Agronomic Performance of the First Ratoon of Sugarcane and Phosphorus Supply from Mineral and Organic Sources

Agronomic Performance of the First Ratoon of Sugarcane and Phosphorus Supply from Mineral and Organic Sources | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Agronomic Performance of the First Ratoon of Sugarcane and Phosphorus Supply from Mineral and Organic Sources Evaldo Alves dos Santos, Frederico Antonio Loureiro Soares, Marconi Batista Teixeira, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7039045/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In Brazilian Cerrado soils, sugarcane yield is directly influenced by phosphorus availability. However, the growing demand for fertilizer efficiency and optimization, along with the high cost of phosphate fertilizers, has increased interest in organic sources. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of triple superphosphate applied alone or in combination with poultry litter on the biometric traits, nutritional status, technological quality, and stalk yield of the first ratoon crop of sugarcane. The experiment was conducted in an experimental area of Denusa – Destilaria Nova União S/A, located in the Central-West Region of Brazil, on a eutrophic Red Latosol of the Cerrado biome. The application of triple superphosphate combined with poultry litter positively influenced plant height, average stalk diameter, and the number of tillers. Moreover, both triple superphosphate and poultry litter increased the total recoverable sugar content, sugar yield, alcohol yield, and overall productivity, with gains of 2.88%, 10.65%, 40.20%, and 11.29%, respectively. Furthermore, the study highlighted the potential of poultry litter to supplement the phosphorus required by the first ratoon crop of the studied sugarcane genotype. Biological sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Biological sciences/Plant sciences Saccharum officinarum triple superphosphate poultry litter organic phosphorus leaf nutrient analysis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. INTRODUCTION Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is widely recognized worldwide for its high biomass production capacity, sequestering thousands of tons of CO₂ from the atmosphere during its growth cycle 1 . he crop presents a highly attractive sustainable balance regarding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during the industrial processing stage 2 . Therefore, sugarcane stands as the leading crop in economic exploitation in Brazil and is used for the production of clean and renewable energy, biofuels, sugar, and a variety of other products 3 – 6 . Brazil is the world's largest sugarcane producer and accounts for approximately 8% of global fertilizer consumption, ranking fourth behind China, India, and the United States. Together, soybean, corn, and sugarcane represent more than 73% of the country's total fertilizer use 7 . In this context, the National Association for Fertilizer Dissemination (ANDA) reported that more than 70% of the fertilizers used in Brazilian agriculture are imported, with the country being highly dependent on external sources for potassium chloride (95%), nitrogen (80%), and phosphate (60%). Fertilizer imports increased from US $ 8.59 billion in 2018 to US $ 24.76 billion in 2022 8 . This scenario highlights the need to seek alternative nutrient sources. To meet the nutritional demand of sugarcane, the use of large amounts of mineral fertilizers is common, aiming to achieve high production within the plant cycle 2 . However, in Brazilian soils, phosphorus (P) is found in low quantities 9 . In the Cerrado region, P can be a limiting factor because of the high adsorption of phosphate ions by iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) oxides present in the soil; therefore, phosphate fertilization with soluble sources is essential in these areas 10 . In this context, triple superphosphate (TSP), a highly soluble source that ensures rapid phosphorus release, is widely marketed in Brazil. However, concerns remain regarding its long-term efficiency and optimization 11 . Thus, the use of poultry manure has emerged as an alternative to replace or complement mineral fertilization in sugarcane cultivation 12 – 14 . The use of this material for soil fertility and plant mineral nutrition in agricultural production is an excellent way to meet the sustainable demands of the soil‒plant-environment system, especially considering that Brazil is a major producer and the world’s largest exporter of chicken meat 15 , 16 , which consequently generates a large amount of organic residues, particularly poultry litter. The use of organic compounds in agriculture not only contributes to cost savings but also allows for the recycling of essential mineral nutrients for plants 2 . Additionally, it helps increase the soil’s cation exchange capacity (CEC) through the addition of organic matter, improving the soil physical structure, water retention, and phosphorus supply to the crop 17 . After the application of phosphate fertilizers to the soil, a series of physicochemical processes occur, resulting in the transformation of phosphate into complex phosphatic compounds. These processes include adsorption reactions, precipitation, dissolution, and interactions with the soil organic matter. When phosphorus is in solution or weakly adsorbed, it is considered to be in the labile form, meaning that it is available to plants. However, when adsorption occurs through stronger bonds, this interaction hinders the release of phosphorus into the soil solution, characterizing the nonlabile forms 18 . However, there is limited information on the effects of poultry litter when combined with doses of triple superphosphate in the Brazilian Cerrado. Given the high cost of triple superphosphate and the fact that sugarcane is considered a semiperennial crop, it was hypothesized that the use of triple superphosphate together with poultry litter could positively influence the foliar nutrient content of the first-ratoon sugarcane crop, reflecting improvements in technological parameters. Furthermore, it is believed that the effective combination of organic and mineral phosphorus sources may simultaneously benefit production. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of triple superphosphate and poultry litter on the biometric characteristics, technological quality, and productivity of the first ratoon crop of sugarcane. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was conducted under field conditions at Destilaria Nova União S/A, which is located in the rural area of the municipality of Jandaia, Goiás state, Central-West Region of Brazil (17°15’52.6” S, 50°08’23.2” W, at 519 m altitude). The municipality is located in the Southwest Region of Goiás, with a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw), characterized by a dry winter and rainy summer, according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification 19 . According to data from weather stations installed onsite, during the rainy season, which typically starts in October and ends in March, the average precipitation is 1,403 mm per year. The experiment was conducted during the 2020/2021 harvest (the first ratoon crop). Rainfall (mm), temperature (°C), and average air humidity (%) were measured. The recorded climatological data were 1,139.40 mm, 24.19°C, and 67.94%, respectively (Fig. 1 ). The plant cane was planted in 2019/2020, and the harvesting and evaluation of the first ratoon cane for this study were carried out in 2020/2021. The soil was classified as a typical eutrophic Red Latosol 20 with a clayey texture and flat relief. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0.0–0.20 m and 0.20–0.40 m prior to the establishment of the experiment for chemical and granulometric characterization, with analyses performed according to the methodologies described in 21 (Table 1 ). Table 1 Results of chemical and granulometric analyses of soil samples collected prior to the establishment of the experiment. Depth (m) Fe Cu Zn Mn P S K Al Ca ........................ mg dm − 3 ........................ .... cmol c dm − 3 .... 0,20 12,64 3,60 0,81 5,95 1,60 2,73 0,17 0,00 4,14 0,40 10,52 3,10 0,40 4,72 1,60 2,63 0,16 0,00 4,28 Depth (m) O.M. TOC V Al Clay pH Water Mg H + Al SB CEC ....................... % ................... ... g kg − 1 ... .......... cmol c dm − 3 .......... 0,20 27,10 15,72 68,23 0,00 440 5,85 0,87 2,32 5,18 7,50 0,40 25,70 13,97 69,77 0,00 440 5,95 0,92 2,17 5,36 7,52 SB: Sum of bases; CEC: Cation exchange capacity; O.M.: Organic matter; TOC: Total organic carbon; V: Base saturation; Al: Aluminum saturation; m: Meters. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with a 5 × 5 factorial scheme with four replications. The treatments consisted of five doses of mineral phosphorus (0; 27.60; 55.20; 82.80; and 110.40 kg ha⁻¹ of P₂O₅), applied as triple superphosphate (TSP), equivalent to 0; 60; 120; 180; and 240 kg ha⁻¹, and five doses of organic phosphorus, equivalent to 0; 32.7; 65.4; 98.1; and 130.8 kg ha⁻¹ of P₂O₅, applied as poultry litter (PL), equivalent to 0; 2; 4; 6; and 8 t ha⁻¹. The mineral and organic fertilizers were manually applied in the planting furrow, subsequently incorporated into the soil, and reapplied to the first ratoon crop 30 days after the harvest of the plant cane. Each experimental unit consisted of 150 m², comprising 10 rows of sugarcane, each 10 meters long, with 1.5-meter spacing between rows. The TSP used contained 46% P₂O₅ and 10% Ca, with granules between 2 and 4 mm in size. The poultry litter originated from a chicken farm located in the municipality of Palmeiras de Goiás, GO, from the first flock of chickens, which was precomposted and had the following average composition (average of two applications: plant cane and first ratoon): N = 25.40 g kg⁻¹; P = 7.40 g kg⁻¹; K = 7.40 g kg⁻¹; Ca = 0.19 g kg⁻¹; Mg = 0.04 g kg⁻¹; S = 15.20 g kg⁻¹; B = 0.30 mg kg⁻¹; Zn = 2.80 mg kg⁻¹; Fe = 25.00 mg kg⁻¹; Mn = 5.20 mg kg⁻¹; Cu = 3.40 mg kg⁻¹; mineral matter = 326.90 g kg⁻¹; organic matter = 673.20 g kg⁻¹; organic carbon = 413.00 g kg⁻¹; and moisture at 105°C = 17.36%. At planting (2019/2020) and 30 days after the plant cane was harvested, organic and mineral phosphorus fertilizers were applied according to each treatment. Nitrogen fertilization was performed via urea at a rate of 100 kg ha⁻¹, and potassium fertilization was performed via potassium chloride (KCl) at a rate of 80 kg ha⁻¹ of K₂O 22 . The genotype IACSP95-5094 was used and planted vegetatively on 06/11/2019. The sugarcane furrows were opened to a depth of 0.25 m. This genotype is characterized by excellent performance, stalk density, and adaptation to clayey soils. The first ratoon harvest, corresponding to the data in this study, was carried out on 06/11/2021 via a John Deere tracked harvester, model 3520–3522, which was transported on a transfer truck. Nutritional characteristics, technological quality, and sugarcane productivity were evaluated. The plant height, average stalk diameter, and number of tillers were evaluated to characterize the growth of the first ratoon sugarcane crop. Plant height was measured as the distance between the plant’s stalk base (stalk collar surface) and the visible upper auricular region of the + 1 leaf, using a tape measure graduated in centimeters. The average stalk diameter was measured with a digital caliper graduated in millimeters at the basal, intermediate, and apical portions of the sugarcane stalk. The number of tillers per linear meter was counted, and the number of tillers was recorded the day before the plot was harvested. Five days before each harvest, 10 stalks were manually collected from each plot by cutting them close to ground level for the determination of their technological attributes. After being cut, the stalks from each plot were bundled and sent to the technological analysis laboratory at Destilaria Nova União for evaluation of the following industrial parameters: total recoverable sugars, sugar yield, and alcohol yield, according to the system 23 , 24 . a) Total recoverable sugars (TRSs) were determined via the following Eq. (1): ATR = (10 × POL × 1,05263 × 0,915) + (10 × ARC × 0,915) (1). where TRS = total recoverable sugars (kg t ha − 1 ); POL = apparent sucrose content of the juice (%); 1,05263 = stoichiometric coefficient for the conversion of sucrose to reducing sugars; 0,915 = recovery coefficient for an industrial loss of 8.5%; 10 × ARC represent the reducing sugars per ton of cane. b) Sugar yield was calculated via Eq. (2): SY = (PCC*TCH/100). (2) where: SY = Sugar yield (t ha − 1 ); PCC = amount of raw sugar (%) contained in the stalks and determined in the laboratory; TCH = tons of stalks per hectare (t ha − 1 ). c) The alcohol yield was determined via Eq. (3): AY = ((PCC * F) + ARL) * Fg * 10 * PC. (3) where RA = alcohol yield (m³ ha − 1 ); F = stoichiometric conversion factor of sucrose into one molecule of glucose plus one molecule of fructose, equal to 1.052; ARL = the free reducing sugars (%), with values ranging from 0.7 to 0.85%, and the distillery uses 0.7 for high PCC; Fg = Gay‒Lussac factor equal to 0.6475 TCH = tons of cane per hectare (t ha − 1 ). Sugarcane productivity in tons of cane per hectare (TCH) was evaluated by the total weighing of stalks in each experimental plot. For this purpose, plants were cut close to the ground via a cane harvester and transported via a transfer truck equipped with a digital scale. The stalks were weighed in kilograms and later converted to tons per hectare (t ha⁻¹). The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) via the F test at the 5% significance level. When significant effects were detected, regression analyses were performed. The effect of the crop season, when significant, was compared via Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). Statistical analyses were conducted via the SISVAR software® 25 . 3. RESULTS The application of different doses of triple superphosphate (TSP), as well as poultry litter (PL), significantly influenced the height of the first ratoon sugarcane crop when applied individually, as shown by analysis of variance (Table 2 ). For stalk diameter (SD) and tiller number (TN), there was a significant interaction effect between TSP and PL. The analysis of variance also revealed a significant interaction effect between TSP and PL on total recoverable sugars (TRS), sugar yield (SY), and alcohol yield (AY). Moreover, for the first ratoon sugarcane stalk productivity in tons per hectare (TCH), isolated effects of both factors (TSP and PL) were observed, but their interaction was not significant (Table 2 ). Overall, the coefficients of variation were within the range considered moderately low (< 10%), according to 26 . Table 2 Analysis of variance for plant height (PH), average stalk diameter (SD), number of tillers (NT), total recoverable sugars (TRS), sugar yield (SY), alcohol yield (AY), and stalk productivity in tons per hectare (TCH) of the first ratoon sugarcane as a function of doses of triple superphosphate (TSP) and poultry litter (PL). Mean square Variables Source of variation TSP PL Int. TSP x PL Block Error CV (%) GL 6 4 16 3 72 PH 330,03 * 406,28 ** 87,93 ns 318,08 * 105,48 3,60 SD 2,65 ** 2,57 ** 1,63 ** 2,08 * 0,69 3,19 NT 8,35 ** 3,16 ** 3,45 ** 1,91 ** 0,44 4,96 TRS 128,88 ** 184,53 ** 75,27 ** 2,27 ns 4,25 1,29 SY 10,36 ** 33,90 ** 5,93 ** 9,34 ** 2,28 5,88 AY 25,12 ** 59,43 ** 10,40 ** 0,76 ns 0,67 4,4 TCH 354,61 ** 1271,38 ** 107,61 ns 178,23 ns 76,96 5,46 MS: Mean square; TSP: Triple superphosphate; PL: Poultry litter; Int.: Interaction; DF: Degrees of freedom; CV: Coefficient of variation; ** and *: Significant at the 1% and 5% probability levels, respectively; ns: Not significant according to the F test at the 5% probability level. 3.1 Biometric growth variables of the first ratoon sugarcane crop The height of the first ratoon sugarcane crop under the different TSP doses fit a quadratic model, with an R² of 79.19% (Fig. 2 A). The greatest plant height was 288.46 cm at the estimated rate of 132.50 kg ha⁻¹ of TSP, whereas the lowest was 278.61 cm at 0 kg ha⁻¹ of TSP. The data indicate a 3.41% increase in plant height with the application of 132.50 kg ha⁻¹ of TSP compared with no application of this P source (0 kg ha⁻¹). The plant height data in response to the various PL doses fit an increasing linear model, with an R² of 92.85% (Fig. 2 B). The lowest plant height under the PL treatment was 279.17 cm, which was observed at the 0 t ha⁻¹ rate, whereas the highest was 289.32 cm, which was observed at the 8 t ha⁻¹ rate. The average stalk diameter (SD) was influenced by the TSP and PL doses, as well as by the interaction between the TSP and PL (Table 2 ). In the breakdown analysis of TSP doses within each PL rate (Fig. 2 C), the SD was significant only at the 4 t ha⁻¹ PL rate, with the data fitting a quadratic distribution model and an average R² of 72.97%. The smallest SD was obtained at the 240 kg ha⁻¹ TSP rate (23.92 mm), whereas the highest SD, estimated via the regression Eq. (26.37 mm), was 74.52 kg ha⁻¹ of TSP. SD data for TSP doses of 0, 2, 6, and 8 t ha⁻¹ PL doses were not significant. In the breakdown of the PL doses within each TSP rate, a significant effect on the stalk diameter (SD) was observed only at the 120 kg ha⁻¹ TSP rate (Fig. 2 D), with the data fitting a quadratic model and an R² of 48.39%. According to the regression equation, the highest SD (26.39 mm) was estimated at the 4.25 t ha⁻¹ PL rate. The SD results for PL doses of 0, 60, 180, and 240 kg ha⁻¹ TSP doses were not significant under the mathematical models tested. The number of tillers (NT) was significantly influenced by the TSP and PL doses, as well as by the TSP × PL interaction (Table 2 ). In the breakdown of TSP doses within each PL rate, a significant effect was observed for the 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 t ha⁻¹ PL doses on NT (Fig. 2 E), with the data fitting a quadratic model with R² values of 51.30%, 98.21%, 80.67%, 92.78%, and 56.21%, respectively. The TSP doses estimated by the regression equations within the 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 t ha⁻¹ PL doses were 153.88, 106.02, 105.50, 104.50, and 146.00 kg ha⁻¹, presenting NT values of 13.52, 15.04, 13.89, 14.84, and 14.34, respectively. When the PL dose was decreased at each TSP rate, effects were observed at the 60, 120, and 240 kg ha⁻¹ TSP doses (Fig. 2 F). The PL doses within the 60 kg ha⁻¹ TSP rate fit a quadratic distribution model, with an average R² of 41.57%. According to the regression equation, the PL dose at 60 kg ha⁻¹ TSP provided a maximum NT of 14.48. The results obtained for the PL doses and the 120 and 240 kg ha⁻¹ TSP doses fit a linear model (Fig. 2 F). The 0 t ha⁻¹ PL rate at 120 kg ha⁻¹ TSP resulted in the lowest NT (12.86), whereas the 6 t ha⁻¹ PL rate resulted in the highest NT (14.72). However, at the 240 kg ha⁻¹ TSP rate, the PL rate with the lowest NT was 8 t ha⁻¹ (11.43), with the highest NT observed at 2 t ha⁻¹ (14.61). 3.2 Technological quality of the first ratoon sugarcane crop For total recoverable sugar (TRS), there was a significant TSP × PL interaction; therefore, the breakdown of TSP doses within each PL rate and of PL doses within each TSP rate was performed (Figs. 3 A and 3 B). The TRS varied with the TSP dose under the 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 t ha⁻¹ PL doses (Fig. 3 A). The TRS data for the TSP doses at 0, 2, 4, and 6 t ha⁻¹ PLs fit a quadratic model with R² values of 94.97%, 45.34%, 92.05%, and 24.27%, respectively, whereas for the TSP doses at the 8 t ha⁻¹ PL rate, the results fit an increasing linear model, with an average R² of 53.42%. In the quadratic equations for TSP doses within the 0, 2, 4, and 6 t ha⁻¹ PL doses, the TRS responded positively to the estimated TSP doses up to maximum points of 168.07, 104.33, 70.30, and 93.75 kg ha⁻¹, respectively (Fig. 3 A). At these points, the TRS reached 163.32, 162.95, 165.16, and 165.00 kg t⁻¹, respectively. However, beyond each maximum point, TRS tends to decrease with increasing TSP dose. Variation is noted in the TRS results at TSP doses under the 8 t ha⁻¹ PL rate, which were 153.82, 160.20, 157.30, 160.36, and 160.41 kg t⁻¹ of cane, respectively, for the 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha⁻¹ TSP doses. In the breakdown of PL doses within each TSP rate for TRS, a quadratic relationship was observed for PL doses of 0, 60, and 120 kg ha⁻¹ TSP (Fig. 3 B). According to the regression equation, estimated PL doses of 4.55, 4.94, and 4.02 t ha⁻¹ resulted in increases in the TRS content of the first ratoon sugarcane crop, reaching 165.09, 164.54, and 165.83 kg t⁻¹, respectively. For PL doses at the 180 kg ha⁻¹ TSP rate, the decreasing linear model best fit the average TRS data, with an R² of 90.63% (Fig. 3 B). The 2 t ha⁻¹ PL rate combined with 180 kg ha⁻¹ TSP provided a TRS of 165.22 kg t⁻¹, with a 2.94% reduction observed when the PL rate increased to 8 t ha⁻¹. The behavior of the PL dose at the 240 kg ha⁻¹ TSP rate shows a decreasing linear relationship (Fig. 3 B). The TRS results at this TSP rate and PL dose showed a low fit (R² = 26.17%), with 73.83% of the data unexplained by the mathematical model. The TRSs obtained in this treatment were 156.98, 157.18, 152.65, 163.55, and 160.41 kg t⁻¹ for the 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 t ha⁻¹ PL doses, respectively. Sugar yield (SY) was significantly affected by the combination of PL and TSP (Fig. 3 C and 3 D). Differences were observed among the TSP doses at the 4 and 6 t ha⁻¹ PL doses (Fig. 3 C). However, for the 4 and 6 t ha⁻¹ PL doses and TSP doses, the data fit a quadratic model with R² values of 47.99% and 67.46%, respectively (Fig. 3 C). The sugar yield results obtained at the 4 t ha⁻¹ PL rate were weakly correlated. The regression equation indicates that increasing the TSP dose to 122.50 and 127.75 kg ha⁻¹ resulted in increased sugar yield, estimated at 28.35 and 27.94 t ha⁻¹, respectively (Fig. 3 C). The TSP doses and PL doses of 0, 2, and 8 t ha⁻¹ were not significant. When the sugar yield at the PL and 0 kg ha⁻¹ TSP rates were analyzed, a linear model fit was observed (R² = 60.23) (Fig. 3 D). At this TSP rate, the maximum PL rate (8 t ha⁻¹) resulted in a sugar yield of 25.42 t ha⁻¹, representing a 12.27% increase compared with the 0 t ha⁻¹ PL rate. The PL doses combined with the 60, 120, and 180 kg ha⁻¹ TSP doses were significant, with the data fitting a quadratic model. However, the PL doses combined with the 60 and 120 kg ha⁻¹ TSP doses had very low coefficients of determination (R² = 30.88 and 41.25%, respectively), indicating that the estimated sugar yields at these levels are not representative. The doses estimated via the regression equations (4.28, 5.78, and 4.66 t ha⁻¹ of PL) combined with the TSP dose yielded sugar yields of 27.27, 27.27, and 27.31 t ha⁻¹, respectively (Fig. 3 D). However, the sugar yield at the PL dose combined with 240 kg ha⁻¹ TSP did not significantly differ. The doses estimated via the regression equations (4.28, 5.78, and 4.66 t ha⁻¹ of PL) combined with the TSP doses resulted in sugar yields of 27.27, 27.27, and 27.31 t ha⁻¹, respectively (Fig. 3 D). However, the sugar yield at the PL dose combined with 240 kg ha⁻¹ TSP was not significant. For the results obtained at TSP doses and PL doses of 2, 4, and 6 t ha⁻¹, the data fit best to a quadratic model (Fig. 3 E). According to the regression equation, the estimated TSP doses of 134.00, 132.00, and 131.38 kg ha⁻¹ resulted in alcohol yields of 19.20, 21.60, and 23.30 m³ ha⁻¹, respectively. No significant difference was observed for the TSP dose at the 8 t ha⁻¹ PL rate. For alcohol yield (AY) in the breakdown of PL doses within each TSP rate, the TSP doses of 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha⁻¹ were significant, with a quadratic fit of the results (Fig. 3 F). According to the regression equations for the PL and TSP doses, by applying PL doses of 5.52, 4.20, 4.55, 4.52, and 4.54 t ha⁻¹ combined with TSP doses of 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha⁻¹, respectively, the estimated AY would be 18.07, 20.10, 22.04, 22.44, and 18.60 m³ ha⁻¹. However, the TSP doses of 180 and 240 kg ha⁻¹ combined with the PL dose had the lowest coefficients of determination, with R² = 49.24% and 58.66%, respectively. For TCH, this variable was influenced by the doses of TSP and PL (Fig. 4 A, 4 B). When analyzing TCH in response to TSP doses, the data fit a quadratic model, with the highest TCH value observed at a rate of 138.10 kg ha⁻¹ of TSP (TCH = 164.04 t ha⁻¹). The behavior of TCH was similar to that of PL, as productivity showed positive responses with increasing doses up to 4.67 t ha⁻¹ of PL. This resulted in an estimated TCH of 167.69 t ha⁻¹, representing a productive performance increase of 11.29% compared with the productivity under the TSP doses. 4. DISCUSSION Fertilization with TSP and PL positively influenced the plant height of the first sugarcane ratoon. When plant height was evaluated under various doses of PL, the sugarcane plants presented a 0.3% increase in height compared with the maximum height obtained in the treatments with TSP. Owing to the high availability of phosphorus in the soil‒plant system, phosphorus has a positive effect on plant growth. The addition of poultry litter promotes nutrient mineralization and contains organic acids, increasing P availability in the soil and plants 27 . The combined use of mineral fertilizer as a P source along with organic fertilizer hinders phosphorus sorption by aluminum and iron minerals, preventing the formation of more thermodynamically stable phases and thus increasing nutrient availability to the plant 28 . Adequate nutrition promotes an increase in cell size, intercellular spaces, thinner cell walls, and reduced development of epidermal tissue, resulting in stalk elongation, which leads to increased plant height 29 . Similar results have been reported by various authors 30 – 32 . The average stalk diameter of the first sugarcane ratoon increased because of the interaction between the TSP and PL. This can be explained by the fact that the application of mineral and organic fertilizers increased the availability of P, organic matter, and other nutrients in sufficient quantities to stimulate plant growth processes. 33 , 34 reported that balanced phosphorus application significantly affects sugarcane stalk diameter. 35 reported that the combination of mineral and organic fertilizers is crucial for maintaining soil fertility and achieving high sugarcane yields. The first ratoon crop of sugarcane presented a positive response to treatments with TSP and PL, promoting an increase in the number of tillers. This occurred due to changes in plant growth and development, including the root system, since phosphorus is responsible for protein formation, cell division, photosynthesis, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, sugar breakdown, respiration, and sucrose formation, as well as for supporting rooting, tillering, final yield, and sugar production 18 . The TRS content increased exponentially when the PL rate was 2 t ha⁻¹ combined with an increase of 180 kg ha⁻¹ in TSP, indicating a positive effect of the application of mineral and organic fertilizers. The TRS obtained at this rate was 165.22 kg t⁻¹, representing an increase of 2.88%. This increase in TRS production may be attributed to the phosphorus supplied from both mineral and organic sources. 36 They reported a positive response in the technological quality parameters of the first sugarcane ratoon at high phosphorus levels due to improved phosphorus supply in the system. The same authors reported a maximum TRS of 131.47 kg t⁻¹, which is lower than the result obtained in this study. 37 These authors attributed the increase in TRS to the application of P. 35 They reported that the interaction between mineral and organic phosphorus sources can increase sugarcane tillering by up to 191%, with consequent improvements in the plant’s technological quality. In this study, the interaction between TSP and PL resulted in a 10.65% increase in sugar yield (SY). The application of 6 t ha⁻¹ of PL combined with 127.75 kg ha⁻¹ of TSP resulted in a sugar yield of 27.94 t ha⁻¹. These results indicate a positive response to P addition. 38 reported that the combination of inorganic and organic P sources increases P availability in the soil, leading to increased sugar production. 39 reported that phosphorus use in the first sugarcane ratoon increases tillering, which leads to favorable TCH and SY. The application of mineral fertilizer combined with organic compost as a P source results in a positive interaction, which can be attributed to greater P availability resulting from reduced P fixation in the plants 40 . 41 reported that higher sugar productivity in some treatments was due to greater stalk productivity. 42 explained that TRSs are considered in the calculation of sugar productivity. There was an interaction effect between the doses of TSP and PL on alcohol yield (AY), where AY increased exponentially at a dose of 4.55 t ha⁻¹ of PL combined with 120 kg ha⁻¹ of TSP, increasing the yield by 40.20% and reaching a maximum value of 22.04 m³ ha⁻¹. 43 reported that the increase in alcohol yield is driven by the increase in sugar yield and, therefore, corresponds in the same proportion; that is, there is a positive correlation between these parameters. 44 It has been reported that, from an industrial perspective, the importance lies in the higher TCH, which in turn provides greater energy potential for alcohol production. In this study, the variables TRS, SY and AY were extremely relevant, as they were positively correlated with each other, corroborating the final yield of the crop. The positive response of TCH to the application of TSP and PL doses in first-year sugarcane highlights the potential of mineral and organic phosphorus fertilization. TCH increased exponentially with increasing TSP and PL doses. There was a positive increase of 11.29% in TCH with the use of PL. PL is an organic material with a high P concentration that can increase soil P levels and organic matter content 45 , 46 . The application of PL may have contributed to improving the soil structure and promoting better development of the root system in the ratoon sugarcane, thereby enhancing the absorption of P, other nutrients, and water, which may have contributed to the significant increase in TCH in the first ratoon crop. 47 An increase of 16.49% in productivity was observed in the first ratoon crop of sugarcane compared with that of cane, which was due to appropriate postharvest nutritional management. 48 Additionally, a TCH of 140.83 t ha⁻¹ was obtained with the application of up to 4.8 t ha⁻¹ of PL in a eutrophic Red Latosol, which belongs to the same soil class used in the present study. However, this result is lower than that obtained in this study (TCH = 167.69 t ha⁻¹ with the application of 4.67 t ha⁻¹ of PL). Studies by 49 that used biofertilizers in the first ratoon crop of sugarcane reported a TCH of 79.6 t ha⁻¹. The increase in productivity observed in the second ratoon crop of sugarcane may be explained by the genetic characteristics of the IACSP95-5094 genotype, which shows enhanced regrowth capacity following the first harvest 50 , 51 . Overall, the use of these treatments increased the yield, industrial quality, and byproducts (sugars and alcohol) of the first ratoon crop of sugarcane. PL is a viable alternative for supplying phosphorus and other nutrients. Compared with TSP, PL provides more prolonged P release, enhancing plant nutrition, industrial quality, and sugarcane yield through the recycling of macro- and micronutrients, especially P. Thus, the residual effects of applying PL to cane plants increase nutrient use efficiency in the first ratoon crop of sugarcane. Therefore, it may contribute to maintaining the soil’s productive potential and the longevity of the sugarcane field (number of ratoon crops), which is highly relevant since replanting costs represent a significant portion of overall sugarcane production expenses. Notably, poultry litter in Brazil, one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of chicken meat, is widely available, generating a large amount of this organic fertilizer. 5. CONCLUSIONS The use of triple superphosphate combined with poultry litter in the first ratoon crop of sugarcane had a positive effect on plant growth. The application of up to 4.67 t ha⁻¹ poultry litter resulted in an 11.29% increase in the stalk yield of the first ratoon sugarcane crop. The use of triple superphosphate and poultry litter was important for maximizing the TRS in the first ratoon crop of sugarcane. Fertilization with triple superphosphate combined with poultry litter increased sugar and alcohol yields by 10.65% and 40.20%, respectively. Poultry litter shows great potential for supplementing the phosphorus required by the first-ratoon sugarcane crop. Declarations 7. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS Formal analysis, investigation, resources, writing – original draft preparation, E. A. d. S.; conceptualization, writing – review and editing, project administration, F. A. L. S.; writing – review and editing, supervision, project administration, M.B.T.; formal analysis, investigation, writing – original draft preparation, visualization, E. D. d. S.; writing – review and editing, A. E. C. S.; formal analysis, investigation, writing – original draft preparation, L. S. R. V. All the authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. 8. CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. 9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES); the Research Support Foundation of the State of Goiás (FAPEG); the Funding Authority for Studies and Projects (FINEP); the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI); the Irrigated Agriculture Research Group in the Cerrado (AGRICE); CEAGRE; and the Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IF Goiano) – Rio Verde Campus for the financial and structural support for this study. 10. INTERESS CONCORRENTES The work was funded by Denusa Destilaria Nova União S/A, the Research Support Foundation of the State of Goiás (FAPEG) grant number 202110267000063 Call/year: No. 18/2020, CEAGRE, and the Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IF Goiano) – Rio Verde Campus. The authors declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest. 11. PLANT GUIDELINE STATEMENT Experimental research and field studies on cultivated plants, including the collection of plant material, complied with the required institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation. The experimental area used was the Denusa Destilaria Nova União Sugar and Alcohol Mill, where the study was conducted. 12. DATA AVILABILITY The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon request. References Thorat, B. S. et al. Sugarcane: A Climate Resilient Devine Crop. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14 , 555–577 (2024). Crusciol, C. A. C. et al. Organomineral Fertilizer as Source of P and K for Sugarcane. Sci Rep 10 , 5398 (2020). Moraes, E. R. de et al. Improvement of the technological characteristics of sugarcane with the addition of organomineral fertilization from sewage sludge and biostimulant. Contributions to the Social Sciences 16 , 11956–11974 (2023). Santos, D. H., Silva, M. de A., Tiritan, C. S., Foloni, J. S. S. & Echer, F. R. Technological quality of sugarcane under fertilization with filter cake enriched with soluble phosphate. Brazilian Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Environment 15 , 443–449 (2011). Vitti, G. C. & Mazza, J. A. Planning, management strategies, and nutrition of the sugarcane crop. Agronomic Information 1–16 (2002). Nass, L. L., Pereira, P. A. A. & Ellis, D. Biofuels in Brazil: An Overview. Crop Science 47 , 2228–2237 (2007). National Fertilizer Plan. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/insumos-agropecuarios/insumos-agricolas/fertilizantes/plano-nacional-de-fertilizantes/plano-nacional-de-fertilizantes-1 (2025). ANDA. Key indicators of the fertilizer sector. National Association for Fertilizer Promotion https://anda.org.br/(2023). Pinto, L. A. da S. R. et al. Extraction and quantification of organic phosphorus fractions in soil. 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Brazilian Journal of Animal Health and Production 17 , 617–625 (2016). ABIEC. Beef Report 2023 | Profile of Livestock Farming in Brazil - ABIEC. https://www.abiec.com.br/publicacoes/beef-report-2023/(2023). IBGE. In 2023, cattle slaughter increases while pig and chicken slaughter reach record highs | News Agency. Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-sala-de-imprensa/2013-agencia-de-noticias/releases/39452-em-2023-abate-de-bovinos-cresce-e-o-de-suinos-e-frangos-atingem-recordes (2023). IPEA. Diagnosis of Urban Solid Waste . 82 https://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream/11058/7633/1/RP_Diagn%c3%b3stico_2013.pdf (2012). Caione, G., Fernandes, F. M. & Lange, A. Residual effect of phosphorus sources on soil chemical attributes, nutrition, and biomass productivity of sugarcane. Brazilian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 8 , 189–196 (2022). Alvares, C. A., Stape, J. L., Sentelhas, P. C., de Moraes Gonçalves, J. L. & Sparovek, G. Köppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 711–728 (2013) doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507. Santos, H. G. dos et al. Brazilian Soil Classification System . (5. ed. rev. e ampl., 2018). Raij, B. V., Andrade, J. C. de, Cantarella, H. & Guaggio, J. A. Chemical analysis for the evaluation of tropical soil fertility . (2001). Raij, B. V., Cantarella, H., Quaggio, J. A. & Furlani, A. M. C. Fertilization and Liming Recommendations for the State of São Paulo . (Agronomic Institute/Foundation IAC, 1997). CONSECANA. Instruction Manual. (2015). Caldas, C. Manual of Selected Analyses for Sugar-Alcohol Industries . 438 (1998). Ferreira, D. F. Sisvar: a computer statistical analysis system. Ciênc. agrotec. 35 , 1039–1042 (2011). Pimentel-Gomes, F. & Garcia, C. H. Applied statistics for agronomic and forestry experiments: presentation with examples and guidance for the use of software tools . vol. 11 (2002). Ramos, L. A., Lana, R. M. Q., Korndorfer, G. H. & Silva, A. de A. Effect of organo-mineral fertilizer and poultry litter waste on sugarcane yield and some plant and soil chemical properties. AJAR 12 , 20–27 (2017). Borges, B. M. M. N. et al. Organomineral phosphate fertilizer from sugarcane byproduct and its effects on soil phosphorus availability and sugarcane yield. Geoderma 339 , 20–30 (2019). Vinayalakshmi, P., Luther, M. M., Bharathalakshmi, M., Rao, C. S. & Rao, V. S. Growth and Yield of Sugarcane Seed Crop as Influenced by Fertilizer Doses and Timing in Anakapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 8–19 (2021) doi:10.9734/ijpss/2021/v33i2030624. Choudhary, C. N. & Sinha, U. P. Effect of concentrated organic manure, nitrogen and sulphur on the productivity and economics of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). Indian Journal of Agronomy 46 , 354–360 (2001). Rathore, A. K., Singh, H. & Jain, R. Growth, yield and quality of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. Hybrid complex) as influenced by integrated nutrient management and genotypes. The Bioscan 9 , 727–730 (2014). Wubale, T. & Girma, A. Effect of rate and time of nitrogen application on growth and quality of seed cane produced from tissue cultured plantlets at tana beles sugar development project, Ethiopia. Intl. J. Comprehen. Res. Bio. Sci. 5 , 23–32 (2018). Majeedano, H. I., Minhas, Y. J., Jarwar, A. D., Tunio, S. D. & Puno, H. K. Effect of potassium levels and methods of application on sugarcane yield. Pak. Sug. J 18 , 17–19 (2003). Akhtar, M., Ali, F. G., Saeed, M. & Afghan, S. Effect of moisture regimes and fertilizer levels on yield and yield parameters of spring sugarcane. Pakistan Sugar Journal 15 , 2–6 (2000). Bokhtiar, S. M., Paul, G. C. & and, K. M. A. Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer on Growth, Yield, and Juice Quality and Residual Effects on Ratoon Crops of Sugarcane. Journal of Plant Nutrition 31 , 1832–1843 (2008). Oliveira, C. L. B. de et al. Sugarcane Ratoon Yield and Soil Phosphorus Availability in Response to Enhanced Efficiency Phosphate Fertilizer. Agronomy 12 , 2817 (2022). Albuquerque, A. W. de, Sá, L. de A., Rodrigues, W. A. R., Moura, A. B. & Oliveira Filho, M. dos S. Growth and yield of sugarcane as a function of phosphorus doses and forms of application. Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient. 20 , 29–35 (2016). Caione, G. et al. Response of Sugarcane in a Red Ultisol to Phosphorus Doses, Phosphorus Sources, and Filter Cake. The Scientific World Journal 2015 , 405970 (2015). Korndorfer, G. H. & Alcarde, J. C. Accumulation and phosphorus content in sugarcane leaves. Brazilian Journal of Soil Science 16 , 217–22 (1992). Zhu, J., Li, M. & Whelan, M. Phosphorus activators contribute to legacy phosphorus availability in agricultural soils: A review. Science of The Total Environment 612 , 522–537 (2018). Boschiero, B. N. et al. Nitrogen fertilizer effects on sugarcane growth, nutritional status, and productivity in tropical acid soils. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 117 , 367–382 (2020). Fernandes, A. C. Calculations in the sugarcane agroindustry. EMBRAPA - Agricultural Research Database https://www.bdpa.cnptia.embrapa.br/consulta/busca?b=ad&id=935254&biblioteca=vazio&busca=autoria:%22A%22&qFacets=autoria:%22A%22&sort=&paginacao=t&paginaAtual=1249 (2011). Silva, E. M. P. da, Júnior, A. S. de A., Bastos, E. A., & Ribeiro, V. Q. Agro-industrial performance of sugarcane under different water regimes. Irriga 25 , 449–464 (2020). Lavanholi, M. Quality of sugarcane as raw material for sugar and ethanol production. Sugarcane 32 , 697–722 (2008). Unagwu, B. O. Organic amendments applied to a degraded soil: Short term effects on soil quality indicators. Ajar 14 , 218–225 (2019). Codling, E. E., Chaney, R. L. & and, C. L. M. Effects of Broiler Litter Management Practices on Phosphorus, Copper, Zinc, Manganese, and Arsenic Concentrations in Maryland Coastal Plain Soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 39 , 1193–1205 (2008). Simões, W. L., Calgaro, M., Guimarães, M. J. M., Oliveira, A. R. D. & Pinheiro, M. P. M. A. Sugarcane crops with controlled water deficit in the submiddle São Francisco Valley, Brazil. Rev. Caatinga 31 , 963–971 (2018). Oliveira Junior, A. C. de et al. Effect of Mineral and Organic Nitrogen Sources on Vegetative Development, Nutrition, and Yield of Sugarcane. Agronomy 13 , 1–14 (2023). Sinha, S. K., Kumar, A., Kumari, A. & Singh, A. K. The Integrated Effect of Organic Manure, Biofertilizer and Inorganic Fertilizer on Soil Properties, Yield and Quality in Sugarcane Plant-ratoon System under Calcareous Soil of Indo-gangetic Plains of India. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 30 , 193–206 (2024). Rossetto, R. et al. Sustainability in Sugarcane Supply Chain in Brazil: Issues and Way Forward. Sugar Tech 24 , 941–966 (2022). Tischler, A. L. et al. Sugarcane harvest time for processing and technological quality of brown sugar. Pesq. agropec. bras. 56 , e02435 (2021). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7039045","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":489622276,"identity":"33cde3e0-6a70-44a0-bea7-04a1217a24b4","order_by":0,"name":"Evaldo Alves dos Santos","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACxgM8DBIwjg1IoPEAIT1ALTZgvQ0MDGlgmhgtaTAthyEi+JTzSyQ/OPCm4jCDfPvZ4w8+/Dlvt7b9MNCWGptoXFokZ6QZHJxz5jCDwZm8xMaZbbeTt51JBGo5lpbbgEOLwZkDBod524BaGHIMm3kbbiebHQBqYWw4jFOL/ZnjH8Ba5PvfGDbz/DmXbHb+IX4tBuw9IFuA3r8BtIWH7YCd2Q0Ctkgc7ykA+sWGx+DGG8OZM9uSE8xuAG1JwOMX/mb2jQ/eVEjIyffnGHz48MfO3ux8+sMHH2pscGqBAR4YIxGsMoGAchRgT4riUTAKRsEoGBkAACn3aRFSdOlyAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Institute Goiano - Rio Verde Campus","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Evaldo","middleName":"Alves dos","lastName":"Santos","suffix":""},{"id":489622277,"identity":"8bc3aa04-202b-451b-9ffe-f005b0052ea4","order_by":1,"name":"Frederico Antonio Loureiro Soares","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Institute Goiano - Rio Verde Campus","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Frederico","middleName":"Antonio Loureiro","lastName":"Soares","suffix":""},{"id":489622278,"identity":"075d7b48-aa90-4083-9273-37e382198652","order_by":2,"name":"Marconi Batista Teixeira","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Institute Goiano - Rio Verde Campus","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marconi","middleName":"Batista","lastName":"Teixeira","suffix":""},{"id":489622279,"identity":"78841f52-66bd-44da-b925-79000d524453","order_by":3,"name":"Edson Cabral da Silva","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Institute Goiano - Rio Verde Campus","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Edson","middleName":"Cabral da","lastName":"Silva","suffix":""},{"id":489622280,"identity":"84e18478-87a5-406a-95ad-d3dadc7b1657","order_by":4,"name":"Antônio Evami Cavalcante Sousa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Institute Goiano - Ceres Campus","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Antônio","middleName":"Evami Cavalcante","lastName":"Sousa","suffix":""},{"id":489622281,"identity":"87f80bd9-ac36-405e-af69-9b72f5742d05","order_by":5,"name":"Luís Sérgio Rodrigues Vale","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal Institute Goiano - Ceres Campus","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Luís","middleName":"Sérgio Rodrigues","lastName":"Vale","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-03 14:08:34","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7039045/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7039045/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-26367-5","type":"published","date":"2025-11-27T15:57:18+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87565770,"identity":"b377e75a-ec8a-433c-a118-0a74131c7d5e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-25 09:28:00","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":102980,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMonthly rainfall and temperature during the first ratoon crop of sugarcane. The gaps in the precipitation data indicate zero rainfall.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7039045/v1/6ec9af92c9f6a640f1495582.png"},{"id":87565771,"identity":"334e535c-97fe-4527-87ea-bebd3b8ed414","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-25 09:28:00","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":312784,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSugarcane plant height as a function of triple superphosphate and poultry litter doses (A and B), stalk diameter (C and D), and number of tillers (E and F) under the breakdown of triple superphosphate doses within each poultry litter rate (C and E), and stalk diameter and number of tillers under the breakdown of poultry litter doses within each triple superphosphate rate (D and F).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7039045/v1/6e99b20c171b472a42d1b444.png"},{"id":87567099,"identity":"66d1ab7d-1887-40fe-97c2-2c02557b542e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-25 09:44:00","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":390809,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTotal recoverable sugars (TRS) in the first ratoon sugarcane under the breakdown of triple superphosphate doses within each poultry litter rate (A), total recoverable sugars under the breakdown of poultry litter doses within each triple superphosphate rate (B), sugar yield under the breakdown of triple superphosphate doses within each poultry litter rate (C), sugar yield under the breakdown of poultry litter doses within each triple superphosphate rate (D), alcohol yield under the breakdown of triple superphosphate doses within each poultry litter rate (E), alcohol yield under the breakdown of poultry litter doses within each triple superphosphate rate (F).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7039045/v1/c594dcbf143915af0062d652.png"},{"id":87565777,"identity":"279d96f2-8c77-46b4-a851-289481f366b9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-25 09:28:00","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":119803,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStalk productivity per hectare of sugarcane as a function of triple superphosphate dose (A), stalk productivity per hectare of sugarcane as a function of poultry litter dose (B).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7039045/v1/d0d3e2c8a0df062cd78704fa.png"},{"id":97178296,"identity":"8c96b20b-122b-4e9e-8088-79062d58cba6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 16:07:28","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1742409,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7039045/v1/389d8bbb-05c9-48f4-8cce-9af1bfe1aa8b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eAgronomic Performance of the First Ratoon of Sugarcane and Phosphorus Supply from Mineral and Organic Sources\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eSugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is widely recognized worldwide for its high biomass production capacity, sequestering thousands of tons of CO₂ from the atmosphere during its growth cycle \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. he crop presents a highly attractive sustainable balance regarding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during the industrial processing stage \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, sugarcane stands as the leading crop in economic exploitation in Brazil and is used for the production of clean and renewable energy, biofuels, sugar, and a variety of other products \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4 CR5\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrazil is the world's largest sugarcane producer and accounts for approximately 8% of global fertilizer consumption, ranking fourth behind China, India, and the United States. Together, soybean, corn, and sugarcane represent more than 73% of the country's total fertilizer use \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In this context, the National Association for Fertilizer Dissemination (ANDA) reported that more than 70% of the fertilizers used in Brazilian agriculture are imported, with the country being highly dependent on external sources for potassium chloride (95%), nitrogen (80%), and phosphate (60%). Fertilizer imports increased from US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 8.59\u0026nbsp;billion in 2018 to US\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 24.76\u0026nbsp;billion in 2022 \u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e. This scenario highlights the need to seek alternative nutrient sources.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo meet the nutritional demand of sugarcane, the use of large amounts of mineral fertilizers is common, aiming to achieve high production within the plant cycle \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, in Brazilian soils, phosphorus (P) is found in low quantities \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In the Cerrado region, P can be a limiting factor because of the high adsorption of phosphate ions by iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) oxides present in the soil; therefore, phosphate fertilization with soluble sources is essential in these areas \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this context, triple superphosphate (TSP), a highly soluble source that ensures rapid phosphorus release, is widely marketed in Brazil. However, concerns remain regarding its long-term efficiency and optimization \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThus, the use of poultry manure has emerged as an alternative to replace or complement mineral fertilization in sugarcane cultivation \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The use of this material for soil fertility and plant mineral nutrition in agricultural production is an excellent way to meet the sustainable demands of the soil‒plant-environment system, especially considering that Brazil is a major producer and the world\u0026rsquo;s largest exporter of chicken meat \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, which consequently generates a large amount of organic residues, particularly poultry litter.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe use of organic compounds in agriculture not only contributes to cost savings but also allows for the recycling of essential mineral nutrients for plants \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, it helps increase the soil\u0026rsquo;s cation exchange capacity (CEC) through the addition of organic matter, improving the soil physical structure, water retention, and phosphorus supply to the crop \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the application of phosphate fertilizers to the soil, a series of physicochemical processes occur, resulting in the transformation of phosphate into complex phosphatic compounds. These processes include adsorption reactions, precipitation, dissolution, and interactions with the soil organic matter.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen phosphorus is in solution or weakly adsorbed, it is considered to be in the labile form, meaning that it is available to plants. However, when adsorption occurs through stronger bonds, this interaction hinders the release of phosphorus into the soil solution, characterizing the nonlabile forms \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, there is limited information on the effects of poultry litter when combined with doses of triple superphosphate in the Brazilian Cerrado. Given the high cost of triple superphosphate and the fact that sugarcane is considered a semiperennial crop, it was hypothesized that the use of triple superphosphate together with poultry litter could positively influence the foliar nutrient content of the first-ratoon sugarcane crop, reflecting improvements in technological parameters. Furthermore, it is believed that the effective combination of organic and mineral phosphorus sources may simultaneously benefit production.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of triple superphosphate and poultry litter on the biometric characteristics, technological quality, and productivity of the first ratoon crop of sugarcane.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe experiment was conducted under field conditions at Destilaria Nova Uni\u0026atilde;o S/A, which is located in the rural area of the municipality of Jandaia, Goi\u0026aacute;s state, Central-West Region of Brazil (17\u0026deg;15\u0026rsquo;52.6\u0026rdquo; S, 50\u0026deg;08\u0026rsquo;23.2\u0026rdquo; W, at 519 m altitude). The municipality is located in the Southwest Region of Goi\u0026aacute;s, with a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw), characterized by a dry winter and rainy summer, according to the K\u0026ouml;ppen-Geiger climate classification \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to data from weather stations installed onsite, during the rainy season, which typically starts in October and ends in March, the average precipitation is 1,403 mm per year. The experiment was conducted during the 2020/2021 harvest (the first ratoon crop). Rainfall (mm), temperature (\u0026deg;C), and average air humidity (%) were measured. The recorded climatological data were 1,139.40 mm, 24.19\u0026deg;C, and 67.94%, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe plant cane was planted in 2019/2020, and the harvesting and evaluation of the first ratoon cane for this study were carried out in 2020/2021. The soil was classified as a typical eutrophic Red Latosol \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e with a clayey texture and flat relief. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0.0\u0026ndash;0.20 m and 0.20\u0026ndash;0.40 m prior to the establishment of the experiment for chemical and granulometric characterization, with analyses performed according to the methodologies described in \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults of chemical and granulometric analyses of soil samples collected prior to the establishment of the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDepth (m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e........................ mg dm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e ........................\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.... cmol \u003csub\u003ec\u003c/sub\u003e dm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e....\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12,64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10,52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDepth (m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eO.M.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTOC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClay\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epH Water\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eH\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Al\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSB\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCEC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e....................... % ...................\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e... g kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e ...\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.......... cmol c dm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e ..........\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27,10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15,72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68,23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25,70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13,97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69,77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7,52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSB: Sum of bases; CEC: Cation exchange capacity; O.M.: Organic matter; TOC: Total organic carbon; V: Base saturation; Al: Aluminum saturation; m: Meters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe experimental design was a randomized complete block design with a 5 \u0026times; 5 factorial scheme with four replications. The treatments consisted of five doses of mineral phosphorus (0; 27.60; 55.20; 82.80; and 110.40 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; of P₂O₅), applied as triple superphosphate (TSP), equivalent to 0; 60; 120; 180; and 240 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;, and five doses of organic phosphorus, equivalent to 0; 32.7; 65.4; 98.1; and 130.8 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; of P₂O₅, applied as poultry litter (PL), equivalent to 0; 2; 4; 6; and 8 t ha⁻\u0026sup1;.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe mineral and organic fertilizers were manually applied in the planting furrow, subsequently incorporated into the soil, and reapplied to the first ratoon crop 30 days after the harvest of the plant cane. Each experimental unit consisted of 150 m\u0026sup2;, comprising 10 rows of sugarcane, each 10 meters long, with 1.5-meter spacing between rows.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe TSP used contained 46% P₂O₅ and 10% Ca, with granules between 2 and 4 mm in size. The poultry litter originated from a chicken farm located in the municipality of Palmeiras de Goi\u0026aacute;s, GO, from the first flock of chickens, which was precomposted and had the following average composition (average of two applications: plant cane and first ratoon): N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25.40 g kg⁻\u0026sup1;; P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.40 g kg⁻\u0026sup1;; K\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.40 g kg⁻\u0026sup1;; Ca\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.19 g kg⁻\u0026sup1;; Mg\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04 g kg⁻\u0026sup1;; S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15.20 g kg⁻\u0026sup1;; B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.30 mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;; Zn\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.80 mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;; Fe\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25.00 mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;; Mn\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.20 mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;; Cu\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.40 mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;; mineral matter\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;326.90 g kg⁻\u0026sup1;; organic matter\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;673.20 g kg⁻\u0026sup1;; organic carbon\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;413.00 g kg⁻\u0026sup1;; and moisture at 105\u0026deg;C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17.36%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt planting (2019/2020) and 30 days after the plant cane was harvested, organic and mineral phosphorus fertilizers were applied according to each treatment. Nitrogen fertilization was performed via urea at a rate of 100 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;, and potassium fertilization was performed via potassium chloride (KCl) at a rate of 80 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; of K₂O \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe genotype IACSP95-5094 was used and planted vegetatively on 06/11/2019. The sugarcane furrows were opened to a depth of 0.25 m. This genotype is characterized by excellent performance, stalk density, and adaptation to clayey soils. The first ratoon harvest, corresponding to the data in this study, was carried out on 06/11/2021 via a John Deere tracked harvester, model 3520\u0026ndash;3522, which was transported on a transfer truck. Nutritional characteristics, technological quality, and sugarcane productivity were evaluated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe plant height, average stalk diameter, and number of tillers were evaluated to characterize the growth of the first ratoon sugarcane crop. Plant height was measured as the distance between the plant\u0026rsquo;s stalk base (stalk collar surface) and the visible upper auricular region of the +\u0026thinsp;1 leaf, using a tape measure graduated in centimeters. The average stalk diameter was measured with a digital caliper graduated in millimeters at the basal, intermediate, and apical portions of the sugarcane stalk. The number of tillers per linear meter was counted, and the number of tillers was recorded the day before the plot was harvested.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFive days before each harvest, 10 stalks were manually collected from each plot by cutting them close to ground level for the determination of their technological attributes. After being cut, the stalks from each plot were bundled and sent to the technological analysis laboratory at Destilaria Nova Uni\u0026atilde;o for evaluation of the following industrial parameters: total recoverable sugars, sugar yield, and alcohol yield, according to the system \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ea) Total recoverable sugars (TRSs) were determined via the following Eq.\u0026nbsp;(1):\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eATR = (10 \u0026times; POL \u0026times; 1,05263 \u0026times; 0,915) + (10 \u0026times; ARC \u0026times; 0,915) (1).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ewhere\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTRS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;total recoverable sugars (kg t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e);\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePOL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;apparent sucrose content of the juice (%);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1,05263 = stoichiometric coefficient for the conversion of sucrose to reducing sugars;\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0,915\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;recovery coefficient for an industrial loss of 8.5%;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e10 × ARC represent the reducing sugars per ton of cane.\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eb) Sugar yield was calculated via Eq.\u0026nbsp;(2):\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSY = (PCC*TCH/100). (2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ewhere:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSY\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sugar yield (t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e);\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePCC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;amount of raw sugar (%) contained in the stalks and determined in the laboratory;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTCH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;tons of stalks per hectare (t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ec) The alcohol yield was determined via Eq.\u0026nbsp;(3):\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAY = ((PCC * F)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ARL) * Fg * 10 * PC. (3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ewhere\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;alcohol yield (m\u0026sup3; ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e);\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;stoichiometric conversion factor of sucrose into one molecule of glucose plus one molecule of fructose, equal to 1.052;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eARL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the free reducing sugars (%), with values ranging from 0.7 to 0.85%, and the distillery uses 0.7 for high PCC;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFg\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Gay‒Lussac factor equal to 0.6475\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTCH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;tons of cane per hectare (t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSugarcane productivity in tons of cane per hectare (TCH) was evaluated by the total weighing of stalks in each experimental plot. For this purpose, plants were cut close to the ground via a cane harvester and transported via a transfer truck equipped with a digital scale. The stalks were weighed in kilograms and later converted to tons per hectare (t ha⁻\u0026sup1;).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) via the F test at the 5% significance level. When significant effects were detected, regression analyses were performed. The effect of the crop season, when significant, was compared via Tukey\u0026rsquo;s test (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Statistical analyses were conducted via the SISVAR software\u0026reg; \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe application of different doses of triple superphosphate (TSP), as well as poultry litter (PL), significantly influenced the height of the first ratoon sugarcane crop when applied individually, as shown by analysis of variance (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). For stalk diameter (SD) and tiller number (TN), there was a significant interaction effect between TSP and PL.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of variance also revealed a significant interaction effect between TSP and PL on total recoverable sugars (TRS), sugar yield (SY), and alcohol yield (AY). Moreover, for the first ratoon sugarcane stalk productivity in tons per hectare (TCH), isolated effects of both factors (TSP and PL) were observed, but their interaction was not significant (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Overall, the coefficients of variation were within the range considered moderately low (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10%), according to \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance for plant height (PH), average stalk diameter (SD), number of tillers (NT), total recoverable sugars (TRS), sugar yield (SY), alcohol yield (AY), and stalk productivity in tons per hectare (TCH) of the first ratoon sugarcane as a function of doses of triple superphosphate (TSP) and poultry litter (PL).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean square\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSource of variation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTSP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInt. TSP x PL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlock\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eError\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e330,03\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e406,28\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87,93\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e318,08\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105,48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,65\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,57\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,63\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,08\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8,35\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,16\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,45\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,91\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e128,88\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e184,53\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75,27\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,27\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSY\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10,36\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33,90\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,93\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9,34\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAY\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25,12\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59,43\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10,40\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,76\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTCH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e354,61\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1271,38\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107,61\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e178,23\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76,96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMS: Mean square; TSP: Triple superphosphate; PL: Poultry litter; Int.: Interaction; DF: Degrees of freedom; CV: Coefficient of variation; ** and *: Significant at the 1% and 5% probability levels, respectively; ns: Not significant according to the F test at the 5% probability level.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Biometric growth variables of the first ratoon sugarcane crop\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe height of the first ratoon sugarcane crop under the different TSP doses fit a quadratic model, with an R\u0026sup2; of 79.19% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eA). The greatest plant height was 288.46 cm at the estimated rate of 132.50 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; of TSP, whereas the lowest was 278.61 cm at 0 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; of TSP. The data indicate a 3.41% increase in plant height with the application of 132.50 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; of TSP compared with no application of this P source (0 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe plant height data in response to the various PL doses fit an increasing linear model, with an R\u0026sup2; of 92.85% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eB). The lowest plant height under the PL treatment was 279.17 cm, which was observed at the 0 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; rate, whereas the highest was 289.32 cm, which was observed at the 8 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; rate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe average stalk diameter (SD) was influenced by the TSP and PL doses, as well as by the interaction between the TSP and PL (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). In the breakdown analysis of TSP doses within each PL rate (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eC), the SD was significant only at the 4 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; PL rate, with the data fitting a quadratic distribution model and an average R\u0026sup2; of 72.97%. The smallest SD was obtained at the 240 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; TSP rate (23.92 mm), whereas the highest SD, estimated via the regression Eq.\u0026nbsp;(26.37 mm), was 74.52 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; of TSP. SD data for TSP doses of 0, 2, 6, and 8 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; PL doses were not significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the breakdown of the PL doses within each TSP rate, a significant effect on the stalk diameter (SD) was observed only at the 120 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; TSP rate (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eD), with the data fitting a quadratic model and an R\u0026sup2; of 48.39%. According to the regression equation, the highest SD (26.39 mm) was estimated at the 4.25 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; PL rate. The SD results for PL doses of 0, 60, 180, and 240 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; TSP doses were not significant under the mathematical models tested.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe number of tillers (NT) was significantly influenced by the TSP and PL doses, as well as by the TSP \u0026times; PL interaction (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). In the breakdown of TSP doses within each PL rate, a significant effect was observed for the 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; PL doses on NT (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eE), with the data fitting a quadratic model with R\u0026sup2; values of 51.30%, 98.21%, 80.67%, 92.78%, and 56.21%, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe TSP doses estimated by the regression equations within the 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; PL doses were 153.88, 106.02, 105.50, 104.50, and 146.00 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;, presenting NT values of 13.52, 15.04, 13.89, 14.84, and 14.34, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen the PL dose was decreased at each TSP rate, effects were observed at the 60, 120, and 240 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; TSP doses (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eF). The PL doses within the 60 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; TSP rate fit a quadratic distribution model, with an average R\u0026sup2; of 41.57%. According to the regression equation, the PL dose at 60 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; TSP provided a maximum NT of 14.48.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results obtained for the PL doses and the 120 and 240 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; TSP doses fit a linear model (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eF). The 0 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; PL rate at 120 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; TSP resulted in the lowest NT (12.86), whereas the 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; PL rate resulted in the highest NT (14.72). However, at the 240 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; TSP rate, the PL rate with the lowest NT was 8 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; (11.43), with the highest NT observed at 2 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; (14.61).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Technological quality of the first ratoon sugarcane crop\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor total recoverable sugar (TRS), there was a significant TSP \u0026times; PL interaction; therefore, the breakdown of TSP doses within each PL rate and of PL doses within each TSP rate was performed (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eB). The TRS varied with the TSP dose under the 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; PL doses (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA). The TRS data for the TSP doses at 0, 2, 4, and 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; PLs fit a quadratic model with R\u0026sup2; values of 94.97%, 45.34%, 92.05%, and 24.27%, respectively, whereas for the TSP doses at the 8 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; PL rate, the results fit an increasing linear model, with an average R\u0026sup2; of 53.42%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the quadratic equations for TSP doses within the 0, 2, 4, and 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; PL doses, the TRS responded positively to the estimated TSP doses up to maximum points of 168.07, 104.33, 70.30, and 93.75 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA). At these points, the TRS reached 163.32, 162.95, 165.16, and 165.00 kg t⁻\u0026sup1;, respectively. However, beyond each maximum point, TRS tends to decrease with increasing TSP dose. Variation is noted in the TRS results at TSP doses under the 8 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; PL rate, which were 153.82, 160.20, 157.30, 160.36, and 160.41 kg t⁻\u0026sup1; of cane, respectively, for the 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; TSP doses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the breakdown of PL doses within each TSP rate for TRS, a quadratic relationship was observed for PL doses of 0, 60, and 120 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; TSP (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eB). According to the regression equation, estimated PL doses of 4.55, 4.94, and 4.02 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; resulted in increases in the TRS content of the first ratoon sugarcane crop, reaching 165.09, 164.54, and 165.83 kg t⁻\u0026sup1;, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor PL doses at the 180 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; TSP rate, the decreasing linear model best fit the average TRS data, with an R\u0026sup2; of 90.63% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eB). The 2 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; PL rate combined with 180 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; TSP provided a TRS of 165.22 kg t⁻\u0026sup1;, with a 2.94% reduction observed when the PL rate increased to 8 t ha⁻\u0026sup1;.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe behavior of the PL dose at the 240 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; TSP rate shows a decreasing linear relationship (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eB). The TRS results at this TSP rate and PL dose showed a low fit (R\u0026sup2; = 26.17%), with 73.83% of the data unexplained by the mathematical model. The TRSs obtained in this treatment were 156.98, 157.18, 152.65, 163.55, and 160.41 kg t⁻\u0026sup1; for the 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; PL doses, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSugar yield (SY) was significantly affected by the combination of PL and TSP (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eC and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eD). Differences were observed among the TSP doses at the 4 and 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; PL doses (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eC). However, for the 4 and 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; PL doses and TSP doses, the data fit a quadratic model with R\u0026sup2; values of 47.99% and 67.46%, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eC). The sugar yield results obtained at the 4 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; PL rate were weakly correlated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe regression equation indicates that increasing the TSP dose to 122.50 and 127.75 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; resulted in increased sugar yield, estimated at 28.35 and 27.94 t ha⁻\u0026sup1;, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eC). The TSP doses and PL doses of 0, 2, and 8 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; were not significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen the sugar yield at the PL and 0 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; TSP rates were analyzed, a linear model fit was observed (R\u0026sup2; = 60.23) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eD). At this TSP rate, the maximum PL rate (8 t ha⁻\u0026sup1;) resulted in a sugar yield of 25.42 t ha⁻\u0026sup1;, representing a 12.27% increase compared with the 0 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; PL rate. The PL doses combined with the 60, 120, and 180 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; TSP doses were significant, with the data fitting a quadratic model. However, the PL doses combined with the 60 and 120 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; TSP doses had very low coefficients of determination (R\u0026sup2; = 30.88 and 41.25%, respectively), indicating that the estimated sugar yields at these levels are not representative.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe doses estimated via the regression equations (4.28, 5.78, and 4.66 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; of PL) combined with the TSP dose yielded sugar yields of 27.27, 27.27, and 27.31 t ha⁻\u0026sup1;, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eD). However, the sugar yield at the PL dose combined with 240 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; TSP did not significantly differ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe doses estimated via the regression equations (4.28, 5.78, and 4.66 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; of PL) combined with the TSP doses resulted in sugar yields of 27.27, 27.27, and 27.31 t ha⁻\u0026sup1;, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eD). However, the sugar yield at the PL dose combined with 240 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; TSP was not significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor the results obtained at TSP doses and PL doses of 2, 4, and 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1;, the data fit best to a quadratic model (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eE). According to the regression equation, the estimated TSP doses of 134.00, 132.00, and 131.38 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; resulted in alcohol yields of 19.20, 21.60, and 23.30 m\u0026sup3; ha⁻\u0026sup1;, respectively. No significant difference was observed for the TSP dose at the 8 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; PL rate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor alcohol yield (AY) in the breakdown of PL doses within each TSP rate, the TSP doses of 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; were significant, with a quadratic fit of the results (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eF). According to the regression equations for the PL and TSP doses, by applying PL doses of 5.52, 4.20, 4.55, 4.52, and 4.54 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; combined with TSP doses of 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;, respectively, the estimated AY would be 18.07, 20.10, 22.04, 22.44, and 18.60 m\u0026sup3; ha⁻\u0026sup1;. However, the TSP doses of 180 and 240 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; combined with the PL dose had the lowest coefficients of determination, with R\u0026sup2; = 49.24% and 58.66%, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor TCH, this variable was influenced by the doses of TSP and PL (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eA, \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eB). When analyzing TCH in response to TSP doses, the data fit a quadratic model, with the highest TCH value observed at a rate of 138.10 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; of TSP (TCH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;164.04 t ha⁻\u0026sup1;).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe behavior of TCH was similar to that of PL, as productivity showed positive responses with increasing doses up to 4.67 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; of PL. This resulted in an estimated TCH of 167.69 t ha⁻\u0026sup1;, representing a productive performance increase of 11.29% compared with the productivity under the TSP doses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eFertilization with TSP and PL positively influenced the plant height of the first sugarcane ratoon. When plant height was evaluated under various doses of PL, the sugarcane plants presented a 0.3% increase in height compared with the maximum height obtained in the treatments with TSP. Owing to the high availability of phosphorus in the soil‒plant system, phosphorus has a positive effect on plant growth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe addition of poultry litter promotes nutrient mineralization and contains organic acids, increasing P availability in the soil and plants \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The combined use of mineral fertilizer as a P source along with organic fertilizer hinders phosphorus sorption by aluminum and iron minerals, preventing the formation of more thermodynamically stable phases and thus increasing nutrient availability to the plant \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdequate nutrition promotes an increase in cell size, intercellular spaces, thinner cell walls, and reduced development of epidermal tissue, resulting in stalk elongation, which leads to increased plant height \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Similar results have been reported by various authors \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR31\" citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe average stalk diameter of the first sugarcane ratoon increased because of the interaction between the TSP and PL. This can be explained by the fact that the application of mineral and organic fertilizers increased the availability of P, organic matter, and other nutrients in sufficient quantities to stimulate plant growth processes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e reported that balanced phosphorus application significantly affects sugarcane stalk diameter. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e reported that the combination of mineral and organic fertilizers is crucial for maintaining soil fertility and achieving high sugarcane yields.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first ratoon crop of sugarcane presented a positive response to treatments with TSP and PL, promoting an increase in the number of tillers. This occurred due to changes in plant growth and development, including the root system, since phosphorus is responsible for protein formation, cell division, photosynthesis, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, sugar breakdown, respiration, and sucrose formation, as well as for supporting rooting, tillering, final yield, and sugar production \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe TRS content increased exponentially when the PL rate was 2 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; combined with an increase of 180 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; in TSP, indicating a positive effect of the application of mineral and organic fertilizers. The TRS obtained at this rate was 165.22 kg t⁻\u0026sup1;, representing an increase of 2.88%. This increase in TRS production may be attributed to the phosphorus supplied from both mineral and organic sources.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e They reported a positive response in the technological quality parameters of the first sugarcane ratoon at high phosphorus levels due to improved phosphorus supply in the system. The same authors reported a maximum TRS of 131.47 kg t⁻\u0026sup1;, which is lower than the result obtained in this study. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e These authors attributed the increase in TRS to the application of P.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e They reported that the interaction between mineral and organic phosphorus sources can increase sugarcane tillering by up to 191%, with consequent improvements in the plant\u0026rsquo;s technological quality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the interaction between TSP and PL resulted in a 10.65% increase in sugar yield (SY). The application of 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; of PL combined with 127.75 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; of TSP resulted in a sugar yield of 27.94 t ha⁻\u0026sup1;. These results indicate a positive response to P addition. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e reported that the combination of inorganic and organic P sources increases P availability in the soil, leading to increased sugar production.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e reported that phosphorus use in the first sugarcane ratoon increases tillering, which leads to favorable TCH and SY. The application of mineral fertilizer combined with organic compost as a P source results in a positive interaction, which can be attributed to greater P availability resulting from reduced P fixation in the plants \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e reported that higher sugar productivity in some treatments was due to greater stalk productivity. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e explained that TRSs are considered in the calculation of sugar productivity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere was an interaction effect between the doses of TSP and PL on alcohol yield (AY), where AY increased exponentially at a dose of 4.55 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; of PL combined with 120 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; of TSP, increasing the yield by 40.20% and reaching a maximum value of 22.04 m\u0026sup3; ha⁻\u0026sup1;. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e reported that the increase in alcohol yield is driven by the increase in sugar yield and, therefore, corresponds in the same proportion; that is, there is a positive correlation between these parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e It has been reported that, from an industrial perspective, the importance lies in the higher TCH, which in turn provides greater energy potential for alcohol production. In this study, the variables TRS, SY and AY were extremely relevant, as they were positively correlated with each other, corroborating the final yield of the crop.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe positive response of TCH to the application of TSP and PL doses in first-year sugarcane highlights the potential of mineral and organic phosphorus fertilization. TCH increased exponentially with increasing TSP and PL doses. There was a positive increase of 11.29% in TCH with the use of PL.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePL is an organic material with a high P concentration that can increase soil P levels and organic matter content \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The application of PL may have contributed to improving the soil structure and promoting better development of the root system in the ratoon sugarcane, thereby enhancing the absorption of P, other nutrients, and water, which may have contributed to the significant increase in TCH in the first ratoon crop.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e An increase of 16.49% in productivity was observed in the first ratoon crop of sugarcane compared with that of cane, which was due to appropriate postharvest nutritional management. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Additionally, a TCH of 140.83 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; was obtained with the application of up to 4.8 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; of PL in a eutrophic Red Latosol, which belongs to the same soil class used in the present study. However, this result is lower than that obtained in this study (TCH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;167.69 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; with the application of 4.67 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; of PL).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudies by \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e that used biofertilizers in the first ratoon crop of sugarcane reported a TCH of 79.6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1;. The increase in productivity observed in the second ratoon crop of sugarcane may be explained by the genetic characteristics of the IACSP95-5094 genotype, which shows enhanced regrowth capacity following the first harvest \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall, the use of these treatments increased the yield, industrial quality, and byproducts (sugars and alcohol) of the first ratoon crop of sugarcane. PL is a viable alternative for supplying phosphorus and other nutrients. Compared with TSP, PL provides more prolonged P release, enhancing plant nutrition, industrial quality, and sugarcane yield through the recycling of macro- and micronutrients, especially P.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThus, the residual effects of applying PL to cane plants increase nutrient use efficiency in the first ratoon crop of sugarcane. Therefore, it may contribute to maintaining the soil\u0026rsquo;s productive potential and the longevity of the sugarcane field (number of ratoon crops), which is highly relevant since replanting costs represent a significant portion of overall sugarcane production expenses. Notably, poultry litter in Brazil, one of the world\u0026rsquo;s largest producers and exporters of chicken meat, is widely available, generating a large amount of this organic fertilizer.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. CONCLUSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe use of triple superphosphate combined with poultry litter in the first ratoon crop of sugarcane had a positive effect on plant growth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe application of up to 4.67 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; poultry litter resulted in an 11.29% increase in the stalk yield of the first ratoon sugarcane crop.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe use of triple superphosphate and poultry litter was important for maximizing the TRS in the first ratoon crop of sugarcane.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFertilization with triple superphosphate combined with poultry litter increased sugar and alcohol yields by 10.65% and 40.20%, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoultry litter shows great potential for supplementing the phosphorus required by the first-ratoon sugarcane crop.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFormal analysis, investigation, resources, writing – original draft preparation, E. A. d. S.; conceptualization, writing – review and editing, project administration, F. A. L. S.; writing – review and editing, supervision, project administration, M.B.T.; formal analysis, investigation, writing – original draft preparation, visualization, E. D. d. S.; writing – review and editing, A. E. C. S.; formal analysis, investigation, writing – original draft preparation, L. S. R. V. \u0026nbsp;All the authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES); the Research Support Foundation of the State of Goiás (FAPEG); the Funding Authority for Studies and Projects (FINEP); the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI); the Irrigated Agriculture Research Group in the Cerrado (AGRICE); CEAGRE; and the Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IF Goiano) – Rio Verde Campus for the financial and structural support for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eINTERESS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;CONCORRENTES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe work was funded by Denusa Destilaria Nova União S/A, the Research Support Foundation of the State of Goiás (FAPEG) grant number 202110267000063 Call/year: No. 18/2020, CEAGRE, and the Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IF Goiano) – Rio Verde Campus. The authors declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePLANT GUIDELINE STATEMENT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExperimental research and field studies on cultivated plants, including the collection of plant material, complied with the required institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation. The experimental area used was the Denusa Destilaria Nova União Sugar and Alcohol Mill, where the study was conducted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDATA\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAVILABILITY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThorat, B. 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L. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Sugarcane harvest time for processing and technological quality of brown sugar. \u003cem\u003ePesq. agropec. bras.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e56\u003c/strong\u003e, e02435 (2021).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Saccharum officinarum, triple superphosphate, poultry litter, organic phosphorus, leaf nutrient analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7039045/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7039045/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn Brazilian Cerrado soils, sugarcane yield is directly influenced by phosphorus availability. However, the growing demand for fertilizer efficiency and optimization, along with the high cost of phosphate fertilizers, has increased interest in organic sources. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of triple superphosphate applied alone or in combination with poultry litter on the biometric traits, nutritional status, technological quality, and stalk yield of the first ratoon crop of sugarcane. The experiment was conducted in an experimental area of Denusa \u0026ndash; Destilaria Nova Uni\u0026atilde;o S/A, located in the Central-West Region of Brazil, on a eutrophic Red Latosol of the Cerrado biome. The application of triple superphosphate combined with poultry litter positively influenced plant height, average stalk diameter, and the number of tillers. Moreover, both triple superphosphate and poultry litter increased the total recoverable sugar content, sugar yield, alcohol yield, and overall productivity, with gains of 2.88%, 10.65%, 40.20%, and 11.29%, respectively. Furthermore, the study highlighted the potential of poultry litter to supplement the phosphorus required by the first ratoon crop of the studied sugarcane genotype.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Agronomic Performance of the First Ratoon of Sugarcane and Phosphorus Supply from Mineral and Organic Sources","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-25 09:27:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7039045/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-08-12T11:35:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"208371246312228203272751656882179125635","date":"2025-08-11T20:46:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-11T13:29:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"189741342964737813439145682090117889013","date":"2025-08-09T05:45:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-05T17:43:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"64503034920891311060429858682394815240","date":"2025-08-04T17:12:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"92508220355956621582976384975185031260","date":"2025-07-30T18:59:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-23T08:11:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-07-23T08:09:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-17T07:24:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-07-11T17:47:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-07-11T17:43:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"153e66d4-6fe9-46de-802b-689d3c2c3258","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":52110307,"name":"Biological sciences/Ecology"},{"id":52110308,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology"},{"id":52110309,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":52110310,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-01T16:00:41+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7039045","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-26367-5","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-11-27 15:57:18","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 27th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-25 09:27:55","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-26367-5","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-26367-5","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7039045","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7039045","identity":"rs-7039045","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}