Phytoefficacy of Eicchornia crassipes (Mart.)Solms-Laub for aqua-remediation of hexavalent chromium – a novel in situ phytoremediation approach for abatement of chromium pollution in South Kaliapani chromite mine effluent of Odisha, India

Phytoefficacy of Eicchornia crassipes (Mart.)Solms-Laub for aqua-remediation of hexavalent chromium – a novel in situ phytoremediation approach for abatement of chromium pollution in South Kaliapani chromite mine effluent of Odisha, India | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Phytoefficacy of Eicchornia crassipes (Mart.)Solms-Laub for aqua-remediation of hexavalent chromium – a novel in situ phytoremediation approach for abatement of chromium pollution in South Kaliapani chromite mine effluent of Odisha, India Monalisa Mohanty, Mousumi Pattnaik, Aruna K. Mishra, Hemanta K Patra This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2113819/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Jan, 2023 Read the published version in Environmental Science and Pollution Research → Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A huge quantity of toxic hexavalent chromium (Cr-VI or Cr 6+ ) was released into the environment through mine effluent at the South Kaliapani chromite mining area during different mining activities. The present in situ bioremediation approach was conducted to assess the remediation potential of a well-known aquatic weed water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laub) for attenuating Cr(VI) from mine wastewater. The study correlates the bio-concentration factors (BCF) of Cr with the reduction percentage. The percent reduction of Cr content in mine effluent was maximum (53.5%) at 100 days after treatment (DAT) followed by 40.7% at 75 DAT after passage through 2,000 sq. ft. area covering four water hyacinths populated (1350 plants) ponds. Reduction in Cr content if OMC discharged mine effluent varies with plant age as well as with the distance of passage. A constant increase in root biomass was recorded with increased passage distance and days of treatment of contaminated mine effluent. The plants could not survive after 125 days of treatment but could show an increasing trend in shoot biomass up to 100 DAT. After 75 days of treatment, it was noted that Cr concentration in roots decreased from 200 to 148 ppm and from 76 to 21 ppm in shoots after passage through the 2000 sq. ft area at 100 (DAT). Water hyacinth roots exhibit maximum Cr bioaccumulation at 75 DAT whereas this was highest in shoots at 100 DAT. Aqua-remediation Bioaccumulation Chromium Mine effluent Phytoremediation Water hyacinth South Kaliapani Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Heavy metals are widely used by various manufacturing industries for the production of different usable products. Therefore, in developed and developing countries, rapid industrialization associated with mining activities is generally considered an index of economic growth. India is a rich source of valuable mineral resources. Owing to its various commercial applications minerals and heavy metals are being increasingly extracted and used in industries with the approval of the Government. However, as a result of extensive mining and industrial activity, heavy metal contamination in the environment and its ill effects on human life have become a matter of worry. Polluted soil and water are the consequences of these activities. Odisha state accounts for about 98% of the total deposit of chromite in the country (IBM, 2004; Mohanty et al., 2020 ), and needless to say that extensive extraction of chromium through open cast mining systems has become a major source of chromium contamination in soil and water in Orissa (Mohanty et al., 2012 ). Mining activity particularly through the opencast system has posed wide-scale contamination of the environment. Chromium contamination of soil and water due to mining activities is emerging day by day which deteriorates the mining environment to a great extent. There is serious environmental pollution resulting in the production of mine waste effluent released to nearby water bodies, along with pollution due to dust, smoke, noise, and other undesirable effects. The process of environmental degradation starts with the extraction of minerals, which results in land degradation along with the addition of pollutants to air and water. In addition to the impacts mentioned above mining operations also lead to various sociological disturbances with adverse impacts that particularly affect the health of plants, animals, and human beings (Mohanty and Patra2012). These mine wastes are deficient in nutrient content and exhibit extremely poor microbial regeneration capacity, survival of microbial populations related to recycling of these nutrients owing to water stress, imbalance pH, and heavy metal toxicity problems as major constraints for sustaining the growth of plants (Mohanty et al., 2013; Jiang et al 2018 ). A higher concentration of chromium is very toxic to the biological system. The toxicity effect of Cr mostly depends on its valency state. The oxidation state of Cr ranges from − 2 to + 6 but the Cr (VI) is highly toxic, water-soluble, and mobile. The objectives of this study were mainly to investigate the remediation ability of Water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laub). The study encompasses the phytoaccumulation ability of water hyacinth considering its bio-concentration factor (BCF), along with the percent removal efficiency. The in situ phytoremediation program emphasizes the rhizofiltration and Cr phytoextraction ability of water hyacinth and attenuates the toxicity load of Cr(VI) from mine discharged effluent This study was an effort to attenuate the toxic level of Cr in mine effluent through a designed-in situ phytoremediation programme. This is the first report on the in-situ remediation approach for attenuating Cr levels in mine effluent using water hyacinth as a tool of aqua-remediation. The rhizofiltration and bioconcentration potential of water hyacinth weeds in reducing the toxic load of chromium in mine effluent at the South Kaliapani Chromite mine area, Orissa was remarkable and significant in comparison to chemical treatment. This will further open a perspective toward mine effluent remediation using aquatic macrophytes as green tools. Materials And Methods Site of investigation South Kaliapani chromite mine area of Sukinda valley of the state of Odisha, which is located within latitudes 200 53’ and 210 05’ and longitudes 850 40’ and 850 53’ was taken as the study site. The four experimental water ponds (each of size, 25 × 20 × 2 ft) were made for the cultivation of water hyacinth using untreated mine effluents of Orissa Mining Corporation (OMC). The ponds were supplied with Cr(VI) contaminated mine effluent water discharged from Orissa Mining Corporation(OMC). The pipeline was connected from the effluent discharge point of OMC, Kaliapani. After passing through 2000 sq. ft. of distance through 4 consecutive ponds, the level of Cr content was measured in inductively coupled plasma optical emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) at NEERI, Nagpur, India. Plant Material Uniform water hyacinth weeds having 4 leaves were collected from the roadside ponds of Phulnakhra, Odisha. They were transplanted in four designed ponds at the study site. The density of water hyacinth plants per pond was 450 plants. A sum total of 1800 plants were used in 4 ponds containing contaminated water. Preparation of Bioremediation tank: Bioremediation tank of size 8’ X 6’ X 5’ was prepared which contains charcoal and decomposed coir pith placed in alternate fashion Coir pith was decomposed at nursery site at P. G. Deptt. of Botany, Utkal University by adding.5 lit. each of Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus polymyxa (PSB) to 800 kg. of decomposed coir pith The plot design was made as shown below in figure-1. The arrow marks showed the passage route of Cr contaminated mine effluent water from tap. Sampling and Analysis Samplings of effluent water and water hyacinth plants were carried out from the experimental ponds to examine Cr concentration through ICP. The water samples from four different ponds were analyzed for pH, Electrical Conductivity (E.C.) and Cr content (APHA, 1995). The sampling of mine wastewater was conducted before and after its passage through different experimental water hyacinth ponds during regular intervals of plant growth i.e., 75DAT, 100DAT and 125 DAT (APHA, 1995). Hexavalent Cr in water samples collected from ponds and mine effluents before passing through ponds were analyzed. using hexavalent chromium pocket colorimeter DR890 using the sachets of chromover-3 and ferrover supplied by HACH, USA. The difference in Cr concentrations with reference to different plant tissues (root, and shoot) during 75, 100 as well as 125 days after plant growth is significant at both p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01 as evident from their F values. Statistical analysis water, and plants sampled were collected from 4 ponds in triplicates each and the data presented in the figures and tables are AM ± SEM. Result And Discussion The Cr 6+ in the mine wastewater (0.646 ppm) was beyond the toxic limit i.e., > 0.008 mg l − 1 . (WHO, 1994. Krishnamurthy and Wilkens, 1994; Pawlisz, 1997 ) Physicochemical Assessment Of Mine Waste Water High alkaline pH value (8.4) of mine wastewater with elevated levels of Cr 6+ was observed Ph And Ec Of Mine Effluent: Mine effluents from four different water hyacinth cultivated ponds were analyzed for the changes in pH and EC values (Table-1). Mine effluent is alkaline with pH 8.3 at 75DAT and it gradually decreases neutral value (7.0) after passage through the four water hyacinth ponds. But at 100 days of treatment the pH value of mine effluents does not show much variation after its passage through water hyacinth ponds (Table-1) . The toxic limit of Cr + 6 in irrigated water has been prescribed as 0.008 mg l-1 (Krishnamurthy and Wilkens, 1994; Pawlisz, 1997 ). Table − 1: pH, EC and Hexavalent chromium content of mine effluent at 75 and 100 DAT. Samples pH E. C. (mS) Hexavalent Cr (ppm) pH E. C. (mS) Hexavalent Cr (ppm) 75 DAT 100 DAT Mine effluent 8.3 0.29 0.646 7.9 0.34 0.646 Water hyacinth pond- 1 (500sq. ft.) 7.9 0.30 0.486 7.4 0.28 0.510 Water hyacinth pond- II (500sq. ft.) 7.7 0.29 0.466 7.9 0.28 0.490 Water hyacinth pond- III (500sq. ft.) 7.2 0.31 0.443 8.0 0.28 0.450 Water hyacinth pond- IV (500sq. ft.) 7.0 0.30 0.383 7.8 0.28 0.300 Attenuation Of Cr(Vi) In Cr Contaminated Mine Effluent Mine wastewater showed decreased Hexavalent chromium level with increasing water passage area of flowing mine wastewater though water hyacinth ponds (Figure-2). Attenuation of Cr(VI) from flowing mine wastewater was calculated in term of percent reduction in the experimental ponds (Fig. 2 ). Maximum reduction of 54% in Cr (VI) content was observed after 2000 sq ft passage through water hyacinth ponds at 100 DAT. An increasing trend in reduction percent was observed with increasing passage area through water hyacinth ponds. which may be attributed to the high plant biomass content of 75 days grown water hyacinth plantlets. Root biomass was increased by fivefold with an increased period of exposure to Cr(VI) contaminated mine effluent up to 125 days after which it deteriorates. the increase in biomass of root is positively correlated with passage area and period of exposure (Figure-3a and 3b). Through a bioconcentration profiling of plants it was observed that Cr bioaccumulation was higher in roots than shoot. A similar trend was observed by several other researchers (Pulford and Watson, 2003 ; Zayed and Terry, 2003; Ghosh and Singh, 2005; Dong et al. , 2007; Zhang et al. , 2007; Mohanty et al., 2020 , 2012 , Jiang et al., 2018 ,). Shoot translocation was very poor as compared to root absorption which is the most common resistance trait (Zayed and Terry, 2003; Dickinson and Lepp, 1997). Typical chromium concentration in plants growing in “normal” soil is in the order of 0.02–0.2 mg Cr kg-1 dry weight (DW). The usual concentration was less than 1 mg kg-1 which rarely exceeds 5 mg kg-1, as reported by Zayed and Terry (2003). The high Cr accumulation in root cells was supported by Shanker et al., ( 2004 ) who suggested immobilization of chromium from the vacuoles. In the present investigation, roots showed very high bioconcentration of Cr i.e., 200 ppm at 75DAT which gradually translocated to shoots with the growing age of plants, and subsequently shoot showed the highest Cr accumulation in 100DAT (Figure-4A and B). The decreasing trend of above-ground biomass content (gm) of plants was observed after 125 days of treatment with mine effluent which might be due to the non-survivability of water hyacinth after this period. Due to the death and decay of plants after 100 days the Cr content gets leached out of the plant to the surrounding water for which the total Cr content in plants decreases beyond 100 days of exposure to mine effluent. Conclusion The aquatic plants like water hyacinth can be used as low-cost, effective, and potential green tools for the removal of toxic Cr from polluted aquatic bodies and mine discharge. This review showed that aquatic plant like E. crassipes , have phytoremediation potential to attenuate Cr(VI) from mine wastewater. Therefore, it is very much essential to utilize the remarkably potential macrophytes for the accumulation of environmental pollutants from wastewater which become a frontier area of research in environmental science and technology. Further research in genetic engineering to enhance the accumulation and tolerance capacity of macrophytes, is a perspective approach in phytoremediation technology. Aqua-remediation of wastewater through macrophytes can be effectively used to treat a huge volume of metal-contaminated wastewater. Treatment of contaminants by macrophytes is a low-cost and feasible advantageous approach for the sustainable development of aquatic ecosystems. Future research on screening the aquatic macrophytes for remediation of waste water may be under taken. Declarations Acknowledgements The author acknowledges Kuwait Petroleum Company (KPC) for sponsoring his study. Author contribution Dr. M. Mohanty- Written, analysed and worked on the topic. Dr. M.M. Pattnaik- worked on this topic. Dr. A.K. Mishra- conceived the work, given the idea, Dr. H.K.Patra- conceived the work, given the idea, Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. The work does not require Ethical approval. Consent for publication Not applicable Funding : The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript Competing Interests : The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Author Contributions : All authors contributed to the study conception and design [Dr. Monalisa Mohanty, MM Dr. Pattnaik, Professor A.K. Mishra and Professor H.K Patra]. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Dr. Monalisa Mohanty, and Dr. MM Pattnaik. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Dr. Monalisa Mohanty and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript Availability of data and materials- Not Applicable References APHA (American Public Health Association), 1995. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, nineteenth ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC 20005 Dickinson NM, Lepp NW. 1997. Metals and trees: impacts, responses to exposure and exploitation of resistance traits. In: Prost R, ed. Contaminated soils. The 3rd International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements. Paris: INRA. p. 247–254. Dong J, Wu F, Huang R, Zang G. 2007. A Chromium tolerant plant growing in Cr-contaminated land. Int J Phytoremediat 9: 167–179 Ghosh M, Singh SP. 2005a. A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and utilization of its by-products. Appl Ecol Environ Res 3(1): 1–18. Ghosh E, Singh SP. 2005b. A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and utilization of its by-products. Appl Ecol Environ Res. 3(1): 1–18. Ghosh M, Singh SP. 2005c. A comparative study of cadmium phyto extraction by accumulator and weed species. Environ Pollut 133: 365–371 IBM, 2004; HACH. 1992. Soil and Irrigation water manual, SIW kit. 24960-88. Loveland (CO): Hach Company. p. 1–72 Jiang, B., Xing, Y., Zhang, B., Cai, R., Zhang, D., Sun, G., 2018. Effective phytoremediation of low-level heavy metals by native macrophytes in a vanadium mining Jiang, B., Xing, Y., Zhang, B., Cai, R., Zhang, D., Sun, G., 2018. Effective phytoremediation of low-level heavy metals by native macrophytes in a vanadium mining area, China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25, 31272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356- 018-3069-9 area, China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25, 31272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3069-9 Mohanty, M., & Patra, H. K. (2020). Phytoassessment of in situ weed diversity for their chromium distribution pattern and accumulation indices of abundant weeds at South Kaliapani chromite mining area with their phytoremediation prospective. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety , 194 , 110399. Noltie, H.J., 2000. Flora of Bhutan, vol. 3. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Royal Government of Bhutan, pp. 791 2. Mohanty, M., 2014. A review on plant mechanisms for uptake, transport and bio-concentration of toxic heavy metals. In: Gupta, D.K., Chaterjee, S. (Eds.), Heavy Metal Remediation: Transport and Accumulation in Plants. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 400 Oser Avenue, Suite 1600 Hauppauge NY 11788 USA. Chapter – 6, pp.107–125. ISBN: 9781633215689. © Nova Science Publisher INC. Mohanty, M., 2015. Phytoremediation - an innovative approach for attenuation of, chromium toxicity and rice cultivation in mining areas. J. Rice Res. 3 (3), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4338.1000e116. e116. Mohanty, M., Patra, H.K., 2011. Attenuation of chromium toxicity by bioremediation technology. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 210, 1–34. Mohanty, M., Patra, H.K., 2013. Effect of ionic and chelate assisted hexavalent chromium on mung bean seedlings (Vigna radiata L. wilczek. var k-851) during seedling growth. J. Stress Physiol. Biochem. 9 (2), 232–241. Mohanty, M., Pattanaik, M.M., Misra, A.K., Patra, H.K., 2011. Chromium bioaccumulation in rice grown in contaminated soil and irrigated mine waste water - a case study at South Kaliapani chromite mine area, Orissa, India. Int. J. Phytoremediation 13, 397–409. Mohanty, M., Pattnaik, M.M., Mishra, A.K., Patra, H.K., 2012. Bio-concentration of chromium—an in situ phytoremediation study at South Kaliapani chromite mining area of Orissa, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 184 (2), 1015–1024. Mohanty, M., Pradhan, C., Patra, H.K., 2015. Chromium translocation, bioconcentration and its phytotoxic impacts in in vivo grown seedlings of Sesbania sesban L. Merrill. Acta Biol. Hung. 66 (1), 80–92. Pawlisz AV. 1997. Canadian water quality guidelines for Cr. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 12(2): 123–161. Pulford ID, Watson C. 2003. Phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated land by trees-A review. Environ Int 29: 529–540. Pawlisz, A.V., Kent, R.A., Schneider, U.A., Jefferson, C., 1997. Canadian water quality guidelines for Chromium. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual. 12 (2), 123–161. Pulford and Watson, 2003; Shanker AK, Djanaguiraman M, Sudhagar R, Chandrashekar CN, Pathmanabhan G. 2004. Differential antioxidative response of ascorbate glutathione pathway enzymes and metabolites to chromium speciation stress in green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) R.Wilczek) roots. Plant Sci 166: 1035–1043. WHO(World Health Organisation). 1997. Health and environment in sustainable development. Geneva (Switzerland): WHO. p. 1–197. Zayed AM, Terry N. 2003. Chromium in the Environment: factor affecting biological remediation. Plant Soil 249: 139–156. Zhang et al., 2007 Supplementary Files graphicalabstractespr.jpg Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Jan, 2023 Read the published version in Environmental Science and Pollution Research → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major Revision 07 Dec, 2022 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Nov, 2022 Reviewers invited by journal 06 Nov, 2022 Editor invited by journal 07 Oct, 2022 Editor assigned by journal 07 Oct, 2022 First submitted to journal 04 Oct, 2022 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2113819","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":149916792,"identity":"2ce10674-e79f-41d5-9969-8f562356164d","order_by":0,"name":"Monalisa Mohanty","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCCBwYgkgfMlmNgSICIsuHTkgDXksBgTKQWBoSWxAaYFlxAt7334IeEgjp5EONz4Y/D6dvbc8wkGGrsGPikG7BqMTtzLlkiweCw4TYgQ3pGwuHcOWfeALUcS2ZgkzmAXcuNHAOglgOM24AMaR6glhkSudskGNgOMLBJYHchUIvxjwSDOnugFuPfQC3pEmAt//BqMQPawpwI1GIGsiUBrIWxDY+WM2fMLIB+Sd4GZFjzpKUbzuB5/9kisS+ZB6eW4z3GNz78qbPdBmTc5rGxlpdgT0u88eGbnZz8DOxa0EEzhEqAJQYiQB2xCkfBKBgFo2AEAQDtD1wEQBUuEgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Rama Devi Women's University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Monalisa","middleName":"","lastName":"Mohanty","suffix":""},{"id":149916793,"identity":"cd59ca44-c0b9-4e10-b1ef-eb6c1ea5ebf5","order_by":1,"name":"Mousumi Pattnaik","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Utkal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mousumi","middleName":"","lastName":"Pattnaik","suffix":""},{"id":149916794,"identity":"9c3c3bbc-dbbf-4ff7-8893-0db683669456","order_by":2,"name":"Aruna K. 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Data are presented as Mean±SEM (Standard error of mean)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2113819/v1/a94f46ec4804c8ad11a34b80.jpg"},{"id":28862577,"identity":"d41ac7a4-2443-4a10-96f5-777b158a7dfd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-09 15:14:26","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":108476,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA and B: Cr bioavailability in plant tissue after 75, 100, and 125 DAT (A: Root, B: Shoot)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2113819/v1/1bd302ef85d4c20e28e2f584.jpg"},{"id":44717643,"identity":"3f1aa6b5-6a13-4b68-bae1-96b1a97d4911","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-16 18:38:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":547695,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2113819/v1/7a57de55-3ae2-43d9-8fc6-80347a2a0eec.pdf"},{"id":28861389,"identity":"dcf68271-07e8-4cdb-9bf9-a1b8545c2ba5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-09 15:06:26","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":220671,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"graphicalabstractespr.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2113819/v1/713110d93146dbf894498190.jpg"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Phytoefficacy of Eicchornia crassipes (Mart.)Solms-Laub for aqua-remediation of hexavalent chromium – a novel in situ phytoremediation approach for abatement of chromium pollution in South Kaliapani chromite mine effluent of Odisha, India","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eHeavy metals are widely used by various manufacturing industries for the production of different usable products. Therefore, in developed and developing countries, rapid industrialization associated with mining activities is generally considered an index of economic growth. India is a rich source of valuable mineral resources. Owing to its various commercial applications minerals and heavy metals are being increasingly extracted and used in industries with the approval of the Government. However, as a result of extensive mining and industrial activity, heavy metal contamination in the environment and its ill effects on human life have become a matter of worry. Polluted soil and water are the consequences of these activities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOdisha state accounts for about 98% of the total deposit of chromite in the country (IBM, 2004; Mohanty et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), and needless to say that extensive extraction of chromium through open cast mining systems has become a major source of chromium contamination in soil and water in Orissa (Mohanty et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Mining activity particularly through the opencast system has posed wide-scale contamination of the environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChromium contamination of soil and water due to mining activities is emerging day by day which deteriorates the mining environment to a great extent. There is serious environmental pollution resulting in the production of mine waste effluent released to nearby water bodies, along with pollution due to dust, smoke, noise, and other undesirable effects. The process of environmental degradation starts with the extraction of minerals, which results in land degradation along with the addition of pollutants to air and water. In addition to the impacts mentioned above mining operations also lead to various sociological disturbances with adverse impacts that particularly affect the health of plants, animals, and human beings (Mohanty and Patra2012). These mine wastes are deficient in nutrient content and exhibit extremely poor microbial regeneration capacity, survival of microbial populations related to recycling of these nutrients owing to water stress, imbalance pH, and heavy metal toxicity problems as major constraints for sustaining the growth of plants (Mohanty et al., 2013; Jiang et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). A higher concentration of chromium is very toxic to the biological system. The toxicity effect of Cr mostly depends on its valency state. The oxidation state of Cr ranges from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2 to +\u0026thinsp;6 but the Cr (VI) is highly toxic, water-soluble, and mobile. The objectives of this study were mainly to investigate the remediation ability of Water hyacinth (\u003cem\u003eEichhornia crassipes\u003c/em\u003e (Mart.) Solms-Laub). The study encompasses the phytoaccumulation ability of water hyacinth considering its bio-concentration factor (BCF), along with the percent removal efficiency. The \u003cem\u003ein situ\u003c/em\u003e phytoremediation program emphasizes the rhizofiltration and Cr phytoextraction ability of water hyacinth and attenuates the toxicity load of Cr(VI) from mine discharged effluent This study was an effort to attenuate the toxic level of Cr in mine effluent through a designed-in \u003cem\u003esitu\u003c/em\u003e phytoremediation programme. This is the first report on the in-situ remediation approach for attenuating Cr levels in mine effluent using water hyacinth as a tool of aqua-remediation. The rhizofiltration and bioconcentration potential of water hyacinth weeds in reducing the toxic load of chromium in mine effluent at the South Kaliapani Chromite mine area, Orissa was remarkable and significant in comparison to chemical treatment. This will further open a perspective toward mine effluent remediation using aquatic macrophytes as green tools.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSite of investigation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouth Kaliapani chromite mine area of Sukinda valley of the state of Odisha, which is located within latitudes 200 53\u0026rsquo; and 210 05\u0026rsquo; and longitudes 850 40\u0026rsquo; and 850 53\u0026rsquo; was taken as the study site. The four experimental water ponds (each of size, 25 \u0026times; 20 \u0026times; 2 ft) were made for the cultivation of water hyacinth using untreated mine effluents of Orissa Mining Corporation (OMC). The ponds were supplied with Cr(VI) contaminated mine effluent water discharged from Orissa Mining Corporation(OMC). The pipeline was connected from the effluent discharge point of OMC, Kaliapani. After passing through 2000 sq. ft. of distance through 4 consecutive ponds, the level of Cr content was measured in inductively coupled plasma optical emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) at NEERI, Nagpur, India.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePlant Material\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUniform water hyacinth weeds having 4 leaves were collected from the roadside ponds of Phulnakhra, Odisha. They were transplanted in four designed ponds at the study site. The density of water hyacinth plants per pond was 450 plants. A sum total of 1800 plants were used in 4 ponds containing contaminated water.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreparation of Bioremediation tank:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBioremediation tank of size 8\u0026rsquo; X 6\u0026rsquo; X 5\u0026rsquo; was prepared which contains charcoal and decomposed coir pith placed in alternate fashion Coir pith was decomposed at nursery site at P. G. Deptt. of Botany, Utkal University by adding.5 lit. each of \u003cem\u003eAzospirillum brasilense\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBacillus polymyxa\u003c/em\u003e (PSB) to 800 kg. of decomposed coir pith\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plot design was made as shown below in figure-1. The arrow marks showed the passage route of Cr contaminated mine effluent water from tap.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSampling and Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamplings of effluent water and water hyacinth plants were carried out from the experimental ponds to examine Cr concentration through ICP. The water samples from four different ponds were analyzed for pH, Electrical Conductivity (E.C.) and Cr content (APHA, 1995). The sampling of mine wastewater was conducted before and after its passage through different experimental water hyacinth ponds during regular intervals of plant growth i.e., 75DAT, 100DAT and 125 DAT (APHA, 1995). Hexavalent Cr in water samples collected from ponds and mine effluents before passing through ponds were analyzed. using hexavalent chromium pocket colorimeter DR890 using the sachets of chromover-3 and ferrover supplied by HACH, USA. The difference in Cr concentrations with reference to different plant tissues (root, and shoot) during 75, 100 as well as 125 days after plant growth is significant at both p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 and p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01 as evident from their F values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ewater, and plants sampled were collected from 4 ponds in triplicates each and the data presented in the figures and tables are AM\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Result And Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e in the mine wastewater (0.646 ppm) was beyond the toxic limit i.e., \u003cem\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/em\u003e 0.008 mg l\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. (WHO, 1994. Krishnamurthy and Wilkens, 1994; Pawlisz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePhysicochemical Assessment Of Mine Waste Water\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigh alkaline pH value (8.4) of mine wastewater with elevated levels of Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e was observed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePh And Ec Of Mine Effluent:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMine effluents from four different water hyacinth cultivated ponds were analyzed for the changes in pH and EC values (Table-1). Mine effluent is alkaline with pH 8.3 at 75DAT and it gradually decreases neutral value (7.0) after passage through the four water hyacinth ponds. But at 100 days of treatment the pH value of mine effluents does not show much variation after its passage through water hyacinth ponds (Table-1) .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe toxic limit of Cr\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6 in irrigated water has been prescribed as 0.008 mg l-1 (Krishnamurthy and Wilkens, 1994; Pawlisz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1: pH, EC and Hexavalent chromium content of mine effluent at 75 and 100 DAT.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE. C. (mS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHexavalent Cr (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE. C. (mS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHexavalent Cr (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e75 DAT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 DAT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMine effluent\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.646\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.646\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWater hyacinth pond- 1 (500sq. ft.)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.486\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.510\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWater hyacinth pond- II (500sq. ft.)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.466\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.490\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWater hyacinth pond- III (500sq. ft.)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.443\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.450\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWater hyacinth pond- IV (500sq. ft.)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.383\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAttenuation Of Cr(Vi) In Cr Contaminated Mine Effluent\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMine wastewater showed decreased Hexavalent chromium level with increasing water passage area of flowing mine wastewater though water hyacinth ponds (Figure-2). Attenuation of Cr(VI) from flowing mine wastewater was calculated in term of percent reduction in the experimental ponds (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaximum reduction of 54% in Cr (VI) content was observed after 2000 sq ft passage through water hyacinth ponds at 100 DAT. An increasing trend in reduction percent was observed with increasing passage area through water hyacinth ponds. which may be attributed to the high plant biomass content of 75 days grown water hyacinth plantlets.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoot biomass was increased by fivefold with an increased period of exposure to Cr(VI) contaminated mine effluent up to 125 days after which it deteriorates. the increase in biomass of root is positively correlated with passage area and period of exposure (Figure-3a and 3b).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThrough a bioconcentration profiling of plants it was observed that Cr bioaccumulation was higher in roots than shoot. A similar trend was observed by several other researchers (Pulford and Watson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Zayed and Terry, 2003; Ghosh and Singh, 2005; Dong \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2007; Zhang \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2007; Mohanty et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e, Jiang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e,). Shoot translocation was very poor as compared to root absorption which is the most common resistance trait (Zayed and Terry, 2003; Dickinson and Lepp, 1997). Typical chromium concentration in plants growing in \u0026ldquo;normal\u0026rdquo; soil\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eis in the order of 0.02\u0026ndash;0.2 mg Cr kg-1 dry weight (DW). The usual concentration was less than 1 mg kg-1 which rarely exceeds 5 mg kg-1, as reported by Zayed and Terry (2003). The high Cr accumulation in root cells was supported by Shanker et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) who suggested immobilization of chromium from the vacuoles. In the present investigation, roots showed very high bioconcentration of Cr i.e., 200 ppm at 75DAT which gradually translocated to shoots with the growing age of plants, and subsequently shoot showed the highest Cr accumulation in 100DAT (Figure-4A and B).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe decreasing trend of above-ground biomass content (gm) of plants was observed after 125 days of treatment with mine effluent which might be due to the non-survivability of water hyacinth after this period. Due to the death and decay of plants after 100 days the Cr content gets leached out of the plant to the surrounding water for which the total Cr content in plants decreases beyond 100 days of exposure to mine effluent.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe aquatic plants like water hyacinth can be used as low-cost, effective, and potential green tools for the removal of toxic Cr from polluted aquatic bodies and mine discharge. This review showed that aquatic plant like \u003cem\u003eE. crassipes\u003c/em\u003e, have phytoremediation potential to attenuate Cr(VI) from mine wastewater. Therefore, it is very much essential to utilize the remarkably potential macrophytes for the accumulation of environmental pollutants from wastewater which become a frontier area of research in environmental science and technology. Further research in genetic engineering to enhance the accumulation and tolerance capacity of macrophytes, is a perspective approach in phytoremediation technology. Aqua-remediation of wastewater through macrophytes can be effectively used to treat a huge volume of metal-contaminated wastewater. Treatment of contaminants by macrophytes is a low-cost and feasible advantageous approach for the sustainable development of aquatic ecosystems. Future research on screening the aquatic macrophytes for remediation of waste water may be under taken.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe author acknowledges Kuwait Petroleum Company (KPC) for sponsoring his study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/strong\u003e Dr. M. Mohanty- Written, analysed and worked on the topic. Dr. M.M. Pattnaik- worked on this topic. Dr. A.K. Mishra- conceived the work, given the idea, Dr. H.K.Patra- conceived the work, given the idea,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable. The work does not require Ethical approval.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e: The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design [Dr. Monalisa Mohanty, MM Dr. Pattnaik, Professor A.K. Mishra and Professor H.K Patra]. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Dr. Monalisa Mohanty, and Dr. MM Pattnaik. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Dr. Monalisa Mohanty and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials-\u003c/strong\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAPHA (American Public Health Association), 1995. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, nineteenth ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC 20005\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDickinson NM, Lepp NW. 1997. Metals and trees: impacts, responses to exposure and exploitation of resistance traits. In: Prost R, ed. Contaminated soils. The 3rd International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements. Paris: INRA. p. 247\u0026ndash;254. Dong J, Wu F, Huang R, Zang G. 2007. A Chromium tolerant plant growing in Cr-contaminated land. Int J Phytoremediat 9: 167\u0026ndash;179\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGhosh M, Singh SP. 2005a. A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and utilization of its by-products. Appl Ecol Environ Res 3(1): 1\u0026ndash;18.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGhosh E, Singh SP. 2005b. A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and utilization of its by-products. Appl Ecol Environ Res. 3(1): 1\u0026ndash;18.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGhosh M, Singh SP. 2005c. A comparative study of cadmium phyto extraction by accumulator and weed species. Environ Pollut 133: 365\u0026ndash;371 IBM, 2004; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHACH. 1992. Soil and Irrigation water manual, SIW kit. 24960-88. Loveland (CO): Hach Company. p. 1\u0026ndash;72\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJiang, B., Xing, Y., Zhang, B., Cai, R., Zhang, D., Sun, G., 2018. Effective phytoremediation of low-level heavy metals by native macrophytes in a vanadium mining Jiang, B., Xing, Y., Zhang, B., Cai, R., Zhang, D., Sun, G., 2018. Effective phytoremediation of low-level heavy metals by native macrophytes in a vanadium mining area, China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25, 31272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356- 018-3069-9 area, China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25, 31272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3069-9\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMohanty, M., \u0026amp; Patra, H. K. (2020). Phytoassessment of in situ weed diversity for their chromium distribution pattern and accumulation indices of abundant weeds at South Kaliapani chromite mining area with their phytoremediation prospective. \u003cem\u003eEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e194\u003c/em\u003e, 110399.\u0026nbsp;Noltie, H.J., 2000. Flora of Bhutan, vol. 3. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Royal Government of Bhutan, pp. 791 2.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMohanty, M., 2014. A review on plant mechanisms for uptake, transport and bio-concentration of toxic heavy metals. In: Gupta, D.K., Chaterjee, S. (Eds.), Heavy Metal Remediation: Transport and Accumulation in Plants. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 400 Oser Avenue, Suite 1600 Hauppauge NY 11788 USA. Chapter \u0026ndash; 6, pp.107\u0026ndash;125. ISBN: 9781633215689. \u0026copy; Nova Science Publisher INC.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMohanty, M., 2015. Phytoremediation - an innovative approach for attenuation of, chromium toxicity and rice cultivation in mining areas. J. Rice Res. 3 (3), 1\u0026ndash;2. https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4338.1000e116. e116.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMohanty, M., Patra, H.K., 2011. Attenuation of chromium toxicity by bioremediation technology. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 210, 1\u0026ndash;34.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMohanty, M., Patra, H.K., 2013. Effect of ionic and chelate assisted hexavalent chromium on mung bean seedlings (Vigna radiata L. wilczek. var k-851) during seedling growth. J. Stress Physiol. Biochem. 9 (2), 232\u0026ndash;241.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMohanty, M., Pattanaik, M.M., Misra, A.K., Patra, H.K., 2011. Chromium bioaccumulation in rice grown in contaminated soil and irrigated mine waste water - a case study at South Kaliapani chromite mine area, Orissa, India. Int. J. Phytoremediation 13, 397\u0026ndash;409.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMohanty, M., Pattnaik, M.M., Mishra, A.K., Patra, H.K., 2012. Bio-concentration of chromium\u0026mdash;an in situ phytoremediation study at South Kaliapani chromite mining area of Orissa, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 184 (2), 1015\u0026ndash;1024.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMohanty, M., Pradhan, C., Patra, H.K., 2015. 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R.Wilczek) roots. Plant Sci 166: 1035\u0026ndash;1043.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWHO(World Health Organisation). 1997. Health and environment in sustainable development. Geneva (Switzerland): WHO. p. 1\u0026ndash;197.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZayed AM, Terry N. 2003. Chromium in the Environment: factor affecting biological remediation. Plant Soil 249: 139\u0026ndash;156. Zhang et al., 2007\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Aqua-remediation, Bioaccumulation, Chromium, Mine effluent, Phytoremediation, Water hyacinth, South Kaliapani","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2113819/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2113819/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA huge quantity of toxic hexavalent chromium (Cr-VI or Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e) was released into the environment through mine effluent at the South Kaliapani chromite mining area during different mining activities. The present \u003cem\u003ein situ\u003c/em\u003e bioremediation approach was conducted to assess the remediation potential of a well-known aquatic weed water hyacinth (\u003cem\u003eEichhornia crassipes\u003c/em\u003e (Mart.) Solms-Laub) for attenuating Cr(VI) from mine wastewater. The study correlates the bio-concentration factors (BCF) of Cr with the reduction percentage. The percent reduction of Cr content in mine effluent was maximum (53.5%) at 100 days after treatment (DAT) followed by 40.7% at 75 DAT after passage through 2,000 sq. ft. area covering four water hyacinths populated (1350 plants) ponds. Reduction in Cr content if OMC discharged mine effluent varies with plant age as well as with the distance of passage. A constant increase in root biomass was recorded with increased passage distance and days of treatment of contaminated mine effluent. The plants could not survive after 125 days of treatment but could show an increasing trend in shoot biomass up to 100 DAT. After 75 days of treatment, it was noted that Cr concentration in roots decreased from 200 to 148 ppm and from 76 to 21 ppm in shoots after passage through the 2000 sq. ft area at 100 (DAT). Water hyacinth roots exhibit maximum Cr bioaccumulation at 75 DAT whereas this was highest in shoots at 100 DAT.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Phytoefficacy of Eicchornia crassipes (Mart.)Solms-Laub for aqua-remediation of hexavalent chromium – a novel in situ phytoremediation approach for abatement of chromium pollution in South Kaliapani chromite mine effluent of Odisha, India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-11-09 15:06:21","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2113819/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major Revision","date":"2022-12-07T16:18:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2022-11-07T14:33:59+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2022-11-06T21:43:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","date":"2022-10-07T08:53:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2022-10-07T04:11:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","date":"2022-10-04T16:08:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"26cc8003-9741-47c9-9287-795af5cafc5a","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 9th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-10-16T18:34:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-2113819","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25294-0","journal":{"identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},"publishedOn":"2023-01-21 18:26:04","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 21st, 2023"},"versionCreatedAt":"2022-11-09 15:06:21","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11356-023-25294-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25294-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2113819","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2113819","identity":"rs-2113819","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"J0_U0BvcaRcwD8yVFaRlm","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}