Dog health and demographic surveillance survey in Western Kenya: Demography and management practices relevant for rabies transmission and control

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AI-generated summary by claude@2026-07, 2026-07-14

This study quantified dog demography and management practices in Western Kenya, finding low rabies vaccination coverage and free-roaming dogs, which facilitate rabies transmission.

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AI-generated deep summary by claude@2026-07, 2026-07-14 · read from full text

This paper describes a dog health and demographic surveillance survey conducted in Western Kenya, focusing on demographic characteristics and dog management practices relevant to rabies transmission and control. Using field-based surveillance methods to characterize dog populations and owners’ practices, the study reports findings about how dogs are kept and managed in the community in ways that affect rabies exposure and intervention planning, while noting limitations inherent to survey-based data collection. The paper’s results are framed to support understanding of rabies risk pathways at the local population level rather than clinical or laboratory rabies outcomes. The paper does not explicitly discuss endometriosis or adenomyosis; it was included in the corpus via a keyword match in the upstream search index.

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Abstract

Background: Domestic dogs transmit 99% of the estimated 59,000 human rabies deaths occurring globally annually. To achieve the global target of zero human deaths from rabies by 2030, effective mass dog vaccination campaigns that break rabies transmission cycles in dog populations are required. This study describes the design of a dog health and demographic surveillance study established within a human health and demographic surveillance study in Western Kenya. Using baseline data from the dog cohort study, we quantify demographic parameters and describe management practices relevant for rabies transmission. Methods: : All dogs in 1213 households participating in a linked human and animal health syndromic surveillance study were recruited. Data on household demographics, dog ownership, dog age and sex ratios, reproductive indices, rabies vaccination, management practices, dog movement and health status were collected at least monthly. Results: : 460 of 1213 (38%) of the study households owned dogs (mean 2 dogs/household), and 526 (70%) of those without dogs had owned dogs previously. 802 dogs were recruited into the study, more than half (52%) of those with known ages were ≤ 1 year old. The dog:human ratio in the study population was 1:7, the dog density 54 dogs/km 2 , and the female: male dog sex ratio was 1:1.3. Rabies vaccination was low (5% coverage), and only 48 (12%) male dogs and 13 (5%) female dogs were castrated and spayed, respectively. Dogs were predominantly local breed (99%), mainly kept for security purposes, almost always (97%) left to scavenge for leftovers and 61% roamed freely. Conclusion: Low vaccination coverage, unrestricted dog movement, and high dog population turnover with a large proportion of dogs below one-year-old support endemic rabies circulation in this population. These gaps present opportunities for the design of effective dog rabies control plans to break rabies transmission cycles in this part of Kenya.
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