Photocatalytic degradation of Emtricitabine, Lamivudine, and Tenofovir in water using the UV/TiO2/H2O2 hybrid system

Photocatalytic degradation of Emtricitabine, Lamivudine, and Tenofovir in water using the UV/TiO2/H2O2 hybrid system | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Photocatalytic degradation of Emtricitabine, Lamivudine, and Tenofovir in water using the UV/TiO2/H2O2 hybrid system Caliphs Zvinowanda, Pauline Ncube, Freeman Ntuli This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2787116/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study was aimed at investigating the removal of antiretroviral (ARV) drug residues of emtricitabine (FTC), lamivudine (LVD), and Tenofovir (TFV) from water using the UV/TiO 2 /H 2 O 2 hybrid system. Evaluations of operational factors, degradation kinetics, scavenger effects, degradation pathways, and reusability of the catalyst were the key objectives of the study. The central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM) was used for statistical analysis and process optimization. Five variables (pH, pollutant concentration, TiO 2 loading, H 2 O 2 dosage and time) were optimized. The removal realized was 92.56% (FTC), 91.67% (LVD), and 94.83% (TFV) respectively under optimum conditions. The degradations obeyed the pseudo-first-order model with the rate constant (k 1 ) of 0.10773 min − 1 (FTC), 0.0513 min − 1 (TFV,) and 0.04756 min − 1 (LVD). pH and H 2 O 2 had positive influence on pollutant removals up to optimum conditions. The •OH and h + were the major contributors to pollutant degradations. The degradation of target compounds in water has not yet been reported using the UV/TiO 2 /H 2 O 2 , as far as the authors are aware. Moreover, the reaction kinetics and degradation pathway of FTC and TFV have not yet been studied. The research shows that the UV/TiO 2 /H 2 O 2 hybrid system may provide an alternative treatment method for the ARVs in water. Antiretroviral drug Emerging pollutant Photocatalysis Response surface methodology Full Text Supplementary Files suppmaterialESPRfinal.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2787116","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":214992649,"identity":"cccf5ff4-479d-4987-8c2b-117e1136c935","order_by":0,"name":"Caliphs Zvinowanda","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCAxAqgfEBAw+JWpgNiNYCBQlsEkSp4+8/Y3i4oOKwvDl78rNqHhkGef4G9ocf8GmROHDG4PCMM4cNd/Y8M7vNw8NgOOMAQzJe6wwY2xIO87bdZtxwIwGshXED0HP4tTCzgbXYb7iR/q0YqMV+AwNj8w+8WtiYD4C0JG64kWPGDNSSuIGBGX84SJwBauE58z95w5k3xZJzeCSSZxxmY7PAp4W//2DzZ56KNNsNx9M3fnjbY2Pb397++AY+LaiAsQfoJGbi1YMAXn+PglEwCkbBSAUAKw1Hkm1SopUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4849-2537","institution":"University of Johannesburg","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Caliphs","middleName":"","lastName":"Zvinowanda","suffix":""},{"id":214992650,"identity":"1137b880-1006-4a7b-9fb7-2bac031086bd","order_by":1,"name":"Pauline Ncube","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Johannesburg","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pauline","middleName":"","lastName":"Ncube","suffix":""},{"id":214992651,"identity":"64331cc4-b8a3-46bc-a562-e0f2e101b9e4","order_by":2,"name":"Freeman Ntuli","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Johannesburg","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Freeman","middleName":"","lastName":"Ntuli","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-04-06 18:05:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2787116/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2787116/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":46017450,"identity":"3ef86c8a-616d-4a3d-8d22-6224461bd2fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-11-07 15:49:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":385411,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"FTCLVDTFVESPRfinal.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2787116/v1_covered_51700d56-3d4b-4229-9a3c-8c8f422ed123.pdf"},{"id":39623269,"identity":"57015a3c-f74d-4183-a3f9-ccc40a9e3436","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-06 09:04:44","extension":"docx","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1518159,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"suppmaterialESPRfinal.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2787116/v1/8891a7d155050124cc34e295.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Photocatalytic degradation of Emtricitabine, Lamivudine, and Tenofovir in water using the UV/TiO2/H2O2 hybrid system","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Antiretroviral drug, Emerging pollutant, Photocatalysis, Response surface methodology","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2787116/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2787116/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was aimed at investigating the removal of antiretroviral (ARV) drug residues of emtricitabine (FTC), lamivudine (LVD), and Tenofovir (TFV) from water using the UV/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e hybrid system. 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