Decreasing median age of COVID-19 cases in the United States – changing epidemiology or changing surveillance?

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Analysis of national laboratory data showed a decreasing median age of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases over time, particularly in outpatients, suggesting changes in testing patterns rather than epidemiology.

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This study analyzed retrospective SARS-CoV-2 molecular testing data from ARUP Laboratories, a national reference lab serving over 1000 US hospitals, comparing March–April 2020 to June–July 2020. Across 277,601 test results (19,320 positives), the median age of laboratory-confirmed infected individuals declined from 40.8 to 35.8 years, with the pattern driven mainly by outpatients: positivity rates increased among younger age groups while older groups’ positivity decreased. In contrast, within inpatients, median age increased over time, suggesting surveillance/testing patterns rather than true shifts in transmission epidemiology. The paper is preprint (not peer-reviewed) and compares two time windows, which limits causal inference about whether infection dynamics changed. This paper does not explicitly discuss endometriosis or adenomyosis; it was included in the corpus via a keyword match in the upstream search index.

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Abstract

ABSTRACT Background Understanding and monitoring the demographics of SARS-CoV-2 infection can inform strategies for prevention. Surveillance monitoring has suggested that the age distribution of people infected with SARS-CoV-2 has changed since the pandemic began, but no formal analysis has been performed. Methods Retrospective review of SARS-CoV-2 molecular testing results from a national reference laboratory was performed. Result distributions by age and positivity were compared between early period (March-April 2020) and late periods (June-July 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, a sub-analysis compared changing age distributions between inpatients and outpatients. Results There were 277,601 test results of which 19320 (7.0%) were positive. The median age of infected people declined over time (p < 0.0005). In March-April, the median age of positive people was 40.8 years (Interquartile range (IQR): 29.0 – 54.1). In June-July, the median age of positive people was 35.8 years (IQR: 24.0 – 50.2). The positivity rate of patients under 50 increased from 6.0 to 10.6 percent and the positivity rate for those over 50 decreased from 6.3 to 5.0 percent between the early and late periods. The trend was only observed for outpatient populations. Conclusions We confirm that there is a trend toward decreasing age among persons with laboratory- confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, but that these trends seem to be specific to the outpatient population. Overall, this suggests that observed age-related trends are driven by changes in testing patterns rather than true changes in the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This calls for caution in interpretation of routine surveillance data until testing patterns stabilize. Summary We used national reference laboratory data to compare ages of patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 in March/April 2020 vs. June/July. Median age declined overall, but increased for inpatients, suggesting that declining age is due to changes in surveillance, not COVID-19 epidemiology.
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Abstract

31

Background

32  Understanding and monitoring the demographics of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection can inform strategies 33  for prevention.  Surveillance monitoring has suggested that the age distribution of people 34  infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 has changed since the pandemic began, but no formal analysis has 35  been performed. 36

Methods

37  Retrospe ctive review of SARS‐CoV‐2 molecular testing results from a national reference 38  laboratory was performed.  Result distributions by age and positivity were compared between 39  early period (March‐April 2020) and late periods (June‐July 2020) of the COVID‐19 pandemic.  40  Additionally, a sub‐analysis compared changing age distribu tions between inpatients and 41  outpatients.  42

Results

43  There were 277,601 test results of which 19320 (7.0%) were positive. The median age of 44  infected people declined over time (p < 0.0005).  In March‐April, the median age of positive 45  people was 40.8 years (Interquartile range (IQR): 29.0 – 54.1).  In June‐July, the median age of 46  positive peop le was 35.8 years (IQR: 24.0 – 50.2).  The positivity rate of patients under 50 47  increased from 6.0 to 10.6 percent and the positivity rate for those over 50 decreased from 6.3 48  to 5.0 perc ent  between the early and late periods.  The trend was only observed for outpatient 49  populations. 50

Conclusions

51  . CC-BY-ND 4.0 International licenseIt is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted July 24, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.22.20160119doi: medRxiv preprint 3    We confirm that there is a trend toward decreasing age among persons with laboratory‐52  confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, but that these trends seem to be specific to the outpatient 53  population.  Overall, this suggests that observed age‐related trends are driven by changes in 54  testing patterns rather tha n  true changes in the epidemiology of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. This calls 55  for caution in interpretation of routine surveillance data until testing patterns stabilize. 56   57

Introduction

58  Understanding of the demographics of persons infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 is essential for 59  informing the public health response to the COVID‐19 pandem ic. Age is a major factor in determining 60  the risk of severe illness outcomes[1, 2], so data on the age distribution of infected persons can help 61  guide expectations about demands on hospital resources. Knowledge of which age groups are highly 62  infected is also important for designin g effective interventions.[3] In the United States, surveillance data 63  suggest that mean age of infected patients is decreasing compared to the early stages of the COVID‐19 64  pandemic. In Washington State, for example, 35% of detected cases in March were aged 60 years or 65  older, compared to 12% in July .[4]  66  However, testing practices for SARS‐CoV‐2 have changed dramatically over the course of the 67  COVID‐19 epidemic in the United States. The average daily number of SARS‐CoV‐2 tests has increased 68  from approximately 35,000 in March to 676,000 in July.[5] Thus, it is uncl ear  whether changes in the age 69  distribution of detected cases represent changes in the epidemiology of COVID‐19, changes in testing 70  practices, or a combination of the two. We used SARS‐CoV‐2 testing data from a national reference 71  laboratory to characterize the age distribution of dete cted  cases between March and July of 2020.  72   73    74  . CC-BY-ND 4.0 International licenseIt is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted July 24, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.22.20160119doi: medRxiv preprint 4

Methods

75  The study was covered under exemption umbrella deidentified data (Utah IRB 00082990). 76    Population: We retrospectively reviewed of all SARS‐COV‐2 test results performed at ARUP 77  Laboratories from March 10, 2020 to July 8, 2020.  ARUP Laboratories (Salt Lake City, Utah) is a national 78

Reference

laboratory that provides clinical testing for over 1000 hospitals across the United States. ARUP 79  has offered SARS‐CoV‐2 testing since March 2020.  Patients who received positive test results were 80  presumed to been infe cted.  We refer to this group as the positive population which is an estimate of 81  the infected population.    82    Testing:  All testing was performed on combination of three high throughput, automated 83  molecular assays:  Hologic (75%), Roche (18%) and ThermoFisher (7%).  These assays have similar limits 84  of detection and are among the most sensitive assays developed to date. 85    Statistical Analysis:  We divided the results into two periods: 1) March 10th ‐ April 30th (early 86  period), 2) June 1st ‐July 8th (late period).   We compared the age distribution of positive cases in the 87  early and late periods by calculating the medians and interquartile ranges (IQR).  To explore differential 88  changes in testing for severely ill patients vs. patients with milder disease, we also stratified tests 89  ordered within the University of Utah He althcare  system by inpatient vs. outpatient facilities.  90  The age distributions (early period vs late period) were tested for equality using the Kruskal‐91  Wallis test. The Wilk‐Shapiro test was used to test for normality.  The median test, which is based on 92  Pearson’s chi square test, (as imple mented  in Stata) was used to test for equality of medians. 93  Calculations were performed using Stata 16 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX). 94   95    96  . CC-BY-ND 4.0 International licenseIt is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted July 24, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.22.20160119doi: medRxiv preprint 5

Results

97    Population characteristics:  Combined, 277,601 test results were reported in the early and late 98  periods. Of these,19,320 (7.0%) were positive. Approximately half (48%, N=134,253) of the results were 99  from Utah.  Samples were obtained from 40 additional states. In addition to Utah, 22 states had over 100  1000 results each, which accounted for 49% of the total results (Table 1).  The percentage of positive 101  cases in the Utah and non‐Utah cohort s and was 6.94% and 6.97% (p=0.81).  The median age of positive 102  patients in the non‐Utah cohort (42.1 years IQR: 27.1 – 58.4) was greater than the Utah cohort (35.8 103  years; IQR: 24.2 – 48.0) (𝜒ଵ ଶ=254, p<0.0005).  104  We were able to determine inpatient status for 6973 of 9327 (75%) positive patients in the Utah 105  cohort, of whom, 6865 (98.5%) were outpatients and 108 (1.5%) were inpatients.  The median ages of 106  positive outpatients and inpatients were 35.4 years (IQR: 23.8 – 47.8) and 53.6 years (IQR: 43 .1 – 67.4), 107  respectively (p < 0.001). 108    Change in age distribution of positive cases over time:  The overall median age for positive cases 109  was 38.4 years (IQR: 25.7 – 53.3). The median age for all positive cases decreased by 5.0 years between 110  the early and late periods from a median age of 40.8 years (IQR: 29.0 – 54.1) to 35.8 years (IQR: 24.0 – 111  50.2) late period (June‐July) (p < 0.001) ( Figure  1, Table 2). The pattern was similar when comparing 112  Utah to all other states combined (Figure 1, Table 2). 113    Within Utah, the overall median age for all positive results decreased from 38.5 to 34.3 years.  114  When the Utah cohort was stratified based on inpatient and outpatient me dical care, the median age of 115  inpatients increased by 5.8 years between the early and late period (Table 2, Figure 2). In contrast, the 116  median age of outpatients decreased by 3.9 years.   117  Change in infection rates by age group over time:  The positivity rate increased over time for 118  almost all age groups; however, the increase was greatest among younger people (Table 3). For 119  . CC-BY-ND 4.0 International licenseIt is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted July 24, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.22.20160119doi: medRxiv preprint 6    example, among those younger than 18 years, the positivity rate increased from 3.3% to 10.0% between 120  the early and late periods.   Similarly, the positivity rate increased from 6.1% to 11.5% and from 6.2% to 121  10.1% for people in the 18‐29 and 30‐39 age groups.  In contrast, the infe ction rate decreased from 5.5% 122  to 4.4% for people within 60‐69 age group and decreased from 6.1% to 3.6% for those   70 years old and 123  older.   Overall, the positivity rate of patients under 50 years old increased from 6.0% to 10.6% and the 124  percent of positive results for those over 50 years old decr eased from 6.3% to 5.0%.  (Patients aged 125  50.00 – 50.99 years were included in the over 50 age group).   126    127

Discussion

128  Surveillance data in the United States have shown a trend toward decreasing age among 129  persons with laboratory‐confirmed SA RS‐CoV‐2 infection. This study found a similar pattern among 130  patients tested by a national reference laboratory, with the median age among patients testing positive 131  being five years lower in June and early July compared to March and April. This pattern holds true both 132  for patients in Utah (which has not yet experie nced a major COVID‐19 epidemic) and for others states in 133  aggregate (which include states with early major epidemics, recent major epidemics, and no major 134  epidemics to date).[6, 7] 135    If the median age of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection were truly declining over tim e, we would expect to 136  see decreases in the median age of COVID‐19 patients in both inpatients and outpatients. Instead, we 137  found that the median age of COVID‐19 patients showed opposite patterns over time between 138  inpatients and outpatients in Utah: the median age of inpati ents  increased while the median age of 139  outpatients decreased. This finding suggests that the overall decreasing age of persons with detected 140  SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is driven by changes in SARS‐CoV‐2 testing rather than a true change in the 141  epidemiology of COVID‐19. Given the striking incr ease  in risk of severe COVD‐19 with increasing age, our 142  . CC-BY-ND 4.0 International licenseIt is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted July 24, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.22.20160119doi: medRxiv preprint 7    findings suggest that the increasing availability of SARS‐CoV‐2 tests has increased testing of low‐acuity 143  patients or asymptomatic persons in ambulatory care settings, who tend to be younger than the more 144  severely ill patients. 145    A key limitation this study is that, although ARUP is a national re ference laboratory, a plurality of 146  specimens (and the only specimens with data on inpatient vs. outpatient providers) were available from 147  Utah. Although the aggregated non‐Utah specimens show similar age‐related trends to the Utah 148  specimens, results from this study may not generalize to any specific non‐Uta h state.  149    Understanding how SARS‐CoV‐2 infection varies across the age spectrum is key for developing 150  responses to the COVID‐19 epidemic. Our findings suggest that age‐related differences in infection from 151  the early epidemic until now are driven by changes in testing patterns rather than tr ue changes in the 152  epidemiology of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. This calls for caution in interpretation of routine surveillance data 153  until testing patterns are stabilized with regard to illness acuity. 154  FUNDING 155    This  work  was  supported  by  internal  funds  at  Kaiser  Permanente  Washington  (MLJ,  DG).  No 156  specific funding was provi ded to (RLS, JCD, DRH). 157    158  . CC-BY-ND 4.0 International licenseIt is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted July 24, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.22.20160119doi: medRxiv preprint 8

References

159   160  1.  Lewnard JA, Liu VX, Jackson ML, et al. Incidence, clinical outcomes, and transmission dynamics 161  of severe coronavirus disease 2019 in California and Washington: prospective cohort study. BMJ 162  2020; 369: m1923. 163  2.  Docherty AB, Harrison EM, Green CA, et al. Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with 164  covid‐19 using th e ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: prospective observational 165  cohort study. BMJ 2020; 369: m1985. 166  3.  Bhopal R. Covid‐19 worldwide: we need precise data by age group and sex urgently. BMJ 2020; 167  369: m1366. 168  4.  Washington State Department of Heal th.  "2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak (COVID‐19)". 2020. 169  https://www.doh.wa.gov/Emergencies/Coronavirus.  Accessed 5 June 2020. 170  5.  The COVID Tracking Project. Available at: https://covidtracking.com/. Accessed 16 July 2020. 171  6.  Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, et al. Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and 172  Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID‐19 in the New York City Area. JAMA 173  2020. 174  7.  Myers LC, Parodi SM, Escobar GJ, Liu VX. Characteristics of Hospitalized Adults With COVID‐19 in 175  an Integrate d Health Care System in California. JAMA 2020. 176   177    178  . CC-BY-ND 4.0 International licenseIt is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted July 24, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.22.20160119doi: medRxiv preprint 9    Table 1:  Geographical Distribution of Results 179  State  Test

Results

Percent  of Total Test

Results

Positive

Results

Percent of  Total  Positive

Results

UT  134,253  48.36  9,327  6.9  FL  25,517  9.19  1,185  4.6  NY  14,316  5.16  370  2.6  WI  13,585  4.89  613  4.5  CA  11,465  4.13  1,235  10.8  TX  8,506  3.06  1,576  18.5  OH  7,447  2.68  345  4.6  IL  7,364  2.65  483  6.6  GA  5,821  2.1  686  11.8  AZ  5,766  2.08  556  9.6  PA  5,501  1.98  615  11.2  KY  3,891  1.4  95  2.4  MD  3,425  1.23  716  20.9  TN  3,284  1.18  49  1.5  WY  3,060  1.1  65  2.1  LA  3,039  1.09  310  10.2   180   181   182  . CC-BY-ND 4.0 International licenseIt is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted July 24, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.22.20160119doi: medRxiv preprint 10    Table 1 (continued) 183  OR  2,894  1.04  134  4.6  ID  2,876  1.04  172  6.0  CO  2,705  0.97  93  3.4  VA  2,484  0.89  40  1.6  SD  2,327  0.84  25  1.1  NM  1,820  0.66  38  2.1  NC  1,134  0.41  75  6.6  Other  5121  2.25  517  10.1  Total  277601   100.0  19320    100.0    184  . CC-BY-ND 4.0 International licenseIt is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted July 24, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.22.20160119doi: medRxiv preprint 11    Table 2:  Summary Statistics for the Age Distribution for Positive Covid Cases.  Data is for results 185  between March 10, 2020 and July 8, 2020. Early Period is March 10 to April 30.  Late Period is June 1 to 186  July 8.  Each cell contains the median age, the interquartile range, and the num ber of positive cases.  All 187  changes in the median between the early and late periods were statistically significant (p<0.001).    188  Cohort  Median Age of Positive Patients  (Interquartile range)  Early Period  (March‐April)  Late Period  (June – July)  All patients  40.8  (29.0 – 54.1)  3,263  35.8  (24.0 – 50.2)  12, 026  Utah    38.5  (27.1 – 50.8)  2,305  34.3  (23.1 – 46.3)  5,465  NonUtah    47.4  (34.6 – 60.2)  958  37.4  (24.9 – 53.7)  6,561  Utah Inpatient    50.0  (42.6 – 68.3)  39  55.8  (45.2 – 70.2)  47  Utah Outpatient    37.9  (26.9 – 50.6)  1,377  34.0  (23.0 ‐ 46.5)  4,196   189  . CC-BY-ND 4.0 International licenseIt is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted July 24, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.22.20160119doi: medRxiv preprint 12    Table 3: Change in Distribution of Infection by Age over Time.  Data is for results between March 10, 190  2020 and July 8, 2020. Early Period is March 10 to April 30.  Late Period is June 1 to July 8.     191   192  Age Group  (years)  Percent positivity   Absolute  positivity  Percent of To tal  Positive Cases  Early  Late  Early  Late  Early   Late  < 18  3.3  10.0  150  1,183  4.6  9.8  18 ‐ 29  6.1  11.5  731  3,438  22.4  28.6  30‐39  6.2  10.1  697  2,318  21.4  19.3  40 ‐ 49  7.0  10.0  661  2,035  20.3  16.9  50 ‐ 59  7.1  6.9  506  1,467  15.5  12.2  60 ‐ 69  5.5  4.4  289  848  8.9  7.1  70 and over  6.1  3.6  229  737  7.0  6.1  Total or Average   6.1  8.3  3,263  12,026  100.0   100.0   193   194    195  . CC-BY-ND 4.0 International licenseIt is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted July 24, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.22.20160119doi: medRxiv preprint 13    FIGURE LEGENDS 196  Figure 1:   Comparison of Age Distribution of Positive Covid Cases. Late Period (June – July 8, 2020). 197  Solid Line = Early Period (March 10 – April 30, 2020).  All p‐values (median age of early vs late period) are 198  below 0.001. 199   200    201  0 20 40 60 80 100 Age Early Late All Cases 0 20 40 60 80 100 Early Late Utah Cases 0 20 40 60 80 100 Early Late nonUtah Cases . CC-BY-ND 4.0 International licenseIt is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted July 24, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.22.20160119doi: medRxiv preprint 14    Figure 2:  Change in Age Distribution of Positive Utah Inpatients and Outpatients Over Time.  Late 202  Period (June – July 8, 2020, N=3263 positive cases). Solid Line = Early Period (March 10 – April 30, 2020).  203  All p‐values (median age for early period vs late period) are belo w  0.001. 204   205   206  0 20 40 60 80 100 Age Early Late Inpatients 0 20 40 60 80 100 Early Late Outpatients . CC-BY-ND 4.0 International licenseIt is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted July 24, 2020. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.22.20160119doi: medRxiv preprint

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