Farmers’ perceptions of Tobacco production constraints and Cost of production for price determination in Tanzania

Farmers’ perceptions of Tobacco production constraints and Cost of production for price determination in Tanzania | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Farmers’ perceptions of Tobacco production constraints and Cost of production for price determination in Tanzania Jacob Bulenga Lisuma, Emmanuel Justine Mrema, Magdalena Raphael Ntatilwa, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6456272/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is one of the major cash crops grown worldwide. In Tanzania, an area of 107 thousand hectares is dedicated to tobacco production, with the potential to reach an average yield of 519 million kilograms. The current harvested yield of 1.65 thousand kg/ha is considerably below the potential yield of up to 2.4 thousand kg/ha using the common variety K326 under research. The objectives of this study were to investigate farmers perceptions of the tobacco cost of production, constraints affecting production, and their management approaches in Tanzania. Seventy eight percent of respondents reported yield losses in tobacco during production, harvesting, curing and grading. Adoption of good agronomic practices, timely fertilizer application, transplanting, weeding, insect and disease management, topping, harvesting, curing and grading will increase yield and price. However, the majority of farmers rarely adopt these practices due to limited capital, weather, knowledge and inputs. Their perception of the cost of production was varied based on the scale of production and input used, while neglecting food as one of the charges. To effectively determine tobacco price, studies on the cost of production per unit hectare, including all factors of invention and fertility status, are of crucial importance. Tobacco production constraints cost of production management options Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Introduction In Tanzania, tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) is the second cash crop after cashew (Lisuma et al., 2020 ). The crop is grown for facilities that make cigarettes all around the world (Mackay and Eriksen, 2002 ). About 5.8 million tons of the crop are produced annually on 3.1 million hectares of land. With an average of 520 thousand tons, tobacco is grown on 443 thousand hectares of land in East Africa (FAOSTAT, 2022). China, Brazil, India, Turkey, Zimbabwe, Indonesia, Italy, Greece, Malawi and Tanzania are some of the major producing countries (Jaffee, 2002 ). In Tanzania, tobacco is mainly produced in Tabora, accounting for 50% of the total production. Other producing regions are Mbeya (Chunya), Kagera (Biharamulo), Shinyanga (Kahama), Ruvuma (Songea), Singida (Manyoni), Iringa, Katavi (Mpanda), Mara (Tarime, Rorya, Serengeti), Kigoma (Kasulu and Uvinza), and Ruvuma Songea (Kuboja et al., 2012 ). An area of 107 thousand hectares is devoted to tobacco production, leading to an average production of 519 thousand tons (FAOSTAT, 2022). However, researchers have reported a low yield of 1.65 thousand kg/ha has been reported, which is considerably below the potential yield of up to 2.4 thousand kg/ha (TORITA, 2019). Researchers attribute the low yields to abiotic stresses such as poor soil fertility and drought, biotic stresses such as the use of low-yielding varieties, field and storage insect pests, and social economic factors such as capital, limited knowledge of good agronomic practices and extension services (Hayes et al., 2017 ). Researchers reported that delayed delivery of farm inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, and insecticides delayed most farm operations and contributed to yield and quality losses. Despite all constraints having a significant impact, soil infertility contributed to 15% of tobacco losses in Tanzania (Eleanor et al., 2017 ). A recent transect walk in six tobacco-producing regions revealed variations in soil fertility among farmer’s fields. The majority of farmers lack access to soil analysis information. The Tobacco Research Institute of Tanzania (TORITA) has reported fertilizer recommendation. in this case, it was recommended to use 5 kg/30m 2 of N 10 P 18 K 24 with extra nutrients of 7% S, 0.012% B, 3% CaO, and 0.5% MgO on the seedbed and 30 g/plant two week after transplanting as basal application, respectively. Furthermore, the recommendation was to apply an additional 8 g/plant of CAN 27% N which includes 1.7% MgO, 3% CaO, and 3% S two weeks after the basal application during top dressing. Continuous application of this fertilizer without conducting a soil analysis may lead to an increase in production costs and soil detoxification. Therefore, a regular soil analysis is necessary to improve tobacco yield, maintain soil health, and determine the exact amount and type of fertilizer to use when setting amendment strategies. Insect pest damage is the second production constraint, leading to yield and quality losses in tobacco of up to 10% (Badshah et al., 2013 ; Abebe, 2024 ). The most commonly reported insect pests were cutworms ( Agrotis ipsilon , A. segetum , A. flammatra ), budworms ( Heliothis virescens (F.)) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and aphids ( Myzus persicae and Aphis tabaci ) (Homoptera: Aphididae) (Hayes et al., 2017 ). They adversely affect crop growth, yield, and leaf quality (Bucheyeki et al., 2013 ). To contain the problem, various insecticides, including permethrin (Biomethrin), and Imidacloprid (Confidor), were regularly used in the seedbed and main field, respectively. The application of these insecticides necessitates a thorough understanding of the time and rate of application, which can significantly increase production costs. Moreover, other production costs such as weeding, fertilization, topping, harvesting, purchasing and transporting firewood, curing, labor charges, and food cost were less considered into account when determining production costs. Farmers, AMCOS, and Tobacco Union representatives claimed minimal profit or losses from tobacco enterprises due to low prices. A study investigating of farmer’s perceptions of all tobacco production costs is crucial for determining prices in Tanzania. Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is a set of multidisciplinary research techniques used to identify farmers’ perceived production constraints, preferred varieties, and costs for deployment of production activities that are useful. PRA is a useful method to understand farmers’ knowledge, experiences, constraints, preferred technology, and needs (Chambers 1992 ; Singh & Morris 1997 ). To improve tobacco production, it is imperative to investigate farmers’ production constraints, their preferences, and the cost of production for pricing (Ceccarelli et al. 2001 ). Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate farmers’ production constraints, perceptions, and cost of production for price determination. Materials and methods Description of study sites: The study was conducted in six regions: Tabora, Shinyanga, Kigoma, Katavi, Songea and Mbeya (Fig. 1 ). The regions receive unimodal rainfall, ranging from 600 to 1500 mm per year that falls between November and April. The regions experience a long dry season, lasting approximately 5–6 months, with temperatures ranging from 14.6°C in June to 32.5°C in October. The sites are characterized by sandy, sand loamy, clay, and clay loamy soils. Some areas feature undulating plains with rocky hills and low scarps, characterized by well-drained and infertile soils. Sampling method The study used purposive sampling to increase the likelihood of including relevant sites and samples. Briefly, six and thirteen regions and districts were sampled for investigation, respectively (Fig. 1 ). The sites were selected following their type of tobacco varieties they cultivate and the scale of production. In each districts, wards and village farmers were purposively sampled, focusing on tobacco varietals and production size. This procedure provided a total of 85 farmers who were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire posted in Kobo Collect. Additionally, focus group discussions (FGDs) were held, involving six focus groups comprising farmers, AMCOS and Tobacco Union leaders. A total of 30 individuals participated in the FGDs across six regions. Moreover, visual observation of soil type, cultivated varieties, plant health, scale of production, and soil sampling were made during the transect walk. Data collection and analysis Data were collected through face-to-face interviews, observations made through transect walks across selected villages, and discussions with focus groups. The semi-structured questionnaire was formulated based on factors related to farmers production costs, socio-economic status of the households, cultivated varieties, production constraints, and their control measures. Farmers, with assistance from their AMCOS leaders, identified seed sources for cultivated tobacco varieties Key informant interviews were held with experienced tobacco farmers, AMCOS, and Tobacco Union leaders. A total of eighty-five individuals from six regions who were known for their rich technical knowledge on tobacco production were selected and interviewed for secondary data collection. Personal observations on land characteristics, and established tobacco fields were made during transect walks in the selected regions to provide complementary data. Quantitative and qualitative data collected in Kobo Collect, were exported to Excel and subjected to statistical analyses using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS Inc. 2005). Cross-tabulation tables were constructed, and descriptive statistics were calculated to summarize collected data. To make statistical inferences, contingency chi-square tests were computed at a given level of significance to analyze relationships between variables. This allowed for empirical analyses and descriptions of associations between the collected parameters across the six study regions. Results and discussion Description of households A total of 85 farmers were interviewed in the selected districts of six tobacco growing regions of Tanzania. Among them, 83 were married, one was single, and the other was divorced. The proportion of males (92.94%) was greater than females (7.06%). More male involvement in tobacco farming has contributed to their larger percentages as compared to the few recorded females. Male and female farmers exhibit differences in their priorities, ownership of certain crops, access, and management practices. Most female farmers cultivate a range of crops for feeding their family and for sale to cater to some of their social needs, whereas the males’ own lands and grow crops for selling (Mrema et al., 2016 ). The mean household size in the study sites was 9 individuals (SD 4.58). Interviewed farmers had an average age of 40 years (SD 11.86), all being above 18 years. Individuals over the age of 18 have the authority to make decisions regarding the crop and variety to cultivate, the size of the land for cultivation, the planting date, the quantity of fertilizer to use, the management of weeds and insects, the number and type of barns to construct, harvesting and curing, all of which are impacted by the quality and quantity of tobacco produced. The number of individuals per household influences farming operations that need human labor. Households with many family members were more efficient in tobacco farming than those with fewer members, which predominantly required hired labor from the communities close to or away from their district. Farmers have reported a shortage of laboures during peak production events like transplanting, weeding, harvesting, and grading (Mrema et al., 2016 ). Most respondents (81.18%) had attended primary school and were able to read and write in only the local language, Kiswahili, while 17.65 and 1.18% had attended secondary and diploma education, respectively, and were able to read and write in both English and Kiswahili (Fig. 2 ). The study areas were dominated by individuals with low level of education, highlighting the need for increased extension and research services to effectively communicate the nature and value of new technologies to these communities. The educated individuals (18.83%) could be useful agents in disseminating new technologies to their fellow farmers (Fig. 2 ). Main socio-economic activities in the study districts Economic activity Figure 3 summarizes the roles of farmers in various economic activities. Major identified economic activities in surveyed districts were crop production (tobacco, maize, rice, groundnut, sweet potatoes, sunflower, cassava, and beans), livestock (cattle, goat, and chicken), and small retail businesses. There were significant differences in the percentage of farmers involved in various economic activities. Crop and livestock production engages about 48% of farmers, which indicates a significant contribution of their investments to the local economy. Sole farming, combined farming, livestock and business, and collective farming and business contributed to 45, 4 and 3%, respectively. Crop production Tobacco farmers practiced both sole crops, mixed and intercropping, combining crops, livestock and business as a major source of food, feed, and income (Fig. 2 ). Households own a range of 5 to 70 acres, with an average of 1.2 ha dedicated to tobacco cultivation. The main crops identified for cultivation were tobacco, maize, rice, groundnut, sweet potatoes, sunflower, cotton, cassava and beans, while the livestock included cattle, goat, and chickens, as well as small retail businesses. The majority of farmers allocated their land primarily to tobacco and maize (17.65%), followed by sole tobacco (15.29%), a combination of tobacco, maize, rice, and groundnuts (8.24%) and other crop combinations for the remaining smaller percentage (Table 1 ). Transect walk observation revealed that interviewed farmers grow tobacco and rice as a mono-crop, while maize and others crops are either grown solely or in combination on a small to medium scale. All growers engaged in tobacco monocropping, which attributed to the implementation of rules and good agronomic principles by the extension officers in each AMCOS. The primary driver of crop diversification in the study regions was the farmers’ demand for food crops. Cropping systems that involve mono-cropping or mixed cropping using related crop species with similar growth requirements, such as soil moisture and fertilizers, are not sustainable because they draw nutrients without replacement. Such cropping systems contribute to the build-up of pests and diseases, soil infertility, and thus yield reduction (Mrema et al., 2016 ). The study revealed that there is a need to provide more extension services to guide farmers in choosing the best crop combinations for both food production and income investment. Table 1 Crop diversity grown by the interviewed tobacco growers in Tanzania SN Cultivated crops diversification Number of farmers Percentage 1 Tobacco 13 15.29 2 Tobacco and Maize 15 17.65 3 Tobacco, Maize and Rice 5 5.88 4 Tobacco, Maize and Simsim 1 1.18 5 Tobacco, Maize and Sunflower 1 1.18 6 Tobacco, Maize and Sweetpotato 1 1.18 7 Tobacco, Maize, Rice, and Groundnuts 7 8.24 8 Tobacco, Maize, Beans, and Simsim 2 2.35 9 Tobacco, Maize, Groundnuts and Sunflower 2 2.35 10 Tobacco, Maize, and Beans 4 4.71 11 Tobacco, Maize, Beans, and Sunflower 5 5.88 12 Tobacco, Maize, Beans, Sunflower and Groundnuts 1 1.18 13 Tobacco, Maize, Cassava and Beans 4 4.71 14 Tobacco, Maize, Groundnuts 3 3.53 15 Tobacco, Maize, Groundnuts and Beans 1 1.18 16 Tobacco, Maize, Groundnuts, Beans and Sweetpotato 1 1.18 17 Tobacco, Maize, Rice and Beans 2 2.35 18 Tobacco, Maize, Rice, Beans and Groundnuts 2 2.35 19 Tobacco, Maize, Rice, Beans and Potatoes 1 1.18 20 Tobacco, Maize, Rice, Cassava and Beans 1 1.18 21 Tobacco, Maize, Rice, Cassava, Groundnuts and Sweetpotato 1 1.18 22 Tobacco, Maize, Rice, Cassava, Groundnuts and Beans 1 1.18 23 Tobacco, Maize, Rice, Groundnut and Potatoes 2 2.35 24 Tobacco, Maize, Rice, Groundnuts and Beans 2 2.35 25 Tobacco, Maize, Rice, Groundnuts, Beans, and Cotton 2 2.35 26 Tobacco, Maize, Simsim and Beans 3 3.53 27 Tobacco, Maize, Sunflower, Groundnuts and Beans 1 1.18 28 Tobacco, Maize, Cashew nut, Cassava and Potatoes 1 1.18 Farmers applications on tobacco agronomic practices To account for good tobacco quality and quantity, recommended agricultural practices like timely fertilizer application, insect management, weeding, harvesting, curing and grading should be timely applied (Table 2 ). However, limited capital for the majority of tobacco farmers limits their ability to purchase inputs. They obtain seeds, fertilizer and chemicals as loans from their affiliated associations, which they are required to repay directly from their sales revenue. Some respondents have reported experiencing delays in accessing certain inputs. However, some of the delays may be caused by farmers diversifying their crops, making poor decisions about which crops to prioritize, and lacking knowledge about weather prediction. Tobacco improved Flue-cured varieties K326, KRK26R, PVH2275, PVH2254, K326 DDV, and M/HW86 (DFC) sourced from Brazil, TRB Kutsaga, Zimbabwe, Cross Crick – USA, and TORITA, were supplied by Japan Tobacco International Leaf Services (JTI-LS), Mkwawa Tobacco Leaf Company (MTL), Premium Active Tanzania Limited (PATL), Magefa, Alliance One Tobacco Tanzania Limited (AOTTL), Biexen and Global Leaf Tanzania limited (Table 2 ). High yielding, great adaptability to major tobacco diseases, good quality, access to seeds from unions, and extensive extension services may be the driving forces behind the increased adoption of improved tobacco varieties in Tanzania. A few respondents from Kigoma and Songea, who are using farmers saved seeds, may have minor deviations. This could be due to their personal decision to expand their field beyond agreed production scale, a lack of sufficient seed supply, or their knowledge about the negative effects of using poor-quality seeds. In order to promote adoption of improved varieties, it is necessary to full utilize their potential through means such as demo plots, advertisements, seminars and ensuring timely seed delivery. Table 2 Tobacco cultivated varieties and their seed sources across the study regions Region Union Amcos name Buying company Cultivated varieties Seed sources Shinyanga KACU Mshikamano, Uyogo, Shilabelabalimi, Imalaseko, Mliza, Mwadui, Mbapya, and Mwanzugi Mkwawa Leaf Tobacco Ltd (MLTL), Japan Tobacco and international leaf services (JTI-LS) K326, KRK26R, PVH 2275 Profigen, Brazil and TRB Kutsaga, Zimbabwe Katavi RATCO, Mpanda Kati and Nsimbo Premium Active Tanzania Ltd (PATL) and MLTL K326 DDV, Prifigen Brazil Kigoma KTCU Songambele, Luze, and Basanza Mkwawa Leaf Tobacco Ltd (MLTL) K326, PVH2254, and PVH 2259 Prifigen, Brazil, and farmer saved seed Mbeya & Singida CHUTCU and CEAMCU Muungano, Lyeselo, Kagera, Isingiwe, and Umoja MLTL, PATL and Magefa PVH 2275, K326 and KRK26R Profigen, Brazil, TRB, Kutsaga Zimbabwe, Cross Crick - USA and TORITA Songea SONAMCU Mgombasi, Mliwasi, Libango, Namtumbo, and Nambecha PATL and MLTL M/HW86, K326 DDV7, MW86M/S and K326 PATL, DDV, South Africa and Farmer saved seeds Tabora WETCU Igwisi, Sianza, Manonga, Mtazamo, Chapakazi, Ibumba, Mtazamwa, Kasungu, Tumbi, Msasani, Nguvumali, Mbola, Kyenzeli, Usonga, Ibushi, Nguvumali, Kagobole-Isila, Kagando, Chimbuko and Igoko Alliance One, Tobacco Tanzania (AOTTL), MLTL, JTI-LS, BIEXEN, Global Leaf Tanzania limited, Voedsel, G4 K326, KRK26R, PVH2275, PVH 2259 and PVH2254 TORITA, TRB Kutsaga Zimbabwe, Profigen Brazil, Seedbed preparation and transplanting Data from group discussions and interviewed respondents revealed that early bed preparation and timely transplanting following the main rains, fertilization, weeding, insect management, curing and grading determine both quantity and quality. Beds were prepared in August, coupled with sowing in the same month. The timing of transplanting varied across regions, typically occurring from late October to early December after the onset of rain (Table 3 ). Except in Mbeya and Songea, where rain onset delays, the majority of famers in the study area transplant their tobacco during November. Early transplanting utilizes the available soil moisture during the early stages of plant development, granting a harvest in late December and January before the dry spell, mostly in late February. Furthermore, observations made during transect walks revealed that tobacco transplanted at the start of the rainy season grows more effectively than tobacco planted late in December (Fig. 8 ). The latter group reported some crop losses due to drought in February and heavy rains in March. The observations were confirmed during group discussions, where crop losses due to heavy rain and delayed access to fertilizer in 2023/2024 were discussed. However, planting times differed among farmers, depending on the time of land preparation, duration of access to seeds, and rain onset. Visual observation across selected tobacco growing sites revealed that most soils are predominantly sandy and sand loamy, while only a few areas having clay and clay loamy soils. This indicated substantial nutrient supplement requirements for yield and quality improvement. Following this, the majority of farmers use NPK (10:18:24) from TFC at a rate of 30g/plant, and a few sourced from YARA (Table 3 ). The study indicated minor variations in application rates, ranging from 8 to 150 g/plant. The reported range of up to 50 g/plant reported by a few farmers from Kigoma, Shinyanga and Katavi is significantly deviated from the research recommended rate of 30 g/plant. Limited knowledge on fertilizer recommended rates, soil infertility and poor fertilizer response to plants may contribute to their higher application rates, necessitating further research for a definitive conclusion. Most farmers reported applying top dressing using CAN at a recommended rate of 8 g/plant, but a few applied NPK up to 30 g/plant. The range of days for basal fertilizer application ranges from 7–38 from transplanting, while for top-dressing it ranges from 7 to 30 from basal application. This suggests that farmers received the fertilizers late, leading to extended days between their applications. While most farmers followed the recommended fertilizer application schedule, there were some minor deviations reported. Farmers attributed delays in fertilizer access, labor shortages and ignorance. The reported loss in quality and quantity could be attributed to delays in application days and the use of incorrect dosage. Aligned to the recommendation, all respondents conducted topping when the plant had an average number of 18 leaves. This has a significant effect on leaf size, quality and weight before and after curing. An average of 7 (SD 4.22) days for the curing report concurs with the research recommendation. Most tobacco operations required human labor, of which 72.22 and 27.78% were hired and family labor, respectively (Fig. 4 ). Among hired labour, 70.11% and 29.89% had seasonal and daily paid labour, respectively. A total of 66 households had a mean of 4 seasonal laborers, they, however, ranged from 1 to 14 individuals based on the scale of production. The average duration of hiring seasonal labor was 6 months, but, a range of 1 to 12 months was reported. Table 3 Farmers applied agronomic practices Region Used basal fertilizer and rate Used top dressing fertilizer and rate Days to basal (from planting) and top dressing (from basal) applications Fertilizer Rate (gram/plant) Fertilizer used and source Rate (gram/plant) Basal Top dressing Katavi NPK from TFC 30, 20, 60 and 28 CAN from TFC 8, and 7 7, 14, and 20 7, 14, 20, and 21, Kigoma NPK TFC 30 CAN from TFC and YARA 16, and 8 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, and 23 7, 10, 14, 21, and 29 Mbeya NPK - TFC 30 CAN from TFC 8 and 15 7, 10 and 14 21 and 28 Shinyanga NPK (10:18:24) from TFC, YARA 30 and 50 CAN and YARABELA from TFC and YARA, 8, and 50 1, 2, 7, 10, 12, 14, 21, and 25 0, 1, 2, 14, 21, 26, 28, Songea NPK ETG 8, 28, and 30, CAN from ETG 7, 8 and 30 7 14, 21 and 30 Tabora NPK (10:18:24) from YARA, TFC, 27, 30 and 32 CAN from TFC and YARA 7,8, 15, and 16 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 20,21, 25 and 38 0, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, and 28, Table three continued Region Crop spacing (cm) Agrochemical used Volume used (mils) Number of leaves to topping Type of barn used Transplanting dates Katavi 120 x 50 Confidor, Bamethrin and Decis 4, 10, 20, 30 and 32 18, and 20, Improved 17–27/11/2024 Kigoma 120 x 45, 90 x 40, 90 x 60, 120 x 50, Confidor, Bamethrin, Mlundalunda (Thiamethoxam) 0, 10, 30 0, 18,20,22, Improved 5–28/11/2024 Mbeya 120 x 50 Decis, Confidor, Mulundalunda/ Thiamethoxam, Bamethrin, Imidacloprid, and Deltamethrin 8, 10, 20, 30, and 270 0, 20, 14, 16 and 18 Local and improved 23/11/2024-06/12/2024 Shinyanga 120 x 50 Bamethrin, Confidor, Imidacloprid, and Deltamethrin 2, 10, 14, 16, 20, 30 and 40 0, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, and 25 Local, Improved 20/10/2024-18/11/2024 Songea 90 × 90, 50 × 120, 120 x 50 Deltamethrin, Imidacloprid, and Yamaotea Super 0, 90, 270 and 500 10, 12, 13, 14, 18 and 20 Local and improved barns 04/12/2024–15/12/2024 Tabora 120 × 50 Confidor, Bamethrin, Decis, Milundalunda, 1, 5, 10, 15, 16, 20, and 30 0, 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, and 30 Local, Improved 20/10/2024–23/11/2024 Losses in Tobacco production Seventy eight percent of respondents reported yield losses in tobacco during production, harvesting, curing and grading. The major reported causes of losses in tobacco were related to leaf quality, labor, weather, barns, fertilizers, diseases and drying shed (Fig. 5 ). Heavy rains dominated the production season 2023–2024 and were the main cause of yield losses for the entire study sites. Leaching of nutrients, leaf breakage, falling of barns, loss of nicotine content and orange coloration were reported to be associated with heavy rainfall. Major tobacco operations, required human labour, delayed field operations like weeding, harvesting and curing were attributed to a shortage of labor. The shortage of skilled personnel for curing and grading necessitated the employment of specialized individuals. Tobacco Unions have made significant efforts to provide extension officers, but they also need to build farmers’ capacity on good agronomic practices for both production and processing. While most farmers have improved barns, their main strength lies in their large size and reduced firewood consumption. However, the heavy rain of the last cropping season damaged a few of these barns. Field expansion for the majority of farmers has resulted in a barn shortage (24.36%), which has delayed harvesting and curing operations all of which contributed to reduced quality and quantity. To minimize these losses, field expansion should be associated with an increase in number of improved barns. Some respondents (7.69%) reported delays in access to inputs and a weak response of basal fertilizer to plant performances. NPK (10:18:24) from YARA was reported to impact tobacco leaf quality better than TFC. Tobacco losses during grading The majority of the respondents (50.57%) reported various causes of losses during grading. However, some of the losses may be attributed to factors that occurred prior to grading, such as leakages from storage facilities wetting tobacco leaves, heavy rains, poor quality leaves, a lack of experienced personnel for grading, a limited number of barns causing delays in curing for some harvests, a lack of personnel to facilitate grading and other farm operations, and leaf breakage due to poor quality leaves and mechanical rupture. Among these losses, famers rank leaf breakage, storage facilities, and lack of qualified personnel as causes of total losses of 80%. Several farmers and tobacco unions-initiated measure to combat these issues. Currently, 80.68% of the respondents use improved barns with standard curing capacity and minimal firewood consumption. Moreover, each household had an average of 4 barns (SD 4.32) capable of curing 1 ha. Farmers perception on tobacco yield and cost of production Table 4 presents the results of an ANOVA interview with 85 tobacco farmers from thirteen districts across six regions, focusing on their production costs and the corresponding harvested yield. Their cost of production differed significantly in the number of laborers involved in seedbed preparation and seedling management, weeding, topping, reaping, curing and grading. In addition to labor, days spent on seedbed, land preparation, transplanting, gap filling, basal fertilizer application, ridging, and insect control differed among districts (Table 4 ). The impact of labor engagement and days spent in tobacco activities was reflected in the total cost for gap filling and topping. Purchasing firewood differed significantly among districts. Table 4 Mean squares and significance tests of farmers perception on tobacco cost of production and harvested yield DF Yield (Kg) Food Seedbed management Land preparation Ridging SV Labour Days Total Labour Days Total Labour Days Total Districts 12 4.37*10 7 6.38*10 12 7.496* 1889.8*** 1.26*10 11 4.055 182.64*** 4.33*10 10 7.96 459.9*** 1.95*10 12 Residual 71 8.59*10 7 1.44*10 13 3.212 508.7 8.91*10 10 5.419 36.8 7.80*10 10 23.83 159.9 1.84*10 12 Total 83 Table 4 continuous Transplanting Gap filling Basal fertilizer application Top-dressing SV Df Labour Days Total Labour Days Total Labour Days Total Labour Days Total Districts 12 6.787 115.25* 1.11*10 10 8.408 30.29* 2.58*10 8* 6.21 86.67*** 9.9*10 9 12.799 22.85 1.08*10 10 Residual 71 8.42 48.76 9.71*10 9 6.512 13.36 1.28*10 9 7.17 30.11 8.93* 9 8.583 13.2 6.98*10 9 Total 83 Table 4 continuous SV DF Pest Management Weed management Topping Reapping and tying Labour Days Total Labour Days Total Labour Days Total Labour Days Total Districts 12 1.873 52.98*** 8.71*10 9* 128.77** 6.418 4.52*10 10*** 2.652 91.51** 5.32*10 9* 58.57* 510.4 7.32*10 11 Residual 71 3.536 15.1 3.60*10 9 45.86 9.605 1.37*10 10 3.127 37.18 2.31*10 9 26.97 395.2 6.40*10 11 Total 83 Table 4 continuous SV Df Leaf curing Grading Firewood Districts 12 Labour Days Total Labour Days Total Wood Transport Residual 71 7.855* 1133 1.72*10 11 153.57*** 92744 8.69*10 10 2.84*10 12** 3.09*10 11 Total 83 3.436 1130 1.34*10 11 31.92 108447 8.63*10 10 4.64*10 11 1.57*10 11 Farmer’s tobacco yield and cost of bed and field establishment Table 5 presents the average responses from farmers perceptions on tobacco yields along with the associated costs for food and field establishment, across various districts. An average production of 3,680 per interviewed farmer was not significantly different (p < .09) among districts; however, a wide range of 700 to 8200 kg was reported. The farmers attribute the wide range in tobacco yield to variations in production scale, variety used, management practices, and curing efficiency. Timely planting during rain onset, fertilizer application dosage, weed and insect management, harvesting and curing were reported to improve both tobacco quality and quantity in all surveyed districts. Tobacco yield is the subject of various factors; most operations require human labor whose food is their essential requirement. Although the majority of famers neglected food as one of their costs of production, still an average of 1.8 million were used for dietary items. Labor and days involved in seedbed activities differed significantly (P ≤ .001) among districts. For 28 days, an average of 3 individuals dedicated themselves to seedbed preparations, sowing, watering, weeding and insect control. An average of 27 days reported on seedbed operations may be attributed to few individuals (3) who were allocated for the operations or daily management requirements for the plant (Table 6 ). Variation in scale of production among farmers within and outside the districts are the main determinants of the number of seedbeds, laborers and days for operations. Small-scale farming involves fewer individuals and fewer days compared to medium and large-scale production. However, this is not the case in Uvinza district, where an average of 6 individuals works for 45 days in seedbed operations (Table 5 ). Land preparation and ridging were done parallel or separately depending on required operations. Tree clearing, destumping, ploughing, harrowing and ridging were all done sequentially in virgin land. Though harrowing and ridging were mainly reported on loosen soils of rotational cropping. Depending on the scale of production and types of operations, an average of 3 to 7 farmers worked for 3 to 28 days to prepare the land. Apart from oxen and tractors farming being reported by few individuals; human labor was also involved in some operations. As land preparation, ridging was done by oxen, tractor or human. More days and labor involvement in ridging were reported in Tanganyika and Namtumbo (Table 5 ). Table 5 Farmer’s tobacco yields and their associated cost of food and field establishment District Yield (kg) Food cost Seedbed management Land preparation Ridging Labour Days Total Labour Days Total Labour Days Total Chunya 2,572.00 2,784,000.00 3.00 29.60 442,000 4.20 7.40 118000 6.40 7.40 230000 Kahama 4,001.00 1,298,867.00 2.83 11.67 100,833 4.58 3.83 240000 7.42 3.25 98333 Kaliua 8,181.00 1,996,400.00 3.67 23.33 341,800 5.17 8.27 243000 4.67 10.17 312926 Kasulu 1,342.00 1,826,695.00 4.86 15.71 354,286 5.43 6.29 272857 5.14 5.71 2079951 Manyoni 8,200.00 1,218,000.00 3.00 50.00 227,000 4.40 17.20 57000 5.60 14.00 91200 Mpanda 1,285.00 2,345,000.00 2.50 31.00 170,000 4.99 6.03 151075 4.00 8.00 150000 Namtumbo 1,348.00 799,400.00 2.22 60.00 478,889 3.22 11.78 62333 4.33 28.22 138889 Nsimbo 700.00 502,000.00 1.00 40.00 200,000 4.00 2.00 40000 4.00 1.00 20000 SONAMCU 700.00 1,827,194.00 1.00 60.00 300,000 3.00 2.00 75000 4.00 2.00 175000 Tanganyika 3,050.00 1,531,867.00 3.67 34.33 439,333 4.00 28.00 126000 4.33 28.00 340000 Ushetu 1,650.00 388,948.00 4.75 5.00 114,000 4.75 4.63 107825 5.38 3.25 71200 Uvinza 5,383.00 2,820,000.00 6.33 45.33 450,000 7.00 6.67 241667 7.00 5.33 208333 Uyui 2,815.00 3,160,800.00 3.00 25.75 396,875 4.50 6.56 238750 4.81 6.50 419375 GM 3,680.00 1,824,927.00 3.39 27.60 312,102 5.00 8.00 182676 5.36 9.70 378219 F-test 0.90 0.93 0.01 <.001 0.178 0.70 < .001 0.87 0.98 0.00 0.404 SED 13,107.50 5,368,786.70 2.54 31.90 422,033.4 3.30 8.60 394953.1 6.90 17.89 1916950 LSD 26,290.40 10,806,807.00 5.05 63.60 841,719.2 6.60 17.10 788116.6 13.77 35.66 3826248 CV 251.90 208.00 52.80 81.60 95.60 50.50 74.90 152.9 91.10 131.00 358.4 Cost of tobacco plant establishment and fertilization Transplanting, gap filling, and fertilizer application were reported to require human labor only (Table 6 ). The operations were done immediately after field establishments in early rain of November and December. The number of days used for transplanting varied significantly (P ≤ 0.01) among districts. An average of 13 and 18 days used by farmers at Manyoni and Tanganyika, respectively, were significantly larger than for others (Table 6 ). The variation may be contributed to by their larger land size devoted to tobacco cultivation. This is confirmed from many days spent in gap filling, which is regulated by the scale of production and/or prevailing environmental conditions. Drought during the early stage of crop establishment, weed infestation, and insect damages may reduce seedling survival rates as compared to a stress-free environment. Fertilizer application is done twice for the entire tobacco cropping season. Days for basal application significantly differed among districts. Many days were used in Manyoni and Namtumbo districts. The number of individuals and days used for top-dressing did not significantly differ from each other. Timely fertilizer application improved tobacco yield and quality, and its implementation requires a sufficient number of experienced laborers. An increased number of labors under effective supervision could significantly reduce the number of working days. Table 6 Cost of tobacco plant establishment and fertilization District Transplanting Gap filling Basal fertilizer application Topdressing Labour Days Total Labour Days Total Labour Days Total Labour Days Total Chunya 5.60 3.00 94,400.00 2.40 1.60 24,000.00 7.00 2.80 135,200.00 7.20 3.00 119,200.00 Kahama 7.92 3.33 99,417.00 2.17 1.92 12,833.00 5.83 1.58 40,500.00 4.92 2.92 34,250.00 Kaliua 6.75 6.33 151,250.00 3.50 1.58 44,000.00 6.83 3.75 147,167.00 6.83 2.91 139,000.00 Kasulu 5.86 3.71 67,143.00 4.43 2.14 35,714.00 6.71 3.57 92,857.00 7.14 2.57 66,429.00 Manyoni 5.60 13.20 72,000.00 3.20 9.00 38,000.00 4.80 10.60 81,000.00 4.00 9.80 58,000.00 Mpanda 5.00 3.00 50,000.00 4.99 2.02 49,803.00 5.00 2.00 25,000.00 5.50 1.00 15,000.00 Namtumbo 5.89 12.44 64,667.00 2.89 6.67 22,667.00 4.33 13.33 51,444.00 3.78 5.33 33,778.00 Nsimbo 4.00 2.00 40,000.00 2.00 1.00 10,000.00 4.00 1.00 20,000.00 1.00 6.00 30,000.00 SONAMCU 4.00 2.00 50,000.00 2.00 1.00 10,000.00 4.00 2.00 50,000.00 4.00 2.00 50,000.00 Tanganyika 5.67 18.33 189,333.00 6.33 2.33 38,333.00 6.33 4.67 95,000.00 4.67 4.00 120,000.00 Ushetu 4.63 3.88 76,950.00 3.25 3.13 30,650.00 4.63 5.25 84,700.00 4.00 4.50 53,450.00 Uvinza 7.00 4.67 205,000.00 6.67 3.67 111,667.00 7.00 4.33 136,667.00 7.00 3.00 93,333.00 Uyui 6.56 4.50 102,125.00 3.63 3.25 47,812.00 5.94 4.00 106,562.00 6.19 4.88 104,062.00 GM 6.00 6.00 100,888.00 3.00 3.00 36,022.00 6.00 5.00 90,995.00 6.00 4.00 78,293.00 F-test 0.64 0.01 0.34 0.24 0.02 0.04 0.58 0.00 0.37 0.15 0.08 0.13 SED 4.10 9.90 139,368.90 3.60 5.20 50,527.60 3.80 7.80 133,606.30 4.10 5.10 118,132.90 LSD 8.20 19.70 277,893.70 7.20 10.30 100,774.00 7.60 15.50 266,403.50 8.30 10.20 235,550.40 CV 46.50 113.50 97.70 73.90 113.30 99.20 46.20 110.80 103.80 53.20 88.50 106.70 Cost of pest management and harvesting Weed infestation and insect damage cause tremendous yield losses in crops. Their management involves the use of inputs that require human labor and time. A range of 2 to 5 individuals were devoted to insect pest management for 2 to 15 days depending on plant population and spraying efficiency (Table 7 ). All districts reported a significant variation in the time they used for their control. An average of 2 to 4 individuals conducted topping for 2 to 14 days; the practice improved leaf size and quality. An average of 8 individuals harvested tobacco over a period of 14 days. Thirty individuals used in Nsimbo were significantly (P ≤ 0.24) higher than in other producing districts. However, production size, individual power, and commitment may influence the number of individuals and days used in harvesting. Table 7 Cost of pest management and harvesting in tobacco District Pest Management Weed management Topping Ripping and tying Labour Days Total Labour Days Total Labour Days Total Labour Days Total Chunya 2.00 2.80 32,000.00 6.20 4.60 163000 4.00 2.60 84000 6.80 11.80 152,600.00 Kahama 2.75 2.33 45,333.00 4.75 3.50 79167 2.33 4.08 26417 11.08 6.50 182,583.00 Kaliua 2.50 2.58 38,333.00 5.33 7.42 272733 3.33 3.67 96455 7.92 16.50 1,050,333.00 Kasulu 2.71 3.14 41,429.00 6.86 5.14 85714 3.86 3.57 64286 7.86 3.57 116,429.00 Manyoni 2.80 10.80 45,000.00 5.20 14.00 78000 2.80 14.80 57500 6.60 31.80 149,400.00 Mpanda 3.00 2.50 7,500.00 7.50 3.50 105000 3.00 4.00 30190 4.50 36.00 555,000.00 Namtumbo 2.67 8.44 34,000.00 4.00 16.89 108333 2.56 12.22 51556 6.89 16.67 193,444.00 Nsimbo 4.00 15.00 300,000.00 4.00 7.00 140000 4.00 4.00 80000 30.00 31.00 80,000.00 SONAMCU 3.00 2.00 25,000.00 4.00 6.00 250000 2.00 3.00 30000 10.00 8.00 320,000.00 Tanganyika 3.33 4.00 118,333.00 4.67 11.67 245000 3.67 6.00 138333 6.33 27.33 468,333.00 Ushetu 3.00 2.50 33,825.00 5.00 3.38 71200 3.00 2.25 33400 6.13 3.88 143,750.00 Uvinza 5.00 2.00 48,333.00 7.00 3.67 171667 4.67 2.67 93333 7.33 3.67 123,333.00 Uyui 3.06 4.25 81,312.00 6.31 7.13 245000 2.69 6.06 68438 7.19 14.06 602,812.00 GM 2.87 4.20 52,340.00 5.49 7.37 158838 3.05 5.61 63375 7.93 13.40 392,155.00 F-Test 0.89 < .001 0.01 0.78 0.00 < .001 0.60 0.01 0.016 0.02 0.24 0.34 SED 2.66 5.50 84,801.70 4.38 9.58 165581.1 2.50 8.62 67979.5 7.34 28.11 1,131,168.60 LSD 5.30 10.96 169,089.90 8.74 19.10 330241 4.99 17.20 135615.4 14.64 56.06 2,255,486.20 CV 65.50 92.50 114.60 56.50 91.90 73.7 58.00 108.70 75.8 65.50 147.90 204.00 Cost of tobacco production and access to firewood Before marketing, the mandatory practices of leaf curing and grading determine quality and ultimate price of tobacco. Their labor involvement varied significantly across districts (Table 8 ). The average number of workers involved in curing and grading was between 2 to 10, and 2 to 30, respectively. The number of labors assigned to curing at SONAMCU was significantly higher than in other districts. Their significance was also reported in grading. The purchasing and transportation of firewood varied significantly among districts. Their demand was reported to depend on the scale of tobacco production, the source of materials, access to transportation facilities, and the types of barns to be used. Local barns were reported to use large-sized and many woods as compared to improved barns. The demand for wood for curing is large; improved barn and afforestation should be adopted by tobacco growers. Table 8 Cost of tobacco production and access to firewood District Leaf curing Grading Firewood Labour Days Total Labour Days Total Firewood Transport Chunya 4.00 11.20 271000 5.20 15.40 438,000.00 704,000.00 440,000.00 Kahama 2.50 16.58 292083 4.25 11.83 350,417.00 562,917.00 124,167.00 Kaliua 3.33 20.50 504100 4.42 24.33 458,333.00 732,500.00 321,055.00 Kasulu 4.14 8.86 148571 16.86 38.57 333,214.00 525,714.00 280,000.00 Manyoni 2.00 49.60 397000 5.20 52.40 382,000.00 171,428.00 45,000.00 Mpanda 2.50 33.00 575000 2.50 22.00 162,500.00 850,000.00 325,000.00 Namtumbo 2.33 43.78 170333 5.89 42.89 279,444.00 115,333.00 62,944.00 Nsimbo 3.00 4.00 60000 32.00 8.00 80,000.00 120,000.00 200,000.00 SONAMCU 10.00 7.00 350000 8.00 14.00 250,000.00 600,000.00 130,000.00 Tanganyika 5.33 41.67 766667 3.33 24.67 526,667.00 1,900,000.00 171,667.00 Ushetu 3.38 11.88 183225 3.13 14.38 240,875.00 267,500.00 113,750.00 Uvinza 4.33 9.00 151667 3.33 24.33 755,000.00 3,400,000.00 1,130,000.00 Uyui 3.13 19.94 427250 2.94 22.94 380,375.00 958,375.00 371,250.00 GM 3.26 22.00 334333 5.52 59.00 371,018.00 719,454.00 262,252.00 F-Test 0.02 0.46 0.247 < .001 0.60 0.45 < .001 0.04 SED 2.62 47.54 517208.5 7.99 465.70 415,343.60 963,543.10 560,461.90 LSD 5.23 94.79 1031540 15.93 928.60 828,171.50 1,921,250.40 1,118,686.60 CV 56.80 152.80 109.4 102.30 561.80 79.20 94.70 151.10 Farmer’s production constraints The major production constraints of tobacco in the study districts are summarized in Fig. 7 . These constraints included both biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the challenges that contributed to low yields, were adverse environmental conditions (heavy rainfall and drought), use of local barns, capital, AMCOS depts, high production costs and low prices, labor, low quality leaf, sickness, theft, delays and lack of production inputs (fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, and improved seeds) as well as diseases. Farmers’ ranking of production constraints across districts showed that 49.43% of the respondents ranked adverse weather (heavy rainfall and drought) as a highly important constraint. All the studied districts reported significant yield losses in tobacco due to heavy rain in 2023–2024. The negative impact of heavy rain may be attributed to high risk on leaching of soil nutrients, tobacco leaf damages, breakage of curing barns and lowering of nicotine content and reduce yield and quality. The recent findings are in line with Wortmann et al. (2006), who reported nutrient deficiencies, drought and insect pest damages to cause significant yield losses in crops. Green et al. (2014) reported a reduction in nicotine content in cigarettes due to excessive water during production. Capital governs the inputs required for effective tobacco production. Farmer’s access some of the inputs as loans from the Union through their AMCOS. Seedbed and field establishments and management, harvesting and processing require substantial capital. However, the Union only provides loans for fertilizer and insecticides. Moreover, delays of fertilizers were reported by some farmers. Farmers reported that the varied response of fertilizer types to tobacco plants posed a challenge. Some farmers reported a quick positive change in tobacco when using NPK from YARA instead of TFC sources. This is an area that requires quick research for confirmation and recommendation. For other crops such as maize, fertilizer should also be provided as subsidies in loans. Despite the cost of other activities being uncovered, only a few farmers were able to effectively manage and produce them. Generally, the majority of farmers reported that low yield was a result of high production costs and low tobacco price. AMCOS debt, limited labor, sickness and theft were reported in smaller percentages. However, their cumulative effect is of significant effect. Failure of repayment of an individual debt in an AMCOS affected all members. Moreover, there is no room for an individual loan for all production activities, which may be accessed directly from banks at the moment. Sickness for a household member, affected family labor and medication charges, impacting resources that might be used in production. Most farmers lack health insurance, and those who do not have it can only cover medication within a restricted geographic area. Classification of tobacco grades is conducted by the expertise in Tanzania Tobacco Board (TTB). Failure in grading affected tobacco price which ultimately promoted or demoted farmers income, and the government had to capacitate more expertise for their individuals. Farmers’ perceptions of tobacco constraints and management options Tobacco production constraints are associated with low yield, price and high production cost (Fig. 9 ). Adoption of good agronomic practices, timely fertilizer application, transplanting, weeding, insect and disease management, topping, harvesting, curing and grading will increase yield and price. However, the majority of farmers rarely adopt these practices due to limited capital, weather, knowledge and inputs. To improve tobacco yield and price, 22% of farmers perceived the use of good agronomic practices as priority number one. However, to implement these, 16% of farmers require the provision of an individual loan that covers the entire production requirements rather than the provision of fertilizer, insecticide, firewood and barn charges through AMCOS. Weather outbreaks, particularly droughts and heavy rains, require insurance, which is lacking and no recovery of losses is provided by the government. Moreover, NPK fertilizer provided as a loan has a higher interest. Cumulative deductions from the government, AMCOS and Associations to operate were reported to impact farmers net income. In addition to their significant importance, the magnitude of these deductions is directly linked to the production cost. About 17% of the respondents reported capacity building on good agronomic practices along the entire production chain. The need was confirmed by some respondents who failed to present recommended spacing and fertilizer doses (Table 3 ). Few respondents (5%) fail to suggest measures for overcoming production constraints. Farmers’ plant performances in their field were negatively impacted by their failure to adopt the recommended practices (Fig. 8 ). Conclusions Tobacco is a valuable cash crop in Tanzania owing to its ability to yield better in diverse soil conditions. Its low production and productivity are attributed to heavy rainfall, drought, use of local burns, inadequate capital, AMCOS depts, high production cost and low price, labor, low quality leaf, sickness, theft, delays and lack and delays of fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, improved seeds and diseases. In the study areas, heavy rainfall and drought were ranked as a highly important limitation in tobacco production. Timely fertilizer application, transplanting, weeding, insect and disease management, topping, harvesting, curing and grading may increase yield and quality. However, limited capital, weather, knowledge and inputs reduced farmers adoption rate. To reduce farmers risk in production, weather outbreaks, predominantly drought and heavy rains, require insurance. Moreover, the majority of farmers’ fields require substantial nutrient supplements to improve yield and quality. Effective determination of tobacco price and studies on the cost of production per unit hectare, including all factors of invention and fertility status, are of crucial importance. Declarations Acknowledgments Farmers in the study areas are sincerely thanked for willingly making the survey possible. The Tobacco Research Institute of Tanzania through the Cost of Production (CoP) Project Number TR102-102S01/2024-25 is gratefully acknowledged for financial support of the study. Thanks are due to AMCOS, and Tobacco Union representatives, for provision of secondary data and their engagement during data collection. Consent on participation declaration All authors listed in the manuscript declared on their fully involved in project development, implementation and reporting, each with specific task or in jointly execution as presented in author contribution subsection. Author contributions Jacob Bulenga Lisuma : Conceptualization on protocol requirement, coordination of best required stakeholders, data curation, resources mobilization and management, review and editing. Emmanuel Justine Mrema: Research design, investigation, development of the original draft, and corresponding and incorporation of partners idea in to the project Magdalena Raphael Ntatilwa: Methodology development and networking to partners, data entry, analysis and report writing. Erick Zawadi Anthony: Resources identification, identification of compatible software for data collection, visualization and data collection. Elimboto Ibrahimu Muna: Data collection and entry, validations, review and editing. Placedius Castus Rwechungura: Identification of compatible available software for data collection entry, project review and editing. Human Ethics and Consent to Participate Declarations The research in volved physical field observation and farmers interview on their perception towards tobacco production challenges and their related cost of production for price determination in Tanzania. Methodology of the study was well reviewed using both Tobacco Research Institute of Tanzania (TORITA), and Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute Tumbi Centre (TARI-Tumbi) research review committee and that all ethical principles, including respect for persons, beneficence, and justice were well adhered. Moreover, all protocol were reviewed and approved by the Reginal Administrative Service to insure all participants' rights and welfare were well protected, and the study was not associated with any potential risks. Conflict of interest No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Funding The financial support of the study was provided by The Tobacco Research Institute of Tanzania through the Cost of Production (CoP) [Project Number TR102-102S01/2024-25]. References Abebe, D. (2024). The Effects of Transplanting Date on Management of Tobacco Insect Pests. Min review. Journal of Food and Nutrition , 3 (1), 2836-2276. [FAOSTAT] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2022). Database available from: http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx [SPSS] Statistical Package for Social Sciences. 2005. SPSS, version 15, users guide. Chicago (IL): SPSS Inc. Badshah, H., Wajid, A., Saeed, M., Ullah, H., Ullah, F. and Zeb, Q. (2013) Screening of Elite Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Genotypes for Their Physiological Traits and Resistant to Tobacco Budworm Heliothis virescence F. Pakistan Journal of Botan, 45, 67. Bucheyeki, T.L., Masibuka, K.C. and Shinanda, E.I. (2013). Evaluation of Introduced TANPRIDE 70 WDG Insecticide in Tobacco Production in Tanzania. International Journal of Agricultural Science Research, 2, 185-190. Ceccarelli S, Grando S, Bailey E, Amri A, El-Felah M, Nassif F, Rezgui S, Yahyaoui A. 2001. Farmer participation in barley breeding in Syria, Morocco and Tunisia. Euphytica. 122:521–536. Chambers R. 1992. Rural appraisal: rapid, relaxed and participatory. England: University of Sussex; 90 p. (Institute of Development Studies (IDS), Discussion paper 311). Eleanor K, Jew A, Dougill S. (2017). Tobacco cultivation as a driver of land use change and degradation in the miombo woodlands of south‐west Tanzania. Land Degradation & Development: Wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ldr. 2017; 28:2636–2645. DOI: 10.1002/ldr.2827 Hayes, T.B., Hansen, M., Kapuscinski, A.R., Locke, K.A. and Barnosky, A. (2017) From Silent Spring to Silent Night: Agrochemicals and the Anthropocene. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 5, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.246 Jaffee, S. (2002). Malawi’s Tobacco Sector: Standing on One Strong Leg is Better Than on None. World Bank, June 2002 Kuboja, N.M; Kalala, A.M; Lisuma, J.B and Mrutu, M. (2012). Tobacco Production Baseline Survey in Serengeti, Tarime and Rorya Districts, Mara Region. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology B 2 (2012):471-481 Lisuma, J., Mbega, E., Ndakidemi, P., (2020). Influence of tobacco plant on macronutrient levels in sandy soils. Agronomy 10 (3), 418. Mackay, J., Eriksen, M.P., 2002. The Tobacco Atlas. World Health Organization, Geneva Mrema E, Shimelis H, Laing M, Bucheyeki T. (2016). Farmers’ perceptions of sorghum production constraints and Striga control practices in semi-arid areas of Tanzania, International Journal of Pest Management, 63:2, 146-156, DOI: 10.1080/09670874.2016.1238115 Singh RP, Morris ML. 1997. Adoption, management and impact of hybrid maize seed in India. Mexico, DF: CIMMYT. (CIMMYT Economics Program Working Paper 97, 105). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6456272","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":458213546,"identity":"2409eabd-5ee1-4255-bcf2-7ddc2763dd72","order_by":0,"name":"Jacob Bulenga Lisuma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tobacco Research Institute of Tanzania (TORITA)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jacob","middleName":"Bulenga","lastName":"Lisuma","suffix":""},{"id":458213547,"identity":"c5b17b83-e3a5-4ce0-8ed3-9e05c7913642","order_by":1,"name":"Emmanuel Justine Mrema","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute Tumbi Centre (TARI-Tumbi)","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Emmanuel","middleName":"Justine","lastName":"Mrema","suffix":""},{"id":458213548,"identity":"d810bf3b-05f0-4086-9b01-7a2d54d1b1bb","order_by":2,"name":"Magdalena Raphael Ntatilwa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tobacco Research Institute of Tanzania (TORITA)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Magdalena","middleName":"Raphael","lastName":"Ntatilwa","suffix":""},{"id":458213549,"identity":"cea2581b-b86c-462f-99ae-a7b66c59d8e0","order_by":3,"name":"Erick Zawadi Anthony","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tobacco Research Institute of Tanzania (TORITA)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Erick","middleName":"Zawadi","lastName":"Anthony","suffix":""},{"id":458213550,"identity":"fada3e12-d286-4ecc-9075-eeb5cd208f86","order_by":4,"name":"Elimboto Ibrahimu Muna","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tobacco Research Institute of Tanzania (TORITA)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Elimboto","middleName":"Ibrahimu","lastName":"Muna","suffix":""},{"id":458213551,"identity":"b4510b69-48bf-4147-aab4-21014824ef5e","order_by":5,"name":"Placedius Castus Rwechungura","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Agripoa Company Ltd, Mbezi Beach","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Placedius","middleName":"Castus","lastName":"Rwechungura","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-15 15:23:23","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6456272/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6456272/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83351817,"identity":"0380929e-3682-4312-8789-94203c87d27a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-23 14:13:33","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":169568,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of the six sampled tobacco-growing regions of Tanzania (regions reported by red doted marks) whose farmers were interviewed on the cost of production\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6456272/v1/88f26a2ea59d21cfce6212cc.png"},{"id":83352159,"identity":"c19c765f-6352-4c7d-81f4-4c76a462a85a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-23 14:21:33","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":79994,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEducation levels of interviewed farmers in the selected Tobacco growing districts\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6456272/v1/015b344d73c679d434489168.png"},{"id":83352156,"identity":"883c3469-70ab-4629-ae12-71014d030081","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-23 14:21:33","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":81753,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePercentage of farmer’s engagement in economic activities in studied areas\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6456272/v1/5f55eb697c620092516339ed.png"},{"id":83351816,"identity":"b7c03991-9295-4c36-ba55-9857d048abf8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-23 14:13:33","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":111251,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePercentages and frequencies of labor sources used in tobacco production\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6456272/v1/1706738d749dfab6e33157c7.png"},{"id":83353165,"identity":"a6a9aca2-84dd-4ae1-a1e2-e02de56a7c04","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-23 14:29:33","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":124092,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMajor losses of tobacco during production to processing\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6456272/v1/00e9d379b5009801a286f8f8.png"},{"id":83351812,"identity":"57db71f3-a4c5-4098-a1a9-6af82fda0bb7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-23 14:13:33","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":47488,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFactors contributed to losses during grading\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6456272/v1/efae4b473328974525271699.png"},{"id":83353166,"identity":"3d2813f1-de40-459a-af14-438c5af0ff1b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-23 14:29:33","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":167011,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFarmer’s production constraints\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6456272/v1/b8263a488e672768905e3823.png"},{"id":83352162,"identity":"7b5633c2-3573-42f6-87c5-66c35876849f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-23 14:21:33","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":6767849,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhotos for poorly adopted GAP (A to E), managed field (F), massive wood used in local barns (G) and seedling for reforestation (H)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6456272/v1/959e7f4d0d39d457636153a3.png"},{"id":83351819,"identity":"4d5556d0-de4f-4e44-8766-0e0fc6c065aa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-23 14:13:33","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":96269,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFarmers suggested resolution measures\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6456272/v1/a110c4d25edd002efa20f280.png"},{"id":102398136,"identity":"4d5f7bff-d4c3-4894-99b5-16e1463c567d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-11 10:21:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":12421794,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6456272/v1/e21d60b1-be33-47bd-91b3-c5f2c50e723e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Farmers’ perceptions of Tobacco production constraints and Cost of production for price determination in Tanzania","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn Tanzania, tobacco (\u003cem\u003eNicotiana tabacum\u003c/em\u003e L.) is the second cash crop after cashew (Lisuma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The crop is grown for facilities that make cigarettes all around the world (Mackay and Eriksen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). About 5.8\u0026nbsp;million tons of the crop are produced annually on 3.1\u0026nbsp;million hectares of land. With an average of 520 thousand tons, tobacco is grown on 443 thousand hectares of land in East Africa (FAOSTAT, 2022). China, Brazil, India, Turkey, Zimbabwe, Indonesia, Italy, Greece, Malawi and Tanzania are some of the major producing countries (Jaffee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). In Tanzania, tobacco is mainly produced in Tabora, accounting for 50% of the total production. Other producing regions are Mbeya (Chunya), Kagera (Biharamulo), Shinyanga (Kahama), Ruvuma (Songea), Singida (Manyoni), Iringa, Katavi (Mpanda), Mara (Tarime, Rorya, Serengeti), Kigoma (Kasulu and Uvinza), and Ruvuma Songea (Kuboja et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). An area of 107 thousand hectares is devoted to tobacco production, leading to an average production of 519 thousand tons (FAOSTAT, 2022). However, researchers have reported a low yield of 1.65 thousand kg/ha has been reported, which is considerably below the potential yield of up to 2.4 thousand kg/ha (TORITA, 2019). Researchers attribute the low yields to abiotic stresses such as poor soil fertility and drought, biotic stresses such as the use of low-yielding varieties, field and storage insect pests, and social economic factors such as capital, limited knowledge of good agronomic practices and extension services (Hayes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Researchers reported that delayed delivery of farm inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, and insecticides delayed most farm operations and contributed to yield and quality losses. Despite all constraints having a significant impact, soil infertility contributed to 15% of tobacco losses in Tanzania (Eleanor et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). A recent transect walk in six tobacco-producing regions revealed variations in soil fertility among farmer\u0026rsquo;s fields. The majority of farmers lack access to soil analysis information. The Tobacco Research Institute of Tanzania (TORITA) has reported fertilizer recommendation. in this case, it was recommended to use 5 kg/30m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e of N\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eP\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eK\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e with extra nutrients of 7% S, 0.012% B, 3% CaO, and 0.5% MgO on the seedbed and 30 g/plant two week after transplanting as basal application, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the recommendation was to apply an additional 8 g/plant of CAN 27% N which includes 1.7% MgO, 3% CaO, and 3% S two weeks after the basal application during top dressing. Continuous application of this fertilizer without conducting a soil analysis may lead to an increase in production costs and soil detoxification. Therefore, a regular soil analysis is necessary to improve tobacco yield, maintain soil health, and determine the exact amount and type of fertilizer to use when setting amendment strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsect pest damage is the second production constraint, leading to yield and quality losses in tobacco of up to 10% (Badshah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Abebe, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The most commonly reported insect pests were cutworms (\u003cem\u003eAgrotis ipsilon\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. segetum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. flammatra\u003c/em\u003e), budworms (\u003cem\u003eHeliothis virescens\u003c/em\u003e (F.)) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and aphids (\u003cem\u003eMyzus persicae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAphis tabaci\u003c/em\u003e) (Homoptera: Aphididae) (Hayes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). They adversely affect crop growth, yield, and leaf quality (Bucheyeki et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). To contain the problem, various insecticides, including permethrin (Biomethrin), and Imidacloprid (Confidor), were regularly used in the seedbed and main field, respectively. The application of these insecticides necessitates a thorough understanding of the time and rate of application, which can significantly increase production costs. Moreover, other production costs such as weeding, fertilization, topping, harvesting, purchasing and transporting firewood, curing, labor charges, and food cost were less considered into account when determining production costs. Farmers, AMCOS, and Tobacco Union representatives claimed minimal profit or losses from tobacco enterprises due to low prices. A study investigating of farmer\u0026rsquo;s perceptions of all tobacco production costs is crucial for determining prices in Tanzania.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipatory rural appraisal (PRA) is a set of multidisciplinary research techniques used to identify farmers\u0026rsquo; perceived production constraints, preferred varieties, and costs for deployment of production activities that are useful. PRA is a useful method to understand farmers\u0026rsquo; knowledge, experiences, constraints, preferred technology, and needs (Chambers \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Singh \u0026amp; Morris \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). To improve tobacco production, it is imperative to investigate farmers\u0026rsquo; production constraints, their preferences, and the cost of production for pricing (Ceccarelli et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate farmers\u0026rsquo; production constraints, perceptions, and cost of production for price determination.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDescription of study sites:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in six regions: Tabora, Shinyanga, Kigoma, Katavi, Songea and Mbeya (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The regions receive unimodal rainfall, ranging from 600 to 1500 mm per year that falls between November and April. The regions experience a long dry season, lasting approximately 5\u0026ndash;6 months, with temperatures ranging from 14.6\u0026deg;C in June to 32.5\u0026deg;C in October. The sites are characterized by sandy, sand loamy, clay, and clay loamy soils. Some areas feature undulating plains with rocky hills and low scarps, characterized by well-drained and infertile soils.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSampling method\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study used purposive sampling to increase the likelihood of including relevant sites and samples. Briefly, six and thirteen regions and districts were sampled for investigation, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The sites were selected following their type of tobacco varieties they cultivate and the scale of production. In each districts, wards and village farmers were purposively sampled, focusing on tobacco varietals and production size. This procedure provided a total of 85 farmers who were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire posted in Kobo Collect. Additionally, focus group discussions (FGDs) were held, involving six focus groups comprising farmers, AMCOS and Tobacco Union leaders. A total of 30 individuals participated in the FGDs across six regions. Moreover, visual observation of soil type, cultivated varieties, plant health, scale of production, and soil sampling were made during the transect walk.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData collection and analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were collected through face-to-face interviews, observations made through transect walks across selected villages, and discussions with focus groups. The semi-structured questionnaire was formulated based on factors related to farmers production costs, socio-economic status of the households, cultivated varieties, production constraints, and their control measures. Farmers, with assistance from their AMCOS leaders, identified seed sources for cultivated tobacco varieties\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey informant interviews were held with experienced tobacco farmers, AMCOS, and Tobacco Union leaders. A total of eighty-five individuals from six regions who were known for their rich technical knowledge on tobacco production were selected and interviewed for secondary data collection. Personal observations on land characteristics, and established tobacco fields were made during transect walks in the selected regions to provide complementary data. Quantitative and qualitative data collected in Kobo Collect, were exported to Excel and subjected to statistical analyses using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS Inc. 2005). Cross-tabulation tables were constructed, and descriptive statistics were calculated to summarize collected data. To make statistical inferences, contingency chi-square tests were computed at a given level of significance to analyze relationships between variables. This allowed for empirical analyses and descriptions of associations between the collected parameters across the six study regions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDescription of households\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 85 farmers were interviewed in the selected districts of six tobacco growing regions of Tanzania. Among them, 83 were married, one was single, and the other was divorced. The proportion of males (92.94%) was greater than females (7.06%). More male involvement in tobacco farming has contributed to their larger percentages as compared to the few recorded females. Male and female farmers exhibit differences in their priorities, ownership of certain crops, access, and management practices. Most female farmers cultivate a range of crops for feeding their family and for sale to cater to some of their social needs, whereas the males\u0026rsquo; own lands and grow crops for selling (Mrema et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean household size in the study sites was 9 individuals (SD 4.58). Interviewed farmers had an average age of 40 years (SD 11.86), all being above 18 years. Individuals over the age of 18 have the authority to make decisions regarding the crop and variety to cultivate, the size of the land for cultivation, the planting date, the quantity of fertilizer to use, the management of weeds and insects, the number and type of barns to construct, harvesting and curing, all of which are impacted by the quality and quantity of tobacco produced. The number of individuals per household influences farming operations that need human labor. Households with many family members were more efficient in tobacco farming than those with fewer members, which predominantly required hired labor from the communities close to or away from their district. Farmers have reported a shortage of laboures during peak production events like transplanting, weeding, harvesting, and grading (Mrema et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost respondents (81.18%) had attended primary school and were able to read and write in only the local language, Kiswahili, while 17.65 and 1.18% had attended secondary and diploma education, respectively, and were able to read and write in both English and Kiswahili (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The study areas were dominated by individuals with low level of education, highlighting the need for increased extension and research services to effectively communicate the nature and value of new technologies to these communities. The educated individuals (18.83%) could be useful agents in disseminating new technologies to their fellow farmers (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMain socio-economic activities in the study districts\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEconomic activity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e summarizes the roles of farmers in various economic activities. Major identified economic activities in surveyed districts were crop production (tobacco, maize, rice, groundnut, sweet potatoes, sunflower, cassava, and beans), livestock (cattle, goat, and chicken), and small retail businesses. There were significant differences in the percentage of farmers involved in various economic activities. Crop and livestock production engages about 48% of farmers, which indicates a significant contribution of their investments to the local economy. Sole farming, combined farming, livestock and business, and collective farming and business contributed to 45, 4 and 3%, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCrop production\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTobacco farmers practiced both sole crops, mixed and intercropping, combining crops, livestock and business as a major source of food, feed, and income (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Households own a range of 5 to 70 acres, with an average of 1.2 ha dedicated to tobacco cultivation. The main crops identified for cultivation were tobacco, maize, rice, groundnut, sweet potatoes, sunflower, cotton, cassava and beans, while the livestock included cattle, goat, and chickens, as well as small retail businesses. The majority of farmers allocated their land primarily to tobacco and maize (17.65%), followed by sole tobacco (15.29%), a combination of tobacco, maize, rice, and groundnuts (8.24%) and other crop combinations for the remaining smaller percentage (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Transect walk observation revealed that interviewed farmers grow tobacco and rice as a mono-crop, while maize and others crops are either grown solely or in combination on a small to medium scale. All growers engaged in tobacco monocropping, which attributed to the implementation of rules and good agronomic principles by the extension officers in each AMCOS. The primary driver of crop diversification in the study regions was the farmers\u0026rsquo; demand for food crops. Cropping systems that involve mono-cropping or mixed cropping using related crop species with similar growth requirements, such as soil moisture and fertilizers, are not sustainable because they draw nutrients without replacement. Such cropping systems contribute to the build-up of pests and diseases, soil infertility, and thus yield reduction (Mrema et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The study revealed that there is a need to provide more extension services to guide farmers in choosing the best crop combinations for both food production and income investment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrop diversity grown by the interviewed tobacco growers in Tanzania\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultivated crops diversification\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of farmers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco and Maize\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize and Rice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize and Simsim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize and Sunflower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize and Sweetpotato\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, Rice, and Groundnuts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, Beans, and Simsim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, Groundnuts and Sunflower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, and Beans\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, Beans, and Sunflower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, Beans, Sunflower and Groundnuts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, Cassava and Beans\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, Groundnuts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, Groundnuts and Beans\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, Groundnuts, Beans and Sweetpotato\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, Rice and Beans\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, Rice, Beans and Groundnuts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, Rice, Beans and Potatoes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, Rice, Cassava and Beans\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, Rice, Cassava, Groundnuts and Sweetpotato\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, Rice, Cassava, Groundnuts and Beans\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, Rice, Groundnut and Potatoes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, Rice, Groundnuts and Beans\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, Rice, Groundnuts, Beans, and Cotton\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, Simsim and Beans\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, Sunflower, Groundnuts and Beans\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco, Maize, Cashew nut, Cassava and Potatoes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFarmers applications on tobacco agronomic practices\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo account for good tobacco quality and quantity, recommended agricultural practices like timely fertilizer application, insect management, weeding, harvesting, curing and grading should be timely applied (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). However, limited capital for the majority of tobacco farmers limits their ability to purchase inputs. They obtain seeds, fertilizer and chemicals as loans from their affiliated associations, which they are required to repay directly from their sales revenue. Some respondents have reported experiencing delays in accessing certain inputs. However, some of the delays may be caused by farmers diversifying their crops, making poor decisions about which crops to prioritize, and lacking knowledge about weather prediction. Tobacco improved Flue-cured varieties K326, KRK26R, PVH2275, PVH2254, K326 DDV, and M/HW86 (DFC) sourced from Brazil, TRB Kutsaga, Zimbabwe, Cross Crick \u0026ndash; USA, and TORITA, were supplied by Japan Tobacco International Leaf Services (JTI-LS), Mkwawa Tobacco Leaf Company (MTL), Premium Active Tanzania Limited (PATL), Magefa, Alliance One Tobacco Tanzania Limited (AOTTL), Biexen and Global Leaf Tanzania limited (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). High yielding, great adaptability to major tobacco diseases, good quality, access to seeds from unions, and extensive extension services may be the driving forces behind the increased adoption of improved tobacco varieties in Tanzania. A few respondents from Kigoma and Songea, who are using farmers saved seeds, may have minor deviations. This could be due to their personal decision to expand their field beyond agreed production scale, a lack of sufficient seed supply, or their knowledge about the negative effects of using poor-quality seeds. In order to promote adoption of improved varieties, it is necessary to full utilize their potential through means such as demo plots, advertisements, seminars and ensuring timely seed delivery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco cultivated varieties and their seed sources across the study regions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmcos name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuying company\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultivated varieties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeed sources\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShinyanga\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKACU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMshikamano, Uyogo, Shilabelabalimi, Imalaseko, Mliza, Mwadui, Mbapya, and Mwanzugi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMkwawa Leaf Tobacco Ltd (MLTL), Japan Tobacco and international leaf services (JTI-LS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK326, KRK26R, PVH 2275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfigen, Brazil and TRB Kutsaga, Zimbabwe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKatavi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRATCO,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMpanda Kati and Nsimbo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePremium Active Tanzania Ltd (PATL) and MLTL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK326\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDDV, Prifigen Brazil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKigoma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKTCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSongambele, Luze, and Basanza\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMkwawa Leaf Tobacco Ltd (MLTL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK326, PVH2254, and PVH 2259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrifigen, Brazil, and farmer saved seed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMbeya \u0026amp;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingida\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCHUTCU and CEAMCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuungano, Lyeselo, Kagera, Isingiwe, and Umoja\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMLTL, PATL and Magefa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVH 2275, K326 and KRK26R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfigen, Brazil, TRB, Kutsaga Zimbabwe, Cross Crick - USA and TORITA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSongea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSONAMCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMgombasi, Mliwasi, Libango, Namtumbo, and Nambecha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePATL and MLTL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM/HW86, K326 DDV7, MW86M/S and K326\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePATL, DDV, South Africa and Farmer saved seeds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTabora\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWETCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIgwisi, Sianza, Manonga, Mtazamo, Chapakazi, Ibumba, Mtazamwa, Kasungu, Tumbi, Msasani, Nguvumali, Mbola, Kyenzeli, Usonga, Ibushi, Nguvumali, Kagobole-Isila, Kagando, Chimbuko and Igoko\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlliance One, Tobacco Tanzania (AOTTL), MLTL, JTI-LS, BIEXEN, Global Leaf Tanzania limited, Voedsel, G4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK326, KRK26R, PVH2275, PVH 2259 and PVH2254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTORITA, TRB Kutsaga Zimbabwe, Profigen Brazil,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSeedbed preparation and transplanting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData from group discussions and interviewed respondents revealed that early bed preparation and timely transplanting following the main rains, fertilization, weeding, insect management, curing and grading determine both quantity and quality. Beds were prepared in August, coupled with sowing in the same month. The timing of transplanting varied across regions, typically occurring from late October to early December after the onset of rain (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Except in Mbeya and Songea, where rain onset delays, the majority of famers in the study area transplant their tobacco during November. Early transplanting utilizes the available soil moisture during the early stages of plant development, granting a harvest in late December and January before the dry spell, mostly in late February.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, observations made during transect walks revealed that tobacco transplanted at the start of the rainy season grows more effectively than tobacco planted late in December (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). The latter group reported some crop losses due to drought in February and heavy rains in March. The observations were confirmed during group discussions, where crop losses due to heavy rain and delayed access to fertilizer in 2023/2024 were discussed. However, planting times differed among farmers, depending on the time of land preparation, duration of access to seeds, and rain onset.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisual observation across selected tobacco growing sites revealed that most soils are predominantly sandy and sand loamy, while only a few areas having clay and clay loamy soils. This indicated substantial nutrient supplement requirements for yield and quality improvement. Following this, the majority of farmers use NPK (10:18:24) from TFC at a rate of 30g/plant, and a few sourced from YARA (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The study indicated minor variations in application rates, ranging from 8 to 150 g/plant. The reported range of up to 50 g/plant reported by a few farmers from Kigoma, Shinyanga and Katavi is significantly deviated from the research recommended rate of 30 g/plant. Limited knowledge on fertilizer recommended rates, soil infertility and poor fertilizer response to plants may contribute to their higher application rates, necessitating further research for a definitive conclusion. Most farmers reported applying top dressing using CAN at a recommended rate of 8 g/plant, but a few applied NPK up to 30 g/plant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe range of days for basal fertilizer application ranges from 7\u0026ndash;38 from transplanting, while for top-dressing it ranges from 7 to 30 from basal application. This suggests that farmers received the fertilizers late, leading to extended days between their applications. While most farmers followed the recommended fertilizer application schedule, there were some minor deviations reported. Farmers attributed delays in fertilizer access, labor shortages and ignorance. The reported loss in quality and quantity could be attributed to delays in application days and the use of incorrect dosage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAligned to the recommendation, all respondents conducted topping when the plant had an average number of 18 leaves. This has a significant effect on leaf size, quality and weight before and after curing. An average of 7 (SD 4.22) days for the curing report concurs with the research recommendation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost tobacco operations required human labor, of which 72.22 and 27.78% were hired and family labor, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Among hired labour, 70.11% and 29.89% had seasonal and daily paid labour, respectively. A total of 66 households had a mean of 4 seasonal laborers, they, however, ranged from 1 to 14 individuals based on the scale of production. The average duration of hiring seasonal labor was 6 months, but, a range of 1 to 12 months was reported.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmers applied agronomic practices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed basal fertilizer and rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed top dressing fertilizer and rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays to basal (from planting) and top dressing (from basal) applications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFertilizer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRate (gram/plant)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFertilizer used and source\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRate (gram/plant)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTop dressing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKatavi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPK from TFC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30, 20, 60 and 28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAN from TFC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8, and 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7, 14, and 20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7, 14, 20, and 21,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKigoma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPK TFC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAN from TFC and YARA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16, and 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7, 9, 10, 11, 14, and 23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7, 10, 14, 21, and 29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMbeya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPK - TFC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAN from TFC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 and 15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7, 10 and 14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 and 28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShinyanga\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPK (10:18:24) from TFC, YARA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 and 50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAN and YARABELA from TFC and YARA,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8, and 50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 2, 7, 10, 12, 14, 21, and 25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0, 1, 2, 14, 21, 26, 28,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSongea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPK ETG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8, 28, and 30,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAN from ETG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7, 8 and 30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14, 21 and 30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTabora\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPK (10:18:24) from YARA, TFC,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27, 30 and 32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAN from TFC and YARA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,8, 15, and 16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 20,21, 25 and 38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, and 28,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable three continued\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrop spacing (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgrochemical used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolume used (mils)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of leaves to topping\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of barn used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransplanting dates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKatavi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 x 50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfidor, Bamethrin and Decis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4, 10, 20, 30 and 32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18, and 20,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u0026ndash;27/11/2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKigoma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 x 45, 90 x 40, 90 x 60, 120 x 50,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfidor, Bamethrin, Mlundalunda (Thiamethoxam)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0, 10, 30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0, 18,20,22,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;28/11/2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMbeya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 x 50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecis, Confidor, Mulundalunda/ Thiamethoxam, Bamethrin, Imidacloprid, and Deltamethrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8, 10, 20, 30, and 270\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0, 20, 14, 16 and 18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal and improved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23/11/2024-06/12/2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShinyanga\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 x 50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBamethrin, Confidor, Imidacloprid, and Deltamethrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2, 10, 14, 16, 20, 30 and 40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, and 25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal, Improved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20/10/2024-18/11/2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSongea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90 \u0026times; 90, 50 \u0026times; 120, 120 x 50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeltamethrin, Imidacloprid, and Yamaotea Super\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0, 90, 270 and 500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10, 12, 13, 14, 18 and 20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal and improved barns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e04/12/2024\u0026ndash;15/12/2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTabora\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 \u0026times; 50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfidor, Bamethrin, Decis, Milundalunda,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 5, 10, 15, 16, 20, and 30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0, 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, and 30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal, Improved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20/10/2024\u0026ndash;23/11/2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLosses in Tobacco production\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeventy eight percent of respondents reported yield losses in tobacco during production, harvesting, curing and grading. The major reported causes of losses in tobacco were related to leaf quality, labor, weather, barns, fertilizers, diseases and drying shed (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Heavy rains dominated the production season 2023\u0026ndash;2024 and were the main cause of yield losses for the entire study sites. Leaching of nutrients, leaf breakage, falling of barns, loss of nicotine content and orange coloration were reported to be associated with heavy rainfall. Major tobacco operations, required human labour, delayed field operations like weeding, harvesting and curing were attributed to a shortage of labor. The shortage of skilled personnel for curing and grading necessitated the employment of specialized individuals. Tobacco Unions have made significant efforts to provide extension officers, but they also need to build farmers\u0026rsquo; capacity on good agronomic practices for both production and processing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile most farmers have improved barns, their main strength lies in their large size and reduced firewood consumption. However, the heavy rain of the last cropping season damaged a few of these barns. Field expansion for the majority of farmers has resulted in a barn shortage (24.36%), which has delayed harvesting and curing operations all of which contributed to reduced quality and quantity. To minimize these losses, field expansion should be associated with an increase in number of improved barns. Some respondents (7.69%) reported delays in access to inputs and a weak response of basal fertilizer to plant performances. NPK (10:18:24) from YARA was reported to impact tobacco leaf quality better than TFC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTobacco losses during grading\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority of the respondents (50.57%) reported various causes of losses during grading. However, some of the losses may be attributed to factors that occurred prior to grading, such as leakages from storage facilities wetting tobacco leaves, heavy rains, poor quality leaves, a lack of experienced personnel for grading, a limited number of barns causing delays in curing for some harvests, a lack of personnel to facilitate grading and other farm operations, and leaf breakage due to poor quality leaves and mechanical rupture. Among these losses, famers rank leaf breakage, storage facilities, and lack of qualified personnel as causes of total losses of 80%. Several farmers and tobacco unions-initiated measure to combat these issues. Currently, 80.68% of the respondents use improved barns with standard curing capacity and minimal firewood consumption. Moreover, each household had an average of 4 barns (SD 4.32) capable of curing 1 ha.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFarmers perception on tobacco yield and cost of production\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e presents the results of an ANOVA interview with 85 tobacco farmers from thirteen districts across six regions, focusing on their production costs and the corresponding harvested yield. Their cost of production differed significantly in the number of laborers involved in seedbed preparation and seedling management, weeding, topping, reaping, curing and grading. In addition to labor, days spent on seedbed, land preparation, transplanting, gap filling, basal fertilizer application, ridging, and insect control differed among districts (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The impact of labor engagement and days spent in tobacco activities was reflected in the total cost for gap filling and topping. Purchasing firewood differed significantly among districts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean squares and significance tests of farmers perception on tobacco cost of production and harvested yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"16\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield (Kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeedbed management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLand preparation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRidging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistricts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.37*10\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.38*10\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.496*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1889.8***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26*10\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182.64***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.33*10\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e459.9***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95*10\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidual\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.59*10\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.44*10\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e508.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.91*10\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.419\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.80*10\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84*10\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"16\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e continuous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransplanting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGap filling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasal fertilizer application\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTop-dressing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistricts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.787\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115.25*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11*10\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.408\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.29*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.58*10\u003csup\u003e8*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.67***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9*10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.799\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08*10\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidual\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.71*10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.512\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28*10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.93*\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.583\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.98*10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"16\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e continuous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePest Management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeed management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopping\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReapping and tying\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistricts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.873\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.98***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.71*10\u003csup\u003e9*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128.77**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.418\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.52*10\u003csup\u003e10***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.51**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.32*10\u003csup\u003e9*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.57*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e510.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.32*10\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidual\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.536\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.60*10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.605\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37*10\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.31*10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e395.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.40*10\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"16\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e continuous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf curing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrading\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirewood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistricts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransport\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidual\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.855*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72*10\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153.57***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92744\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.69*10\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.84*10\u003csup\u003e12**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.09*10\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34*10\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108447\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.63*10\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.64*10\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.57*10\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFarmer\u0026rsquo;s tobacco yield and cost of bed and field establishment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e presents the average responses from farmers perceptions on tobacco yields along with the associated costs for food and field establishment, across various districts. An average production of 3,680 per interviewed farmer was not significantly different (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.09) among districts; however, a wide range of 700 to 8200 kg was reported. The farmers attribute the wide range in tobacco yield to variations in production scale, variety used, management practices, and curing efficiency. Timely planting during rain onset, fertilizer application dosage, weed and insect management, harvesting and curing were reported to improve both tobacco quality and quantity in all surveyed districts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco yield is the subject of various factors; most operations require human labor whose food is their essential requirement. Although the majority of famers neglected food as one of their costs of production, still an average of 1.8\u0026nbsp;million were used for dietary items.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabor and days involved in seedbed activities differed significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;.001) among districts. For 28 days, an average of 3 individuals dedicated themselves to seedbed preparations, sowing, watering, weeding and insect control. An average of 27 days reported on seedbed operations may be attributed to few individuals (3) who were allocated for the operations or daily management requirements for the plant (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Variation in scale of production among farmers within and outside the districts are the main determinants of the number of seedbeds, laborers and days for operations. Small-scale farming involves fewer individuals and fewer days compared to medium and large-scale production. However, this is not the case in Uvinza district, where an average of 6 individuals works for 45 days in seedbed operations (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLand preparation and ridging were done parallel or separately depending on required operations. Tree clearing, destumping, ploughing, harrowing and ridging were all done sequentially in virgin land. Though harrowing and ridging were mainly reported on loosen soils of rotational cropping. Depending on the scale of production and types of operations, an average of 3 to 7 farmers worked for 3 to 28 days to prepare the land. Apart from oxen and tractors farming being reported by few individuals; human labor was also involved in some operations. As land preparation, ridging was done by oxen, tractor or human. More days and labor involvement in ridging were reported in Tanganyika and Namtumbo (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmer\u0026rsquo;s tobacco yields and their associated cost of food and field establishment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistrict\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood cost\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeedbed management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLand preparation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRidging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChunya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,572.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,784,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e442,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e230000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKahama\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,001.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,298,867.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,833\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKaliua\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,181.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,996,400.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e341,800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e243000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312926\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKasulu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,342.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,826,695.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e354,286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e272857\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2079951\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManyoni\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,200.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,218,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e227,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMpanda\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,285.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,345,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNamtumbo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,348.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e799,400.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e478,889\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138889\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNsimbo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e700.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e502,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSONAMCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e700.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,827,194.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTanganyika\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,050.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,531,867.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e439,333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e340000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUshetu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,650.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e388,948.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107825\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUvinza\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,383.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,820,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e450,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e241667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUyui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,815.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,160,800.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e396,875\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e238750\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e419375\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,680.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,824,927.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312,102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182676\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e378219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.404\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSED\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13,107.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,368,786.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422,033.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e394953.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1916950\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26,290.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,806,807.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e841,719.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e788116.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3826248\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e251.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e358.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCost of tobacco plant establishment and fertilization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransplanting, gap filling, and fertilizer application were reported to require human labor only (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The operations were done immediately after field establishments in early rain of November and December. The number of days used for transplanting varied significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01) among districts. An average of 13 and 18 days used by farmers at Manyoni and Tanganyika, respectively, were significantly larger than for others (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The variation may be contributed to by their larger land size devoted to tobacco cultivation. This is confirmed from many days spent in gap filling, which is regulated by the scale of production and/or prevailing environmental conditions. Drought during the early stage of crop establishment, weed infestation, and insect damages may reduce seedling survival rates as compared to a stress-free environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFertilizer application is done twice for the entire tobacco cropping season. Days for basal application significantly differed among districts. Many days were used in Manyoni and Namtumbo districts. The number of individuals and days used for top-dressing did not significantly differ from each other. Timely fertilizer application improved tobacco yield and quality, and its implementation requires a sufficient number of experienced laborers. An increased number of labors under effective supervision could significantly reduce the number of working days.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCost of tobacco plant establishment and fertilization\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistrict\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransplanting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGap filling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasal fertilizer application\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopdressing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChunya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94,400.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135,200.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119,200.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKahama\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99,417.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,833.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,500.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34,250.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKaliua\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151,250.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147,167.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKasulu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67,143.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35,714.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92,857.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66,429.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManyoni\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMpanda\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49,803.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNamtumbo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64,667.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22,667.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51,444.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33,778.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNsimbo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSONAMCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTanganyika\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189,333.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38,333.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUshetu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76,950.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30,650.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84,700.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53,450.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUvinza\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111,667.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136,667.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93,333.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUyui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102,125.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47,812.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106,562.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104,062.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,888.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36,022.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90,995.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78,293.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF-test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSED\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139,368.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50,527.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133,606.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118,132.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e277,893.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,774.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e266,403.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235,550.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCost of pest management and harvesting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeed infestation and insect damage cause tremendous yield losses in crops. Their management involves the use of inputs that require human labor and time. A range of 2 to 5 individuals were devoted to insect pest management for 2 to 15 days depending on plant population and spraying efficiency (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). All districts reported a significant variation in the time they used for their control. An average of 2 to 4 individuals conducted topping for 2 to 14 days; the practice improved leaf size and quality. An average of 8 individuals harvested tobacco over a period of 14 days. Thirty individuals used in Nsimbo were significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.24) higher than in other producing districts. However, production size, individual power, and commitment may influence the number of individuals and days used in harvesting.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCost of pest management and harvesting in tobacco\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistrict\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePest Management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeed management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopping\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRipping and tying\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChunya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152,600.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKahama\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45,333.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26417\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182,583.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKaliua\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38,333.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e272733\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96455\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,050,333.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKasulu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41,429.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85714\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116,429.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManyoni\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149,400.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMpanda\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,500.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e555,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNamtumbo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51556\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193,444.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNsimbo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSONAMCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTanganyika\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118,333.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e468,333.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUshetu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33,825.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143,750.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUvinza\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48,333.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123,333.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUyui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81,312.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68438\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e602,812.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52,340.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158838\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63375\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e392,155.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF-Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSED\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84,801.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165581.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67979.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,131,168.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169,089.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e330241\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135615.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,255,486.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e204.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCost of tobacco production and access to firewood\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore marketing, the mandatory practices of leaf curing and grading determine quality and ultimate price of tobacco. Their labor involvement varied significantly across districts (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). The average number of workers involved in curing and grading was between 2 to 10, and 2 to 30, respectively. The number of labors assigned to curing at SONAMCU was significantly higher than in other districts. Their significance was also reported in grading. The purchasing and transportation of firewood varied significantly among districts. Their demand was reported to depend on the scale of tobacco production, the source of materials, access to transportation facilities, and the types of barns to be used. Local barns were reported to use large-sized and many woods as compared to improved barns. The demand for wood for curing is large; improved barn and afforestation should be adopted by tobacco growers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCost of tobacco production and access to firewood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistrict\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf curing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrading\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirewood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirewood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransport\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChunya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e271000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e438,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e704,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKahama\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e292083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e350,417.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e562,917.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124,167.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKaliua\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e504100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e458,333.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e732,500.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e321,055.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKasulu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148571\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e333,214.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e525,714.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManyoni\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e397000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171,428.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMpanda\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e575000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162,500.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e850,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e325,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNamtumbo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e279,444.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115,333.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62,944.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNsimbo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSONAMCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e350000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTanganyika\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e766667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e526,667.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,900,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171,667.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUshetu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240,875.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e267,500.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113,750.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUvinza\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e755,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,400,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,130,000.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUyui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e427250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e380,375.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e958,375.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e371,250.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e334333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e371,018.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e719,454.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262,252.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF-Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSED\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e517208.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e465.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e415,343.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e963,543.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e560,461.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1031540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e928.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e828,171.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,921,250.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,118,686.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e561.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFarmer\u0026rsquo;s production constraints\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe major production constraints of tobacco in the study districts are summarized in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. These constraints included both biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the challenges that contributed to low yields, were adverse environmental conditions (heavy rainfall and drought), use of local barns, capital, AMCOS depts, high production costs and low prices, labor, low quality leaf, sickness, theft, delays and lack of production inputs (fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, and improved seeds) as well as diseases. Farmers\u0026rsquo; ranking of production constraints across districts showed that 49.43% of the respondents ranked adverse weather (heavy rainfall and drought) as a highly important constraint.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll the studied districts reported significant yield losses in tobacco due to heavy rain in 2023\u0026ndash;2024. The negative impact of heavy rain may be attributed to high risk on leaching of soil nutrients, tobacco leaf damages, breakage of curing barns and lowering of nicotine content and reduce yield and quality. The recent findings are in line with Wortmann et al. (2006), who reported nutrient deficiencies, drought and insect pest damages to cause significant yield losses in crops. Green et al. (2014) reported a reduction in nicotine content in cigarettes due to excessive water during production.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapital governs the inputs required for effective tobacco production. Farmer\u0026rsquo;s access some of the inputs as loans from the Union through their AMCOS. Seedbed and field establishments and management, harvesting and processing require substantial capital. However, the Union only provides loans for fertilizer and insecticides. Moreover, delays of fertilizers were reported by some farmers. Farmers reported that the varied response of fertilizer types to tobacco plants posed a challenge. Some farmers reported a quick positive change in tobacco when using NPK from YARA instead of TFC sources. This is an area that requires quick research for confirmation and recommendation. For other crops such as maize, fertilizer should also be provided as subsidies in loans. Despite the cost of other activities being uncovered, only a few farmers were able to effectively manage and produce them. Generally, the majority of farmers reported that low yield was a result of high production costs and low tobacco price.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAMCOS debt, limited labor, sickness and theft were reported in smaller percentages. However, their cumulative effect is of significant effect. Failure of repayment of an individual debt in an AMCOS affected all members. Moreover, there is no room for an individual loan for all production activities, which may be accessed directly from banks at the moment. Sickness for a household member, affected family labor and medication charges, impacting resources that might be used in production. Most farmers lack health insurance, and those who do not have it can only cover medication within a restricted geographic area. Classification of tobacco grades is conducted by the expertise in Tanzania Tobacco Board (TTB). Failure in grading affected tobacco price which ultimately promoted or demoted farmers income, and the government had to capacitate more expertise for their individuals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFarmers\u0026rsquo; perceptions of tobacco constraints and management options\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobacco production constraints are associated with low yield, price and high production cost (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Adoption of good agronomic practices, timely fertilizer application, transplanting, weeding, insect and disease management, topping, harvesting, curing and grading will increase yield and price. However, the majority of farmers rarely adopt these practices due to limited capital, weather, knowledge and inputs. To improve tobacco yield and price, 22% of farmers perceived the use of good agronomic practices as priority number one. However, to implement these, 16% of farmers require the provision of an individual loan that covers the entire production requirements rather than the provision of fertilizer, insecticide, firewood and barn charges through AMCOS. Weather outbreaks, particularly droughts and heavy rains, require insurance, which is lacking and no recovery of losses is provided by the government. Moreover, NPK fertilizer provided as a loan has a higher interest. Cumulative deductions from the government, AMCOS and Associations to operate were reported to impact farmers net income. In addition to their significant importance, the magnitude of these deductions is directly linked to the production cost. About 17% of the respondents reported capacity building on good agronomic practices along the entire production chain. The need was confirmed by some respondents who failed to present recommended spacing and fertilizer doses (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Few respondents (5%) fail to suggest measures for overcoming production constraints. Farmers\u0026rsquo; plant performances in their field were negatively impacted by their failure to adopt the recommended practices (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eTobacco is a valuable cash crop in Tanzania owing to its ability to yield better in diverse soil conditions. Its low production and productivity are attributed to heavy rainfall, drought, use of local burns, inadequate capital, AMCOS depts, high production cost and low price, labor, low quality leaf, sickness, theft, delays and lack and delays of fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, improved seeds and diseases. In the study areas, heavy rainfall and drought were ranked as a highly important limitation in tobacco production. Timely fertilizer application, transplanting, weeding, insect and disease management, topping, harvesting, curing and grading may increase yield and quality. However, limited capital, weather, knowledge and inputs reduced farmers adoption rate. To reduce farmers risk in production, weather outbreaks, predominantly drought and heavy rains, require insurance. Moreover, the majority of farmers\u0026rsquo; fields require substantial nutrient supplements to improve yield and quality. Effective determination of tobacco price and studies on the cost of production per unit hectare, including all factors of invention and fertility status, are of crucial importance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFarmers in the study areas are sincerely thanked for willingly making the survey possible. The\u0026nbsp;Tobacco Research Institute of Tanzania through the Cost of Production (CoP) Project Number TR102-102S01/2024-25 is gratefully acknowledged for financial support of the study. Thanks are due to\u0026nbsp;AMCOS, and Tobacco Union representatives, for\u0026nbsp;provision of secondary data and their engagement during data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent on participation declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors listed in the manuscript declared on their fully involved in project development, implementation and reporting, each with specific task or in jointly execution as presented in author contribution subsection.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJacob Bulenga Lisuma\u003c/strong\u003e: Conceptualization on protocol requirement, coordination of best required stakeholders, data curation, resources mobilization and management, review and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmmanuel Justine Mrema:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eResearch design, investigation, development of the original draft, and corresponding and incorporation of partners idea in to the project\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMagdalena Raphael Ntatilwa:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMethodology development and networking to partners, data entry, analysis and report writing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eErick Zawadi Anthony:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eResources identification, identification of compatible software for data collection, visualization and data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eElimboto Ibrahimu Muna:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eData collection and entry, validations, review and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlacedius Castus Rwechungura:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eIdentification of compatible available software for data collection entry, project review and editing.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHuman Ethics and Consent to Participate Declarations \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research in volved physical field observation and farmers interview on their perception towards tobacco production challenges and their related cost of production for price determination in Tanzania. \u0026nbsp; Methodology of the study was well reviewed using both Tobacco Research Institute of Tanzania (TORITA), and Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute Tumbi Centre (TARI-Tumbi) research review committee and that all ethical principles, including respect for persons, beneficence, and justice were well adhered. Moreover, all protocol were reviewed and approved by the Reginal Administrative Service \u0026nbsp;to insure all participants' rights and welfare were well protected, and the study was not associated with any potential risks.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe financial support of the study was provided by The Tobacco Research Institute of Tanzania through the Cost of Production (CoP) [Project Number TR102-102S01/2024-25].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbebe, D. (2024). The Effects of Transplanting Date on Management of Tobacco Insect Pests. \u003cem\u003eMin review. Journal of Food and Nutrition\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e(1), 2836-2276.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e[FAOSTAT] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2022). Database available from: http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e[SPSS] Statistical Package for Social Sciences. 2005. SPSS, version 15, users guide. Chicago (IL): SPSS Inc.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBadshah, H., Wajid, A., Saeed, M., Ullah, H., Ullah, F. and Zeb, Q. (2013) Screening of Elite Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Genotypes for Their Physiological Traits and Resistant to Tobacco Budworm Heliothis virescence F. Pakistan Journal of Botan, 45, 67.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBucheyeki, T.L., Masibuka, K.C. and Shinanda, E.I. (2013). Evaluation of Introduced TANPRIDE 70 WDG Insecticide in Tobacco Production in Tanzania. International Journal of Agricultural Science Research, 2, 185-190.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCeccarelli S, Grando S, Bailey E, Amri A, El-Felah M, Nassif F, Rezgui S, Yahyaoui A. 2001. Farmer participation in barley breeding in Syria, Morocco and Tunisia. Euphytica. 122:521\u0026ndash;536.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChambers R. 1992. Rural appraisal: rapid, relaxed and participatory. England: University of Sussex; 90 p. (Institute of Development Studies (IDS), Discussion paper 311).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEleanor K, Jew A, Dougill S. (2017). Tobacco cultivation as a driver of land use change and degradation in the miombo woodlands of south‐west Tanzania. Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development: Wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ldr. 2017; 28:2636\u0026ndash;2645. DOI: 10.1002/ldr.2827\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHayes, T.B., Hansen, M., Kapuscinski, A.R., Locke, K.A. and Barnosky, A. (2017) From Silent Spring to Silent Night: Agrochemicals and the Anthropocene. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 5, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.246 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJaffee, S. (2002). Malawi\u0026rsquo;s Tobacco Sector: Standing on One Strong Leg is Better Than on None. World Bank, June 2002\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKuboja, N.M; Kalala, A.M; Lisuma, J.B and Mrutu, M. (2012). Tobacco Production Baseline Survey in Serengeti, Tarime and Rorya Districts, Mara Region. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology B 2 (2012):471-481\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLisuma, J., Mbega, E., Ndakidemi, P., (2020). Influence of tobacco plant on macronutrient levels in sandy soils. Agronomy 10 (3), 418.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMackay, J., Eriksen, M.P., 2002. The Tobacco Atlas. World Health Organization, Geneva\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMrema E, Shimelis H, Laing M, Bucheyeki T. (2016). Farmers\u0026rsquo; perceptions of sorghum production constraints and Striga control practices in semi-arid areas of Tanzania, International Journal of Pest Management, 63:2, 146-156, DOI: 10.1080/09670874.2016.1238115\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingh RP, Morris ML. 1997. Adoption, management and impact of hybrid maize seed in India. Mexico, DF: CIMMYT. (CIMMYT Economics Program Working Paper 97, 105).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Tobacco production constraints, cost of production, management options","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6456272/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6456272/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is one of the major cash crops grown worldwide. In Tanzania, an area of 107 thousand hectares is dedicated to tobacco production, with the potential to reach an average yield of 519\u0026nbsp;million kilograms. The current harvested yield of 1.65 thousand kg/ha is considerably below the potential yield of up to 2.4 thousand kg/ha using the common variety K326 under research. The objectives of this study were to investigate farmers perceptions of the tobacco cost of production, constraints affecting production, and their management approaches in Tanzania. Seventy eight percent of respondents reported yield losses in tobacco during production, harvesting, curing and grading. Adoption of good agronomic practices, timely fertilizer application, transplanting, weeding, insect and disease management, topping, harvesting, curing and grading will increase yield and price. However, the majority of farmers rarely adopt these practices due to limited capital, weather, knowledge and inputs. Their perception of the cost of production was varied based on the scale of production and input used, while neglecting food as one of the charges. To effectively determine tobacco price, studies on the cost of production per unit hectare, including all factors of invention and fertility status, are of crucial importance.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Farmers’ perceptions of Tobacco production constraints and Cost of production for price determination in Tanzania","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-23 14:13:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6456272/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1f90958c-7232-4288-aae7-4d63b1e88d3f","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 23rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-11T08:41:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-23 14:13:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6456272","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6456272","identity":"rs-6456272","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}