Quality of Life among the Elderly Population in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study

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Foziah, Khetam AlNaaamneh, Mohammed M. Al-Hammouri This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7538715/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 15 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The rapid demographic transition in Jordan has resulted in an expanding elderly population, raising concerns about their quality of life (QoL). With the global rise in life expectancy, the elderly population faces various challenges that affect their overall quality of life. This study aimed to assess the QoL among elderly Jordanians and identify areas of QoL improvement. A descriptive correlational cross-sectional design study was conducted, including 220 participants from community settings and elderly homes in Amman and Irbid. The WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used to measure QoL across physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains. The results indicated moderate overall QoL, with the highest scores in social relationships and the lowest in physical health. The findings provide valuable insights for healthcare providers, policymakers, and elderly care services in Jordan, emphasizing targeted interventions improving overall QoL among the elderly population, particularly in strengthening healthcare accessibility, community support, and economic security. Elderly Quality of Life Jordan WHOQOL-BREF Elderly Care Introduction The concept of quality of life (QoL) for the elderly population has become a central concern in public health and social policy worldwide. However, in Jordan, this concern is particularly pressing as the elderly population is steadily increasing due to the increasing life expectancy, advancement of healthcare, and changes in family structures. Although the proportion of the elderly population in Jordan remains relatively low compared to the international averages, projections indicate that the elderly population will double by 2050, leading to significant social and healthcare demands [ 1 ]. The QoL concept is a multidimensional construct that captures the individual’s perception of their overall position in life, shaped by cultural, social, and environmental contexts, not only physical and psychological health [ 1 ]. The elderly care systems are still under development; understanding the factors that raise the quality of life among elderly people in both community and institutional settings is increasingly critical [ 2 ]. Elderly individuals, especially in low-middle-income countries, are susceptible to facing challenges that can negatively affect their QoL, including chronic diseases, economic insecurity, insufficient institutional support, and limited access to specialized geriatric services. Traditional family-based care systems continue to play an important role, but urbanization, migration, and shifting social values are weakening these structures. Research in the Middle East has highlighted disparities in QoL outcomes, especially between urban and rural settings, and between men and women. Elderly women often report lower QoL due to financial dependency, caregiving responsibilities, and reduced autonomy. Moreover, socioeconomic inequalities exacerbate vulnerability among older adults, particularly those with limited education and low income. Despite these realities, empirical studies on QoL among elderly populations in Jordan remain scarce, especially large-scale quantitative research that identifies significant predictors of QoL. This study seeks to fill this gap by systematically examining QoL among elderly Jordanians using the WHOQOL-BREF instrument and assessing the role of socio-demographic and environmental characteristics. By doing so, it provides evidence that can guide healthcare providers, policymakers, and community organizations in developing strategies to improve elderly care and ensure dignified aging in Jordan. Methods Design and Sample A cross-sectional descriptive correlational study was conducted with 220 participants aged 65 years and older. Participants were recruited from communities across Jordan and from elderly homes in Amman and Irbid. Instrument : The WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used to assess QoL across four domains: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health. Each item was scored on a 5-point Likert scale, and scores were transformed to a 0–100 scale, with higher scores indicating better QoL. The WHOQOL-BREF has demonstrated strong reliability and validity in previous studies, with Cronbach’s alpha values typically ranging from 0.70 to 0.88 across domains and robust construct validity confirmed through factor analysis in diverse populations, including Middle Eastern samples. These psychometric properties ensure that the instrument provides reliable and culturally adaptable measurements of QoL. Data Collection Structured interviews were conducted with participants. Ethical approval was obtained from Jordan University of Science and Technology IRB and the Ministry of Social Development. Analysis SPSS v25 was used. Descriptive statistics summarized socio-demographics and QoL domain scores. Results The socio-demographic characteristics of participants are presented in (Table 1 ) had a mean age of 72.6 years (SD ± 6.3), with 54.5% male and 45.5% female participants. In terms of education, 46.4% had completed school and 35.9% had attained university education, while a notable proportion remained with lower educational levels. Regarding marital status, 45.9% were married and 34.5% were widowed. Most participants resided in urban areas (60.9%), whereas 39.1% lived in rural settings, reflecting the demographic diversity of the elderly population in Jordan. Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Participants (N = 220) Variable Category N (%) Age 65–75 years 142 (64.8) 76–85 years 65 (29.7) > 85 years 12 (5.5) Gender Male 120 (54.5) Female 100 (45.5) Education Illiterate 39 (17.7) School 102 (46.4) College/University 79 (35.9) Marital Status Married 101 (45.9) Widowed 76 (34.5) Single/Divorced 43 (19.5) Living place Rural 86 (39.1) Urban 134 (60.9) [Insert Table 1 here] The socio-demographic characteristics of participants are presented in Table 1 , showing that most participants were between 65 and 75 years old, with slightly more males than females. Education levels were modest, with nearly half completing school, while illiteracy remained notable at 17.7%. A large proportion were widowed, which is an important factor influencing psychological and social well-being in old age. [Insert Table 2 here] Table 2 Descriptive Statistics of Quality of Life (WHOQOL-PREF) Items Variable Category N (%) How would you rate your quality of life? Very Poor 14 (6.4) Poor 46 (20.9) Neither poor nor good 57 (25.9) Good 99 (45.0) Very good 4 (1.8) How satisfied are you with your health? Very dissatisfied 11 (5.0) Dissatisfied 116 (52.7) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 38 (17.3) Satisfied 45 (20.5) Very satisfied 10 (4.5) To what extent do you feel that physical pain prevents you from doing what you need to do? An extreme amount 17 (7.7) Very much 95 (43.2) A moderate amount 33 (15.0) A little 58 (26.4) Not at all 17 (7.7) How much do you need any medical treatment to function in your daily life? An extreme amount 57 (25.9) Very much 63 (28.6) A moderate amount 40 (18.2) A little 43 (19.5) Not at all 17 (7.7) How much do you enjoy life? An extreme amount 6 (2.7) Very much 96 (43.6) A moderate amount 98 (44.5) A little 17 (7.7) Not at all 3 (1.4) To what extent do you feel your life to be meaningful? An extreme amount 17 (7.7) Very much 92 (41.8) A moderate amount 74 (33.6) A little 34 (15.5) Not at all 3 (1.4) How well are you able to concentrate? Not at all 17 (7.7) A little 135 (61.4) A moderate amount 54 (24.5) Very much 11 (5.0) Extremely 3 (1.4) How safe do you feel in your daily life? Not at all 11 (5.0) A little 50 (22.7) A moderate amount 129 (58.6) Very much 26 (11.8) Extremely 4 (1.8) How healthy is your physical environment? Not at all 23 (10.5) A little 79 (35.9) A moderate amount 77 (35.0) Very much 37 (16.8) Extremely 4 (1.8) Do you have enough energy for everyday life? Not at all 52 (23.6) A little 108 (49.1) Moderately 50 (22.7) Mostly 7 (3.2) Completely 3 (1.4) Are you able to accept your bodily appearance? Not at all 6 (2.7) A little 78 (35.5) Moderately 111 (50.5) Mostly 20 (9.1) Completely 5 (2.3) Have you enough money to meet your needs Not at all 85 (38.6) A little 51 (23.2) Moderately 63 (28.6) Mostly 15 (6.8) Completely 6 (2.7) How available is the information that you need in your day-to-day life? Not at all 17 (7.7) A little 111 (50.5) Moderately 56 (25.5) Mostly 32 (14.5) Completely 4 (1.8) To what extent do you have the opportunity for leisure activities Not at all 76 (34.5) A little 94 (42.7) Moderately 39 (17.7) Mostly 8 (3.6) Completely 3 (1.4) How well are you able to get around? Very poor 18 (8.2) Poor 116 (52.7) Neither poor nor good 42 (19.1) Good 38 (17.3) Very good 6 (2.7) How satisfied are you with your sleep? Very dissatisfied 4 (1.8) Dissatisfied 71 (32.3) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 65 (29.5) Satisfied 74 (33.6) Very satisfied 6 (2.7) How satisfied are you with your ability to perform your daily living activities? Very dissatisfied 18 (8.2) Dissatisfied 112 (50.9) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 47 (21.4) Satisfied 38 (17.3) Very satisfied 5 (2.3) How satisfied are you with your capacity for work? Very dissatisfied 17 (7.7) Dissatisfied 132 (60.0) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 28 (12.7) Satisfied 32 (14.5) Very satisfied 11 (5.0) How satisfied are you with yourself? Very dissatisfied 4 (1.8) Dissatisfied 17 (7.7) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 107 (48.6) Satisfied 72 (32.7) Very satisfied 20 (9.1) How satisfied are you with your personal relationships? Very dissatisfied 7 (3.2) Dissatisfied 19 (8.6) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 81 (36.8) Satisfied 99 (45.0) Very satisfied 14 (6.4) How satisfied are you with your sex life? Very dissatisfied 7 (3.2) Dissatisfied 21 (9.5) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 135 (61.4) Satisfied 39 (17.7) Very satisfied 18 (8.2) How satisfied are you with the support you get from your friends? Very dissatisfied 9 (4.1) Dissatisfied 16 (7.3) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 81 (36.8) Satisfied 100 (45.5) Very satisfied 14 (6.4) How satisfied are you with the conditions of your living place? Very dissatisfied 4 (1.8) Dissatisfied 19 (8.6) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 63 (28.6) Satisfied 106 (48.2) Very satisfied 28 (12.7) How satisfied are you with your access to health services? Very dissatisfied 4 (1.8) Dissatisfied 84 (38.2) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 30 (13.6) Satisfied 87 (39.5) Very satisfied 15 (6.8) How satisfied are you with your transport? Very dissatisfied 5 (2.3) Dissatisfied 105 (47.7) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 36 (16.4) Satisfied 67 (30.5) Very satisfied 7 (3.2) How often do you have negative feelings such as blue mood, despair, anxiety, depression? Always 0 (0.0) Very often 85 (38.6) Quite often 99 (45.0) Seldom 33 (15.0) Never 3 (1.4) Table 2 shows that while 45% of participants rated their QoL as good, only 1.8% rated it as very good, suggesting generally moderate satisfaction. Dissatisfaction with health was striking, with over half reporting dissatisfaction. Pain emerged as a major barrier, with 43.2% stating it prevented daily activities very much. Yet, the majority reported life as meaningful and enjoyable, suggesting resilience despite health challenges. [Insert Table 3 here] Table 3 Descriptive Statistics of WHOQOL-BREF Domains Domain Mean (SD) Range (0–100) Physical Health 58.2 (12.6) 35–85 Psychological 62.5 (13.4) 40–90 Social Relationships 68.1 (14.1) 42–95 Environment 60.7 (11.9) 38–88 The domain scores for quality of life are summarized in Table 3 , demonstrating that the social relationships had the highest mean score, reflecting strong cultural and familial ties. Physical health scored the lowest, consistent with high scores of dissatisfaction and reported pain. Psychological and environmental domains fell between, pointing to moderate mental resilience but structural challenges in living conditions. Discussion The detailed item-level and domain-level QoL analysis underscores a complex picture of elderly well-being in Jordan. While general life satisfaction appears moderate, health dissatisfaction is high, suggesting that physical challenges, especially chronic pain and reliance on medical treatment, remain dominant obstacles to aging well. The finding that over 40% of participants reported pain as a major barrier to daily functioning reflects an urgent need for targeted interventions in pain management and chronic disease care. At the same time, the majority of participants reported meaningful lives and enjoyment, indicating psychological resilience and the protective role of cultural values, spirituality, and family support. These elements likely explain why many elderly Jordanians continue to report satisfaction with life even when facing significant health constraints. According to international research, elderly frequently use psychological resilience to adjust to physical decline and retain their level of pleasure despite health restrictions [ 12 ]. This is consistent with the current study’s finding of moderate but not high self-rated overall quality of life. The discrepancy between moderate life satisfaction and high health dissatisfaction (52.7%) is a well-established phenomenon. Physical deterioration is frequently seen as inevitable as people age, but emotional well-being is not always negatively impacted, especially when coping mechanisms and social support are strong [ 11 ]. Pain and functional limitations were prominent findings, with 43.2% identifying pain as a major obstacle. These results are in line with Patel et al. (2020), who reported that chronic pain is a leading cause of impairment and reduced QoL in elderly individuals [ 13 ]. The fact that 28.6% of participants required medical care to function daily highlights the medicalization of aging, in which treatment becomes essential to preserve independence rather than optional. Despite these challenges, psychological well-being was evident: 44.6% of participants reported enjoying life “very much” and 41.8% found their life meaningful. This aligns with Foster & Neville (2019), who emphasized resilience as a cornerstone of successful aging [ 8 ]. Similarly, Steger et al. (2009) found that a sense of purpose reduces depression, strengthens immunity, and extends life expectancy [ 16 ]. Cognitive and concentration issues were also apparent, with 61.4% reporting difficulties in focusing. While not necessarily indicators of dementia, such limitations may result from stress, medication, or natural declines in processing speed. Harada et al. (2013) note that even cognitively healthy elderly individuals commonly experience reduced working memory and slower processing speed [ 10 ]. Safety and environmental quality emerged as moderate concerns: more than half of respondents felt “moderately” safe, but few rated their environment or safety at the highest levels. According to the WHO (2021), perceived safety and environmental conditions such as lighting, accessibility, and cleanliness are critical for QoL [ 18 ]. Poor environmental quality has been linked to greater risk of falls, anxiety, and reduced autonomy [ 15 ]. Physical restrictions such as low energy and limited mobility were consistent with age-related declines in muscle mass, chronic illness, and reduced physical activity. These restrictions diminish autonomy and self-efficacy, lowering life satisfaction. Paterson and Warburton (2010) emphasized that decreased activity leads to dependency and psychological decline [ 14 ]. Economic insecurity was another important theme; Gallo and Matthews (2021) found that financial insufficiency in the elderly is associated with depression, limited healthcare access, and social withdrawal [ 9 ]. This was reflected in the current study, where many reported inadequate financial resources and low access to leisure and information, which can lead to isolation and reduced capacity for informed health decisions. Interestingly, despite these vulnerabilities, participants reported relatively high satisfaction with relationships, personal support, and living conditions. These factors are well-documented buffers against stress and institutionalization. Wahl et al. (2013) highlighted that strong interpersonal ties preserve emotional well-being even in the face of physical decline [ 17 ]. Neutral responses on sexual health and self-satisfaction may indicate cultural stigma and lack of discussion of these issues, consistent with Beutel et al. (2018), who argue for age-sensitive approaches to sexuality in later life [ 7 ]. Finally, 45% of participants reported frequently experiencing negative feelings, suggesting an undercurrent of psychological distress. According to WHO (2021), late-life depression is highly prevalent but often underdiagnosed, exacerbated by isolation, illness, and lack of engagement in meaningful activities [ 18 ]. These findings stress the importance of expanding mental health services and integrating them into elderly care frameworks. Overall, these results emphasize the duality of elderly life in Jordan: resilience rooted in social and cultural support systems, but vulnerability linked to health conditions, cognitive challenges, economic insecurity, and inadequate structural support. Policies should therefore combine medical interventions with community-based and social strategies, ensuring holistic elderly care that addresses both physical health and life satisfaction. Conclusion This study demonstrated that elderly Jordanians report a generally moderate quality of life, with the highest levels of satisfaction observed in social relationships and the lowest in physical health. Pain, chronic illness, and reliance on medical treatment emerged as significant challenges, yet many participants continued to find enjoyment and meaning in life, reflecting resilience supported by cultural and family ties. Dissatisfaction with health and disparities between urban and rural settings underscore the importance of addressing both medical and environmental needs. The findings call for comprehensive policies that expand access to geriatric healthcare, improve pain management, and strengthen preventive health services. At the same time, community-based programs should support family caregivers and address social and environmental disparities. Special attention must be directed toward vulnerable groups, including women, widowed individuals, and rural residents. By focusing on these priorities, Jordan can enhance the dignity, security, and overall quality of life of its growing elderly population. Declarations Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) (Approval No: 2022/627) and the Jordan Ministry of Social Development. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants after providing a comprehensive explanation of the study objectives, the content of each questionnaire item, and assurances of confidentiality. Participation was entirely voluntary, and participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without consequences. Consent for Publication Not applicable. Clinical Trial Registration Clinical trial number: not applicable. Human Ethics and Consent to Participate All procedures were conducted in line with ethical standards, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This study is funded by the Deanship of Research at Jordan University of Science and Technology [20230577] and Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin [UniSZA/2023/JORDAN(JUST)005]. Author Contribution W.T. conceptualized the study, supervised the research process, and contributed to drafting and revising the manuscript. N.H.M.F. contributed to the study design, data interpretation, and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content. K.A. contributed to data collection, data analysis, and drafting sections of the manuscript. M.M.A. contributed to methodology, statistical analysis, and preparation of tables and figures. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. Acknowledgement The authors thank the elderly participants, elderly homes, the Ministry of Social Development, and the research team for their cooperation. Data Availability All relevant data are contained within the manuscript and its supporting information files. Additional anonymized data is available upon reasonable request. References World Health Organization. WHOQOL user manual. Geneva: WHO; 1998. Hung J. Smart elderly care services in China: challenges, progress, and policy development. Sustainability. 2022;15(1):178. 10.3390/su15010178 . Department of Statistics Jordan. Population and demographic indicators. Amman: DOS; 2022. Nazari S, Shahboulaghi FM, Biglarian A, Nedjat S. Determinants of quality of life among elderly: A cross-sectional study. J Aging Res. 2021;2021:6696106. 10.1155/2021/6696106 . Vanleerberghe P, De Witte N, Claes C, Schalock RL, Verte D. The quality of life of older people aging in place: A literature review. Aging Ment Health. 2019;23(7):915–21. 10.1080/13607863.2018.1471583 . Al-Homoud M. Quality of life among elderly Jordanians: Socio-demographic determinants. Middle East J Geriatr Nurs. 2024. Beutel ME, Burghardt J, Tibubos AN, Klein EM, Schmutzer G, Brahler E, et al. Declining sexual activity and desire in men—Findings from representative German surveys 2005 and 2016. J Sex Med. 2018;15(5):750–6. 10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.03.001 . Foster L, Neville S. Quality of life and resilience in older adults. Int J Aging Stud. 2019;39(2):45–53. Gallo LC, Matthews KA. Understanding the association between socioeconomic status and physical health: Do negative emotions play a role? Psychol Bull. 2001;127(1):10–45. 10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.10 . Harada CN, Natelson Love MC, Triebel KL. Normal cognitive aging. Clin Geriatr Med. 2013;29(4):737–52. 10.1016/j.cger.2013.07.002 . Jeste DV, Savla GN, Thompson WK, Vahia IV, Glorioso DK, Martin AS, et al. Association between older age and more successful aging: Critical role of resilience and depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(2):188–96. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12030386 . Netuveli G, Blane D. Quality of life in older ages. Br Med Bull. 2008;85(1):113–26. 10.1093/bmb/ldn003 . Patel KV, Guralnik JM, Dansie EJ, Turk DC, Kasper JD. Prevalence and impact of pain among older adults in the United States: Findings from the 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study. Pain. 2020;161(2):401–9. 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001731 . Paterson DH, Warburton DER. Physical activity and functional limitations in older adults: A systematic review related to Canada’s Physical Activity Guidelines. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010;7:38. 10.1186/1479-5868-7-38 . Sixsmith A, Sixsmith J, Fange A. Healthy ageing and home: The perspectives of very old people in five European countries. Soc Sci Med. 2014;106:1–9. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.01.006 . Steger MF, Oishi S, Kashdan TB. Meaning in life across the life span: Levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood. J Posit Psychol. 2009;4(1):43–52. 10.1080/17439760802303127 . Wahl HW, Iwarsson S, Oswald F. Aging well and the environment: Toward an integrative model and research agenda for the future. Gerontologist. 2012;52(3):306–16. 10.1093/geront/gnr154 . World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health. Geneva: WHO; 2021. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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16:30:51","extension":"xml","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":78080,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"57edb69d42cd4b93bf8fbb255410c44a1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7538715/v1/3b1e507dcbd40a2712a75de7.xml"},{"id":95161355,"identity":"fdc6e320-ae15-4b8a-93e6-46a9ecd0a286","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 03:31:48","extension":"xml","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":75803,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"57edb69d42cd4b93bf8fbb255410c44a1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7538715/v1/92f2f67ef5a9a539b880d78f.xml"},{"id":95161357,"identity":"2a74f334-d218-41f0-8dfe-7b1b5060b1a9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 03:31:48","extension":"html","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":81673,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7538715/v1/ed4892de9d24536d7c84a406.html"},{"id":95230513,"identity":"1a74662a-b288-451e-bb89-45bbf32ffcf6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:37:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":682855,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7538715/v1/5ea88b4c-83f5-420e-b228-0953f5b6e227.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Quality of Life among the Elderly Population in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe concept of quality of life (QoL) for the elderly population has become a central concern in public health and social policy worldwide. However, in Jordan, this concern is particularly pressing as the elderly population is steadily increasing due to the increasing life expectancy, advancement of healthcare, and changes in family structures. Although the proportion of the elderly population in Jordan remains relatively low compared to the international averages, projections indicate that the elderly population will double by 2050, leading to significant social and healthcare demands [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The QoL concept is a multidimensional construct that captures the individual\u0026rsquo;s perception of their overall position in life, shaped by cultural, social, and environmental contexts, not only physical and psychological health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The elderly care systems are still under development; understanding the factors that raise the quality of life among elderly people in both community and institutional settings is increasingly critical [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Elderly individuals, especially in low-middle-income countries, are susceptible to facing challenges that can negatively affect their QoL, including chronic diseases, economic insecurity, insufficient institutional support, and limited access to specialized geriatric services. Traditional family-based care systems continue to play an important role, but urbanization, migration, and shifting social values are weakening these structures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch in the Middle East has highlighted disparities in QoL outcomes, especially between urban and rural settings, and between men and women. Elderly women often report lower QoL due to financial dependency, caregiving responsibilities, and reduced autonomy. Moreover, socioeconomic inequalities exacerbate vulnerability among older adults, particularly those with limited education and low income. Despite these realities, empirical studies on QoL among elderly populations in Jordan remain scarce, especially large-scale quantitative research that identifies significant predictors of QoL. This study seeks to fill this gap by systematically examining QoL among elderly Jordanians using the WHOQOL-BREF instrument and assessing the role of socio-demographic and environmental characteristics. By doing so, it provides evidence that can guide healthcare providers, policymakers, and community organizations in developing strategies to improve elderly care and ensure dignified aging in Jordan.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDesign and Sample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional descriptive correlational study was conducted with 220 participants aged 65 years and older. Participants were recruited from communities across Jordan and from elderly homes in Amman and Irbid.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInstrument\u003c/b\u003e: The WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used to assess QoL across four domains: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health. Each item was scored on a 5-point Likert scale, and scores were transformed to a 0\u0026ndash;100 scale, with higher scores indicating better QoL. The WHOQOL-BREF has demonstrated strong reliability and validity in previous studies, with Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha values typically ranging from 0.70 to 0.88 across domains and robust construct validity confirmed through factor analysis in diverse populations, including Middle Eastern samples. These psychometric properties ensure that the instrument provides reliable and culturally adaptable measurements of QoL.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003e Structured interviews were conducted with participants. Ethical approval was obtained from Jordan University of Science and Technology IRB and the Ministry of Social Development.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eSPSS v25 was used. Descriptive statistics summarized socio-demographics and QoL domain scores.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe socio-demographic characteristics of participants are presented in (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) had a mean age of 72.6 years (SD\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.3), with 54.5% male and 45.5% female participants. In terms of education, 46.4% had completed school and 35.9% had attained university education, while a notable proportion remained with lower educational levels. Regarding marital status, 45.9% were married and 34.5% were widowed. Most participants resided in urban areas (60.9%), whereas 39.1% lived in rural settings, reflecting the demographic diversity of the elderly population in Jordan.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocio-Demographic Characteristics of Participants (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;220)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65\u0026ndash;75 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e142 (64.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76\u0026ndash;85 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65 (29.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;85 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120 (54.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100 (45.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (17.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSchool\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102 (46.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCollege/University\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79 (35.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101 (45.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76 (34.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle/Divorced\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43 (19.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiving place\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86 (39.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134 (60.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe socio-demographic characteristics of participants are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, showing that most participants were between 65 and 75 years old, with slightly more males than females. Education levels were modest, with nearly half completing school, while illiteracy remained notable at 17.7%. A large proportion were widowed, which is an important factor influencing psychological and social well-being in old age.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescriptive Statistics of Quality of Life (WHOQOL-PREF) Items\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow would you rate your quality of life?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery Poor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46 (20.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither poor nor good\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57 (25.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99 (45.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery good\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow satisfied are you with your health?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e116 (52.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither satisfied nor dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (17.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45 (20.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery satisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (4.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo what extent do you feel that physical pain prevents you from doing what you need to do?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn extreme amount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery much\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95 (43.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA moderate amount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (15.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58 (26.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow much do you need any medical treatment to function in your daily life?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn extreme amount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57 (25.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery much\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63 (28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA moderate amount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40 (18.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43 (19.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow much do you enjoy life?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn extreme amount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery much\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96 (43.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA moderate amount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98 (44.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo what extent do you feel your life to be meaningful?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn extreme amount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery much\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92 (41.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA moderate amount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74 (33.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34 (15.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow well are you able to concentrate?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e135 (61.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA moderate amount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54 (24.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery much\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExtremely\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow safe do you feel in your daily life?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50 (22.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA moderate amount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129 (58.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery much\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26 (11.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExtremely\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow healthy is your physical environment?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 (10.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79 (35.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA moderate amount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77 (35.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery much\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37 (16.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExtremely\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you have enough energy for everyday life?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52 (23.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e108 (49.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerately\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50 (22.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMostly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompletely\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAre you able to accept your bodily appearance?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78 (35.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerately\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111 (50.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMostly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (9.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompletely\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHave you enough money to meet your needs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85 (38.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51 (23.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerately\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63 (28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMostly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (6.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompletely\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow available is the information that you need in your day-to-day life?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111 (50.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerately\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56 (25.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMostly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32 (14.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompletely\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo what extent do you have the opportunity for leisure activities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76 (34.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94 (42.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerately\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (17.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMostly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (3.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompletely\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow well are you able to get around?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery poor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (8.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e116 (52.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither poor nor good\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42 (19.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (17.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery good\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow satisfied are you with your sleep?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71 (32.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither satisfied nor dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65 (29.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74 (33.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery satisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow satisfied are you with your ability to perform your daily living activities?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (8.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e112 (50.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither satisfied nor dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47 (21.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (17.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery satisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow satisfied are you with your capacity for work?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e132 (60.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither satisfied nor dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (12.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32 (14.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery satisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow satisfied are you with yourself?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither satisfied nor dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107 (48.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72 (32.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery satisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (9.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow satisfied are you with your personal relationships?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (8.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither satisfied nor dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81 (36.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99 (45.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery satisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow satisfied are you with your sex life?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (9.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither satisfied nor dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e135 (61.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (17.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery satisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (8.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow satisfied are you with the support you get from your friends?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (4.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (7.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither satisfied nor dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81 (36.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100 (45.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery satisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow satisfied are you with the conditions of your living place?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (8.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither satisfied nor dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63 (28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e106 (48.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery satisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (12.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow satisfied are you with your access to health services?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84 (38.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither satisfied nor dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 (13.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87 (39.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery satisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (6.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow satisfied are you with your transport?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105 (47.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither satisfied nor dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36 (16.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67 (30.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery satisfied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow often do you have negative feelings such as blue mood, despair, anxiety, depression?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlways\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery often\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85 (38.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuite often\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99 (45.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeldom\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (15.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows that while 45% of participants rated their QoL as good, only 1.8% rated it as very good, suggesting generally moderate satisfaction. Dissatisfaction with health was striking, with over half reporting dissatisfaction. Pain emerged as a major barrier, with 43.2% stating it prevented daily activities very much. Yet, the majority reported life as meaningful and enjoyable, suggesting resilience despite health challenges.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescriptive Statistics of WHOQOL-BREF Domains\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDomain\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRange (0\u0026ndash;100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical Health\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.2 (12.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsychological\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.5 (13.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial Relationships\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.1 (14.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42\u0026ndash;95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnvironment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.7 (11.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u0026ndash;88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe domain scores for quality of life are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, demonstrating that the social relationships had the highest mean score, reflecting strong cultural and familial ties. Physical health scored the lowest, consistent with high scores of dissatisfaction and reported pain. Psychological and environmental domains fell between, pointing to moderate mental resilience but structural challenges in living conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe detailed item-level and domain-level QoL analysis underscores a complex picture of elderly well-being in Jordan. While general life satisfaction appears moderate, health dissatisfaction is high, suggesting that physical challenges, especially chronic pain and reliance on medical treatment, remain dominant obstacles to aging well. The finding that over 40% of participants reported pain as a major barrier to daily functioning reflects an urgent need for targeted interventions in pain management and chronic disease care. At the same time, the majority of participants reported meaningful lives and enjoyment, indicating psychological resilience and the protective role of cultural values, spirituality, and family support. These elements likely explain why many elderly Jordanians continue to report satisfaction with life even when facing significant health constraints.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to international research, elderly frequently use psychological resilience to adjust to physical decline and retain their level of pleasure despite health restrictions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. This is consistent with the current study\u0026rsquo;s finding of moderate but not high self-rated overall quality of life. The discrepancy between moderate life satisfaction and high health dissatisfaction (52.7%) is a well-established phenomenon. Physical deterioration is frequently seen as inevitable as people age, but emotional well-being is not always negatively impacted, especially when coping mechanisms and social support are strong [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePain and functional limitations were prominent findings, with 43.2% identifying pain as a major obstacle. These results are in line with Patel et al. (2020), who reported that chronic pain is a leading cause of impairment and reduced QoL in elderly individuals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. The fact that 28.6% of participants required medical care to function daily highlights the medicalization of aging, in which treatment becomes essential to preserve independence rather than optional. Despite these challenges, psychological well-being was evident: 44.6% of participants reported enjoying life \u0026ldquo;very much\u0026rdquo; and 41.8% found their life meaningful. This aligns with Foster \u0026amp; Neville (2019), who emphasized resilience as a cornerstone of successful aging [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, Steger et al. (2009) found that a sense of purpose reduces depression, strengthens immunity, and extends life expectancy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCognitive and concentration issues were also apparent, with 61.4% reporting difficulties in focusing. While not necessarily indicators of dementia, such limitations may result from stress, medication, or natural declines in processing speed. Harada et al. (2013) note that even cognitively healthy elderly individuals commonly experience reduced working memory and slower processing speed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Safety and environmental quality emerged as moderate concerns: more than half of respondents felt \u0026ldquo;moderately\u0026rdquo; safe, but few rated their environment or safety at the highest levels. According to the WHO (2021), perceived safety and environmental conditions such as lighting, accessibility, and cleanliness are critical for QoL [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Poor environmental quality has been linked to greater risk of falls, anxiety, and reduced autonomy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical restrictions such as low energy and limited mobility were consistent with age-related declines in muscle mass, chronic illness, and reduced physical activity. These restrictions diminish autonomy and self-efficacy, lowering life satisfaction. Paterson and Warburton (2010) emphasized that decreased activity leads to dependency and psychological decline [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Economic insecurity was another important theme; Gallo and Matthews (2021) found that financial insufficiency in the elderly is associated with depression, limited healthcare access, and social withdrawal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. This was reflected in the current study, where many reported inadequate financial resources and low access to leisure and information, which can lead to isolation and reduced capacity for informed health decisions. Interestingly, despite these vulnerabilities, participants reported relatively high satisfaction with relationships, personal support, and living conditions. These factors are well-documented buffers against stress and institutionalization. Wahl et al. (2013) highlighted that strong interpersonal ties preserve emotional well-being even in the face of physical decline [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Neutral responses on sexual health and self-satisfaction may indicate cultural stigma and lack of discussion of these issues, consistent with Beutel et al. (2018), who argue for age-sensitive approaches to sexuality in later life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinally, 45% of participants reported frequently experiencing negative feelings, suggesting an undercurrent of psychological distress. According to WHO (2021), late-life depression is highly prevalent but often underdiagnosed, exacerbated by isolation, illness, and lack of engagement in meaningful activities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. These findings stress the importance of expanding mental health services and integrating them into elderly care frameworks. Overall, these results emphasize the duality of elderly life in Jordan: resilience rooted in social and cultural support systems, but vulnerability linked to health conditions, cognitive challenges, economic insecurity, and inadequate structural support. Policies should therefore combine medical interventions with community-based and social strategies, ensuring holistic elderly care that addresses both physical health and life satisfaction.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study demonstrated that elderly Jordanians report a generally moderate quality of life, with the highest levels of satisfaction observed in social relationships and the lowest in physical health. Pain, chronic illness, and reliance on medical treatment emerged as significant challenges, yet many participants continued to find enjoyment and meaning in life, reflecting resilience supported by cultural and family ties. Dissatisfaction with health and disparities between urban and rural settings underscore the importance of addressing both medical and environmental needs. The findings call for comprehensive policies that expand access to geriatric healthcare, improve pain management, and strengthen preventive health services. At the same time, community-based programs should support family caregivers and address social and environmental disparities. Special attention must be directed toward vulnerable groups, including women, widowed individuals, and rural residents. By focusing on these priorities, Jordan can enhance the dignity, security, and overall quality of life of its growing elderly population.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval and Consent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) (Approval No: 2022/627) and the Jordan Ministry of Social Development. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants after providing a comprehensive explanation of the study objectives, the content of each questionnaire item, and assurances of confidentiality. Participation was entirely voluntary, and participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without consequences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eClinical Trial Registration\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClinical trial number: not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHuman Ethics and Consent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll procedures were conducted in line with ethical standards, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study is funded by the Deanship of Research at Jordan University of Science and Technology [20230577] and Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin [UniSZA/2023/JORDAN(JUST)005].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eW.T. conceptualized the study, supervised the research process, and contributed to drafting and revising the manuscript. N.H.M.F. contributed to the study design, data interpretation, and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content. K.A. contributed to data collection, data analysis, and drafting sections of the manuscript. M.M.A. contributed to methodology, statistical analysis, and preparation of tables and figures. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank the elderly participants, elderly homes, the Ministry of Social Development, and the research team for their cooperation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll relevant data are contained within the manuscript and its supporting information files. Additional anonymized data is available upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization. WHOQOL user manual. Geneva: WHO; 1998.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHung J. Smart elderly care services in China: challenges, progress, and policy development. Sustainability. 2022;15(1):178. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3390/su15010178\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/su15010178\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDepartment of Statistics Jordan. Population and demographic indicators. Amman: DOS; 2022.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNazari S, Shahboulaghi FM, Biglarian A, Nedjat S. Determinants of quality of life among elderly: A cross-sectional study. 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Geneva: WHO; 2021.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-geriatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bgtc","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Geriatrics](http://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bgtc/default.aspx","title":"BMC Geriatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Elderly, Quality of Life, Jordan, WHOQOL-BREF, Elderly Care","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7538715/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7538715/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe rapid demographic transition in Jordan has resulted in an expanding elderly population, raising concerns about their quality of life (QoL). With the global rise in life expectancy, the elderly population faces various challenges that affect their overall quality of life. This study aimed to assess the QoL among elderly Jordanians and identify areas of QoL improvement. A descriptive correlational cross-sectional design study was conducted, including 220 participants from community settings and elderly homes in Amman and Irbid. The WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used to measure QoL across physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains. The results indicated moderate overall QoL, with the highest scores in social relationships and the lowest in physical health. The findings provide valuable insights for healthcare providers, policymakers, and elderly care services in Jordan, emphasizing targeted interventions improving overall QoL among the elderly population, particularly in strengthening healthcare accessibility, community support, and economic security.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Quality of Life among the Elderly Population in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-05 03:31:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7538715/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-28T13:54:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-10T19:18:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"168198770589306050963100772651877876839","date":"2025-10-29T16:06:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-29T10:35:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"175522669668502823977561974918205879607","date":"2025-10-29T09:18:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-28T09:57:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-27T12:58:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"323123164332758822624549196736415459059","date":"2025-10-27T12:43:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"205479244726347521537451169236781247045","date":"2025-10-27T12:06:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"59659005789295424767012873724859655189","date":"2025-10-27T09:16:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-27T08:57:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-29T13:00:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-25T11:40:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-25T11:39:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Geriatrics","date":"2025-09-04T19:06:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-geriatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bgtc","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Geriatrics](http://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bgtc/default.aspx","title":"BMC Geriatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"de0d4d95-a81a-4773-a678-35661a99341b","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 5th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-19T08:25:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-05 03:31:43","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7538715","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7538715","identity":"rs-7538715","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}