that QSL-BFDs are characterized by significantly stronger low-level moisture flux and convergence in the eastern part of mainland China and over the East China Sea, leading to enhanced large-scale lifting and mid-troposphere moistening prior to QSLPS occurrence. Between 6\u0026ndash;12 hours before QSLPS occurrence, significant differences in low-level moisture, convergence, and conditional instability (especially in terms of Entraining CAPE) between QSL-BFDs and NQSL-BFDs emerge, suggesting that these quantities can be useful precursors for prediction of the potential of QSLPSs. In contrast, storm-relative environmental helicity (SREH) does not differ significantly between the two types of the BFDs, indicating that it is not an effective discriminator.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Environments of Quasi-stationary Linear Precipitation System Associated with Baiu frontal Depressions","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-23 12:55:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9411905/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"261707171495249914583765989587345579501","date":"2026-04-18T14:33:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-16T02:08:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-14T13:52:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-04-14T13:51:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan","date":"2026-04-14T07:11:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-the-meteorological-society-of-japan","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"44394","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44394/3","title":"Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5c2b2062-556b-40f4-8291-6c4362d5edee","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 23rd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-23T12:55:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-23 12:55:04","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9411905","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9411905","identity":"rs-9411905","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}