Use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT)  as a predictor of Successful Aging

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Mendoza-Ruvalcaba This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8409828/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Promoting Healthy Aging goes beyond the treatment and prevention of chronic diseases, physical disabilities, and cognitive decline; fostering and promoting Healthy or Successful Aging (SA) entails a range of biological, psychological, cognitive, social, and even spiritual characteristics. Information and communication technology (ICT), refers to telecommunication technologies, such as telephone, computers and electronic tablets. ICT use in elderly may increase successful aging by maintaining and improving active life, social skills and cognitive functions. The study aimed to analyze SA and its association to Information and Communications Technology (ICT) use in older adults of Guadalajara City, Mexico. A cross-sectional study involved 456 community-dwelling Mexican older adults. SA was assessed by Rowe & Kahn’s Successful Aging model which evaluates five domains: absence of major illness and disability, optimal physical and cognitive functioning and active engagement in life. Participants were asked about the use of ICT in their daily life and the purpose of its use. Socio-demographic and health data were also asked. Pearson ́s correlation test and Multivariate Analyses of Variance (MANOVA) were performed. The use of ICT had a positive impact on the achievement of successful aging, significant correlation between ICT use in old age and the presence of Successful Aging. The model explains ICT use by elders predicts 8.6% of Successful Aging. Identifying predictors for successful aging is essential for generating viable strategies that could be implemented for improving well-being and health conditions in older adults. healthy aging successful aging Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Introduction Promoting Healthy Aging goes beyond the treatment and prevention of chronic diseases, physical disabilities, and cognitive decline; fostering and promoting Healthy or Successful Aging (SA) entails a range of biological, psychological, cognitive, social, and even spiritual characteristics. Therefore, the individualized study of the various predictors that constitute Successful Aging, considered the ideal way of aging [ 1 ], requires an in-depth analysis to enable a better understanding of healthy aging. Population aging, as a defining feature of the 21st century, represents both a remarkable achievement for humanity and a significant challenge for contemporary societies. It is an universal, irreversible, and imminent phenomenon; therefore, having a strategic plan to address the economic, public health, political, and social security concerns it entails is essential for the development of any society [ 2 ]. In Mexico this demographic trend underscores the urgent need to understand and address the complexities of aging. The growing older adult population presents a major challenge, as the shift in population structure requires restructuring across all societal domains social, economic, political, familial, and technological and leads to increased demand for healthcare services, social security, appropriate urban infrastructure, and specialized human resources to care for older adults. In light of this scenario, we must ask ourselves whether we are prepared to meet the needs of the estimated 20.4 million older adults the country will have by the year 2030 [ 3 ]. In aging, there are physical, psychological, and social changes that, although normal and inherent to old age, complicate the biological, social, and psychological interactions of the elderly as they know them [ 4 ]. In this scenario, the notion of a positive way of aging has been recognized by international organizations as the ideal key style of Aging [ 1 ]. This new paradigm is commonly expressed through the concept “successful aging” with a wide global variation in the terms used to comprise the notion of “aging well”, including active, healthy, optimal, productive, positive, competent aging [ 5 ]. Although currently there is still a lack of consensus on the term and a precise agreed definition, main proposals for an operational definition of successful aging refer to a wide range of dimensions, including physical components -such as functional capacity and/or physical functioning, absence of disease, and disability-, psychological multidimensional conditions - life satisfaction, cognitive function, primary control, happiness, and reserve capacity-, and social aspects - health opportunities, security and participation, life engagement, social competence and productivity-[ 5 ]. One of the most accepted and influential terms was proposed by Rowe y Kahn [ 6 , 7 ], defining Successful Aging as the absence of major illness, absence of disability, optimal physical functioning, optimal cognitive functioning, and active engagement with life. Most common predictors of successful aging reported have been absence of depression, having close personal contacts and often walks for exercise [ 8 ], nonsmoking, absence of disability, arthritis, and diabetes, having social contacts, better self-rated health and absence of cognitive impairment [ 9 ], remain physical and social active [ 10 ] and high self-rated health [ 11 ]. More recent studies have reported that successful aging is related to socio-demographic factors such as gender and education [ 12 , 13 ], socio-economic status, and marital status [ 12 ]. Life- style factors such as non- smoking [ 14 ]; more physical exercise and cognitive activities [ 12 ], participating in leisure activities [ 15 ], and trajectories of sleep [ 16 ] have been also studied as predictors of successful aging. Information and communication technology (ICT), refers to telecommunication technologies, such as telephone, cable, satellite, radio, and digital technologies, such as computers, information networks, and software [ 17 ]. The use of technology helps meet individuals' needs; technology itself has the capacity to modify the way people perceive the world. During old age, technology can help maintain an active and successful lifestyle by influencing, among other aspects, the perception of aging [ 18 ]. Science and technology are crucial for normative definitions of health and illness for older individuals. From the creation of new and improved medications to the design and distribution of products that aid mobility, to mobile phones and digital applications; older people interact with technology and science on a daily basis [ 18 ]. The fast and reliable distribution of information and expansion of the communication network are possible through the use of computers, the Internet, smartphones, email, and social media. The need and importance of using technological devices in old age are identified through supporting and facilitating daily activities, such as conducting banking transactions, seeking and providing psychosocial and emotional support, medication reminders, and medical appointments [ 19 ]. Indeed, some declines in health associated with the Aging process can be offset by the use of technology in the daily lives of older individuals; they have the potential to increase autonomy, social participation, and quality of life for older people [ 20 ]. Although research shows that they are still lagging behind younger age groups in terms of technology use, the rate of narrowing the digital divide has been substantial in recent years [ 21 ]. The concept of successful aging is closely related to functional capacity and participation in social and productive activities in old age. This lifestyle is understood as the prevention of disability and the maintenance of independence, which are key objectives for an Aging population [ 22 , 1 ]. To investigate the relation between the ICT use and successful aging, allows the opportunity to propose intervention strategies that promote Healthy Aging in the studied population, through the use of smart technology. The aim of this study is to analyze if the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is as a predictor of Successful Aging Successful Aging in older adults of Guadalajara city, in Mexico. Methods The study was designed as cross-sectional analysis. This research extends from the project funded by CONHACYT-256589 " Study of cognitive functioning in older adults in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara ". Participants A total of n = 456 older adults 60-years and older living in the community were invited to participate. Participants met the following criteria: being over 60 years old, residing in community (not institutionalized), and living in the same address for at least 1 year. At the beginning of each visit, informed consent was obtained. Home visits, lasting 40–60 min, interviews were made to each participant by previously trained gerontologists. The Sociodemographic data of participants are shown in Table 1 . Mean age of the sample was 72.6 years old, 59% were women, the majority of participants reporting being married (50.9%). Mean years of education were 6.43 years. Table 1 Sociodemographic data of participants. Variable % n= Age (Mean ± SD), years 72.6 ± 7.89 60–64 16.0 73 65–69 22.6 103 70–74 22.6 103 75–79 18.0 82 80–84 12.1 55 85–89 6.8 31 90 + 2.0 9 Sex Women 59 269 Men 41 187 Marital status Married 50.9 232 Widow/er 32.7 149 Single 11.2 51 Divorced/separated 5.3 24 Education (Mean ± SD), years 6.43 ± 5.03 Notes: SD = Standard Deviation. Married included participants living with a couple. Instruments and data collection The data collection instruments were implemented during face-to-face personal interviews, which included various scales, questionnaires, and other elements of gerontological assessment based on the conceptualization of successful aging by Rowe and Kahn, operationalized into five indicators as follows [ 23 ]: Absence of major illness – assessed through self-report of chronic diseases: cancer, chronic lung disease, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, stroke, and depressive symptoms, measured using the Geriatric Depression Scale GDS- 15 [ 24 ]. This criterion for successful aging was met when the participant mentioned not having any of these pathologies. A bsence of disability in activities of daily living (ADL) – Scale for Instrumental Activities of Daily Living [ 25 ]. This scale evaluates the participant's ability to perform specific tasks: Using the telephone, shopping, meal preparation, household chores, using transportation, responsibility regarding medication, and managing financial matters. This criterion for successful aging was met by obtaining 6 to 8 points on the scale. Optimal physical functioning – assessed through self-report on the difficulty in seven measures of physical functioning: walking one block, walking several blocks, climbing one flight of stairs, climbing multiple flights of stairs, lifting objects weighing more than 5 kilograms, ability to bend down, and ability to push or pull large objects. Participants who reported 2 or more difficulties in any of these 7 activities did not meet this criterion. Optimal cognitive functioning – Mini-Mental State Examination [ 26 ] according to the criteria for Mexican older adults standardized by age, gender and education [ 27 ]. The criterion for optimal cognitive functioning was met with scores higher than 25 points on the mini-mental exam, indicating no cognitive impairment. Active engagement with life – evaluated through social connections and participation in productive activities (whether or not they are paid). The social sphere was evaluated through questions related to activities recently performed. Regarding the use of smart technology, participants were asked: (1) "Do you have and use a cell phone?", (2) "Do you have and use a computer?" and (3) "Do you have and use a tablet (iPad or tablet)?" Statistical Analyses The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22 software. The data were processed to obtain proportions, means, and their standard deviations. To explore the effect of the ICT use on Successful Aging, in the first step Pearson correlation was calculated, then, Multivariate Analyses of Variance (MANOVA) was performed. Dependent variables were integrated all together in the five criteria of successful aging and independently. Bonferroni adjusted alpha level of .017 was used, partial eta squared ( η 2 ) values were obtained to estimate the effect size. Results The data of the participants according to whether or not they met the criteria for successful aging are shown in Table 2 . A prevalence of 12% of older people with successful aging was found (meeting the five criteria of successful aging). The criterion met by the majority of participants was optimal cognitive functioning (82.9%), followed by no disability met by 71.1%, active engagement with life (58.1%), no major disease (46.3%), while only 39.7% met the criteria of optimal physical functioning. Regarding the number of criteria met, only 2.0% did not meet any of the criteria, 13.6% met one of them, 18.9% two, 27.6% met three criteria and 26.9% met four. Table 2 Percentage of older adults meeting successful aging criteria and number of criteria met. Successful aging criteria % n= Successful aging (total) 12.1 55 No major disease No disability Optimal Cognitive functioning Optimal Physical functioning Active engagement with life 46.3 71.1 82.9 39.7 58.1 211 324 378 181 265 Number of SA criteria meet 0 1 2 3 4 5 2.0 13.6 18.9 27.6 26.9 12.1 9 62 86 126 118 55 Notes: SA = Successful Aging. Successful Aging prevalence varies according to age and education, where successful agers were significantly younger (mean age 68.31 versus 73.28 of the older) and with higher education (mean years of education 8.07 versus 6.19 of those no-successful agers). See Table 3 . No significant differences were observed regarding gender and marital status. Table 3 Socio-demographic data of participants by successful aging. Variable Successful agers (n = 55) Non-successful agers (n = 401) p= Mean ± SD Age (years) 68.31 ± 5.72 73.28 ± 7.89 .000 a Education (years) 8.07 ± 5.16 6.19 ± 4.98 .000 a % (n=) Age 60–64 65–69 70–74 75–79 80–84 85–89 90 + 30.9 (17) 27.3 (15) 27.3 (15) 10.9 (6) 3.6 (2) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 14.0 (56) 21.9 (88) 21.9 (88) 19.0 (76) 13.2 (53) 7.7 (31) 2.2 (9) .002 b Sex Women Men 52.7 (29) 47.3 (26) 59.9 (240) 40.1 (161) .314 b Marital status Single Married Widowed Divorced Separated Free union 12.7 (7) 52.7 (29) 23.6 (13) 5.5 (3) 5.5 (3) 0.0 (0) 11.0 (44) 49.1 (197) 33.9 (136) 2.0 (8) 2.5 (10) 1.5 (6) .258 b Notes: SD = standard deviation, a =t-test, b =chi-square test. Regarding the use of ICT, data are shown in Table 4 . Cell phones were reported as the most used devices, used by 53.9% of the participants, 11.4% reported using computers and only 5.7% a tablet. In general, although it was found that 44% did not use any device, 43.4% used at least one, while only 9.2% and 3.1% reported using two or three devices respectively. When comparing the use of ICT by successful aging, significant differences were found. From those older adults using cellphones, 67.3% were considered as successful agers, while 52.1% were not (p = .024). In the same sense, 21.8% of the participants of the group of successful agers reported using computers, compared to 10% of those non-successful agers (p = .013). No significant differences were found between participants who reported using electronic tablets. A significant difference was found between the number of ICT used and successful ageing. Most participants who reported not using any ICT were non-successful agers (46.4%), compared to 29.1% of successful agers. Meanwhile, it was found a higher prevalence of successful aging in those using one (49.1%), two (18.2%), or three (3.6%) devices compared to those non-successful agers (42.6%, 8%, 3%, respectively). Table 4 Use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) by successful aging. Variable Total % (n=) Successful agers % (n = 55) Non-successful agers % (n = 401) p= Type of ICT Using cell phone Yes No Using computer Yes No Using tablet Yes No 53.9 (246) 46.1 (210) 11.4 (52) 88.6 (404) 5.7 (26) 94.3 (430) 67.3 (37) 32.7 (18) 21.8 (12) 78.2 (43) 7.3 (4) 92.7 (51) 52.1 (209) 47.9 (192) 10.0 (40) 90.0 (361) 5.5 (22) 94.5 (379) .024 .013 .385 Use of ICT None One Two Three 44.3 (202) 43.4 (198) 9.2 (42) 3.1 (14) 29.1 (16) 49.1 (27) 18.2 (19) 3.6 (2) 46.4 (186) 42.6 (171) 8.0 (32) 3.0 (12) .026 Notes: ICT = Information and Communications Technology Table 5 shows the Correlation between Use of ICT and Successful Aging as global measure and the specific criteria. The use of ICT was significant and positively related to successful aging in general, and specifically it was related to the no- disability criteria (p < .001), having optimal cognitive functioning (p < .001), and an active engagement with life (p = .036). Table 5 Correlation between Use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and Successful Aging (SA). Variable Correlation (r=) p= Successful aging (total) .285 < .001 No major disease No disability Optimal Cognitive functioning Optimal Physical functioning Active engagement with life − .039 .335 .343 − .186 .098 .401 < .001 < .001 < .001 .036 In the analysis of the impact of the use of ICT, results are shown in Table 6 . Results show each of five criteria of SA and the effect size. In general, the use of ICT explains 8.6% of successful aging, specifically, explains 1.3% of no disability, 4.1% of optimal physical functioning and 1.0% of active engagement with life. Main criteria of SA that indicate higher effect of ICT use were cognitive functioning with 12.7% of the variance explained. Table 6 Effect of Use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) on Successful Aging (SA). Variable F = η 2 = p= Successful aging (total) 14.24 .086 < .001 No major disease No disability Optimal Cognitive functioning Optimal Physical functioning Active engagement with life 0.56 22.56 21.90 6.40 1.57 .004 .013 .127 .041 .010 .640 < .001 < .001 < .001 .194 Notes: η 2 = Partial Eta Squared (effect size) Discussion The demographic and epidemiological transition towards an aging population raises fundamental questions about how to ensure a dignified and satisfactory quality of life for older adults, positioning the study and promotion of healthy aging as a pressing public health issue. Recently, the definition of SA has been subjected to a conceptual update by the author who proposed it a few years ago. It’s been admitted that key component of SA: engagement with life should have a greater and flexible inclusion of social and cultural elements [ 28 ]. This reflection has been previously reported [ 29 ]; considering the limitation of SA to include the social structural opportunities that improves the aging process to reach it successfully. Although the concept of successful aging continues throughout an actualization process [ 3 , 28 ], it still suffers conceptual discrepancies and is therefore measured in different ways, it is necessary to analyze the diverse of prevalences reported. In this regard, several studies conducted in recent years have examined the prevalence and determinants of healthy and successful aging; a recent systematic review that included 30 original studies from different countries reported a global prevalence of successful aging of 24% (95% CI = 20.7%, 27.3%), prevalence rates were 25.1% in Asia, 21.5% in Europe, 20.6% in the Americas; 16.8% in developed and 27.1% in developing countries [ 31 ]. Specifically in Mexico, a cross-sectional study identified the health and sociodemographic factors associated with a biomedical phenotype of successful aging. The sample consisted of 935 individuals aged 70 and older, and the prevalence of successful aging was estimated 10% [ 32 ]. Also in Mexico, a similar study involving n = 3116 older adults residing in the states of Jalisco and Colima (Mexico) also estimated the prevalence of successful aging. The operationalization of successful aging was also based on Rowe and Kahn’s model and included: (a) absence of major disease, (b) absence of disability, (c) physical functioning, (d) cognitive functioning, and (e) active engagement with life. Results indicated a successful aging prevalence of 12.6%, which is similar to what was found in this study [ 27 ]. On the other hand, the results of our study showed that more than half of the older adults (53.9%) use at least one ICT, with the mobile phone being the most common, while the use of personal computer and tablets was low (11.4% and 5.7% respectively). The diversity in mobile phone usage rates among older adults can be attributed to cultural, economic, and social factors specific to each country. For example, in China a study reported that 98% of Chinese older adults use mobile phones [ 33 ]. Another study conducted in Turkey, found that 71.4% of elders use mobile phones [ 19 ]. In a Portuguese study involving 500 individuals over 64 years of age, it was found that 72% owned a cell phone and 13% used computers [ 34 ]. In the report by the 2009 Continuous Household Survey of Uruguay [ 34 ], was reported that 62.1% of people over 60 years old use a mobile phone, with the age group of 60–64 years being the most frequent users with 62.9%, also in this study, computer use was reported by 45% of older adults. The percentages of ICT use among older adults depend on the type of technology and the economic and sociocultural context of the population, with mobile phones being the most widely used by the oldest individuals compared to more complex technologies such as computers and tablets. In our study the use of ICT was related to successful aging criteria. Specifically, it was related to the optimal cognitive functioning. ICT use among older adults with cognitive impairments is perceived as beneficial when it supports social and emotional processes, such as fostering connections with close others, maintaining a sense of control over their lives, and facilitating the performance of daily activities [ 35 ]. Other studies had also reported that using ICT has shown beneficial effects in cognitive functioning in older people [ 36 ]. The use of ICT was also related to the optimal physical functioning. The relation between use of ICT and the absence of disability it’s related as itself with an optimal physical functioning in older people. Higher use of ICT such as cellphones and smartphones has been reported as positively associated with higher physical functions in older adults [ 37 ]. As well as a higher physical functioning is associated with a higher ICT use score [38]. The Absence of disability was also related to the use of ICT. In today's technology landscape, the speedy and reliable distribution of information and the expansion of communication networks are made possible through computers, the Internet, smartphones, and email. The need for and importance of using technological devices in old age is recognized through their support and facilitation of daily activities such as conducting banking transactions, requesting and providing psycho-social-emotional support, remembering to take medications, among others [39]. The use of ICT has been related with the absence of disability and an elderly independent living, has been useful not just for professional and medical care systems but also for older people as a mechanism to improve their quality of life supporting their everyday living. Communication devices such as cell phones, computers and electronic tablets, provides safety and security to elders in order to realize their daily activities on their own [ 17 ]. ICT use and Successful Aging In general, other studies have reported that ICT use has the potential to foster successful aging, through the enhancement of the autonomy, social participation, and quality of life, specifically in older adults [ 20 ]. It is highly reported the benefits of ICT use in elderly as it contributes to healthy and successful aging [35, 37, 39]. As evidence showed during COVID-19 pandemic, ICT use by older adults served as a valuable tool to promote healthy aging by alleviating loneliness [ 40 ]. Also, ICT use directly enhances chronic disease self-management among older adults with comorbidities and indirectly improves self-management by enhancing health literacy, improving social support, and intensifies self-efficacy [ 33 ]. The evidence demonstrates that the use of ICT by older adults, regardless of their conditions and limitations, contributes in various ways to achieving successful and healthy aging, whether as a tool that facilitates social and health-related processes [ 33 ], a strategy to promote autonomy and independence in later life [ 17 ], a support for therapeutic entertainment [ 41 ], a learning processes for older people [ 42 ], as a protective factor against depressive symptoms [ 43 ], or as a tool that increases positive feelings as life satisfaction [ 44 ], anyway, the use of ICT could be considered as an important predictor of healthy aging [ 45 ]. Recent contributions suggest that well-being in old age is also determined by the level, frequency, characteristics, and conditions in which older adults use technology, as well as the effects that technological factors have on them [39]. In general, the use of technology during old age is driven by social influences, supported by facilitators (such as friends, family members, or assistants who teach the older adult how to use technology), while the non-use of technology is related to personal issues such as the older person's health status, functional abilities, inaccessibility to technology (due to economic issues or complexity of use), and environmental barriers that prevent or hinder access to technology [ 33 ]. Even though ICT use in elderly increases individual autonomy, social participation, and quality of life, it still represents a significant challenge for some older adults, as using ICT involves overcoming personal, ergonomic, social, and environmental barriers, related to personal factors such as the older adult’s health status, functional abilities, lack of access to technology (due to economic reasons or complexity of use), and environmental barriers that hinder or prevent access to technological tools [ 33 ]. Limitations of the study This study has some limitations mainly related to the theoretical concept of successful aging and some methodological issues. Regarding the use and definition of successful aging, there are some debates about how to define it [ 9 ], however we use the Rowe & Khan´s definition as it is considered one of the most widely used for population studies. Besides, the concept has been criticized, suggesting a multidimensional expansion of the defining criteria, the addition of older adults’ subjective meanings, a more inclusive framework that embraces diversity, and alternative ideal models grounded in different philosophies [ 46 ]. Despite all controversies, successful aging currently holds a prominent position in gerontology research. Measurement of successful aging could be a limitation inherent to the concept, in this study we have based on measures implemented by other studies to make them comparable and suitable [ 8 , 23 , 27 , 31 ]. On the other hand, in this study we used a single closed question for knowing the use of ICT, without giving participants the opportunity to respond in an open answer, we asked for only three types of ICT use in older adults (using cellphones, computers and electronic tablets), so it may shorten possible other options of ICT devices, considering the diversity of ICT classifications employed in other studies. However, almost half of the participants reported not using any ICT, so we consider this classification to be sufficient as it includes the most common devices, since other devices could be even less common. Finally, we acknowledge that the question we made left out the possibility of investigating the reasons for the use of ICT, then, we consider that it would be important to explore this in future studies. Conclusion Results of this study demonstrate that use of ICT in later life contributes to achieving successful aging. Findings suggest that, in general, the use of ICT in old age may account for up to 8.6% of the presence of successful aging. Although the impact could be considered moderate or mild, it is important to study each of the factors involved in achieving healthy ageing, both for individuals and for communities. Analyzing ICT use by older people as a multifactorial phenomenon that contributes to successful aging should be considered for public health studies, considering the heterogeneity of this age group when promoting the use of ICT will allow us to design successful interventions for elderly. This will be possible by approaching them to understand their needs regarding the meaning and use they give to technology. In this sense, we suggest conducting further gerontological research on the topic, diversifying the methodologies employed, and considering qualitative and mixed research methods for a better understanding. The study of such a complex phenomenon as successful aging from both objective and subjective approaches would allow the identification of new predictor proposals that could enrich the different established models for the evaluation and promotion of this aging style. Finally, promoting successful and healthy aging has turned into an urgent need for countries, since supporting the biopsychosocial health, well-being, and productivity of the older population contributes to the development of inclusive and equitable societies for all age groups. Therefore, identifying key predictors for achieving successful aging is essential for generating viable strategies that could be implemented in social, healthcare, and community settings, for improving well-being and health conditions in older adults. Declarations Clinical trial number not applicable Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Health Sciences Department Ethics Committee, Universidad de Guadalajara CUTONALA (UDG2016-002). Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study. All participants in the study have signed an informed consent form, voluntarily agreeing to participate. The research was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent for publication All participants in the study have given their consent to publish the research results. Funding This work was supported by the Secretariat of Science, Humanities, Technology and Innovation (Project-CONACYT-256589) and by postdoctoral fellowship financial support (Number: 284795). Author Contribution KV and NM wrote the main manuscript. NM and MR carried out the statistics. KV and NM had de original idea. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Acknowledgement Authors want to thank to the Secretariat of Science, Humanities, Technology and Innovation (Project-CONACYT-256589) in Mexico. Data Availability Data and materials used in this study are available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request. Some data cannot be provided because they contain information that could compromise the privacy of research participants. References Organización Mundial de la Salud. Envejecimiento activo: un marco político. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol. 2002;37(2):74–105. Cardona-Arango D, Peláez E. Envejecimiento poblacional en el siglo XXI: oportunidades, retos y preocupaciones. Salud Uninorte. 2012;28(2):335–48. CONAPO. Proyecciones de la población de México y de las entidades federativas 2016–2050. Comisión Nacional de Población; 2018. Özsungur F. Gerontechnological factors affecting successful aging of elderly. Aging Male. 2020;23(5):520–32. 10.1080/13685538.2018.1539963 . Fernandez-Ballesteros R. 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Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189–98. 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 . Arias-Merino ED, Mendoza-Ruvalcaba NM, Arias-Merino MJ, Cueva-Contreras J, Vazquez Arias C. Prevalence of successful aging in the elderly in Western Mexico. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res. 2012;2012:460249. 10.1155/2012/460249 . Rowe JW. Will Tomorrow's Older Persons Age as Successfully as Their Parents' Generation? Gerontologist. 2024;65(1):gnae162. 10.1093/geront/gnae162 . Riley M. Letters to the editor. Gerontologist. 1998;38(2):151. Rowe JW, Kahn RL. Successful Aging 2.0: Conceptual Expansions for the 21st Century. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2015;70(4):593–6. 10.1093/geronb/gbv025 . Zhou Y, Sun Y, Pan Y, Dai Y, Xiao Y, Yu Y. Prevalence of successful aging in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2025;128:105604. 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105604 . García-Lara JM, Navarrete-Reyes AP, Medina-Méndez R, Aguilar-Navarro SG, Avila-Funes JA. Successful Aging, a New Challenge for Developing Countries: The Coyoacán Cohort. J Nutr Health Aging. 2017;21(2):215–9. 10.1007/s12603-016-0728-8 . Chen Q, Gong K, Bao Z, Yin Y, Zhao L, Chen YY. Pathways Linking ICT Use to Chronic Disease Self-Management Among Older Adults with Comorbidities in Shanghai, China. Healthcare (Basel). 2025;13(13):1626. Published 2025 Jul 7. 10.3390/healthcare13131626 Neves BB, Amaro F. Too old for technology? How the elderly of Lisbon use and perceive ICT. J Community Inf. 2012;8(1). Blok M, van Ingen E, de Boer A, Slootman M. The use of information and communication technologies by older people with cognitive impairments: from barriers to benefits. Comput Hum Behav. 2020;104:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106173 . Jung AR, Kim D, Park EA. Cognitive Intervention Using Information and Communication Technology for Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(21):11535. 10.3390/ijerph182111535 . Published 2021 Nov 2. Shimokihara S, Tabira T, Maruta M, Smartphone Proficiency in Community-Dwelling Older Adults is Associated With Higher-Level Competence and Physical Function: A Population-Based Age-Specific Cross-Sectional Study. J Appl Gerontol., Vorrink SNW, Antonietti AMGEF, Kort HSM, Troosters T, Zanen P, Lammers JJ et al. Technology use by older adults in the Netherlands and its associations with demographics and health outcomes. Assist Technol . 2017;29(4):188–196. 10.1080/10400435.2016.1219885 ​​[39] Özsungur F. A research on the effects of successful aging on the acceptance and use of technology of the elderly. Assist Technol . 2022;34(1):77–90. doi:10.1080/10400435.2019.1691085. Huang J, Ssempala R, Wang Z. The role of ICT use in reducing social isolation among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from frail and healthy older adults in Sakai City, Japan. BMC Public Health. 2025;25(1):2284. Published 2025 Jul 2. 10.1186/s12889-025-23449-x Liljestrand C, Zingmark M. Use of information and communication technology in occupational therapy for older adults. Scand J Occup Ther. 2024;31(1):2271035. 10.1080/11038128.2023.2271035 . Selwyn N, Gorard S, Furlong J, Madden L. Older adults’ use of information and communications technology in everyday life. Ageing Soc. 2003;23(5):561–82. 10.1017/S0144686X03001302 . Elliot AJ, Mooney CJ, Douthit KZ, Lynch MF. Predictors of older adults' technology use and its relationship to depressive symptoms and well-being. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2014;69(5):667–77. 10.1093/geronb/gbt109 . Yu L, Yang HH, Ma D, Liu F, Sun M. Navigating ICT-related factors and life satisfaction in older adults: a social cognitive theory approach. SAGE Open. 2025;15(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251341173 . Fisher BJ. Successful aging, life satisfaction, and generativity in later life. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 1995;41(3):239–50. 10.2190/HA9X-H48D-9GYB-85XW . Martinson M, Berridge C. Successful aging and its discontents: a systematic review of the social gerontology literature. Gerontologist. 2015;55(1):58–69. 10.1093/geront/gnu037 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8409828","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":582000100,"identity":"631ab312-9721-4d45-b288-8466f2300e70","order_by":0,"name":"Karla Patricia Vázquez-Núñez","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Guadalajara","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Karla","middleName":"Patricia","lastName":"Vázquez-Núñez","suffix":""},{"id":582000101,"identity":"88c7169b-e9f2-407e-8677-4cf597121980","order_by":1,"name":"Melina Rodríguez-Díaz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Guadalajara","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Melina","middleName":"","lastName":"Rodríguez-Díaz","suffix":""},{"id":582000102,"identity":"bce1df2a-2b0f-42e0-a03c-44034af4473d","order_by":2,"name":"Neyda Ma. Mendoza-Ruvalcaba","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"University of Guadalajara","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Neyda","middleName":"Ma.","lastName":"Mendoza-Ruvalcaba","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-20 06:08:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8409828/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8409828/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":106590175,"identity":"4c79705c-679b-44fe-9c53-a2aa8e8a3416","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-10 08:27:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":722116,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8409828/v1/b9a73234-934b-48b6-89b5-28327ca3e041.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) as a predictor of Successful Aging","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePromoting Healthy Aging goes beyond the treatment and prevention of chronic diseases, physical disabilities, and cognitive decline; fostering and promoting Healthy or Successful Aging (SA) entails a range of biological, psychological, cognitive, social, and even spiritual characteristics. Therefore, the individualized study of the various predictors that constitute Successful Aging, considered the ideal way of aging [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], requires an in-depth analysis to enable a better understanding of healthy aging.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation aging, as a defining feature of the 21st century, represents both a remarkable achievement for humanity and a significant challenge for contemporary societies. It is an universal, irreversible, and imminent phenomenon; therefore, having a strategic plan to address the economic, public health, political, and social security concerns it entails is essential for the development of any society [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. In Mexico this demographic trend underscores the urgent need to understand and address the complexities of aging. The growing older adult population presents a major challenge, as the shift in population structure requires restructuring across all societal domains social, economic, political, familial, and technological and leads to increased demand for healthcare services, social security, appropriate urban infrastructure, and specialized human resources to care for older adults. In light of this scenario, we must ask ourselves whether we are prepared to meet the needs of the estimated 20.4\u0026nbsp;million older adults the country will have by the year 2030 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn aging, there are physical, psychological, and social changes that, although normal and inherent to old age, complicate the biological, social, and psychological interactions of the elderly as they know them [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this scenario, the notion of a positive way of aging has been recognized by international organizations as the ideal key style of Aging [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. This new paradigm is\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ecommonly expressed through the concept \u0026ldquo;successful aging\u0026rdquo; with a wide global variation in the terms used to comprise the notion of \u0026ldquo;aging well\u0026rdquo;, including active, healthy, optimal, productive, positive, competent aging [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough currently there is still a lack of consensus on the term and a precise agreed definition, main proposals for an operational definition of successful aging refer to a wide range of dimensions, including physical components -such as functional capacity and/or physical functioning, absence of disease, and disability-, psychological multidimensional conditions - life satisfaction, cognitive function, primary control, happiness, and reserve capacity-, and social aspects - health opportunities, security and participation, life engagement, social competence and productivity-[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. One of the most accepted and influential terms was proposed by Rowe y Kahn [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], defining Successful Aging as the absence of major illness, absence of disability, optimal physical functioning, optimal cognitive functioning, and active engagement with life.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost common predictors of successful aging reported have been absence of depression, having close personal contacts and often walks for exercise [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], nonsmoking, absence of disability, arthritis, and diabetes, having social contacts, better self-rated health and absence of cognitive impairment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], remain physical and social active [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] and high self-rated health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. More recent studies have reported that successful aging is related to socio-demographic factors such as gender and education [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], socio-economic status, and marital status [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Life- style factors such as non- smoking [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]; more physical exercise and cognitive activities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], participating in leisure activities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], and trajectories of sleep [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] have been also studied as predictors of successful aging.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformation and communication technology (ICT), refers to telecommunication technologies, such as telephone, cable, satellite, radio, and digital technologies, such as computers, information networks, and software [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe use of technology helps meet individuals' needs; technology itself has the capacity to modify the way people perceive the world. During old age, technology can help maintain an active and successful lifestyle by influencing, among other aspects, the perception of aging [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Science and technology are crucial for normative definitions of health and illness for older individuals. From the creation of new and improved medications to the design and distribution of products that aid mobility, to mobile phones and digital applications; older people interact with technology and science on a daily basis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. The fast and reliable distribution of information and expansion of the communication network are possible through the use of computers, the Internet, smartphones, email, and social media. The need and importance of using technological devices in old age are identified through supporting and facilitating daily activities, such as conducting banking transactions, seeking and providing psychosocial and emotional support, medication reminders, and medical appointments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Indeed, some declines in health associated with the Aging process can be offset by the use of technology in the daily lives of older individuals; they have the potential to increase autonomy, social participation, and quality of life for older people [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Although research shows that they are still lagging behind younger age groups in terms of technology use, the rate of narrowing the digital divide has been substantial in recent years [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concept of successful aging is closely related to functional capacity and participation in social and productive activities in old age. This lifestyle is understood as the prevention of disability and the maintenance of independence, which are key objectives for an Aging population [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo investigate the relation between the ICT use and successful aging, allows the opportunity to propose intervention strategies that promote Healthy Aging in the studied population, through the use of smart technology. The aim of this study is to analyze if the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is as a predictor of Successful Aging Successful Aging in older adults of Guadalajara city, in Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study was designed as cross-sectional analysis. This research extends from the project funded by CONHACYT-256589 \"\u003cem\u003eStudy of cognitive functioning in older adults in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara\u003c/em\u003e\".\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;456 older adults 60-years and older living in the community were invited to participate. Participants met the following criteria: being over 60 years old, residing in community (not institutionalized), and living in the same address for at least 1 year. At the beginning of each visit, informed consent was obtained. Home visits, lasting 40\u0026ndash;60 min, interviews were made to each participant by previously trained gerontologists.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Sociodemographic data of participants are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Mean age of the sample was 72.6 years old, 59% were women, the majority of participants reporting being married (50.9%). Mean years of education were 6.43 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSociodemographic data of participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en=\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;SD), years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.6\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;7.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u0026ndash;69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u0026ndash;74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u0026ndash;79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u0026ndash;84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u0026ndash;89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90 +\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidow/er\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced/separated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;SD), years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.43\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;5.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotes: SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard Deviation. Married included participants living with a couple.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInstruments and data collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data collection instruments were implemented during face-to-face personal interviews, which included various scales, questionnaires, and other elements of gerontological assessment based on the conceptualization of successful aging by Rowe and Kahn, operationalized into five indicators as follows [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eAbsence of major illness\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; assessed through self-report of chronic diseases: cancer, chronic lung disease, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, stroke, and depressive symptoms, measured using the Geriatric Depression Scale GDS- 15 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. This criterion for successful aging was met when the participant mentioned not having any of these pathologies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003cem\u003ebsence of disability in activities of daily living (ADL)\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; Scale for Instrumental Activities of Daily Living [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. This scale evaluates the participant's ability to perform specific tasks: Using the telephone, shopping, meal preparation, household chores, using transportation, responsibility regarding medication, and managing financial matters. This criterion for successful aging was met by obtaining 6 to 8 points on the scale.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eOptimal physical functioning\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; assessed through self-report on the difficulty in seven measures of physical functioning: walking one block, walking several blocks, climbing one flight of stairs, climbing multiple flights of stairs, lifting objects weighing more than 5 kilograms, ability to bend down, and ability to push or pull large objects. Participants who reported 2 or more difficulties in any of these 7 activities did not meet this criterion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eOptimal cognitive functioning\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; Mini-Mental State Examination [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] according to the criteria for Mexican older adults standardized by age, gender and education [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. The criterion for optimal cognitive functioning was met with scores higher than 25 points on the mini-mental exam, indicating no cognitive impairment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eActive engagement with life\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; evaluated through social connections and participation in productive activities (whether or not they are paid). The social sphere was evaluated through questions related to activities recently performed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the use of smart technology, participants were asked: \u003cem\u003e(1) \"Do you have and use a cell phone?\", (2) \"Do you have and use a computer?\" and (3) \"Do you have and use a tablet (iPad or tablet)?\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStatistical Analyses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22 software. The data were processed to obtain proportions, means, and their standard deviations. To explore the effect of the ICT use on Successful Aging, in the first step Pearson correlation was calculated, then, Multivariate Analyses of Variance (MANOVA) was performed. Dependent variables were integrated all together in the five criteria of successful aging and independently. Bonferroni adjusted alpha level of .017 was used, partial eta squared (\u003cb\u003eη\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) values were obtained to estimate the effect size.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe data of the participants according to whether or not they met the criteria for successful aging are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. A prevalence of 12% of older people with successful aging was found (meeting the five criteria of successful aging). The criterion met by the majority of participants was optimal cognitive functioning (82.9%), followed by no disability met by 71.1%, active engagement with life (58.1%), no major disease (46.3%), while only 39.7% met the criteria of optimal physical functioning.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding the number of criteria met, only 2.0% did not meet any of the criteria, 13.6% met one of them, 18.9% two, 27.6% met three criteria and 26.9% met four.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePercentage of older adults meeting successful aging criteria and number of criteria met.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuccessful aging criteria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003en=\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuccessful aging (total)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo major disease\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo disability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOptimal Cognitive functioning\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOptimal Physical functioning\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eActive engagement with life\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e82.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e324\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e378\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e181\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e265\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumber of SA criteria meet\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eNotes: SA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Successful Aging.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuccessful Aging prevalence varies according to age and education, where successful agers were significantly younger (mean age 68.31 versus 73.28 of the older) and with higher education (mean years of education 8.07 versus 6.19 of those no-successful agers). See Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. No significant differences were observed regarding gender and marital status.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic data of participants by successful aging.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuccessful agers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;55)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNon-successful agers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;401)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ep=\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68.31\u0026thinsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026thinsp;5.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e73.28\u0026thinsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026thinsp;7.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.000 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEducation (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.07\u0026thinsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026thinsp;5.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.19\u0026thinsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026thinsp;4.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.000 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e% (n=)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e65\u0026ndash;69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70\u0026ndash;74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e75\u0026ndash;79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80\u0026ndash;84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e85\u0026ndash;89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90 +\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.9 (17)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.3 (15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.3 (15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.9 (6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.6 (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.0 (56)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.9 (88)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.9 (88)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.0 (76)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.2 (53)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.7 (31)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.2 (9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.002 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWomen\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMen\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52.7 (29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.3 (26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59.9 (240)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40.1 (161)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.314 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeparated\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFree union\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.7 (7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52.7 (29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.6 (13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.5 (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.5 (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.0 (44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.1 (197)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.9 (136)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.0 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.5 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.5 (6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.258 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eNotes: SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;standard deviation, \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e=t-test, \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e=chi-square test.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding the use of ICT, data are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Cell phones were reported as the most used devices, used by 53.9% of the participants, 11.4% reported using computers and only 5.7% a tablet. In general, although it was found that 44% did not use any device, 43.4% used at least one, while only 9.2% and 3.1% reported using two or three devices respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen comparing the use of ICT by successful aging, significant differences were found. From those older adults using cellphones, 67.3% were considered as successful agers, while 52.1% were not (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.024). In the same sense, 21.8% of the participants of the group of successful agers reported using computers, compared to 10% of those non-successful agers (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.013). No significant differences were found between participants who reported using electronic tablets.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA significant difference was found between the number of ICT used and successful ageing. Most participants who reported not using any ICT were non-successful agers (46.4%), compared to 29.1% of successful agers. Meanwhile, it was found a higher prevalence of successful aging in those using one (49.1%), two (18.2%), or three (3.6%) devices compared to those non-successful agers (42.6%, 8%, 3%, respectively).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUse of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) by successful aging.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e% (n=)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuccessful agers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;55)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNon-successful agers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;401)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ep=\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eType of ICT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing cell phone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing computer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing tablet\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53.9 (246)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.1 (210)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.4 (52)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.6 (404)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.7 (26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e94.3 (430)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e67.3 (37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.7 (18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.8 (12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e78.2 (43)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.3 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e92.7 (51)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52.1 (209)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.9 (192)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.0 (40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90.0 (361)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.5 (22)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e94.5 (379)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.013\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.385\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUse of ICT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTwo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.3 (202)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43.4 (198)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.2 (42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.1 (14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.1 (16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.1 (27)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.2 (19)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.6 (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.4 (186)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42.6 (171)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.0 (32)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.0 (12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.026\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eNotes: ICT\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Information and Communications Technology\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the Correlation between Use of ICT and Successful Aging as global measure and the specific criteria. The use of ICT was significant and positively related to successful aging in general, and specifically it was related to the no- disability criteria (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), having optimal cognitive functioning (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), and an active engagement with life (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.036).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrelation between Use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and Successful Aging (SA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrelation (r=)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ep=\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuccessful aging (total)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.285\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo major disease\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo disability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOptimal Cognitive functioning\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOptimal Physical functioning\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eActive engagement with life\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.039\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.335\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.343\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.186\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.098\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.401\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.036\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the analysis of the impact of the use of ICT, results are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. Results show each of five criteria of SA and the effect size.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn general, the use of ICT explains 8.6% of successful aging, specifically, explains 1.3% of no disability, 4.1% of optimal physical functioning and 1.0% of active engagement with life. Main criteria of SA that indicate higher effect of ICT use were cognitive functioning with 12.7% of the variance explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffect of Use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) on Successful Aging (SA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF =\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026eta;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ep=\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuccessful aging (total)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.086\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo major disease\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo disability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOptimal Cognitive functioning\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOptimal Physical functioning\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eActive engagement with life\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.004\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.013\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.127\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.041\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.010\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.640\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.194\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eNotes: \u0026eta;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Partial Eta Squared (effect size)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe demographic and epidemiological transition towards an aging population raises fundamental questions about how to ensure a dignified and satisfactory quality of life for older adults, positioning the study and promotion of healthy aging as a pressing public health issue.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecently, the definition of SA has been subjected to a conceptual update by the author who proposed it a few years ago. It\u0026rsquo;s been admitted that key component of SA: \u003cem\u003eengagement with life\u003c/em\u003e should have a greater and flexible inclusion of social and cultural elements [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. This reflection has been previously reported [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]; considering the limitation of SA to include the social structural opportunities that improves the aging process to reach it successfully.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough the concept of successful aging continues throughout an actualization process [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], it still suffers conceptual discrepancies and is therefore measured in different ways, it is necessary to analyze the diverse of prevalences reported. In this regard, several studies conducted in recent years have examined the prevalence and determinants of healthy and successful aging; a recent systematic review that included 30 original studies from different countries reported a global prevalence of successful aging of 24% (95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20.7%, 27.3%), prevalence rates were 25.1% in Asia, 21.5% in Europe, 20.6% in the Americas; 16.8% in developed and 27.1% in developing countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecifically in Mexico, a cross-sectional study identified the health and sociodemographic factors associated with a biomedical phenotype of successful aging. The sample consisted of 935 individuals aged 70 and older, and the prevalence of successful aging was estimated 10% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Also in Mexico, a similar study involving n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3116 older adults residing in the states of Jalisco and Colima (Mexico) also estimated the prevalence of successful aging. The operationalization of successful aging was also based on Rowe and Kahn\u0026rsquo;s model and included: (a) absence of major disease, (b) absence of disability, (c) physical functioning, (d) cognitive functioning, and (e) active engagement with life. Results indicated a successful aging prevalence of 12.6%, which is similar to what was found in this study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, the results of our study showed that more than half of the older adults (53.9%) use at least one ICT, with the mobile phone being the most common, while the use of personal computer and tablets was low (11.4% and 5.7% respectively). The diversity in mobile phone usage rates among older adults can be attributed to cultural, economic, and social factors specific to each country. For example, in China a study reported that 98% of Chinese older adults use mobile phones [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Another study conducted in Turkey, found that 71.4% of elders use mobile phones [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. In a Portuguese study involving 500 individuals over 64 years of age, it was found that 72% owned a cell phone and 13% used computers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. In the report by the 2009 \u003cem\u003eContinuous Household Survey of Uruguay\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], was reported that 62.1% of people over 60 years old use a mobile phone, with the age group of 60\u0026ndash;64 years being the most frequent users with 62.9%, also in this study, computer use was reported by 45% of older adults. The percentages of ICT use among older adults depend on the type of technology and the economic and sociocultural context of the population, with mobile phones being the most widely used by the oldest individuals compared to more complex technologies such as computers and tablets.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study the use of ICT was related to successful aging criteria. Specifically, it was related to the optimal cognitive functioning. ICT use among older adults with cognitive impairments is perceived as beneficial when it supports social and emotional processes, such as fostering connections with close others, maintaining a sense of control over their lives, and facilitating the performance of daily activities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Other studies had also reported that using ICT has shown beneficial effects in cognitive functioning in older people [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe use of ICT was also related to the optimal physical functioning. The relation between use of ICT and the absence of disability it\u0026rsquo;s related as itself with an optimal physical functioning in older people. Higher use of ICT such as cellphones and smartphones has been reported as positively associated with higher physical functions in older adults [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. As well as a higher physical functioning is associated with a higher ICT use score [38].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Absence of disability was also related to the use of ICT. In today's technology landscape, the speedy and reliable distribution of information and the expansion of communication networks are made possible through computers, the Internet, smartphones, and email. The need for and importance of using technological devices in old age is recognized through their support and facilitation of daily activities such as conducting banking transactions, requesting and providing psycho-social-emotional support, remembering to take medications, among others [39]. The use of ICT has been related with the absence of disability and an elderly independent living, has been useful not just for professional and medical care systems but also for older people as a mechanism to improve their quality of life supporting their everyday living. Communication devices such as cell phones, computers and electronic tablets, provides safety and security to elders in order to realize their daily activities on their own [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eICT use and Successful Aging\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn general, other studies have reported that ICT use has the potential to foster successful aging, through the enhancement of the autonomy, social participation, and quality of life, specifically in older adults [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. It is highly reported the benefits of ICT use in elderly as it contributes to healthy and successful aging [35, 37, 39]. As evidence showed during COVID-19 pandemic, ICT use by older adults served as a valuable tool to promote healthy aging by alleviating loneliness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. Also, ICT use directly enhances chronic disease self-management among older adults with comorbidities and indirectly improves self-management by enhancing health literacy, improving social support, and intensifies self-efficacy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe evidence demonstrates that the use of ICT by older adults, regardless of their conditions and limitations, contributes in various ways to achieving successful and healthy aging, whether as a tool that facilitates social and health-related processes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], a strategy to promote autonomy and independence in later life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], a support for therapeutic entertainment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e], a learning processes for older people [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e], as a protective factor against depressive symptoms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e], or as a tool that increases positive feelings as life satisfaction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e], anyway, the use of ICT could be considered as an important predictor of healthy aging [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecent contributions suggest that well-being in old age is also determined by the level, frequency, characteristics, and conditions in which older adults use technology, as well as the effects that technological factors have on them [39]. In general, the use of technology during old age is driven by social influences, supported by facilitators (such as friends, family members, or assistants who teach the older adult how to use technology), while the non-use of technology is related to personal issues such as the older person's health status, functional abilities, inaccessibility to technology (due to economic issues or complexity of use), and environmental barriers that prevent or hinder access to technology [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEven though ICT use in elderly increases individual autonomy, social participation, and quality of life, it still represents a significant challenge for some older adults, as using ICT involves overcoming personal, ergonomic, social, and environmental barriers, related to personal factors such as the older adult\u0026rsquo;s health status, functional abilities, lack of access to technology (due to economic reasons or complexity of use), and environmental barriers that hinder or prevent access to technological tools [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLimitations of the study\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study has some limitations mainly related to the theoretical concept of successful aging and some methodological issues. Regarding the use and definition of successful aging, there are some debates about how to define it [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], however we use the Rowe \u0026amp; Khan\u0026acute;s definition as it is considered one of the most widely used for population studies. Besides, the concept has been criticized, suggesting a multidimensional expansion of the defining criteria, the addition of older adults\u0026rsquo; subjective meanings, a more inclusive framework that embraces diversity, and alternative ideal models grounded in different philosophies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite all controversies, successful aging currently holds a prominent position in gerontology research. Measurement of successful aging could be a limitation inherent to the concept, in this study we have based on measures implemented by other studies to make them comparable and suitable [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, in this study we used a single closed question for knowing the use of ICT, without giving participants the opportunity to respond in an open answer, we asked for only three types of ICT use in older adults (using cellphones, computers and electronic tablets), so it may shorten possible other options of ICT devices, considering the diversity of ICT classifications employed in other studies. However, almost half of the participants reported not using any ICT, so we consider this classification to be sufficient as it includes the most common devices, since other devices could be even less common. Finally, we acknowledge that the question we made left out the possibility of investigating the reasons for the use of ICT, then, we consider that it would be important to explore this in future studies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eResults of this study demonstrate that use of ICT in later life contributes to achieving successful aging. Findings suggest that, in general, the use of ICT in old age may account for up to 8.6% of the presence of successful aging. Although the impact could be considered moderate or mild, it is important to study each of the factors involved in achieving healthy ageing, both for individuals and for communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalyzing ICT use by older people as a multifactorial phenomenon that contributes to successful aging should be considered for public health studies, considering the heterogeneity of this age group when promoting the use of ICT will allow us to design successful interventions for elderly. This will be possible by approaching them to understand their needs regarding the meaning and use they give to technology. In this sense, we suggest conducting further gerontological research on the topic, diversifying the methodologies employed, and considering qualitative and mixed research methods for a better understanding. The study of such a complex phenomenon as successful aging from both objective and subjective approaches would allow the identification of new predictor proposals that could enrich the different established models for the evaluation and promotion of this aging style.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, promoting successful and healthy aging has turned into an urgent need for countries, since supporting the biopsychosocial health, well-being, and productivity of the older population contributes to the development of inclusive and equitable societies for all age groups. Therefore, identifying key predictors for achieving successful aging is essential for generating viable strategies that could be implemented in social, healthcare, and community settings, for improving well-being and health conditions in older adults.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003enot applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e This study was approved by the Health Sciences Department Ethics Committee, Universidad de Guadalajara CUTONALA (UDG2016-002). Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study. All participants in the study have signed an informed consent form, voluntarily agreeing to participate. The research was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll participants in the study have given their consent to publish the research results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the Secretariat of Science, Humanities, Technology and Innovation (Project-CONACYT-256589) and by postdoctoral fellowship financial support (Number: 284795).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eKV and NM wrote the main manuscript. NM and MR carried out the statistics. KV and NM had de original idea. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthors want to thank to the Secretariat of Science, Humanities, Technology and Innovation (Project-CONACYT-256589) in Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData and materials used in this study are available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request. Some data cannot be provided because they contain information that could compromise the privacy of research participants.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOrganizaci\u0026oacute;n Mundial de la Salud. Envejecimiento activo: un marco pol\u0026iacute;tico. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol. 2002;37(2):74\u0026ndash;105.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCardona-Arango D, Pel\u0026aacute;ez E. Envejecimiento poblacional en el siglo XXI: oportunidades, retos y preocupaciones. 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SAGE Open. 2025;15(2). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251341173\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1177/21582440251341173\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFisher BJ. Successful aging, life satisfaction, and generativity in later life. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 1995;41(3):239\u0026ndash;50. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.2190/HA9X-H48D-9GYB-85XW\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.2190/HA9X-H48D-9GYB-85XW\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMartinson M, Berridge C. Successful aging and its discontents: a systematic review of the social gerontology literature. Gerontologist. 2015;55(1):58\u0026ndash;69. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1093/geront/gnu037\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1093/geront/gnu037\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"healthy aging, successful aging, Information and Communications Technology (ICT)","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8409828/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8409828/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePromoting Healthy Aging goes beyond the treatment and prevention of chronic diseases, physical disabilities, and cognitive decline; fostering and promoting Healthy or Successful Aging (SA) entails a range of biological, psychological, cognitive, social, and even spiritual characteristics. Information and communication technology (ICT), refers to telecommunication technologies, such as telephone, computers and electronic tablets. ICT use in elderly may increase successful aging by maintaining and improving active life, social skills and cognitive functions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study aimed to analyze SA and its association to Information and Communications Technology (ICT) use in older adults of Guadalajara City, Mexico. A cross-sectional study involved 456 community-dwelling Mexican older adults. SA was assessed by Rowe \u0026amp; Kahn\u0026rsquo;s Successful Aging model which evaluates five domains: absence of major illness and disability, optimal physical and cognitive functioning and active engagement in life. Participants were asked about the use of ICT in their daily life and the purpose of its use. Socio-demographic and health data were also asked. Pearson ́s correlation test and Multivariate Analyses of Variance (MANOVA) were performed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe use of ICT had a positive impact on the achievement of successful aging, significant correlation between ICT use in old age and the presence of Successful Aging. The model explains ICT use by elders predicts 8.6% of Successful Aging.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentifying predictors for successful aging is essential for generating viable strategies that could be implemented for improving well-being and health conditions in older adults.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) as a predictor of Successful Aging","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-29 14:03:38","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8409828/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e4d98800-8f3d-4103-ba1e-0d360f0a52db","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 29th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-10T08:27:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-29 14:03:38","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8409828","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8409828","identity":"rs-8409828","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}