Comparative Bio-efficacy and Molecular Insights of North-Western Himalayan conifers, Cedrus deodara and Juniperus macropoda Essential Oils against two storage insect Pests

Comparative Bio-efficacy and Molecular Insights of North-Western Himalayan conifers, Cedrus deodara and Juniperus macropoda Essential Oils against two storage insect Pests | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Comparative Bio-efficacy and Molecular Insights of North-Western Himalayan conifers, Cedrus deodara and Juniperus macropoda Essential Oils against two storage insect Pests Niraj Guleria, Biswajit Horijan, Surjeet Kumar, Suman Sanjta, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8096761/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The study, aimed to evaluate fumigation and repellent properties of essential oils (EOs) from Juniperus macropoda leaves and cedarwood, Cedrus deodara against storage pests viz ., Tribolium casteneum and Callosobruchus maculatus . Further, the volatile compounds released from essential oils were collected through headspace extraction and analysed using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The major compounds released from C. deodara EO were α-Cuprenene (15.53%) and α-Himachalene (13.42%) whereas 4-terpineol (22.35%) and Limonene (14.16%) dominated the volatile composition of J. macropoda EO. Fumigation assay showed that C. deodara EO was significantly more toxic than J. macropoda EO against T. casteneum larvae (LC 50 = 103.91 vs. 357.33 µl/l) and adults (LC 50 = 123.10 vs. 724.66 µl/l). Similarly, C. deodara EO exhibited stronger fumigant activity against C. maculatus adult (LC 50 = 16.13 µl/l) compared to J. macropoda EO (LC 50 = 25.68 µl/l). Repellency assay revealed that C. deodara EO significantly repelled C. maculatus adults at 50 and 100 ng, whereas J. macropoda EO showed no significant effect. Against T. casteneum adults, both EOs exhibited significant repellency, except J. macropoda at lowest dose (10 ng). In-silico analysis revealed that in comparison to components from J. macropoda , C. deodara components such as γ -himachalene, α -cuprenene, α -himachalene, and α -(E)-atlantone often showed stronger and more stable binding affinities, consistent with bioassay results indicating the superior insecticidal activity of C. deodara essential oil. Molecular docking also revealed acetylcholinesterase as the primary target, thereby supporting its role in fumigation insecticidal activity of the essential oils. Biological sciences/Biochemistry Biological sciences/Biological techniques Biological sciences/Biotechnology Biological sciences/Plant sciences Biological sciences/Zoology Fumigation repellent essential oils Juniperus macropoda Cedrus deodara storage pests headspace extraction Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry molecular docking acetylcholinesterase Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Introduction Post-harvest management of food grains and products is one of the major challenges owing to several factors that can aggravate the post-harvest losses. The efforts are being made to reduce these losses by following several tactics based on the prevailing factors causing losses to ensure the food security of the ever-growing global population. Besides increasing food production and productivity, Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) suggested an alternative approach for food security by focussing on the postharvest losses of agricultural production, which is approximately, 10% in developed countries and exceed 20.5% in developing countries 1 . There are several biotic and abiotic factors which are responsible for post-harvest losses of grains 2 . Among the biotic factors storage insect pests are one of the critical factors which can cause damage to the food grains in storage either directly or indirectly. The direct damage is mainly due to feeding on grains (either whole or broken) whereas indirect damage pertains to contamination of food grains due to presence of faeces, webbings and body parts 3 . The storage insect pests such as red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and pulse beetle Callosobruchus spp (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) are most important coleopteron stored grain pests generally found infesting several commodities. Red flour beetle is a cosmopolitan polyphagous pest whose adults and larvae are responsible for severe economic damage in stored products, feeding on several dried foods including flours, fruits and grains 3 . Moreover, Tribolium spp. are also known to produce carcinogenic compounds called quinones, which leads to allergies, dermatitis and other health disorders 5 . Pulse beetle Callosobruchus spp . is also a cosmopolitan field-to-store pest ranked as important post-harvest insect pest 6 . Approximately, 10–40% of the total annual production of pulses is lost annually due to damage by pulse beetles in tropical countries 7 . Traditionally fumigant like phosphine and few contact insecticides such as malathion, deltamethrin are used for management of storage pests in India. Several efforts are being made to develop alternative approaches to reduce the failure of traditionally used insecticides. The development of plant essential oil (EO) based products for storage pest management is one among these approaches. The plant essentials, basically a mixture of several volatile compounds have proved to possess several properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiparasitic etc. Besides, several plant essential oils are found to possess very promising insecticidal activities 8,9 . Apart for their insecticidal properties, EOs are considered to be important tool in pest management due their broad spectrum of activity and mode of action due to presence of several active compounds 9 making them ideal candidate for resistance management 11 . Himalayan pencil cedar Juniperus macropoda (Family: Cupressaceae) and Himalayan cedar, Cedrus deodara (Family: Pinaceae) are two woody conifer plants known for their diverse biological activity. There are about 75 species of Juniperus found in diverse geographical region right from sea level to above timberline 12 . In Himalayas, especially Northern India there is around six species of genus Juniperus , of which Juniperus communis is widespread 13 . J. macropoda is one of the species which is mainly found in northern western Himalayas and is already characterised for its biological activity 14,15 . C. deodara is a species of cedar, native to western Himalayas, widely used in Indian system of medicine due to its nutritional and pharmaceutical effects. It is known to have diverse biological activities such as an anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycaemic, analgesic, antiulcer, antispasmodic, antibacterial, insecticidal, molluscicidal, anticancer etc. 16 . To our knowledge there are very few reports on insecticidal potential of EO of J. macropoda , although insecticidal properties have been studies for other species such as Juniperus formosana 17 , Juniperus oxycedrus spp oxycedrus 18 , Juniperus phoenisea 19 , Juniperus recurve and Juniperus communis 20 EO of C. deodara have been reported to possess insecticidal activity against storage pests such as Tenebrio molitor 21 , Callosobruchus chinensis 22 , Sitosphilus oryzae 23 . In present study the EOs of these two Himalayan plants were evaluated for their fumigation toxicity and repellent activity against T. castaneum and C. maculatus . Materials and Methods Essential oil The essential oil of green needle and thin stem of J. macropoda (Fig. 1 (a)) and wood chips of Himalayan cedar, C. deodara (Fig. 1 (b)) extracted through hydro-distillation process were procured from Dharama Ltd., Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, India. Test insects The test insects, T. castaneum and C. maculatus , used for the bioassay were obtained from the Storage Laboratory, Division of Entomology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi. The mass multiplication of insects was carried out in insect culture room maintained at 28–30 ± 2 o C temperature and 75 ± 5% relative humidity. T. castaneum was reared on wheat flour mixed with yeast (10:1 w/w) at 12% moisture content in a glass jar (covered with muslin cloth) whereas C. maculatus were reared on mung bean, Vigna radiata seeds. To obtain all individual of same generation, 40–50 adults were released in rearing container and allowed to lay eggs for two days and then removed to obtain uniform age eggs. Headspace collection of Volatiles of EOs To know the real time volatiles emitted from essential oils, the dynamic headspace collection methodology 24 was followed (Fig. 2 ). 500 µl of essential oil was pipetted on the cotton and kept at the base of Borosil glass reagent bottle (1L). Pre-filtered air was pushed into the glass bottle at 0.5 l/min and air laden with volatiles was pulled out with vacuum pump (0.5 l/min) which goes through volatile trap (Porapak Q (150 mg, 80/100 mesh: Supelco). All connections were made with Teflon tape and silicon tubes to avoid any contamination. Collection of volatiles was done for 3 hours for each oil. Elution of the entrained volatiles was done using 300 µl dichloromethane DCM (≥ 99.7% purity; CDH (P) Ltd). The eluted samples were collected in 2ml capacity HPLC (screw-cap) vials (Borosil Glass Works Ltd, Mumbai) and stored at -20°C till further use. Chromatographic analysis of headspace extracts using GC-MS The qualitative and quantitative analysis of headspace extracts was carried out by using Shimadzu QP2010 Ultra gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) equipped with Rtx-5 MS capillary column of 30 m length, 0.250 mm Diameter and 0.25 µm film thickness. 1µl (injection volume) samples were introduced using an autosampler with split ratio of 5:1 with an injector temperature of 230°C. Helium gas served as carrier at a constant flow rate of 1 ml/min. Initially column temperature was 40°C held for 4 minutes and then ramped at 10°C/min to 220°C and held for 1 min and finally increased at 15°C/min to 260 and held for 1 min. The GC column was then calibrated using an n-alkanes series (C₈H₁₈-C₂₁H₄₄), and retention indices (RIs) of the components were determined under identical operating conditions. Compound identification was performed by comparing the obtained RIs with published literature values and by matching the mass spectra with those from inbuilt NIST 14 Mass Spectral Library (2023). Fumigation toxicity Fumigation activity of EOs was evaluated against larvae and adult of T. castaneum and adult of C maculatus . Round bottom glass bottles (250 ml volume) with airtight lid (stopcock) were used as fumigation chambers to assay the fumigation toxicity 25 . Based on preliminary dose-range finding bioassay (to determine the dose range giving 20–80% mortality), larvae and adult of T. castaneum were exposed to five different concentrations of J. macropoda EOs (300 µl/l to 400 µl/l and 500 µl/l to 900 µl/l respectively, for larvae and adult). Similarly, for EO of C. deodara, T. castaneum larvae and adult of were exposed five different concentrations ranging between 60 µl/l to 140 µl/l and 40 µl/l to 200 µl/l, respectively. For bioassay against adult of C maculatus , the concentrations were ranged between 8 µl/l to 40 µl/l and 4 µl/l to 24 µl/l, respectively, for J. macropoda and C. deodara . The required quantity of EO in each concentration was measured with micropipette and loaded on the cotton balls, which were hung inside the fumigation bottle from stopcock. A cotton ball without essential oil (EO) treatment was used as the control in the experiment. The fumigations bottles were closed immediately to prevent the escape of insects and EO vapours. For each concentration and the control, 30 individuals of the test insect stages of T. castaneum and C. maculatus were released separately into bottles for the fumigation bioassay. Each treatment was replicated three times. After 48 hours of exposure, insect mortality was recorded by gently touching each individual with a camel-hair brush to confirm any movement, if present. The moribund insects were considered dead. Repellent toxicity Comparative repellent activity of the essential oil against T. castaneum and C. maculatus was evaluated using Y-tube glass olfactometer 26 with internal diameter of 1 cm and 7 cm long arm and 7 cm source and control arm at 60 o from each other. (Fig. 3 ). Air was introduced into the source and control arms of Y-tube at 500 ml/min using an air pump. All the connections were made from flexible silicon tubing. The repellency was evaluated at three different dosages viz., 10ng, 50ng, and 100 ng. The required amount of EO aliquot (10µl) was placed on a filter paper strip (2.5cm ×0.5cm) and the strip was introduced in stimulus holding tube connected to source arm. Filter paper strip with acetone (10µl) was used as control and placed in stimulus holding tube connected with control arm. One adult of each insect was introduced at a time in the main arm of Y-tube. After introducing, insect was allowed to make choice for 15 min. If insects moved to neither arm (source and control), it was considered as no choice. After every five introductions of insects, source and control arm was interchanged after washing with acetone. The Y- tube experiment was performed under diffuse ambient light conditions at room temperature of 28–30 ± 2 o C and 75 ± 5% relative humidity. Three replications were carried out for each dose. In each replication the response was recorded from 30 insect individuals. The percent repellency (PR) of each EO at different doses was then calculated by PR (%) = [Nc-Nt)/Nc + Nt)]×100 Where Nc is the number of insects choosing the control arm and Nt is the number of insects choosing the source arm. In silico molecular docking Based on the chemical profiling and characterisation of EOs, a total of eighteen major compounds viz ., eleven compounds from C. deodara and seven from J. macropoda were assessed through in silico molecular docking for insecticidal and repellency potential against T. castaneum and C. maculatus . Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, GABA receptors (GABArs), and NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase were chosen as targets for fumigation toxicity as literature suggests that these are most potent target for fumigation toxicity of EOs 27–30 . Similarly, odorant receptors (OR) were chosen for validating the repellent action as ORs play a crucial role in insect behaviour 29 . Receptor protein preparation The amino acid sequences of target proteins, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), GABA receptors (GABArs), and NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase for T. castaneum and C. maculatus were retrieved from the UniProt database ( www.uniprot.org ) using their respective UniProt Ids (Table 6 ). The amino acid sequences of species-specific OR proteins were also retrieved from the same database in order to evaluate repellent activity. Further, three-dimensional protein structures were generated through homology modelling using SWISS-MODEL server (swissmodel.expasy.org). The resulting structural models were validated for stereochemical quality and structural reliability before proceeding to molecular docking studies. The modelled protein structure underwent systematic preparation for molecular docking analysis. In this preparation, polar hydrogen atoms were added to accurately reflect electrostatic interactions, water molecules were removed to avoid potential interference, and Kollman charges were assigned to each atom to account for partial atomic charges. The prepared protein structure was then further converted and saved in PDBQT format, which is compatible with AutoDock Vina software generated by Trott and Olson (2010) 31 . Ligand preparation The three-dimensional molecular structures of major essential components from each EO were retrieved from PUBCHEM database (pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nig.gov.) in SDF format. These ligand structures were processed through energy minimization and conformational optimization procedures by using Discovery Studio Visualizer (BIOVIA, Dassault Systèmes, San Diego, CA, USA; version 21.1). The optimized ligand structure was subsequently converted to PDBQT format using AutoDockTools (ADT) to ensure compatibility with molecular docking software. Molecular docking To predict the binding affinities and interaction conformations between essential oil (EO) components and target proteins, molecular docking simulation was conducted using AutoDock Vina 31 . After the conversion of both proteins and possible ligands in PDBQT format, a grid box was established in AutoDock tool which guarantee comprehensive coverage of target protein, facilitating the potential binding sites and interaction modes for ligands by methodically analysing the entire surface of the protein. Docking process was guided by a configuration file (config.txt) which specified key parameters such as the grid box centre coordinates, dimensions, exhaustiveness, number of binding models for each protein. For every protein-ligand complex, binding affinity scores were determined, and the most favourable conformations were identified based on lowest binding energy values. The one essential oil component (ligand) from each EO showing highest -scoring complex with any of the three target enzymes (fumigation toxicity) and OR proteins of each test insect species was further visualized using Discovery Studio software (BIOVIA, Dassault Systemes, San Diego, CA, USA; version 21.1). This investigation aimed to pinpoint key amino acid residues involved in ligand binding and to characterize hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and other non-covalent forces that contribute to the stability of the complexes. Statistical analysis The data on insect mortality in fumigation bioassay was recorded after 48 h of exposure. The probit analysis of mortality data was done to determine lethal concentration (LC 50 , LC 95 ) using PoloPlus software, version 2.0 (LeOra Software, 2002). Further, LC 50 values of both the oils were subjected to paired t -test analysis to determine significant difference using SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Chi-square (χ 2 ) test was employed to analyse repellency data, and statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05 (SPSS version 20.0, IBM corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Further, repellency percentage was calculated based on the proportion of insects moving toward the source and control. Mean repellency values were subjected to two-way ANOVA to assess the effects of essential oil type and concentration, followed by Tukey’s HSD test for mean separation at p < 0.05. Results Phytochemical characterisation of EOs The GCMS analysis of J. macropoda revealed the presence of 34 compounds that constituted 96.52 ± 0.14% of the total composition (Table 1 ). The oil was predominantly composed of monoterpenes (59.00 ± 0.223%) and monoterpenoids (25.04 ± 0.340%). Among the identified volatiles, the major compounds were 4-terpineol (22.35 ± 0.085%), limonene (14.16 ± 0.174%), and γ -terpinolene (11.53 ± 0.02%) (Fig. 4 ). Other significant monoterpenes included β -thujene (7.32 ± 0.078%), 4-carene (7.17 ± 0.03%), α -pinene (5.70 ± 0.039%), and β -myrcene (5.32 ± 0.057%). Additionally, sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids were present in relatively lower concentrations at 5.59 ± 0.028% and 0.82 ± 0.021%, respectively. Notable sesquiterpenes included δ -cadinene (2.79 ± 0.006%) and γ -cadinene (0.93 ± 0.004%), while oxygenated sesquiterpene derivatives were represented by elemol (0.21 ± 0.003%) and α -cadinol (0.61 ± 0.016%). Other constituents, including esters and non-terpenoids, comprised 9.35 ± 0.083% of the total composition. Table 1 Volatile composition of Himalayan pencil cedar, Juniperus macropoda essential oil S. No. Compound Mol. formula RI Relative area % ± SE 1. α -Thujene c C 10 H 16 928 1.43 ± 0.006 2. α -Pinene c C 10 H 16 932 5.7 ± 0.039 3. β -Thujene c C 10 H 16 968 7.32 ± 0.078 4. β -Pinene c C 10 H 16 984 0.15 ± 0.003 5. β -myrcene c C 10 H 16 993 5.32 ± 0.057 6. α -phellandrene c C 10 H 16 1007 1.14 ± 0.019 7. 4-Carene c C 10 H 16 1009 7.17 ± 0.03 8. 3-Carene c C 10 H 16 1012 5.08 ± 0.139 9. m -Cymene e C 10 H 14 1023 4.88 ± 0.091 10. Limonene c C 10 H 16 1028 14.16 ± 0.174 11. γ -Terpinolene c C 10 H 16 1059 11.53 ± 0.020 12. Linalool d C 10 H 18 O 1103 0.68 ± 0.009 13. Solusterol d C 10 H 20 O 2 1109 0.14 ± 0.002 14. cis - p -Menth-2-ene-1-ol d C 10 H 18 O 1127 0.15 ± 0.001 15. trans -2-Menthenol d C 10 H 18 O 1146 0.25 ± 0.001 16. 4-terpineol d C 10 H 18 O 1180 22.35 ± 0.085 17. α -Terpineol d C 10 H 18 O 1193 1.47 ± 0.002 18. Hexyl isovalerate e C 11 H 22 O 2 1243 0.24 ± 0.004 19. 2-isopropyl-4-methylanisole e C 11 H 16 O 1244 0.15 ± 0.002 20. (S)-(-) -Citronellic acid, methyl ester e C 11 H 20 O 2 - 0.15 ± 0.003 21. 2-Camphanyl acetate e C 12 H 20 O 2 - 0.18 ± 0.004 22. Nonyl acetate e C 11 H 22 O 2 1313 0.47 ± 0.009 23. α -Copaene a C 15 H 24 1377 0.14 ± 0.001 24. β -Elemene a C 15 H 24 1385 0.17 ± 0.001 25. α -Cedrene a C 15 H 24 1409 0.26 ± 0. 004 26. β -Caryophyllene a C 15 H 24 1421 0.34 ± 0.006 27. Cadina-1(6),4-diene a C 15 H 24 - 0.24 ± 0.005 28. α -Amorphene a C 15 H 24 1482 0.20 ± 0.004 29. γ -Muurolene a C 15 H 24 1491 0.38 ± 0.003 30. Cadina-3,5-diene a C 15 H 24 - 0.14 ± 0.405 31. γ -Cadinene a C 15 H 24 1514 0.93 ± 0.004 32. δ -Cadinene a C 15 H 24 1528 2.79 ± 0.006 33. Elemol b C 15 H 26 O 1557 0.21 ± 0.003 34. α -Cadinol b C 15 H 26 O 1663 0.61 ± 0.016 Total 96.52 ± 0.137 Compound class a Sesquiterpenes 5.59 ± 0.028 b Sesquiterpenoids 0.82 ± 0.021 c Monoterpenes 59.00 ± 0.223 d Monoterpenoids 25.04 ± 0.340 e Others 6.07 ± 0.083 Data in the table are mean peak area (± SE) of each compound from three replicates. RI, retention index; SE, standard error. The volatile composition of C. deodara oil comprised 49 compounds, accounting for 92.14 ± 0.024% of the total content (Table 2 ). The oil was predominantly enriched with sesquiterpenes (41.92 ± 0.051%) and their oxygenated derivatives (sesquiterpenoids) (4.96 ± 0.006%). The major constituents were α -cuprenene (15.53 ± 0.304%), α -himachalene (13.42 ± 0.051%) and γ -himachalene (7.39 ± 0.006%) (Fig. 5 ). Other sesquiterpenes included various isomers and derivatives of himachalene and atlantone. The monoterpene fraction was relatively lower (12.36 ± 0.041%) compared to J. macropoda and consisted primarily 4-acetyl-1-methylcyclohexene (3.80 ± 0.068%) and limonene (2.96 ± 0.018%), with trace amounts of p -cymene-7-ol (0.38 ± 0.003%), 1,5,8-menthatriene (0.33 ± 0.006%), α -pinene (0.33 ± 0.005%), β -myrcene (0.17 ± 0.001%), and β -pinene (0.12 ± 0.002%). Besides, aromatic hydrocarbons constituted a substantial proportion of C. deodara EO (22.77 ± 0.016%), with 1-ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene (10.93 ± 0.06%) being the major component. Other notable aromatic compounds included 2-ethyltoluene (4.05 ± 0.005%), m -cymene (3.94 ± 0.065%), 3,5-diphenyl-1-pentene (2.90 ± 0.005%), mesitylene (2.52 ± 0.033%), pseudocumene (1.69 ± 0.025%), and several minor constituents. The remaining compounds (11.11 ± 0.019%) further contributed to the complex volatile profile of this species. Table 2 Volatile compound emitted from Himalayan cedar, Cedrus deodara essential oil S. No. Compound Mol. formula RI Relative area % ± SE 1. Tropilidene e C 7 H 6 O 2 - 0.23 ± 0.004 2. 4-Methyl-3-pentene-2-one C 6 H 10 O 802 0.29 ± 0.002 3. Furfural e C 5 H 4 O 2 839 0.36 ± 0.002 4. α -Furfuryl alcohol e C 5 H 6 O 2 882 0.46 ± 0.008 5. o -Xylene c C 8 H 10 894 1.78 ± 0.008 6. α -pinene d C 10 H 16 932 0.33 ± 0.005 7. 6-Methyl-2-heptanone e C 8 H 16 O 956 0.45 ± 0.004 8. 2-Ethyltoluene c C 9 H 12 975 4.05 ± 0.005 9. 4-Piperidinecarbonitrile e C 6 H 10 N 2 - 1.56 ± 0.031 10. t -Butyl-cumyl-peroxide e C 13 H 20 O 2 - 0.94 ± 0.007 11. β -pinene d C 10 H 16 984 0.12 ± 0.002 12. Pseudocumene c C 9 H 12 991 1.69 ± 0.025 13. β -myrcene d C 10 H 16 993 0.17 ± 0.001 14. Mesitylene c C 9 H 12 995 2.52 ± 0.033 15. 3,5-Diphenyl-1-pentene c C 17 H 18 - 2.90 ± 0.005 16. m -Cymene c C 10 H 14 1023 3.94 ± 0.065 17. Limonene d C 10 H 16 1027 2.96 ± 0.018 18. 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene c C 10 H 14 1059 10.93 ± 0.06 19. α -Chlorindane e C 9 H 9 Cl - 0.54 ± 0.011 20. Isopropyl-N-p-hydroxy-phenylcarbamate e C 10 H 13 NO 3 - 0.37 ± 0.005 21. 2-Propyltoluene c C 10 H 14 1063 0.44 ± 0.007 22. m -Cymenene c C 10 H 12 1084 0.33 ± 0.002 23. 1-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylbenzene c C 10 H 14 1104 0.44 ± 0.009 24. 2,6-Dimethylstyrene c C 10 H 12 - 0.32 ± 0.004 25. 1,5,8-Menthatriene c C 10 H 14 1108 0.33 ± 0.006 26. 4-Acetyl-1-methylcyclohexene C 9 H 14 O 1137 3.80 ± 0.068 27. Napthalene c C 10 H 8 1181 0.34 ± 0.007 28. p -Creosol e C 8 H 10 O 2 1192 1.45 ± 0.003 29. p -cymene-7-ol e C 10 H 14 O 1288 0.38 ± 0.003 30. Verdyl acetate e C 12 H 16 O 2 - 0.54 ± 0.008 31. β -Methylnaphthalene c C 11 H 10 1312 0.26 ± 0.002 32. Nonanol acetate e C 11 H 22 O 2 1313 1.02 ± 0.003 33. α -Longipinene a C 15 H 24 1350 0.13 ± 0.002 34. Himachala-2,4-diene a C 15 H 24 1429 0.44 ± 0.004 35. β -Gurjenene a C 15 H 24 1432 0.17 ± 0.003 36. α -Longifolene a C 15 H 24 1441 1.00 ± 0.016 37. α -Himachalene a C 15 H 24 1447 13.42 ± 0.051 38. γ -himachalene a C 15 H 24 1483 7.39 ± 0.006 39. Himachalene-1,4-diene a C 15 H 24 1491 1.29 ± 0.009 40. Valencene a C 15 H 24 1499 0.27 ± 0.001 41. Cuparene ac C 15 H 22 1502 0.23 ± 0.001 42. α -Cuprenene a C 15 H 24 1512 15.53 ± 0.304 43. β -Cadinene a C 15 H 24 1515 0.39 ± 0.003 44. α -Bisabolene a C 15 H 24 1547 0.67 ± 0.005 45. Himachalol b C 15 H 26 O 1656 0.88 ± 0.001 46. γ -(Z)-Atlantone b C 15 H 22 O 1699 0.75 ± 0.005 47. γ -(E)-Atlantone b C 15 H 22 O 1711 0.83 ± 0.002 48. α -(Z)-Atlantone b C 15 H 22 O 1722 0.45 ± 0.008 49. α -(E)-Atlantone b C 15 H 22 O 1785 2.05 ± 0.026 Total 92.14 ± 0.024 Compound class a Sesquiterpenes 41.92 ± 0.051 b Sesquiterpenoids 4.96 ± 0.006 c Aromatic hydrocarbons 22.77 ± 0.016 d Monoterpenes 12.36 ± 0.041 e Others 11.11 ± 0.019 Data in the table are mean peak area (± SE) of each compound from three replicates. RI, retention index; SE, standard error. RI, retention index; SE, standard error. Fumigation toxicity Contact toxicity of both essential oil against test insect stages showed dose dependent-response at 48 h (Fig. S1 ). Significantly varied mortality was observed at different concentrations of J. macropoda EO against larval T. castaneum (F = 32.591; p < 001), adult T. castaneum (F = 45.5; p < 0.001), and C. maculatus adult (F = 51.786; p < 0.001). Similarly, significantly different mortality was observed at different concentrations of C. deodara EO against larval T. castaneum (F = 40.833; p < 0.001), adult T. castaneum (F = 21.156; p < 0.001), and adult C. maculatus (F = 24.667; p < 0.001). The larval stage of red flour beetle T. castaneum was found most susceptible to C. deodara EO with lethal concentration LC 50 and LC 95 value of 103.906 µl/L and 193.514 µl/L, respectively (Table 3 ). Comparatively toxicity of J. macropoda EO was lower with LC 50 and LC 95 value of 357.332 µl/L and 433.517 µl/L, respectively. Similarly, the adult beetles T. castaneum were most susceptible to C. deodara EO (LC 50 = 123.097 µl/L; LC 95 = 379.741 µl/L) compared to J. macropoda EO (LC 50 = 724.656 µl/L; LC 95 = 1106.472 µl/L) (Table 4 ). The paired t -test analysis also revealed the significant higher LC 50 of C. deodara against larvae (t (4) = 94.073; p < 0.001) (Table 3 ) and adult T. castaneum (t (4) = 44.642; p < 0.001) (Table 4 ). The comparative fumigant toxicity among different stages shows that larval stage of T. castaneum was more susceptible than the adult stages to both the EOs. The fumigation toxicity against adult beetles of C. maculatus also revealed C. deodara EO as most toxic (LC 50 = 16.125 µl/L; LC 95 = 49.609 µl/L) than J. macropoda EO (LC 50 = 25.679 µl/L; LC 95 = 76.934 µl/L). The lethal concentrations were also found significantly different (t (4) = 33.458; p < 0.001) (Table 5 ). The overall comparison of lethal concentrations revealed that C. deodara EO was most effective against both the storage pest. Table 3 Fumigation toxicity of Juniperus macropoda and Cedrus deodara essential oils against red flour beetle Tribolium casteneum larvae Plant Species LC 50 (µl/L Air) 95% Fiducial Limits LC 95 (µl/L Air) 95% Fiducial Limits Slope ± SE χ 2 (D.f) R 2 Lower Upper Upper Lower J. macropoda 357.332 348.672 366.978 433.517 412.448 471.761 19.597 ± 2.789 1.039 (4) 0.260 C. deodara 103.906 95.344 114.189 193.514 162.346 267.658 6.090 ± 0.990 1.216 (4) 0.405 Note: Probit mortality of J. macropoda and C. deodara on T. casteneum larvae. Larvae were exposed to different concentration of EOs and mortality was recorded 48 h post treatment. Corrected mortality was subjected to probit analysis using PoloPlus software, version 2.0 (LeOra Software, 2002). LC 50 , median lethal concentration that would kill 50% of the test insect larval population of T. casteneum , whereas LC 95 (that would kill 95% of the test insect larval population). The fiducial limit is presented at the 95% confidence level (CL); Chi-square value at 95% CL; Df, degree of freedom (i.e., Df = n-2, where n is the number of concentrations administered for bioassay; statistical significance between LC 50 of EOs were evaluated using Paired t - test; * p < 0.05) Table 4 Fumigation toxicity of Juniperus macropoda and Cedrus deodara essential oils against red flour beetle, Tribolium casteneum adult Plant species LC 50 (µl/L Air) 95% Fiducial Limits LC 95 (µl/L Air) 95% Fiducial Limits Slope ± SE χ 2 (D.f) R 2 lower Upper Lower Upper J. macropoda 724.656 683.296 772.771 1106.472 982.578 1375.109 8.949 ± 1.437 0.788 (4) 0.26 C. deodara 123.097 105.082 145.750 379.741 276.002 693.254 3.362 ± 0.563 1.676 (4) 0.56 Note: Probit mortality of J. macropoda and C. deodara on T. casteneum adult. Adult beetles were exposed to different concentration of EOs and mortality was recorded 48 h post treatment. Corrected mortality was subjected to probit analysis using PoloPlus software, version 2.0 (LeOra Software, 2002). LC 50 , median lethal concentration that would kill 50% of the test insect adult population of T. casteneum , whereas LC 95 (that would kill 95% of the test insect adult population). The fiducial limit is presented at the 95% confidence level (CL); Chi-square value at 95% CL; Df, degree of freedom (i.e., Df = n-2, where n is the number of concentrations administered for bioassay; statistical significance between LC 50 of EOs were evaluated using Paired t - test; * p < 0.05) Table 5 Fumigation Toxicity of Juniperus macropoda and Cedrus deodara essential oils against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus adult Plant Species LC 50 (µl/L Air) 95% Fiducial Limits LC 95 (µl/L Air) 95% Fiducial Limits Slope ± SE χ 2 (D.f) R 2 Lower Upper Lower Upper J. macropoda 25.679 22.028 30.447 76.934 56.021 140.054 3.452 ± 0.578 2.892 (4) 0.96 C. deodara 16.125 13.980 19.048 49.609 36.004 89.677 3.370 ± 0.542 1.923 (4) 0.481 Note: Probit mortality of J. macropoda and C. deodara on Callosobruchus maculatus adult. Adult beetles were exposed to different concentration of EOs and mortality was recorded 48 h post treatment. Corrected mortality was subjected to probit analysis using PoloPlus software, version 2.0 (LeOra Software, 2002). LC 50 , median lethal concentration that would kill 50% of the test insect adult population of Callosobruchus maculatus , whereas LC 95 (that would kill 95% of the test insect adult population). The fiducial limit is presented at the 95% confidence level (CL); Chi-square value at 95% CL; Df, degree of freedom (i.e., Df=n-2, where n is the number of concentrations administered for bioassay; statistical significance between LC 50 of EOs were evaluated using Paired t - test; * p < 0.05) Repellent activity of EOs The orientation bioassay studies through Y-tube glass olfactometer revealed that both the essential oils possessed repellent activity against adult beetles of T. castaneum and C. maculatus . The chi-square analysis of beetle responses to essential oils revealed that the insects were influenced by the stimuli, as indicated by significant differences in their responses. Significant repellency of T. castaneum adults was observed for both essential oils across all tested doses, except at 10 ng of J. macropoda (Fig. 6 ). Conversely, the adult beetles of C. maculatus found to be less influenced by EO stimulus which evident from non-significant responses to J. macropoda EO at all dosage and at 10ng dose of C. deodara (Fig. 7 ). However, at 50 and 100ng dose, the C. deodara oil was found showing significant repellence (χ 2 = 15.385 and χ 2 = 24.143 at 50 and 100ng dose, respectively). The two-way ANOVA analysis of percent repellency obtained for J. macropoda and C. deodara EO against T. castaneum and C. maculatus revealed that the main effects viz ., type of essential oil and dosage had significant impact on repellency (against T. castaneum F = 99.528, p < 0.01; against C. maculatus F = 49.37, p < 0.01) (Fig. 8 ). Table 6 Docking score or binding energies (kcal/mol) of essential oil components to the target enzymes Compound Tribolium castaneum (kcal/mol) Callosobruchus maculatus (kcal/mol) AChE (UniProt ID: D6W9E2) NADH-UO (UniProt ID: D6WVN8) GABArs (Uniprot ID: A8DMT9) OR (Uniprot ID: C0Z3Q0) AChE (Uniprot ID: A0A653D353) NADH-UO (UniProt ID: A0A343KPX7) GABArs (Uniport ID: A0A653DIA8) OR (Uniprot ID: A0A7G9J0X7) Cedrus deodara EO components α -cuprenene -7.0 -6.6 -6.0 -7.4 -6.8 -7.1 -5.6 -7.5 α -himachalene -7.5 -6.6 -7.5 -8.0 -6.3 -5.6 -6.2 -7.1 1-ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene -6.4 -4.8 -4.9 -5.3 -5.7 -5.2 -4.9 -6.1 γ -himachalene -7.2 -6.1 -6.1 -7.5 -7.3 -5.6 -5.8 -7.3 2-ethyltoluene -6.2 -4.9 -4.9 -5.1 -5.3 -4.8 -4.9 -5.9 β -cymene -6.7 -5.0 -5.3 -5.5 -5.8 -7.1 -5.3 -6.3 4-acetyl-1-methylcyclohexene -6.6 -4.4 -4.5 -5.4 -5.6 -6.3 -4.5 -5.7 α -(E)-atlantone -8.4 -5.5 -6.0 -6.7 -6.8 -5.6 -6.0 -6.8 Limonene -6.3 -4.9 -5.0 -5.5 -5.7 -6.7 -5.0 -6.1 3,5-diphenyl-1-pentene -8.3 -6.3 -5.6 -7.2 -7.2 -6.4 -6.1 -7.7 Mesitylene -6.3 -4.6 -4.6 -5.1 -5.4 -6.6 -4.7 -5.8 Juniperus macropoda EO components 4-terpineol -6.3 -5.2 -5.0 -5.6 -5.4 -5.3 -5.1 -6.2 γ -terpinolene -6.7 -5.3 -5.1 -5.6 -6.0 -6.8 -5.2 -6.2 4-carene -6.3 -4.9 -5.2 -5.7 -5.6 -5.5 -4.9 -6.5 α -pinene -6.4 -4.8 -5.1 -5.6 -5.2 -5.0 -5.1 -6.2 β -thujene -5.9 -5.1 -4.9 -5.3 -5.4 -4.9 -4.8 -6.1 β -myrcene -5.6 -5.0 -4.4 -4.7 -5.4 -4.7 -4.2 -5.5 δ -cadinene -8.4 -6.0 -6.0 -7.5 -7.5 -6.4 -6.0 -6.6 Note: Docking simulations were performed using AutoDock Vina (version 1.2.0) to predict the binding affinities of essential oil constituents with test insects target proteins. The values are docking scores (estimated binding free energies, in kcal/mol) obtained by molecular docking of each ligand with the indicated proteins. More negative values indicate stronger predicted binding affinity. Tribolium casteneum protein: Aetylcholinesterase (AChE; UniProt ID: D6W9E2), NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NADH-UO; UniProt ID: D6WVN8), GABA receptors (GABA rs ; UniProt ID: A8DMT9), Odorant Receptor (OR: UniProt ID: C0Z3Q0). Callosobruchus maculatus proteins: Aetylcholinesterase (AChE; UniProt ID: A0A653D353), NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NADH-UO; UniProt ID: A0A343KPX7), GABA receptors (GABA rs ; UniProt ID: A0A653DIA8), Odorant Receptor (OR; UniProt ID: A0A7G9J0X7). A dose-dependent increase in repellency was observed for J. macropoda against T. castaneum , with values rising from 11.97% at 10 ng to 54.13% at 50 ng and 85.98% at 100 ng, with all concentrations differing significantly from one another. C. deodara exhibited a similar pattern against T. castaneum , with repellency increasing from 54.13% at 10 ng to 78.79% at 50 ng and reaching 92.95% at 100 ng, with significant differences observed across all dosage levels. According to Tukey's HSD test, C. deodara at 100 ng produced the significantly higher repellency exceeding all other treatment combinations against T. castaneum . J. macropoda at 100 ng formed a distinct intermediate group. The lowest repellency was recorded for J. macropoda at 10 ng, which was significantly inferior to all other treatments. For J. macropoda against C. maculatus , repellency at the lowest dose of 10 ng (3.74%) was significantly inferior to that observed at 50 ng (28.21%) and 100 ng (33.17%). Importantly, no significant difference was detected between the 50 ng and 100 ng treatments, indicating a saturation effect at concentrations above 50 ng. In contrast, C. deodara exhibited a progressive concentration-dependent increase in repellency: 28.47% at 10 ng, 77.02% at 50 ng, and 92.79% at 100 ng, with each dosage level significantly different from the others. Tukey's HSD post-hoc comparisons indicated that C. deodara at 100 ng yielded the maximum repellency against C. maculatus , which was significantly superior to all other treatment combinations. C. deodara at 50 ng constituted a separate statistical group, exhibiting significantly greater efficacy than intermediate-level treatments. J. macropoda at both 50 and 100 ng, together with C. deodara at 10 ng, formed a statistically uniform intermediate group showing no significant differences among them. The lowest repellency was recorded for J. macropoda at 10 ng, which was significantly lower than all other treatments. Molecular Docking studies The potential insecticidal or repellent properties of phyto-compounds from C. deodara and J. macropoda were assessed through molecular docking using four protein targets: acetylcholinesterase (AChE), GABA receptors (GABArs), and NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase and Odorant Receptors (ORs) in both test insects (Table 6 ). Stronger interaction was indicated by more significant negative binding affinities, measured in kcal/mol. A number of C. deodara sesquiterpenoids including γ -himachalene, α -cuprenene, α -himachalene, and α -(E)-atlantone showed consistently strong binding affinities to all four target proteins in both insect species. Notably, α- (E)-atlantone demonstrated the strongest interaction with AChE in T. castaneum (-8.4 kcal/mol), indicating a strong potential to interfere in signal transmission in insect nervous system. Both α -himachalene and α -cuprenene showed significant interaction with a variety of proteins targets especially with ORs and acetylcholinesterase, with average binding affinities between − 6.85 and − 6.75 kcal/mol. Similarly, 3,5-diphenyl-1 pentene demonstrated consistent binding across all targets with average affinity of -6.85 kcal/mol. These interactions suggest two potential mechanisms of action of these sesquiterpenes: interference with signal transmission and sensitization of odorant receptor, a receptor responsible for detection and discrimination for odors in insects. The most effective component of J. macropoda was again a sesquiterpene compound, δ -cadinene, which exhibited a strong binding to AChE in both T. castaneum (-8.4 kcal/mol) and C. maculatus (-7.5 kcal/mol) (Table 6 ). Other monoterpene component of J macropoda , 4-terpineol, γ-terpinolene α -pinene, 4-carene, β -thujene, and β -myrcene showed a significantly weaker interaction, with binding energies ranging from − 4.2 to − 6.8 kcal/mol. However, these compounds may not act as strong inhibitor individually, their presence in essential oil mixture might contribute to synergistic effects, especially when it comes to interfering with chemosensory function. The species-specific trend of receptor-ligand interaction was also observed. In T. castaneum , for instance, α- (E)-atlantone bonded to AChE more strongly (-8.4 kcal/mol) than in C. maculatus (-6.8 kcal/mol). Similarly, it was found that α- himachalene and δ -cadinene bonded considerably more strongly in T. castaneum than in C. maculatus , indicating differential sensitivity (Table 6 ). Comparatively, compounds from C. deodara EO showed stronger and more stable binding affinities than that from J. macropoda essential oil. Besides, most often targeted protein with highest binding values was AChE ranging from − 5.2 to -8.4 kcal/mol, suggesting that it may be major site of action. Molecular Interaction Analysis with selected ligands For further validation, the essential oil component (ligand) from each plant (names essential oil component) that showed the highest binding affinity with target enzymes proteins was selected and visualized using Discovery Studio software. Similarly, the top-scoring ligand interacting with the odorant receptor (OR) protein of each insect was visualized to assess its potential role in repellency. Strongest binding interaction in T. castaneum was observed between α -(E)-atlantone and AChE (-8.4 kcal/mol) which can be attributed to one hydrogen bond (TYR345) and multiple hydrophobic (π–alkyl) interaction involving key residues such as TYR114, TRP342, TYR391, PHE392, and TYR395 (Fig. 9 ) (Table S1 ). Similarly, δ -cadinene also bound T. castaneum AChE with same affinity (-8.4kcal/mol), primarily through π–sigma and π–alkyl hydrophobic interactions involving TRP126, TYR391, and HIS502 (Fig. 9 ) (Table S1 ). For the T. castaneum Odorant receptor target, α -himachalene (-8.0 kcal/mol) and δ -cadinene (-7.5 kcal/mol) showed good affinity, supported by multiple alkyls and π–alkyl interactions (Fig. 10 ) (Table 7). In C. maculatus , δ -cadinene displayed strongest affinity with AChE (-7.5 kcal/mol), stabilised by π–sigma and π–alkyl contacts with TYR102, TRP114, and PHE residues (Fig. 9 ) (Table S1 ). Similarly, γ -himachalene showed stronger binding with AChE (-7.3 kcal/mol) through π–sigma and π–alkyl interactions involving TRP114, TYR102, PHE326, and PHE366 residues (Fig. 10 ) (Table S1 ). For the ORs, 3,5-diphenyl-1-pentene exhibited the highest affinity (-7.7 kcal/mol), supported by π–π stacking with PHE328 an hydrophobic interaction with ILE324, VAL338, and LEU231 (Fig. 10 ) (Table 7). δ-Cadinene also interacted with C. maculatus OR (-6.6 kcal/mol) through multiple π–alkyl contacts with PHE328 (Fig. 10 ) (Table 7). Discussion The chemical composition analysis of plant essential oils is primarily undertaken to elucidate the bioactive compounds present, which may function as effective agents in various applications including biomedicine, biopesticides development, and other environmentally sustainable solutions. Extensive efforts have been carried out for exploration of J. macropoda and C. deodara bio-actives. Despite their ethnobotanical significance, the bioactive potential of these EOs remains largely underexplored, warranting comprehensive phytochemical investigations. In practical situation where fumigation is involved for insecticidal action, the volatiles emitted from essential oils brings mortality in insects, hence we analysed the headspace sample of EOs to identify such volatiles. The chemo-profiling of the volatiles from J. macropoda EO were characterized by a high abundance of monoterpenes and monoterpenoids wherein 4-terpineol, limonene, and γ -terpinolene, β -thujene, 4-carene, α -pinene, and β -myrcene constituted the major part. Essential oils from plant species belonging to Juniperus have previously been reported to contain monoterpenes and monoterpenoids, although considerable compositional variation has been observed among different species and geographical regions 32–35 . The compositional variation was also evident from the studies by Stappen et al. 15 from Western Himalaya and Dahmane et al. 36 from Algeria, who reported sabinene, cedrol, α -pinene and 4-terpineol as the major constituents of J. macropoda oil from Western Himalaya. Similar to present study, the sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids in minor quantity have also been reported by Krutca et al. 33 . The contrasting chemical profiles observed across Juniperus species underscore the significant influence of geographical and environmental factors on terpenoid biosynthesis, with important implications for their biological activities and industrial applications. Converse, the C. deodara EO was found rich in sesquiterpenes (41.92 ± 0.051%), predominantly characterized by himachalane-type compounds ( α -cuprenene, α -himachalene, γ -himachalene), consistent with previous investigations 20,37 . Kumar et al. reported comparable sesquiterpene profiles, including α-himachalene (13.83%), γ-himachalene (12.00%), β-himachalene (37.34%), deodaron (0.43%), α-atlantone (4.53%), γ-(Z)-atlantone (2.77%), γ-(E)-atlantone (3.34%) and, α-(E)-atlantone (10.63%) 37 . This sesquiterpene predominance represents a characteristic chemotaxonomic marker of Cedar species and correlates strongly with their documented bioactivities 21,39,40,41 . The monoterpene fraction in C. deodara was substantially lower (12.36 ± 0.041%) than that observed in J. macropoda oil, reflecting species-specific biosynthetic pathways and distinct ecological adaptations. Notably, the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons (22.77 ± 0.016%), including benzaldehyde (19.40%), p-cymene, and benzoic acid, corroborates earlier findings by Saab et al. 42 . The marked differences in essential oils from these two Himalayan plants highlight the need for detailed bioactivity studies to assess their potential. There are very few reports on fumigation toxicity of EOs of J. macropda and C. deodara against storage insect pests. The present study revealed C. deodara oil as most effective fumigant against both test insects. The C. deodara EO have also been reported to possess very good fumigation toxicity against a storage pest, rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae with 53.33% percent mortality after 30 days of exposure 23 . The toxicity of Cedar wood oil alone was found very effective than its combination with neem oil and neem oil alone 21 . Contrast to fumigation toxicity potential of C. deodara oil in present study, Gupta et al. did not find very encouraging toxicity against C. maculatus (LC 50 = 1487.29 µl/l) and C. chinensis (LC 50 = 1716.80 µl/l) 20 . Our studies revealed that J. macropoda oil was not much effective ( T. castaneum larvae LC 50 = 357.332 µl/l, T. castaneum adult LC 50 = 724.656 µl/l, and C. maculatus adult LC 50 = 25.679 µl/l) as compared to C. deodara oil ( T. castaneum larvae LC 50 = 103.906 µl/l, T. castaneu m adult LC 50 = 123.097 µl/l, and C. maculatus adult LC 50 = 16.125 µl/l). But, toxicity of J. macropoda EO in present study is more promising than those reported by Gupta et al. 20 for toxicities of EOs from J. communis (LC 50 = 1945.44 µl/l) and J. recurva (LC 50 = 2369.76 µl/l) against C. maculatus , this may be attributed to differential composition of EOs. The EOs of J communis and J recurva were dominated by camphene which is a monoterpene compound. Apart from fumigation toxicity, EO from Juniperus species have been studied for its repellent and contact activity against insect pests 15,17,19,43 . The repellent effect is an important characteristic in the choice of essential oil for the management of stored grain pests because high repellency can lower the infestation and the consequent reduction or absence of oviposition 44 . In the present study essential oil of C. deodara shows significantly higher repellent activity against T. castaneum adults at all doses (10ng, 50 ng, and 100ng). The antifeedant/repellent activity of this plant EO have also been reported by Buneri et al. against mealworm beetle ( Tenebrio molitor ) larvae 21 . Koc et al. also reported potential repellent effect of another species C. libani on brown dog tick species ( Rhipicephalus sanguineus ) 45 . The EOs of J. macropoda was found to be most effective repellent at concentration of 50 ng and 100 ng against T. castaneum but not against C. maculatus . Similar to this, Guo, et al. reported that the essential oil of J. formosana showed strong repellent activity against T. castaneum with the percentage repellency (PR) over 80% at 2 h 17 . The other species of Juniperus and C. deodara essential oil have been reported as promising repellents 20 . The variation in the repellent activity could be due to differential volatile profiles. Molecular docking serves as a useful tool in pest management by providing predictive insights onto ligand-protein interactions, facilitating the identification of potential molecular target, enabling structure-based identification of ecofriendly insecticidal or repellent agents 46 . Literature shows that, acetylcholinesterase enzyme is reported to be most potent target for fumigation toxicity of EOs 27 . Besides this key enzyme, EOs are also reported to act on other biological targets of insects such as ion channels or respiratory system 47–49 . Further odorant receptors (ORs) on insect antennae play a crucial role in insect behaviour, sensitization of them by EOs may cause repellent effect in insects. Considering this, we performed in silico molecular docking of major components of both EOs against acetylcholinesterase (AchE), GABA receptors (GABArs), and NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase and Odorant receptors of both test insect species. In silico studies revealed that C . deodara sesquiterpenoids including γ -himachalene, α -cuprenene, α -himachalene, and α -(E)-atlantone showed consistently strong binding affinities to all four target proteins in both insect species. The toxicity and repellency observed in the present study is may be due to this binding suggesting the potential target site. The other EOs with these sesquiterpenoids as major components has also been proved good fumigants against storage pests 39,50 . A strong binding of δ -cadinene to AChE in both insects may be responsible for fumigation and repellent property of J. macropoda EO. This compound has also been proved to possess larvicidal against malaria, dengue and filariasis causing mosquitoes 51 . In comparison to compounds from J. macropoda , C. deodara compounds often showed stronger and more stable binding affinities, consistent with bioassay results indicating the superior insecticidal activity of C. deodara essential oil. The most often targeted protein with highest binding values was AChE, which is a vital enzyme in the insect nervous system that hydrolyses acetylcholine, a key neurotransmitter in nerve impulse transmission. Inhibition of AChE by essential Oils disrupts synaptic signalling, causing neurological dysfunction, paralysis, and ultimately insect mortality. This mechanism underlies the insecticidal (fumigation) potential of these essential oils. The present study concludes that EOs of C. deodara and J. macropoda can be a promising candidate for further in-depth studies and development of suitable formulations for management of storage pests. Conclusion The present investigation provides comprehensive insights into the chemical composition, bio-efficacy, and molecular interaction of Cedrus deodara and Juniperus macropoda essential oils against major storage insect pests. Distinct chemotypes were identified, with C. deodara oil characterized by sesquiterpene-rich derivatives and J. macropoda dominated by monoterpene and monoterpenoids. These compositional differences translated into markedly higher fumigation toxicity and repellency of C. deodara oil. Molecular docking analyses substantiated these finding, revealing strong and stable binding of key sesquiterpenoids (e.g., γ-himachalene, α-himachalene, α-cuprenene) to vital insect target proteins, particularly acetylcholinesterase, indicating a plausible neurotoxic mode of action. Collectively, the integrated chemical, biological and computational evidence underscores the potential of C. deodara essential oil as a potent and eco-compatible fumigant and repellent for sustainable post-harvest pest management. Declarations Competing Interests The authors have no relevant financial and non-financial interest to disclose. Ethical approval The study does not contain any experiment using any animal species that require ethical approval Funding The authors declare that no funds, grant, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. Author Contribution N. G; S. M. N: Writing Original Draft, Visualisation, Supervision, Methodology, Review and Editing, Data Curation. B. H; S. K; S. S: Writing— Review and editing, visualisation, Data curation. Acknowledgement Authors thanks Division of Entomology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi for providing facilities for maintenance of insect cultures and conducting bioassay. Data Availability The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References FAO. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020: Transforming Food Systems for Affordable Healthy Diets. (FAO, Rome, 2020). Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/ca9692en/ca9692en.pdf (accessed 26 Jan 2024). 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10:18:35","extension":"html","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":214691,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8096761/v1/56133fe143bece081c0e94ca.html"},{"id":97148485,"identity":"b7730602-e809-4e08-a192-57cfa6ae3812","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 10:18:28","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1944564,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePlants ((a) \u003cem\u003eJuniperus macropoda\u003c/em\u003e and (b) \u003cem\u003eCedrus deodara\u003c/em\u003e used for biological activity\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8096761/v1/6276952a9b3ba601a02018b8.png"},{"id":97148561,"identity":"49f58096-daf6-4615-a15b-022c65740240","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 10:18:40","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":536913,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHeadspace volatiles collection setup for collection of VOCs emitted by essential oil\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8096761/v1/16dc76d06d4d6b0281cde1e1.png"},{"id":97148538,"identity":"b0401eaf-b621-437a-b5e9-eaad28354ced","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 10:18:34","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":158577,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eY-tube olfactometer set-up for repellence bioassay\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8096761/v1/c9e3f119dccd378b65a448a8.png"},{"id":97148593,"identity":"e0d0eb3b-9184-4a80-be7e-ebcd15eb1164","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 10:18:46","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":71280,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGas chromatogram showing major compounds of Himalayan pencil cedar, \u003cem\u003eJuniperus macropoda.\u003c/em\u003e Compound 1: α-Pinene, 2: β-Thujene, 3: 4-Carene, 4: Limonene, 5: γ-Terpinolene, 6: 4-terpineol\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8096761/v1/11f8f4d6839845a16824c6d5.png"},{"id":97148546,"identity":"6473c2f4-2955-45d3-9525-09f551264bf6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 10:18:36","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":77235,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGas chromatogram showing major compound of Himalayan cedar, \u003cem\u003eCedrus deodara\u003c/em\u003e. Compound 1: 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene, 2: α-Himachalene, 3: γ-himachalene, 4: α-Cuprenene\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8096761/v1/ba8a4e799388003d30befe55.png"},{"id":97148563,"identity":"9a85ee8c-d5ae-471d-90ab-ce37f8578baf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 10:18:40","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":57344,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRepellence activity of \u003cem\u003eJuniperus macropoda\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCedrus deodara\u003c/em\u003e essential oils against adults of red flour beetle, \u003cem\u003eTribolium castaneum\u003c/em\u003e. Repellence responses of \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e adults were assessed at three doses (10, 50, and 100 ng) of essential oils from \u003cem\u003eCedrus deodara\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eJuniperus macropoda\u003c/em\u003e. Bars represent the mean (± SE) percentage of insects responding to control (yellow) and treated (purple) arms in a Y-tube olfactometer assay. Statistical significance between treatments and control was determined using the Chi-square (χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) test; corresponding χ\u003csup\u003e2 \u003c/sup\u003evalues and \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-values are shown alongside each concentration. Asterisks (*) indicate significant differences (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8096761/v1/3b92e4b09254171643a9ae8c.png"},{"id":97148566,"identity":"224af93d-a46b-40ea-a286-96eeeb86c968","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 10:18:41","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":40550,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRepellence activity of \u003cem\u003eJuniperus macropoda\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCedrus deodara\u003c/em\u003e essential oils against adults of pulse beetle \u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus maculatus\u003c/em\u003e. Repellence responses of \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e adults were assessed at three doses (10, 50, and 100 ng) of essential oils from \u003cem\u003eCedrus deodara\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eJuniperus macropoda\u003c/em\u003e. Bars represent the mean (± SE) percentage of insects responding to control (yellow) and treated (purple) arms in a Y-tube olfactometer assay. Statistical significance between treatments and control was determined using the Chi-square (χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) test; corresponding χ\u003csup\u003e2 \u003c/sup\u003evalues and \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-values are shown alongside each concentration. Asterisks (*) indicate significant differences (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8096761/v1/45d6ffb2944cc179b226fb40.png"},{"id":97148617,"identity":"3b74a3b7-fabb-4d77-8750-d9073151025d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 10:18:55","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":147824,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of essential oil type and concentration on repellency against (a) \u003cem\u003eTribolium castaneum\u003c/em\u003e and (b) \u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus maculatus\u003c/em\u003e. Two-way ANOVA was conducted with essential oil type (\u003cem\u003eJuniperus macropoda\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCedrus deodara\u003c/em\u003e) and concentration (10, 50, and 100 ng) as independent factors, and percent repellency as the dependent variable. Bars represent mean percent repellency values. Different letters (a-d) above bars indicate statistically significant differences among treatments based on Tukey's HSD post-hoc test (p \u0026lt; 0.05). Error bars represent standard error of the mean. In order to homogenise the variance, mortality data was subjected to arcsine transformation before applying Tukey’s HSD test\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8096761/v1/24de0d39244e3bfe609dc17c.png"},{"id":97148580,"identity":"ac583948-902a-4210-b3f1-b2e4b61ac1c0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 10:18:44","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":355239,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMajor binding interaction and 2 D diagram of the receptor-ligand complexes: (a) \u003cem\u003eTribolium casteneum\u003c/em\u003e AChE with \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-(E)-atlantone (b) \u003cem\u003eT. casteneum\u003c/em\u003e AChE with \u003cem\u003eδ\u003c/em\u003e-cadinene (c) \u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus maculatus\u003c/em\u003e AChE with \u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e-himachalene (c) \u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus maculatus\u003c/em\u003e AChE with \u003cem\u003eδ\u003c/em\u003e-cadinene. Left panels display the proteins binding pocket represented as a hydrophobic surface (colour scale from blue for hydrophilic regions at -3.00 to brown for hydrophobic regions at +3.00), with key interacting amino acids residues labelled. Right panels show 2D ligand interaction diagrams depicting the spatial arrangement of amino acid residues around each ligand. Conventional hydrogen binds are shown in green, Pi-Alkyl interaction in pink, and Pi-Sigma interaction in purple.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8096761/v1/8795f94a2bda77729fa95d8e.png"},{"id":97148598,"identity":"b5e27b13-1dbd-45df-9d7b-39296c85e14e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 10:18:48","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":377462,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMajor binding interaction and 2 D diagram of the receptor-ligand complexes: (a) \u003cem\u003eTribolium casteneum\u003c/em\u003e ORs with \u003cem\u003eα-\u003c/em\u003ehimachalene (b) \u003cem\u003eT. casteneum\u003c/em\u003e ORs with \u003cem\u003eδ\u003c/em\u003e-cadinene (c) \u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus maculatus\u003c/em\u003e ORs with 3,5-diphenyl-1-pentene (c) \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e ORs with \u003cem\u003eδ\u003c/em\u003e-cadinene. Left panels display the proteins binding pocket represented as a hydrophobic surface (colour scale from blue for hydrophilic regions at -3.00 to brown for hydrophobic regions at +3.00), with key interacting amino acids residues labelled. Right panels show 2D ligand interaction diagrams depicting the spatial arrangement of amino acid residues around each ligand. Alkyl interaction and Pi-Alkyl interaction in pink, Pi-Sigma interactions in purple and Pi-Pi Stacked interaction in dark pink.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8096761/v1/fba69a33382807f9e8b34486.png"},{"id":97366738,"identity":"46433163-55ef-4e0c-882b-c998fa12d5ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-03 16:04:57","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5733827,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8096761/v1/3117bb72-2c41-49c9-8982-12505b1a42ee.pdf"},{"id":97148633,"identity":"dc959fab-68dc-4945-9794-2509da1d3701","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 10:19:01","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":74467,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplimentryFile.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8096761/v1/b363522d017ff8682bd5ffc4.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Comparative Bio-efficacy and Molecular Insights of North-Western Himalayan conifers, Cedrus deodara and Juniperus macropoda Essential Oils against two storage insect Pests","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePost-harvest management of food grains and products is one of the major challenges owing to several factors that can aggravate the post-harvest losses. The efforts are being made to reduce these losses by following several tactics based on the prevailing factors causing losses to ensure the food security of the ever-growing global population. Besides increasing food production and productivity, Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) suggested an alternative approach for food security by focussing on the postharvest losses of agricultural production, which is approximately, 10% in developed countries and exceed 20.5% in developing countries\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e. There are several biotic and abiotic factors which are responsible for post-harvest losses of grains\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. Among the biotic factors storage insect pests are one of the critical factors which can cause damage to the food grains in storage either directly or indirectly. The direct damage is mainly due to feeding on grains (either whole or broken) whereas indirect damage pertains to contamination of food grains due to presence of faeces, webbings and body parts\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe storage insect pests such as red flour beetle \u003cem\u003eTribolium castaneum\u003c/em\u003e (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and pulse beetle \u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus\u003c/em\u003e spp (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) are most important coleopteron stored grain pests generally found infesting several commodities. Red flour beetle is a cosmopolitan polyphagous pest whose adults and larvae are responsible for severe economic damage in stored products, feeding on several dried foods including flours, fruits and grains\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. Moreover, \u003cem\u003eTribolium\u003c/em\u003e spp. are also known to produce carcinogenic compounds called quinones, which leads to allergies, dermatitis and other health disorders\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e. Pulse beetle \u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus spp\u003c/em\u003e. is also a cosmopolitan field-to-store pest ranked as important post-harvest insect pest\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e. Approximately, 10\u0026ndash;40% of the total annual production of pulses is lost annually due to damage by pulse beetles in tropical countries\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraditionally fumigant like phosphine and few contact insecticides such as malathion, deltamethrin are used for management of storage pests in India. Several efforts are being made to develop alternative approaches to reduce the failure of traditionally used insecticides. The development of plant essential oil (EO) based products for storage pest management is one among these approaches. The plant essentials, basically a mixture of several volatile compounds have proved to possess several properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiparasitic etc. Besides, several plant essential oils are found to possess very promising insecticidal activities\u003csup\u003e8,9\u003c/sup\u003e. Apart for their insecticidal properties, EOs are considered to be important tool in pest management due their broad spectrum of activity and mode of action due to presence of several active compounds\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e making them ideal candidate for resistance management\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHimalayan pencil cedar \u003cem\u003eJuniperus macropoda\u003c/em\u003e (Family: Cupressaceae) and Himalayan cedar, \u003cem\u003eCedrus deodara\u003c/em\u003e (Family: Pinaceae) are two woody conifer plants known for their diverse biological activity. There are about 75 species of \u003cem\u003eJuniperus\u003c/em\u003e found in diverse geographical region right from sea level to above timberline\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e. In Himalayas, especially Northern India there is around six species of genus \u003cem\u003eJuniperus\u003c/em\u003e, of which \u003cem\u003eJuniperus communis\u003c/em\u003e is widespread\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e is one of the species which is mainly found in northern western Himalayas and is already characterised for its biological activity\u003csup\u003e14,15\u003c/sup\u003e. \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e is a species of cedar, native to western Himalayas, widely used in Indian system of medicine due to its nutritional and pharmaceutical effects. It is known to have diverse biological activities such as an anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycaemic, analgesic, antiulcer, antispasmodic, antibacterial, insecticidal, molluscicidal, anticancer etc.\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e. To our knowledge there are very few reports on insecticidal potential of EO of \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e, although insecticidal properties have been studies for other species such as \u003cem\u003eJuniperus formosana\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e, \u003cem\u003eJuniperus oxycedrus\u003c/em\u003e spp \u003cem\u003eoxycedrus\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003e, \u003cem\u003eJuniperus phoenisea\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003e, \u003cem\u003eJuniperus recurve\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eJuniperus communis\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e EO of \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e have been reported to possess insecticidal activity against storage pests such as \u003cem\u003eTenebrio molitor\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus chinensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSitosphilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn present study the EOs of these two Himalayan plants were evaluated for their fumigation toxicity and repellent activity against \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eEssential oil\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe essential oil of green needle and thin stem of \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e (a)) and wood chips of Himalayan cedar, \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e(b)) extracted through hydro-distillation process were procured from Dharama Ltd., Chamba, Himachal Pradesh, India.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTest insects\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe test insects, \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e, used for the bioassay were obtained from the Storage Laboratory, Division of Entomology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi. The mass multiplication of insects was carried out in insect culture room maintained at 28\u0026ndash;30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e C temperature and 75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5% relative humidity. \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e was reared on wheat flour mixed with yeast (10:1 w/w) at 12% moisture content in a glass jar (covered with muslin cloth) whereas \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e were reared on mung bean, \u003cem\u003eVigna radiata\u003c/em\u003e seeds. To obtain all individual of same generation, 40\u0026ndash;50 adults were released in rearing container and allowed to lay eggs for two days and then removed to obtain uniform age eggs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eHeadspace collection of Volatiles of EOs\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo know the real time volatiles emitted from essential oils, the dynamic headspace collection methodology\u003csup\u003e24\u003c/sup\u003e was followed (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). 500 \u0026micro;l of essential oil was pipetted on the cotton and kept at the base of Borosil glass reagent bottle (1L). Pre-filtered air was pushed into the glass bottle at 0.5 l/min and air laden with volatiles was pulled out with vacuum pump (0.5 l/min) which goes through volatile trap (Porapak Q (150 mg, 80/100 mesh: Supelco). All connections were made with Teflon tape and silicon tubes to avoid any contamination. Collection of volatiles was done for 3 hours for each oil. Elution of the entrained volatiles was done using 300 \u0026micro;l dichloromethane DCM (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;99.7% purity; CDH (P) Ltd). The eluted samples were collected in 2ml capacity HPLC (screw-cap) vials (Borosil Glass Works Ltd, Mumbai) and stored at -20\u0026deg;C till further use.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eChromatographic analysis of headspace extracts using GC-MS\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe qualitative and quantitative analysis of headspace extracts was carried out by using Shimadzu QP2010 Ultra gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) equipped with Rtx-5 MS capillary column of 30 m length, 0.250 mm Diameter and 0.25 \u0026micro;m film thickness. 1\u0026micro;l (injection volume) samples were introduced using an autosampler with split ratio of 5:1 with an injector temperature of 230\u0026deg;C. Helium gas served as carrier at a constant flow rate of 1 ml/min. Initially column temperature was 40\u0026deg;C held for 4 minutes and then ramped at 10\u0026deg;C/min to 220\u0026deg;C and held for 1 min and finally increased at 15\u0026deg;C/min to 260 and held for 1 min. The GC column was then calibrated using an n-alkanes series (C₈H₁₈-C₂₁H₄₄), and retention indices (RIs) of the components were determined under identical operating conditions. Compound identification was performed by comparing the obtained RIs with published literature values and by matching the mass spectra with those from inbuilt NIST 14 Mass Spectral Library (2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFumigation toxicity\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFumigation activity of EOs was evaluated against larvae and adult of \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e and adult of \u003cem\u003eC maculatus\u003c/em\u003e. Round bottom glass bottles (250 ml volume) with airtight lid (stopcock) were used as fumigation chambers to assay the fumigation toxicity\u003csup\u003e25\u003c/sup\u003e. Based on preliminary dose-range finding bioassay (to determine the dose range giving 20\u0026ndash;80% mortality), larvae and adult of \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e were exposed to five different concentrations of \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e EOs (300 \u0026micro;l/l to 400 \u0026micro;l/l and 500 \u0026micro;l/l to 900 \u0026micro;l/l respectively, for larvae and adult). Similarly, for EO of \u003cem\u003eC. deodara, T. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e larvae and adult of were exposed five different concentrations ranging between 60 \u0026micro;l/l to 140 \u0026micro;l/l and 40 \u0026micro;l/l to 200 \u0026micro;l/l, respectively. For bioassay against adult of \u003cem\u003eC maculatus\u003c/em\u003e, the concentrations were ranged between 8 \u0026micro;l/l to 40 \u0026micro;l/l and 4 \u0026micro;l/l to 24 \u0026micro;l/l, respectively, for \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e. The required quantity of EO in each concentration was measured with micropipette and loaded on the cotton balls, which were hung inside the fumigation bottle from stopcock. A cotton ball without essential oil (EO) treatment was used as the control in the experiment. The fumigations bottles were closed immediately to prevent the escape of insects and EO vapours. For each concentration and the control, 30 individuals of the test insect stages of \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e were released separately into bottles for the fumigation bioassay. Each treatment was replicated three times. After 48 hours of exposure, insect mortality was recorded by gently touching each individual with a camel-hair brush to confirm any movement, if present. The moribund insects were considered dead.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eRepellent toxicity\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComparative repellent activity of the essential oil against \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e was evaluated using Y-tube glass olfactometer\u003csup\u003e26\u003c/sup\u003e with internal diameter of 1 cm and 7 cm long arm and 7 cm source and control arm at 60\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e from each other. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Air was introduced into the source and control arms of Y-tube at 500 ml/min using an air pump. All the connections were made from flexible silicon tubing. The repellency was evaluated at three different dosages viz., 10ng, 50ng, and 100 ng. The required amount of EO aliquot (10\u0026micro;l) was placed on a filter paper strip (2.5cm \u0026times;0.5cm) and the strip was introduced in stimulus holding tube connected to source arm. Filter paper strip with acetone (10\u0026micro;l) was used as control and placed in stimulus holding tube connected with control arm. One adult of each insect was introduced at a time in the main arm of Y-tube. After introducing, insect was allowed to make choice for 15 min. If insects moved to neither arm (source and control), it was considered as no choice. After every five introductions of insects, source and control arm was interchanged after washing with acetone. The Y- tube experiment was performed under diffuse ambient light conditions at room temperature of 28\u0026ndash;30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e C and 75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5% relative humidity. Three replications were carried out for each dose. In each replication the response was recorded from 30 insect individuals. The percent repellency (PR) of each EO at different doses was then calculated by\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePR (%) = [Nc-Nt)/Nc\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Nt)]\u0026times;100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere Nc is the number of insects choosing the control arm and Nt is the number of insects choosing the source arm.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn silico\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003emolecular docking\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBased on the chemical profiling and characterisation of EOs, a total of eighteen major compounds \u003cem\u003eviz\u003c/em\u003e., eleven compounds from \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e and seven from \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e were assessed through \u003cem\u003ein silico\u003c/em\u003e molecular docking for insecticidal and repellency potential against \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, GABA receptors (GABArs), and NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase were chosen as targets for fumigation toxicity as literature suggests that these are most potent target for fumigation toxicity of EOs\u003csup\u003e27\u0026ndash;30\u003c/sup\u003e. Similarly, odorant receptors (OR) were chosen for validating the repellent action as ORs play a crucial role in insect behaviour\u003csup\u003e29\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eReceptor protein preparation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe amino acid sequences of target proteins, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), GABA receptors (GABArs), and NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase for \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e were retrieved from the UniProt database (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ewww.uniprot.org\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) using their respective UniProt Ids (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The amino acid sequences of species-specific OR proteins were also retrieved from the same database in order to evaluate repellent activity. Further, three-dimensional protein structures were generated through homology modelling using SWISS-MODEL server (swissmodel.expasy.org). The resulting structural models were validated for stereochemical quality and structural reliability before proceeding to molecular docking studies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe modelled protein structure underwent systematic preparation for molecular docking analysis. In this preparation, polar hydrogen atoms were added to accurately reflect electrostatic interactions, water molecules were removed to avoid potential interference, and Kollman charges were assigned to each atom to account for partial atomic charges. The prepared protein structure was then further converted and saved in PDBQT format, which is compatible with AutoDock Vina software generated by Trott and Olson (2010)\u003csup\u003e31\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLigand preparation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe three-dimensional molecular structures of major essential components from each EO were retrieved from PUBCHEM database (pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nig.gov.) in SDF format. These ligand structures were processed through energy minimization and conformational optimization procedures by using Discovery Studio Visualizer (BIOVIA, Dassault Syst\u0026egrave;mes, San Diego, CA, USA; version 21.1). The optimized ligand structure was subsequently converted to PDBQT format using AutoDockTools (ADT) to ensure compatibility with molecular docking software.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMolecular docking\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo predict the binding affinities and interaction conformations between essential oil (EO) components and target proteins, molecular docking simulation was conducted using AutoDock Vina\u003csup\u003e31\u003c/sup\u003e. After the conversion of both proteins and possible ligands in PDBQT format, a grid box was established in AutoDock tool which guarantee comprehensive coverage of target protein, facilitating the potential binding sites and interaction modes for ligands by methodically analysing the entire surface of the protein.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDocking process was guided by a configuration file (config.txt) which specified key parameters such as the grid box centre coordinates, dimensions, exhaustiveness, number of binding models for each protein. For every protein-ligand complex, binding affinity scores were determined, and the most favourable conformations were identified based on lowest binding energy values.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe one essential oil component (ligand) from each EO showing highest -scoring complex with any of the three target enzymes (fumigation toxicity) and OR proteins of each test insect species was further visualized using Discovery Studio software (BIOVIA, Dassault Systemes, San Diego, CA, USA; version 21.1). This investigation aimed to pinpoint key amino acid residues involved in ligand binding and to characterize hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and other non-covalent forces that contribute to the stability of the complexes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe data on insect mortality in fumigation bioassay was recorded after 48 h of exposure. The probit analysis of mortality data was done to determine lethal concentration (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e, LC\u003csub\u003e95\u003c/sub\u003e) using PoloPlus software, version 2.0 (LeOra Software, 2002). Further, LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values of both the oils were subjected to paired \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e-test analysis to determine significant difference using SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Chi-square (\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) test was employed to analyse repellency data, and statistical significance was determined at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (SPSS version 20.0, IBM corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Further, repellency percentage was calculated based on the proportion of insects moving toward the source and control. Mean repellency values were subjected to \u003cstrong\u003etwo-way ANOVA\u003c/strong\u003e to assess the effects of essential oil type and concentration, followed by \u003cstrong\u003eTukey\u0026rsquo;s HSD test\u003c/strong\u003e for mean separation at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePhytochemical characterisation of EOs\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe GCMS analysis of \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e revealed the presence of 34 compounds that constituted 96.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14% of the total composition (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The oil was predominantly composed of monoterpenes (59.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.223%) and monoterpenoids (25.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.340%). Among the identified volatiles, the major compounds were 4-terpineol (22.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.085%), limonene (14.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.174%), and \u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e-terpinolene (11.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02%) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Other significant monoterpenes included \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-thujene (7.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.078%), 4-carene (7.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03%), \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-pinene (5.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.039%), and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-myrcene (5.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.057%). Additionally, sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids were present in relatively lower concentrations at 5.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.028% and 0.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.021%, respectively. Notable sesquiterpenes included \u003cem\u003eδ\u003c/em\u003e-cadinene (2.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006%) and \u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e-cadinene (0.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004%), while oxygenated sesquiterpene derivatives were represented by elemol (0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003%) and \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-cadinol (0.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.016%). Other constituents, including esters and non-terpenoids, comprised 9.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.083% of the total composition.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVolatile composition of Himalayan pencil cedar, \u003cem\u003eJuniperus macropoda\u003c/em\u003e essential oil\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS. No.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompound\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMol. formula\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelative area % \u0026plusmn; SE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-Thujene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e928\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-Pinene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e932\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.039\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-Thujene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e968\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.078\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-Pinene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e984\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-myrcene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e993\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.057\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-phellandrene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4-Carene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3-Carene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.139\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e-Cymene \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.091\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLimonene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.174\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e-Terpinolene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1059\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinalool \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1103\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSolusterol \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1109\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c/em\u003e-\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-Menth-2-ene-1-ol \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1127\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003etrans\u003c/em\u003e-2-Menthenol \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1146\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4-terpineol \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1180\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.085\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-Terpineol \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1193\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexyl isovalerate \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1243\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2-isopropyl-4-methylanisole \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1244\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(S)-(-)\u003c/em\u003e-Citronellic acid, methyl ester \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2-Camphanyl acetate \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNonyl acetate \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1313\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-Copaene \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1377\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-Elemene \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1385\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-Cedrene \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1409\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0. 004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-Caryophyllene \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1421\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCadina-1(6),4-diene \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-Amorphene \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1482\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e-Muurolene \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1491\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCadina-3,5-diene \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.405\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e-Cadinene \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1514\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eδ\u003c/em\u003e-Cadinene \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1528\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eElemol \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1557\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-Cadinol \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1663\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.137\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompound class\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e Sesquiterpenes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e Sesquiterpenoids\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e Monoterpenes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.223\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e Monoterpenoids\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.340\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e Others\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.083\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eData in the table are mean peak area (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE) of each compound from three replicates. RI, retention index; SE, standard error.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe volatile composition of \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e oil comprised 49 compounds, accounting for 92.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.024% of the total content (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The oil was predominantly enriched with sesquiterpenes (41.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.051%) and their oxygenated derivatives (sesquiterpenoids) (4.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006%). The major constituents were \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-cuprenene (15.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.304%), \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-himachalene (13.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.051%) and \u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e-himachalene (7.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006%) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Other sesquiterpenes included various isomers and derivatives of himachalene and atlantone. The monoterpene fraction was relatively lower (12.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.041%) compared to \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e and consisted primarily 4-acetyl-1-methylcyclohexene (3.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.068%) and limonene (2.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.018%), with trace amounts of \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-cymene-7-ol (0.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003%), 1,5,8-menthatriene (0.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006%), \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-pinene (0.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005%), \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-myrcene (0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001%), and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-pinene (0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002%). Besides, aromatic hydrocarbons constituted a substantial proportion of \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e EO (22.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.016%), with 1-ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene (10.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06%) being the major component. Other notable aromatic compounds included 2-ethyltoluene (4.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005%), \u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e-cymene (3.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.065%), 3,5-diphenyl-1-pentene (2.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005%), mesitylene (2.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.033%), pseudocumene (1.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.025%), and several minor constituents. The remaining compounds (11.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.019%) further contributed to the complex volatile profile of this species.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVolatile compound emitted from Himalayan cedar, \u003cem\u003eCedrus deodara\u003c/em\u003e essential oil\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS. No.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompound\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMol. formula\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelative area % \u0026plusmn; SE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTropilidene \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4-Methyl-3-pentene-2-one\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e802\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurfural \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e839\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-Furfuryl alcohol \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e882\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eo\u003c/em\u003e-Xylene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e894\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-pinene \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e932\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6-Methyl-2-heptanone \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e956\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2-Ethyltoluene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e975\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4-Piperidinecarbonitrile \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e-Butyl-cumyl-peroxide \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-pinene \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e984\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePseudocumene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e991\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-myrcene \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e993\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMesitylene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e995\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.033\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,5-Diphenyl-1-pentene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e-Cymene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.065\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLimonene \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1027\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1059\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-Chlorindane \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eCl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIsopropyl-N-p-hydroxy-phenylcarbamate \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2-Propyltoluene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1063\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e-Cymenene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1084\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylbenzene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,6-Dimethylstyrene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,5,8-Menthatriene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1108\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4-Acetyl-1-methylcyclohexene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1137\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.068\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNapthalene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1181\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-Creosol \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1192\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-cymene-7-ol \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1288\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVerdyl acetate \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-Methylnaphthalene \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1312\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNonanol acetate \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1313\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-Longipinene\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1350\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHimachala-2,4-diene\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1429\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-Gurjenene\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1432\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-Longifolene\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1441\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-Himachalene\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1447\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.051\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e-himachalene\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1483\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHimachalene-1,4-diene\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1491\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eValencene\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1499\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCuparene \u003csup\u003eac\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1502\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-Cuprenene\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1512\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.304\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-Cadinene\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1515\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-Bisabolene\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1547\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHimachalol\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1656\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e-(Z)-Atlantone\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1699\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e-(E)-Atlantone\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1711\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-(Z)-Atlantone\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1722\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-(E)-Atlantone\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1785\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.026\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompound class\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e Sesquiterpenes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.051\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e Sesquiterpenoids\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e Aromatic hydrocarbons\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e Monoterpenes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.041\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e Others\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eData in the table are mean peak area (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE) of each compound from three replicates. RI, retention index; SE, standard error. RI, retention index; SE, standard error.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFumigation toxicity\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eContact toxicity of both essential oil against test insect stages showed dose dependent-response at 48 h (Fig. \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e). Significantly varied mortality was observed at different concentrations of \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e EO against larval \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32.591; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;001), adult \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45.5; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e adult (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;51.786; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Similarly, significantly different mortality was observed at different concentrations of \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e EO against larval \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40.833; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), adult \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21.156; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and adult \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24.667; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe larval stage of red flour beetle \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e was found most susceptible to \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e EO with lethal concentration LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e95\u003c/sub\u003e value of 103.906 \u0026micro;l/L and 193.514 \u0026micro;l/L, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Comparatively toxicity of \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e EO was lower with LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e95\u003c/sub\u003e value of 357.332 \u0026micro;l/L and 433.517 \u0026micro;l/L, respectively. Similarly, the adult beetles \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e were most susceptible to \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e EO (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;123.097 \u0026micro;l/L; LC\u003csub\u003e95\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;379.741 \u0026micro;l/L) compared to \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e EO (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;724.656 \u0026micro;l/L; LC\u003csub\u003e95\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1106.472 \u0026micro;l/L) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The paired \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e-test analysis also revealed the significant higher LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e against larvae (t\u003csub\u003e(4)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;94.073; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) and adult \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e (t\u003csub\u003e(4)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;44.642; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The comparative fumigant toxicity among different stages shows that larval stage of \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e was more susceptible than the adult stages to both the EOs. The fumigation toxicity against adult beetles of \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e also revealed \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e EO as most toxic (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16.125 \u0026micro;l/L; LC\u003csub\u003e95\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;49.609 \u0026micro;l/L) than \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e EO (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25.679 \u0026micro;l/L; LC\u003csub\u003e95\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;76.934 \u0026micro;l/L). The lethal concentrations were also found significantly different (t\u003csub\u003e(4)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33.458; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The overall comparison of lethal concentrations revealed that \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e EO was most effective against both the storage pest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFumigation toxicity of \u003cem\u003eJuniperus macropoda\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCedrus deodara\u003c/em\u003e essential oils against red flour beetle \u003cem\u003eTribolium casteneum\u003c/em\u003e larvae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlant Species\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e (\u0026micro;l/L Air)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% Fiducial Limits\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e95\u003c/sub\u003e (\u0026micro;l/L Air)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% Fiducial Limits\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlope\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(D.f)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e357.332\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e348.672\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e366.978\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e433.517\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e412.448\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e471.761\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.597\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.789\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.039 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.260\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103.906\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95.344\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e114.189\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e193.514\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e162.346\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e267.658\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.090\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.990\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.216 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.405\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNote: Probit mortality of \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e on \u003cem\u003eT. casteneum\u003c/em\u003e larvae. Larvae were exposed to different concentration of EOs and mortality was recorded 48 h post treatment. Corrected mortality was subjected to probit analysis using PoloPlus software, version 2.0 (LeOra Software, 2002). LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e, median lethal concentration that would kill 50% of the test insect larval population of \u003cem\u003eT. casteneum\u003c/em\u003e, whereas LC\u003csub\u003e95\u003c/sub\u003e (that would kill 95% of the test insect larval population). The fiducial limit is presented at the 95% confidence level (CL); Chi-square value at 95% CL; Df, degree of freedom (i.e., Df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;n-2, where n is the number of concentrations administered for bioassay; statistical significance between LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of EOs were evaluated using Paired \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e- test; *\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFumigation toxicity of \u003cem\u003eJuniperus macropoda\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCedrus deodara\u003c/em\u003e essential oils against red flour beetle, \u003cem\u003eTribolium casteneum\u003c/em\u003e adult\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlant species\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003cem\u003e50\u003c/em\u003e (\u0026micro;l/L Air)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% Fiducial Limits\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e95\u003c/sub\u003e (\u0026micro;l/L Air)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% Fiducial Limits\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlope\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(D.f)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003elower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e724.656\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e683.296\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e772.771\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1106.472\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e982.578\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1375.109\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.949\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.437\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.788 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e123.097\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105.082\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e145.750\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e379.741\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e276.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e693.254\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.362\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.563\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.676 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNote: Probit mortality of \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e on \u003cem\u003eT. casteneum\u003c/em\u003e adult. Adult beetles were exposed to different concentration of EOs and mortality was recorded 48 h post treatment. Corrected mortality was subjected to probit analysis using PoloPlus software, version 2.0 (LeOra Software, 2002). LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e, median lethal concentration that would kill 50% of the test insect adult population of \u003cem\u003eT. casteneum\u003c/em\u003e, whereas LC\u003csub\u003e95\u003c/sub\u003e (that would kill 95% of the test insect adult population). The fiducial limit is presented at the 95% confidence level (CL); Chi-square value at 95% CL; Df, degree of freedom (i.e., Df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;n-2, where n is the number of concentrations administered for bioassay; statistical significance between LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of EOs were evaluated using Paired \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e- test; *\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFumigation Toxicity of \u003cem\u003eJuniperus macropoda\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCedrus deodara\u003c/em\u003e essential oils against pulse beetle, \u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus maculatus\u003c/em\u003e adult\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlant Species\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e (\u0026micro;l/L Air)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% Fiducial Limits\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e95\u003c/sub\u003e (\u0026micro;l/L Air)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% Fiducial Limits\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlope\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(D.f)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.679\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.447\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.934\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e140.054\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.452\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.578\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.892 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.125\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.980\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.048\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.609\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.677\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.370\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.542\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.923 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.481\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote:\u003c/strong\u003eProbit mortality of \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e on \u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus maculatus\u003c/em\u003e adult. Adult beetles were exposed to different concentration of EOs and mortality was recorded 48 h post treatment. Corrected mortality was subjected to probit analysis using PoloPlus software, version 2.0 (LeOra Software, 2002). LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e, median lethal concentration that would kill 50% of the test insect adult population of \u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus maculatus\u003c/em\u003e, whereas LC\u003csub\u003e95\u003c/sub\u003e (that would kill 95% of the test insect adult population). The fiducial limit is presented at the 95% confidence level (CL); Chi-square value at 95% CL; Df, degree of freedom (i.e., Df=n-2, where n is the number of concentrations administered for bioassay; statistical significance between LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of EOs were evaluated using Paired \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e- test; *\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRepellent activity of EOs\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe orientation bioassay studies through Y-tube glass olfactometer revealed that both the essential oils possessed repellent activity against adult beetles of \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e. The chi-square analysis of beetle responses to essential oils revealed that the insects were influenced by the stimuli, as indicated by significant differences in their responses. Significant repellency of \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e adults was observed for both essential oils across all tested doses, except at 10 ng of \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Conversely, the adult beetles of \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e found to be less influenced by EO stimulus which evident from non-significant responses \u003cem\u003eto J. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e EO at all dosage and at 10ng dose of \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). However, at 50 and 100ng dose, the \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e oil was found showing significant repellence (χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15.385 and χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24.143 at 50 and 100ng dose, respectively).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe two-way ANOVA analysis of percent repellency obtained for \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e EO against \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e revealed that the main effects \u003cem\u003eviz\u003c/em\u003e., type of essential oil and dosage had significant impact on repellency (against \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;99.528, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; against \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;49.37, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDocking score or binding energies (kcal/mol) of essential oil components to the target enzymes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompound\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTribolium castaneum\u003c/em\u003e (kcal/mol)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus maculatus\u003c/em\u003e (kcal/mol)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAChE (UniProt ID: D6W9E2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNADH-UO (UniProt ID: D6WVN8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGABArs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Uniprot ID: A8DMT9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Uniprot ID: C0Z3Q0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAChE (Uniprot ID: A0A653D353)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNADH-UO (UniProt ID: A0A343KPX7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGABArs (Uniport ID: A0A653DIA8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Uniprot ID: A0A7G9J0X7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCedrus deodara\u003c/em\u003e EO components\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e-cuprenene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e-himachalene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026gamma;\u003c/em\u003e-himachalene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-ethyltoluene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-cymene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-acetyl-1-methylcyclohexene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e-(E)-atlantone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLimonene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,5-diphenyl-1-pentene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMesitylene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJuniperus macropoda\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEO components\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-terpineol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026gamma;\u003c/em\u003e-terpinolene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-carene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e-pinene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-thujene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e-myrcene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026delta;\u003c/em\u003e-cadinene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eNote: Docking simulations were performed using AutoDock Vina (version 1.2.0) to predict the binding affinities of essential oil constituents with test insects target proteins. The values are docking scores (estimated binding free energies, in kcal/mol) obtained by molecular docking of each ligand with the indicated proteins. More negative values indicate stronger predicted binding affinity. \u003cem\u003eTribolium casteneum\u003c/em\u003e protein: Aetylcholinesterase (AChE; UniProt ID: D6W9E2), NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NADH-UO; UniProt ID: D6WVN8), GABA receptors (GABA\u003csub\u003ers\u003c/sub\u003e; UniProt ID: A8DMT9), Odorant Receptor (OR: UniProt ID: C0Z3Q0). \u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus maculatus\u003c/em\u003e proteins: Aetylcholinesterase (AChE; UniProt ID: A0A653D353), NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NADH-UO; UniProt ID: A0A343KPX7), GABA receptors (GABA\u003csub\u003ers\u003c/sub\u003e; UniProt ID: A0A653DIA8), Odorant Receptor (OR; UniProt ID: A0A7G9J0X7).\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA dose-dependent increase in repellency was observed for \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e against \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e, with values rising from 11.97% at 10 ng to 54.13% at 50 ng and 85.98% at 100 ng, with all concentrations differing significantly from one another. \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e exhibited a similar pattern against \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e, with repellency increasing from 54.13% at 10 ng to 78.79% at 50 ng and reaching 92.95% at 100 ng, with significant differences observed across all dosage levels.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to Tukey's HSD test, \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e at 100 ng produced the significantly higher repellency exceeding all other treatment combinations against \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e at 100 ng formed a distinct intermediate group. The lowest repellency was recorded for \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e at 10 ng, which was significantly inferior to all other treatments. For \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e against \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e, repellency at the lowest dose of 10 ng (3.74%) was significantly inferior to that observed at 50 ng (28.21%) and 100 ng (33.17%). Importantly, no significant difference was detected between the 50 ng and 100 ng treatments, indicating a saturation effect at concentrations above 50 ng. In contrast, \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e exhibited a progressive concentration-dependent increase in repellency: 28.47% at 10 ng, 77.02% at 50 ng, and 92.79% at 100 ng, with each dosage level significantly different from the others. Tukey's HSD post-hoc comparisons indicated that \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e at 100 ng yielded the maximum repellency against \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e, which was significantly superior to all other treatment combinations. \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e at 50 ng constituted a separate statistical group, exhibiting significantly greater efficacy than intermediate-level treatments. \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e at both 50 and 100 ng, together with \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e at 10 ng, formed a statistically uniform intermediate group showing no significant differences among them. The lowest repellency was recorded for \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e at 10 ng, which was significantly lower than all other treatments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMolecular Docking studies\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe potential insecticidal or repellent properties of phyto-compounds from \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e were assessed through molecular docking using four protein targets: acetylcholinesterase (AChE), GABA receptors (GABArs), and NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase and Odorant Receptors (ORs) in both test insects (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Stronger interaction was indicated by more significant negative binding affinities, measured in kcal/mol. A number of \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e sesquiterpenoids including \u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e-himachalene, \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-cuprenene, \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-himachalene, and \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-(E)-atlantone showed consistently strong binding affinities to all four target proteins in both insect species. Notably, \u003cem\u003eα-\u003c/em\u003e(E)-atlantone demonstrated the strongest interaction with AChE in \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e (-8.4 kcal/mol), indicating a strong potential to interfere in signal transmission in insect nervous system. Both \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-himachalene and \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-cuprenene showed significant interaction with a variety of proteins targets especially with ORs and acetylcholinesterase, with average binding affinities between \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6.85 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6.75 kcal/mol. Similarly, 3,5-diphenyl-1 pentene demonstrated consistent binding across all targets with average affinity of -6.85 kcal/mol. These interactions suggest two potential mechanisms of action of these sesquiterpenes: interference with signal transmission and sensitization of odorant receptor, a receptor responsible for detection and discrimination for odors in insects.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe most effective component of \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e was again a sesquiterpene compound, \u003cem\u003eδ\u003c/em\u003e-cadinene, which exhibited a strong binding to AChE in both \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e (-8.4 kcal/mol) and \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e (-7.5 kcal/mol) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Other monoterpene component of \u003cem\u003eJ macropoda\u003c/em\u003e, 4-terpineol, γ-terpinolene \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-pinene, 4-carene, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-thujene, and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-myrcene showed a significantly weaker interaction, with binding energies ranging from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4.2 to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6.8 kcal/mol. However, these compounds may not act as strong inhibitor individually, their presence in essential oil mixture might contribute to synergistic effects, especially when it comes to interfering with chemosensory function.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe species-specific trend of receptor-ligand interaction was also observed. In \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e, for instance, \u003cem\u003eα-\u003c/em\u003e(E)-atlantone bonded to AChE more strongly (-8.4 kcal/mol) than in \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e (-6.8 kcal/mol). Similarly, it was found that \u003cem\u003eα-\u003c/em\u003ehimachalene and \u003cem\u003eδ\u003c/em\u003e-cadinene bonded considerably more strongly in \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e than in \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e, indicating differential sensitivity (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Comparatively, compounds from \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e EO showed stronger and more stable binding affinities than that from \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e essential oil. Besides, most often targeted protein with highest binding values was AChE ranging from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5.2 to -8.4 kcal/mol, suggesting that it may be major site of action.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMolecular Interaction Analysis with selected ligands\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor further validation, the essential oil component (ligand) from each plant (names essential oil component) that showed the highest binding affinity with target enzymes proteins was selected and visualized using Discovery Studio software. Similarly, the top-scoring ligand interacting with the odorant receptor (OR) protein of each insect was visualized to assess its potential role in repellency. Strongest binding interaction in \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e was observed between \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-(E)-atlantone and AChE (-8.4 kcal/mol) which can be attributed to one hydrogen bond (TYR345) and multiple hydrophobic (π\u0026ndash;alkyl) interaction involving key residues such as TYR114, TRP342, TYR391, PHE392, and TYR395 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e) (Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, \u003cem\u003eδ\u003c/em\u003e-cadinene also bound \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e AChE with same affinity (-8.4kcal/mol), primarily through π\u0026ndash;sigma and π\u0026ndash;alkyl hydrophobic interactions involving TRP126, TYR391, and HIS502 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e) (Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e). For the \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e Odorant receptor target, \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-himachalene (-8.0 kcal/mol) and \u003cem\u003eδ\u003c/em\u003e-cadinene (-7.5 kcal/mol) showed good affinity, supported by multiple alkyls and π\u0026ndash;alkyl interactions (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) (Table\u0026nbsp;7).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eδ\u003c/em\u003e-cadinene displayed strongest affinity with AChE (-7.5 kcal/mol), stabilised by π\u0026ndash;sigma and π\u0026ndash;alkyl contacts with TYR102, TRP114, and PHE residues (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e) (Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, \u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e-himachalene showed stronger binding with AChE (-7.3 kcal/mol) through π\u0026ndash;sigma and π\u0026ndash;alkyl interactions involving TRP114, TYR102, PHE326, and PHE366 residues (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) (Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e). For the ORs, 3,5-diphenyl-1-pentene exhibited the highest affinity (-7.7 kcal/mol), supported by π\u0026ndash;π stacking with PHE328 an hydrophobic interaction with ILE324, VAL338, and LEU231 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) (Table\u0026nbsp;7). δ-Cadinene also interacted with \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e OR (-6.6 kcal/mol) through multiple π\u0026ndash;alkyl contacts with PHE328 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) (Table\u0026nbsp;7).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe chemical composition analysis of plant essential oils is primarily undertaken to elucidate the bioactive compounds present, which may function as effective agents in various applications including biomedicine, biopesticides development, and other environmentally sustainable solutions. Extensive efforts have been carried out for exploration of \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e bio-actives. Despite their ethnobotanical significance, the bioactive potential of these EOs remains largely underexplored, warranting comprehensive phytochemical investigations. In practical situation where fumigation is involved for insecticidal action, the volatiles emitted from essential oils brings mortality in insects, hence we analysed the headspace sample of EOs to identify such volatiles. The chemo-profiling of the volatiles from \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e EO were characterized by a high abundance of monoterpenes and monoterpenoids wherein 4-terpineol, limonene, and \u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e-terpinolene, \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-thujene, 4-carene, \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-pinene, and \u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e-myrcene constituted the major part. Essential oils from plant species belonging to Juniperus have previously been reported to contain monoterpenes and monoterpenoids, although considerable compositional variation has been observed among different species and geographical regions\u003csup\u003e32\u0026ndash;35\u003c/sup\u003e. The compositional variation was also evident from the studies by Stappen \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e from Western Himalaya and Dahmane \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e36\u003c/sup\u003e from Algeria, who reported sabinene, cedrol, \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-pinene and 4-terpineol as the major constituents of \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e oil from Western Himalaya. Similar to present study, the sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids in minor quantity have also been reported by Krutca et al.\u003csup\u003e33\u003c/sup\u003e. The contrasting chemical profiles observed across \u003cem\u003eJuniperus\u003c/em\u003e species underscore the significant influence of geographical and environmental factors on terpenoid biosynthesis, with important implications for their biological activities and industrial applications. Converse, the \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e EO was found rich in sesquiterpenes (41.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.051%), predominantly characterized by himachalane-type compounds (\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-cuprenene, \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-himachalene, \u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e-himachalene), consistent with previous investigations\u003csup\u003e20,37\u003c/sup\u003e. Kumar \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e reported comparable sesquiterpene profiles, including α-himachalene (13.83%), γ-himachalene (12.00%), β-himachalene (37.34%), deodaron (0.43%), α-atlantone (4.53%), γ-(Z)-atlantone (2.77%), γ-(E)-atlantone (3.34%) and, α-(E)-atlantone (10.63%)\u003csup\u003e37\u003c/sup\u003e. This sesquiterpene predominance represents a characteristic chemotaxonomic marker of \u003cem\u003eCedar\u003c/em\u003e species and correlates strongly with their documented bioactivities\u003csup\u003e21,39,40,41\u003c/sup\u003e. The monoterpene fraction in \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e was substantially lower (12.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.041%) than that observed in \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e oil, reflecting species-specific biosynthetic pathways and distinct ecological adaptations. Notably, the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons (22.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.016%), including benzaldehyde (19.40%), p-cymene, and benzoic acid, corroborates earlier findings by Saab et al.\u003csup\u003e42\u003c/sup\u003e. The marked differences in essential oils from these two Himalayan plants highlight the need for detailed bioactivity studies to assess their potential.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere are very few reports on fumigation toxicity of EOs of \u003cem\u003eJ. macropda\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e against storage insect pests. The present study revealed \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e oil as most effective fumigant against both test insects. The \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e EO have also been reported to possess very good fumigation toxicity against a storage pest, rice weevil \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e with 53.33% percent mortality after 30 days of exposure\u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e. The toxicity of Cedar wood oil alone was found very effective than its combination with neem oil and neem oil alone\u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e. Contrast to fumigation toxicity potential of \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e oil in present study, Gupta \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e did not find very encouraging toxicity against \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1487.29 \u0026micro;l/l) and \u003cem\u003eC. chinensis\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1716.80 \u0026micro;l/l)\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur studies revealed that \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e oil was not much effective (\u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e larvae LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;357.332 \u0026micro;l/l, \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e adult LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;724.656 \u0026micro;l/l, and \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e adult LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25.679 \u0026micro;l/l) as compared to \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e oil (\u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e larvae LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;103.906 \u0026micro;l/l, \u003cem\u003eT. castaneu\u003c/em\u003em adult LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;123.097 \u0026micro;l/l, and \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e adult LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16.125 \u0026micro;l/l). But, toxicity of \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e EO in present study is more promising than those reported by Gupta \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e for toxicities of EOs from \u003cem\u003eJ. communis\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1945.44 \u0026micro;l/l) and \u003cem\u003eJ. recurva\u003c/em\u003e (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2369.76 \u0026micro;l/l) against \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e, this may be attributed to differential composition of EOs. The EOs of \u003cem\u003eJ communis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eJ recurva\u003c/em\u003e were dominated by camphene which is a monoterpene compound.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eApart from fumigation toxicity, EO from \u003cem\u003eJuniperus\u003c/em\u003e species have been studied for its repellent and contact activity against insect pests\u003csup\u003e15,17,19,43\u003c/sup\u003e. The repellent effect is an important characteristic in the choice of essential oil for the management of stored grain pests because high repellency can lower the infestation and the consequent reduction or absence of oviposition\u003csup\u003e44\u003c/sup\u003e. In the present study essential oil of \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e shows significantly higher repellent activity against \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e adults at all doses (10ng, 50 ng, and 100ng). The antifeedant/repellent activity of this plant EO have also been reported by Buneri \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e against mealworm beetle (\u003cem\u003eTenebrio molitor\u003c/em\u003e) larvae\u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e. Koc \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e also reported potential repellent effect of another species \u003cem\u003eC. libani\u003c/em\u003e on brown dog tick species (\u003cem\u003eRhipicephalus sanguineus\u003c/em\u003e)\u003csup\u003e45\u003c/sup\u003e. The EOs of \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e was found to be most effective repellent at concentration of 50 ng and 100 ng against \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e but not against \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e. Similar to this, Guo, \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e reported that the essential oil of \u003cem\u003eJ. formosana\u003c/em\u003e showed strong repellent activity against \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e with the percentage repellency (PR) over 80% at 2 h\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e. The other species of \u003cem\u003eJuniperus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e essential oil have been reported as promising repellents\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e. The variation in the repellent activity could be due to differential volatile profiles.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMolecular docking serves as a useful tool in pest management by providing predictive insights onto ligand-protein interactions, facilitating the identification of potential molecular target, enabling structure-based identification of ecofriendly insecticidal or repellent agents\u003csup\u003e46\u003c/sup\u003e. Literature shows that, acetylcholinesterase enzyme is reported to be most potent target for fumigation toxicity of EOs\u003csup\u003e27\u003c/sup\u003e. Besides this key enzyme, EOs are also reported to act on other biological targets of insects such as ion channels or respiratory system\u003csup\u003e47\u0026ndash;49\u003c/sup\u003e. Further odorant receptors (ORs) on insect antennae play a crucial role in insect behaviour, sensitization of them by EOs may cause repellent effect in insects. Considering this, we performed \u003cem\u003ein silico\u003c/em\u003e molecular docking of major components of both EOs against acetylcholinesterase (AchE), GABA receptors (GABArs), and NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase and Odorant receptors of both test insect species. \u003cem\u003eIn silico\u003c/em\u003e studies revealed that \u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003edeodara\u003c/em\u003e sesquiterpenoids including \u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e-himachalene, \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-cuprenene, \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-himachalene, and \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-(E)-atlantone showed consistently strong binding affinities to all four target proteins in both insect species. The toxicity and repellency observed in the present study is may be due to this binding suggesting the potential target site. The other EOs with these sesquiterpenoids as major components has also been proved good fumigants against storage pests \u003csup\u003e39,50\u003c/sup\u003e. A strong binding of \u003cem\u003eδ\u003c/em\u003e-cadinene to AChE in both insects may be responsible for fumigation and repellent property of \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e EO. This compound has also been proved to possess larvicidal against malaria, dengue and filariasis causing mosquitoes\u003csup\u003e51\u003c/sup\u003e. In comparison to compounds from \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e compounds often showed stronger and more stable binding affinities, consistent with bioassay results indicating the superior insecticidal activity of \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e essential oil. The most often targeted protein with highest binding values was AChE, which is a vital enzyme in the insect nervous system that hydrolyses acetylcholine, a key neurotransmitter in nerve impulse transmission. Inhibition of AChE by essential Oils disrupts synaptic signalling, causing neurological dysfunction, paralysis, and ultimately insect mortality. This mechanism underlies the insecticidal (fumigation) potential of these essential oils. The present study concludes that EOs of \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e can be a promising candidate for further in-depth studies and development of suitable formulations for management of storage pests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present investigation provides comprehensive insights into the chemical composition, bio-efficacy, and molecular interaction of \u003cem\u003eCedrus deodara\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eJuniperus macropoda\u003c/em\u003e essential oils against major storage insect pests. Distinct chemotypes were identified, with \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e oil characterized by sesquiterpene-rich derivatives and \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e dominated by monoterpene and monoterpenoids. These compositional differences translated into markedly higher fumigation toxicity and repellency of C. deodara oil. Molecular docking analyses substantiated these finding, revealing strong and stable binding of key sesquiterpenoids (e.g., γ-himachalene, α-himachalene, α-cuprenene) to vital insect target proteins, particularly acetylcholinesterase, indicating a plausible neurotoxic mode of action. Collectively, the integrated chemical, biological and computational evidence underscores the potential of \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e essential oil as a potent and eco-compatible fumigant and repellent for sustainable post-harvest pest management.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial and non-financial interest to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEthical approval\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study does not contain any experiment using any animal species that require ethical approval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that no funds, grant, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN. G; S. M. N: Writing Original Draft, Visualisation, Supervision, Methodology, Review and Editing, Data Curation. B. H; S. K; S. S: Writing\u0026mdash; Review and editing, visualisation, Data curation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors thanks Division of Entomology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi for providing facilities for maintenance of insect cultures and conducting bioassay.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e FAO. \u003cem\u003eThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020: Transforming Food Systems for Affordable Healthy Diets.\u003c/em\u003e (FAO, Rome, 2020). 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High Throughput Screen\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e19\u003c/b\u003e(7), 565\u0026ndash;571 (2016).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Fumigation, repellent, essential oils, Juniperus macropoda, Cedrus deodara, storage pests, headspace extraction, Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, molecular docking, acetylcholinesterase","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8096761/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8096761/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe study, aimed to evaluate fumigation and repellent properties of essential oils (EOs) from \u003cem\u003eJuniperus macropoda\u003c/em\u003e leaves and cedarwood, \u003cem\u003eCedrus deodara\u003c/em\u003e against storage pests \u003cem\u003eviz\u003c/em\u003e., \u003cem\u003eTribolium casteneum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus maculatus\u003c/em\u003e. Further, the volatile compounds released from essential oils were collected through headspace extraction and analysed using Gas Chromatography\u0026ndash;Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The major compounds released from \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e EO were α-Cuprenene (15.53%) and α-Himachalene (13.42%) whereas 4-terpineol (22.35%) and Limonene (14.16%) dominated the volatile composition of \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e EO. Fumigation assay showed that \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e EO was significantly more toxic than \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e EO against \u003cem\u003eT. casteneum\u003c/em\u003e larvae (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;103.91 vs. 357.33 \u0026micro;l/l) and adults (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;123.10 vs. 724.66 \u0026micro;l/l). Similarly, \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e EO exhibited stronger fumigant activity against \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e adult (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16.13 \u0026micro;l/l) compared to \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e EO (LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25.68 \u0026micro;l/l). Repellency assay revealed that \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e EO significantly repelled \u003cem\u003eC. maculatus\u003c/em\u003e adults at 50 and 100 ng, whereas \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e EO showed no significant effect. Against \u003cem\u003eT. casteneum\u003c/em\u003e adults, both EOs exhibited significant repellency, except \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e at lowest dose (10 ng). \u003cem\u003eIn-silico\u003c/em\u003e analysis revealed that in comparison to components from \u003cem\u003eJ. macropoda\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e components such as \u003cem\u003eγ\u003c/em\u003e-himachalene, \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-cuprenene, \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-himachalene, and \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e-(E)-atlantone often showed stronger and more stable binding affinities, consistent with bioassay results indicating the superior insecticidal activity of \u003cem\u003eC. deodara\u003c/em\u003e essential oil. Molecular docking also revealed acetylcholinesterase as the primary target, thereby supporting its role in fumigation insecticidal activity of the essential oils.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparative Bio-efficacy and Molecular Insights of North-Western Himalayan conifers, Cedrus deodara and Juniperus macropoda Essential Oils against two storage insect Pests","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-01 10:15:30","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8096761/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-13T06:41:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-22T13:26:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-11T20:51:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"105766015570105078814851390339629306751","date":"2025-12-01T13:16:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"117962569718711927322166903114069575148","date":"2025-11-26T12:54:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-26T12:47:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-26T12:37:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-26T05:27:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-17T06:02:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-11-17T05:58:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4ab7bf8d-02c2-40ed-9d6b-6d32adf49fbf","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":58776143,"name":"Biological sciences/Biochemistry"},{"id":58776144,"name":"Biological sciences/Biological techniques"},{"id":58776145,"name":"Biological sciences/Biotechnology"},{"id":58776146,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences"},{"id":58776147,"name":"Biological sciences/Zoology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-30T16:24:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-01 10:15:30","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8096761","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8096761","identity":"rs-8096761","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}