Electrochemical Performances of Carbonized Peach Petals/Polyaniline (CPP/PANI) Composites

Electrochemical Performances of Carbonized Peach Petals/Polyaniline (CPP/PANI) Composites | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Electrochemical Performances of Carbonized Peach Petals/Polyaniline (CPP/PANI) Composites Lei Yang, Hongxia Zhang, Xinyu Liu, Tianwen Fu, Hongfeng Zhang, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7225193/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Carbon-based materials feature peculiar structural and electronic properties that can endow salient characteristics when composited with other materials. PANI is often used to prepare capacitor electrode materials by combining with carbon materials to improve their cycle stability and electrochemical performance. In this study, a new biomass carbon material derived from peach petals (CPP) with a special woven-fiber-like structure is prepared. The carbon material is compounded with PANI through in-situ polymerization to form composites that integrate the advantages of both carbon and PANI. The electrochemical properties of the composites are investigated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves, galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results indicate that the composites exhibit good cycle stability and electrochemical performance. The specific capacitance of the composite materials is significantly higher than that of the pure carbon material, it can reach 202.6 F·g-¹ at a current density of 1 A·g-¹ when the synthesis mass ratio of carbon to aniline is 1:3. This study reveals the possibility of changing peach flower petals to carbon materials and their PANI composites. It also provides an alternative solution for the application of flower biomass carbon in the field of supercapacitors. Peach petals Biomass carbon Conducting polymers Polyaniline Composites Electrochemical performance Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 1 Introduction In recent years, the shortage of fossil energy and the environmental problems caused by fossil energy consumption have risen alarmingly [1, 2] . Therefore, it is urgent to develop new energy and efficient energy storage devices to complete the energy transformation. Biomass carbon has the characteristics of abundant sources, large reserves, and relatively low toxicity, which have been widely used in energy storage and catalysis [3-7] . Its inherent N, S, P, and other heteroelements can improve the energy density of devices [8, 9] . Meanwhile, the natural microstructure retained after carbonization can form complex pores, which is conducive to promoting ion transport and enhancing cycle stability [10-14] . Recently, a new highly porous biomass carbon material derived from jujube fruits as a carbon source was reported [15] . The prepared porous carbon exhibits a high specific capacitance of 460 F·g -1 at 1 A·g -1 and maintains durability over 130,000 cycles at 50 A·g -1 . Meanwhile, the assembled supercapacitors exhibit a wide potential window of 2.5 V in 1 M Et 4 NBF 4 /AN electrolyte and a high energy density of 23.7 Wh·kg -1 [16] . The cellulose structure in biomass possesses abundant porous architectures and a high specific surface area. Ai et al fabricated hierarchical porous carbon derived from corncob cellulose via a simple process, which features a high specific surface area of 1940.6 m 2 ·g -1 . The assembled supercapacitors exhibit high specific capacitance and excellent rate capability [17] . Jiang et al prepared biomass carbon from Chinese rose petals. Different mass ratios of Si nanoparticles were embedded in the biomass carbon to produce C@Si composites. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results indicated that the C@Si composite materials can behave as an ideal capacitor [18] . At the same time, polyaniline (PANI) has been extensively studied as one of the conductive polymers with advantages such as low cost, simple preparation, environmental friendliness, and high conductivity, making it an ideal choice for preparing supercapacitor electrode materials [19] . However, during the charging and discharging process, protons and ions in the electrolyte are repeatedly embedded/extracted from the conductive polymer, causing volume changes. This seriously restricts its stability and safety in actual applications. Therefore, to combine the excellent properties of PANI and carbon, composite methods are usually employed to enhance their electrochemical performance [20] . Zhang et al. used walnut shell derived carbon as an electron transfer scaffold deposited on a substrate, in-situ grew Ni-MOF with the assistance of an SPANI coating, and obtained WS@Ni-MOF/SPANI as an electrochemical energy storage supercapacitor material [21] . Li et al reported a facile synthesis approach of precise quantitative adsorption polymerization to prepare CQD@PANI core-shell nanoparticles with enhanced electrochemical performance. These CQD@PANI core-shell-structured nanoparticles are promising electrode materials for application in a high-performance supercapacitor [22] . Recent research has been focused on enhancing the performance of such composite materials. For instance, Liu WL et al. reported a novel method to synthesize PANI/carbon composites with improved conductivity and stability by a two-step polymerization process [23] . Shi WH et al. demonstrated that a specific carbon nanostructure could effectively buffer the volume change of PANI during charge - discharge, leading to enhanced electrochemical performance [24] . On the other hand, peach blossom is a rosaceous plant widely distributed in China. However, after their brief and brilliant blooming, the petals of peach blossoms fall off and decay in the soil. These petals are treated as waste without attracting enough attention. Occasionally, we found that the surface of peach petals has a special woven-fiber-like structure. The carbon derived from these petals can retain this special structure and exhibit high porosity, which is highly beneficial for compounding with other functional materials. Although numerous studies have reported the application of biomass carbon materials in the energy storage field, there is still a gap in electrochemical performance compared to commercial graphite electrodes [25] . Developing high-performance biomass composite carbon materials remains a significant challenge [26] . Herein, we report a carbon/PANI composite electrode material, wherein the carbon is derived from the calcination of peach petals, and we named it CPP/PANI. The electrochemical performance of CPP/PANI composites synthesized under different mass ratio of CPP to aniline was investigated. The results show that when the synthesis ratio of CPP-to-aniline is 1:3, the specific capacitance of the composite material is significantly higher than that of the pure carbon material, reaching 202 F·g -1 at a current density of 1 A·g -1 . 2 Experimental section 2.1 Materials Peach petals were collected from the peach trees at Tianjin University of Science and Technology. Aniline and ethanol were purchased from Tianjin Jindong Tianzheng Fine Chemical Reagent Factory. Ammonium persulfate (APS) and potassium chloride were bought from Tianjin Fuchen Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Sulfuric acid was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Nafion was purchased from E.I. Du Pont Co., Ltd. All chemicals were used as received without further purification. 2.2 Synthesis of carbonized peach petals (CPP) The collected peach petals were washed for several times with a water/ethanol (v/v= 1:1) solution to remove impurities. Then the cleaned petals were placed in an oven at 40 °C for 48 h to obtain dried petals. Subsequently, the dried petals were placed in a tube furnace and carbonized under a N 2 atmosphere. The reaction temperature was increased from 25°C to 450 °C at a heating rate of 3 °C/min, and then fuether increased to 900 °C at a rate of 2 °C/min. The calcination process was maintained at 900 °C for one hour, followed by slow cooling to room temperature to obtain the carbon material of CPP. 2.3 Synthesis of CPP/PANI composite materials CPP/PANI composites with different mass ratio of CPP to aniline were synthesized as shown in Table 1 . A typical synthesis procedure of CPP/PANI composites is as follows. 0.1g of CPP and 0.1g of aniline were added to 100mL of water for ultrasonic dispersion. Then, the pH of the dispersed solution was adjusted to 2~3 using 1M H 2 SO 4 . After that, the mixed system was left to stand for 2h to ensure that aniline was fully adsorbed on the surface of CPP. Subsequently, 2mL of 1M ammonium persulfate (APS) was added to initiate polymerization, and the reaction was allowed to proceed for 24h at room temperature. Finally, the product was filtered and washed with ethanol and deionized water several times until the filtrate was neutral. Table 1. Additive amounts for each reagent for different mass ratios W cpp: W aniline CPP /g Aniline /g APS /mL 5:1 0.1 0.02 2 2:1 0.1 0.05 5 3:2 0.1 0.07 7 1:1 0.1 0.1 10 2:3 0.1 0.15 15 1:2 0.1 0.2 20 1:3 0.1 0.3 30 1:5 0.1 0.5 50 2.4 Characterization The micro-morphologies of peach petals (PP), carbonized peach petals (CPP), and CPP/PANI composite materials with different PANI contents are observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM-6380LV). A Fourier transform-infrared spectrometer (FTIR, TENSOR-27) is used to analyze the functional groups and structures of the samples. The crystalline phase of the samples is determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker D8-Focus) with a scan rate of 5°/min. An electrochemical workstation (CHI 660D, Shanghai Chenhua) is applied to analyze the electrochemical performances of the samples in a three-electrode system. The working electrode is a sample-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE), the auxiliary electrode is a Pt plate, the reference electrode is an Ag/AgCl electrode, and the electrolyte is 1 M sulfuric acid. 3 Results and Discussion Biomass materials have attracted extensive attention due to their unique morphology, structure, and environmental friendliness. CPP/PANI composites were prepared through two steps as shown in Figure 1 . Firstly, the biomass carbon CPP was prepared by carbonization of peach blossom petals at 900°C. Secondly, CPP was dispersed in an aniline solution, and in-situ polymerization was initiated by adding an initiator to obtain CPP/PANI composites. SEM results for the dried PP, CPP, and CPP/PANI composites are shown in Figure 2 . As shown in Figure 2a , the surface of the dried PP likes a fishing net composed of woven fibers. After high-temperature carbonization, the removal of water and organics increased the porosity of carbon materials ( Figure 2b ). Figure 2c presents the particular and short fibrous morphologies of the pure PANI that synthesized at the same condition. When aniline was absorbed on the surface of CPP, PANI would be initiated and polymerized therein to form CPP/PANI composites through an in situ polymerization ( Figure 2d - 2f ). From Figure 2d - 2e , some PANI particles could be observed on the CPP surface and in the pores. As the increasing of aniline ratio, the PANI particles and short fibers on the carbon material surface increases, till forming a complete interpenetrating network (IPN) structure ( Figure 2f ). The molecular structures of the composite materials were characterized by FTIR and shown in Figure 3a . The characteristic peaks of PANI could be clearly observed, including the C=N stretching vibration of the quinoid ring at 1568 cm -1 , the C-C stretching vibration of the benzenoid ring at 1477 cm -1 , and the C-N stretching of the secondary amine at 1294 cm -1[27, 28] . Meanwhile, the FTIR spectra of CPP/PANI composites exhibit the same characteristic peaks, indicating that CPP was successfully combined with PANI. The materials were further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), as shown in Figure 3b . The characteristic peaks at 2θ=29°and 2θ=43° correspond to the (002) and (101) crystal planes. In Figure 3b , the PANI peak at 2θ=20°corresponds to the (020) crystal plane characteristic peak, as the incidence direction at the peak is parallel to the orientation of the polymer molecular chains. While the peak at 2θ=25°corresponds to the (200) crystal plane characteristic peak, because the incidence direction is perpendicular to the polymer molecular chain orientation [29] . In Figure 3b , the peak at 2θ=25° belongs to PANI, and the peaks at 2θ= 28°, 43°, 65°and 78° in Figure 3c are also present in Figure 3b , indicating the existence of a graphic carbon structure that facilitates electron transfer between the composite and the electrolyte solution [30] . The strengthening of these peaks may be due to the overlap of peaks from both the long PANI chains and CPP, further demonstrating that PANI is successfully compounded with CPP. In order to evaluate the electrochemical behavior of the composite materials, cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to test the current-potential response characteristics of these materials. Figure 4a shows the CV curves of CPP, PANI and CPP/PANI composites at a scan rate of 100 mV/s. After compositing with PANI, the CV curves of CPP/PANI are consistent with those of PANI, and the curve does not exhibit a standard rectangular shape but show redox peaks. The results indicate that both PANI and the prepared composites possess pseudocapacitance characteristics [30] , while the composites also exhibit the double-layer capacitance characteristics of carbonized materials [31] . With the increase in PANI content, the integral area of the CV curve of PANI/CPP generally increases. The results show that the composite material with a CPP to PANI mass ratio of 1: 3 exhibits the highest specific capacitance [32] . As shown in Figure 4b , the current density of CPP/PANI (1: 3) composites increases gradually with the increasing of scanning rates. Meanwhile, the CV curve still has a redox peak and remains nearly symmetrical, indicating good electrochemical reversibility. Figure 4c shows that the specific capacitance of the CPP is very low, but the value of the composites increases as the increasing of aniline ratio. When the synthesis ratio of carbon to aniline is 1: 3, the composite material reaches a maximum specific capacitance of 53 F·g -1 at a scan rate of 100 mv/s. As shown in Figure 4d , the specific capacitance of the CPP/PANI (1: 3) composite continuously decreases with the increasing of scanning speed, indicating that high scanning speed hinder charge transfer in the capacitor, which could be attributed to insufficient redox reactions within a short time [22, 33] . According to the galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) curves, the specific capacitance and cyclic performance of the samples can be obtained. The relationship between the specific capacitance and the current density is described as follows [34] . （2） Where C (F·g -1 ) is the specific capacitance, I (A) is the current, Δt (s) is the discharge time, ∆V (V) is the voltage range, and m (g) is the mass of the active substance in the electrode. Figure 5 shows the galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) curves of CPP, PANI and CPP/PANI composites within a potential window of 0~0.8 V. With the increase of current density, the charge-discharge time is gradually shortens, but the shape of each sample remains basically consistent across different current densities. The specific capacitance of CPP, PANI and CPP/PANI where calculated using formula (2). These results show that pure PANI has a maximum specific capacitance of 296.6 F·g -1 , while CPP/PANI composite (1:3) exhibits a specific capacitance of 202.6 F·g -1 . What is puzzling is that, further increasing the synthesis ratio of carbon to aniline to 1:5, resulted in a decrease in the specific capacitance of the composites, but is also far higher than that of CPP (0.6 F·g -1 ). This may be caused by the synergistic effect between carbon and PANI. As the outer layer of PANI increases to a lager distance, the synergistic effect may weaken [35] . As shown in Figure 6a , with the increase in current density, the integral area of the curve gradually decreases while becoming more symmetrical, indicating that the composite material exhibits better electrochemical reversibility but lower charging and discharging performance at high current density [36] . As shown in Figure 6b , the CPP/PANI (1: 3) material has a maximum specific capacitance of 202.6 F·g -1 at a current density of 1 A/g, much higher than that of the CPP material. However, as the current density increases, the specific capacitance drops to 117.2 F·g -1 . One of the important indicators for evaluating supercapacitors is the cyclic stability of electrode materials [18, 37] . Figure 7 shows the cyclic performances of different samples. Within a voltage range of 0~0.8 V and a current density of 1 A/g, 500 GCD cycles were performed on different sample materials to determine their cycle life. After 500 cycles, the specific capacitance of the CPP material remains at 92 % of its initial value, indicating good stability of the carbon material. According to the cycle life curves, the specific capacitance of the CPP/PANI composites is significantly higher than that of the carbonized material. When the composite ratio is 1: 3, the initial value of the specific capacitance is 202.6 F·g -1 , but its stability is lower than that of the carbon material, decreasing to 61.3 % of the initial value after 500 cycles. By comparison, the composite material with a ratio of 5: 1, only maintains 26 % of its original specific capacitance after 500 cycles. The results show that the increasing of PANI ratio can significantly improve the electrochemical properties of the composites but compromise the cyclic stability to some extent [38] . As shown in Figure 8 , the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the composites was further measured to characterize their electrochemical properties. The low-frequency region of the EIS plot shows that the slope of the curve is close to 90°, and composites with different ratios exhibit different slopes. The trend of the curve in the low frequency region reflects the diffusion of electrolyte ions within the electrode material [39] . Figure 8b shows the plot in the high-frequency region: some samples exhibit semicircles, where a larger semicircle diameter indicates higher charge transfer impedance. No semicircles are observed in the carbonized peach blossom petal material. All materials show small intercepts on the X-axis, indicating low resistance from the electrolyte solution [38] . The EIS results show that the carbon material has fast charge transfer but low specific capacitance, while PANI has slow ion transfer [40] . The incorporation of PANI alters the charge transfer rate, and the specific capacitance is significantly enhanced. 4 Conclusions CPP carbon materials were prepared using peach blossom petals as biomass carbon source. CPP/PANI composite materials were synthesized with different mass ratio of CPP to aniline via an in-situ polymerization. The electrochemical performances such as CV, GCD, EIS and cycle life of these composites were investigated. The composites enhance the electrochemical performances of both the CPP and PANI. When the synthesis mass ratio of CPP to aniline is 1: 3, the electrochemical performances of the composites reach its maximum. In terms of specific capacitance, pure PANI has the highest specific capacitance. According to the general regularity, the higher the PANI content in the composite, the higher specific capacitance should be. But the results showed that when the composite ratio is 1:3, the maximum value reached. Further increasing the proportion of aniline resulted in a decrease in the specific capacitance of the composite. There has not a very reasonable explanation for this phenomenon, can we only attribute it to the synergistic effect of carbon and PANI. The scientific principles contained in this aspect deserve further in-depth research using more advanced research methods. In whole, this paper provides a new idea for the development and utilization of floral biomass carbon and its potential applications in the field of supercapacitors. Declarations Acknowledgments The project has not received any funding from the government or enterprises. References Stern P C, Janda K B, Brown M A (2016) Opportunities and insights for reducing fossil fuel consumption by households and organizations. Nature Energy 1(5): 16043. Liu J, Mooney H, Hull V (2015). Systems integration for global sustainability. Science 347(6225): 1258832. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7225193","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":498207310,"identity":"e35f1830-9c27-454a-9d05-8feeb952f88b","order_by":0,"name":"Lei Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lei","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":498207311,"identity":"bea8eb8d-7763-4a62-8144-555fe7950921","order_by":1,"name":"Hongxia Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hongxia","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":498207312,"identity":"dc945b5b-c42d-4813-b9eb-ca488161cc19","order_by":2,"name":"Xinyu Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xinyu","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":498207313,"identity":"cf5d4cae-ea2a-4e42-8645-ec8dbb067845","order_by":3,"name":"Tianwen Fu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tianwen","middleName":"","lastName":"Fu","suffix":""},{"id":498207314,"identity":"dcc779ff-6d68-4e12-bd6e-cd6d79585c0b","order_by":4,"name":"Hongfeng Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hongfeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":498207315,"identity":"82e5c645-a564-47d5-90a5-dd5ebac64e8a","order_by":5,"name":"Xiaocong Wang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzklEQVRIie3LsQrCMBCA4SuBTtGu6eIzHAgBUfRVlIIuxdGpSCcnwbXiy6QE6qLNGtBBZx0UFxfBCrqadhPMD8fdcB+Azfa7dd7bLU+GDIBUI7ICwfVWnmikpqiUgMtEgreKDWQzHraSbMdQB+AkuQS2F98JFyHHa/wiBEhtJgFZ30DUmeMgzhkqCeRRiuiwebjGgqEIgDhlSE+fuZNkgb/UAabzfESZNhB/ETZvNOp6dZUeD/dJu+ElBlLkss8liqHG/yJyKfNls9lsf9wT1V5DrwkSUCMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaocong","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-27 08:53:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7225193/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7225193/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89094707,"identity":"950ed581-9f2f-44a8-b0a0-5b53a0f9df98","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 15:20:24","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":426813,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic diagram of the preparation process of CPP/PANI composites.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7225193/v1/d539b85d80ea5d220d418813.png"},{"id":89094245,"identity":"06f535cf-80c3-4647-96e2-6d95a2fefd48","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 15:12:24","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":963434,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM images of CPP/PANI composites synthesized with different mass ratio of CPP to aniline: (a) peach petals; (b) CPP; (c) PANI; (d) 3: 1; (e) 1: 1; (f) 1: 3.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7225193/v1/0e8c3f70a56ca8790a714720.png"},{"id":89094236,"identity":"de87493b-2788-4edf-bada-c1d916193e2d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 15:12:24","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":337726,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFTIR spectra (a) and XRD spectra (b) of typical samples.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7225193/v1/849e4cfe77a33007f09bc2cf.png"},{"id":89094706,"identity":"00caa7c2-56e0-4f50-a968-03fa0471e98d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 15:20:24","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":483946,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) CV curves of different samples at a scan rate of 100 mV/s; (b) CV curves of CPP/PANI (1: 3) composites at different scan rates; (c) Specific capacitance of different samples at 100 mV/s; (d) CPP/PANI (1: 3) composites capacitance at different scan rates.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7225193/v1/b50d9d8825b69e705bf43658.png"},{"id":89094240,"identity":"4ae099a9-74e5-452d-8b2c-6ed7ca0f430f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 15:12:24","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":454555,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGCD curves of CPP/PANI composites synthesized with different mass ratio under different current densities: (a) 1 A/g; (b) 2 A/g; (c) 3 A/g; (d) 4 A/g.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7225193/v1/767dec526806f74b83cf3f49.png"},{"id":89096191,"identity":"4a4a887c-d3aa-49fa-b7c2-3df87302e3e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 15:28:24","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":247448,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) GCD curves of CPP/PANI (1: 3) composites at different current densities; (b) specific capacitance and current densities of CPP/PANI (1: 3) composites.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7225193/v1/d2551d213b8555c1894b5e6e.png"},{"id":89094709,"identity":"388f2fa0-9f5c-4f5a-8d75-6032b5937c6b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 15:20:24","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":217885,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCycle life diagram of composites synthesized with different mass ratio of CPP to aniline.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7225193/v1/3d07e584a4c6841044c91f4f.png"},{"id":89094246,"identity":"53465319-f2f3-448b-bb04-3c4ecf1c3068","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 15:12:24","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":375821,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEIS curves of typical samples in different coordinate ranges: (a) low frequency; (b) high frequency.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7225193/v1/da770932e1d01001139096fe.png"},{"id":93317224,"identity":"2648989c-b0f7-4e9b-afc5-2ce4c541b443","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-12 02:31:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3948693,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7225193/v1/358a86be-8ddd-451d-a0b1-a70ebfe3d786.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Electrochemical Performances of Carbonized Peach Petals/Polyaniline (CPP/PANI) Composites","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn recent years, the shortage of fossil energy and the environmental problems caused by fossil energy consumption have risen alarmingly\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[1, 2]\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new energy and efficient energy storage devices to complete the energy transformation. Biomass carbon has the characteristics of abundant sources, large reserves, and relatively low toxicity, which have been widely used in energy storage and catalysis\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[3-7]\u003c/sup\u003e. Its inherent N, S, P, and other heteroelements can improve the energy density of devices\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[8, 9]\u003c/sup\u003e. Meanwhile, the natural microstructure retained after carbonization can form complex pores, which is conducive to promoting ion transport and enhancing cycle stability\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[10-14]\u003c/sup\u003e. Recently, a new highly porous biomass carbon material derived from jujube fruits as a carbon source was reported\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[15]\u003c/sup\u003e. The prepared porous carbon exhibits a high specific capacitance of\u0026nbsp;460 F\u0026middot;g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e at 1 A\u0026middot;g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and maintains durability over 130,000 cycles at\u0026nbsp;50 A\u0026middot;g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. Meanwhile, the assembled supercapacitors exhibit a wide potential window of\u0026nbsp;2.5 V in 1 M Et\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eNBF\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/AN\u0026nbsp;electrolyte and a high energy density of 23.7\u0026nbsp;Wh\u0026middot;kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e \u003csup\u003e[16]\u003c/sup\u003e. The cellulose structure in biomass possesses abundant porous architectures and a high specific surface area. Ai et al fabricated hierarchical porous carbon derived from corncob cellulose via a simple process, which features a high specific surface area of 1940.6 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026middot;g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. The assembled supercapacitors exhibit high specific capacitance and excellent rate capability\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[17]\u003c/sup\u003e. Jiang et al prepared biomass carbon from Chinese rose petals. Different mass ratios of Si nanoparticles were embedded in the biomass carbon to produce C@Si composites. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results indicated that the C@Si composite materials can behave as an ideal capacitor\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[18]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the same time, polyaniline (PANI)\u0026nbsp;has been extensively studied\u0026nbsp;as one of the conductive polymers with advantages such as low cost, simple preparation, environmental friendliness, and high conductivity, making it an ideal choice for preparing supercapacitor electrode materials\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[19]\u003c/sup\u003e. However, during the charging and discharging process, protons and ions in the electrolyte are repeatedly embedded/extracted from the conductive polymer, causing volume changes. This seriously restricts its stability and safety in actual applications. Therefore, to combine the excellent properties of PANI and carbon, composite methods\u0026nbsp;are usually employed to enhance their electrochemical performance \u003csup\u003e[20]\u003c/sup\u003e. Zhang et al. used walnut shell derived carbon as an electron transfer scaffold deposited on a substrate, in-situ grew Ni-MOF with the assistance of an SPANI coating, and obtained WS@Ni-MOF/SPANI as an electrochemical energy storage supercapacitor material\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[21]\u003c/sup\u003e. Li et al reported a facile synthesis approach of precise quantitative adsorption polymerization to prepare CQD@PANI core-shell nanoparticles with enhanced electrochemical performance. These CQD@PANI core-shell-structured nanoparticles are promising electrode materials for application in a high-performance supercapacitor\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[22]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;Recent research has been focused on enhancing the performance of such composite materials. For instance,\u0026nbsp;Liu WL\u0026nbsp;et al. reported a novel method to synthesize PANI/carbon composites with improved conductivity and stability by a two-step polymerization process\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[23]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;Shi WH\u0026nbsp;et al. demonstrated that a specific carbon nanostructure could effectively buffer the volume change of PANI during charge - discharge, leading to enhanced electrochemical performance\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[24]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, peach blossom is a rosaceous plant widely distributed in China. However, after their brief and brilliant blooming, the petals of peach blossoms fall off and decay in the soil. These petals are treated as waste without attracting enough attention. Occasionally, we found that the surface of peach petals has a special woven-fiber-like structure. The carbon derived from these petals can retain this special structure and exhibit high porosity, which is highly beneficial for compounding with other functional materials. Although numerous studies have reported the application of biomass carbon materials in the energy storage field, there is still a gap in electrochemical performance compared to commercial graphite electrodes\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[25]\u003c/sup\u003e. Developing high-performance biomass composite carbon materials remains a significant challenge\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[26]\u003c/sup\u003e. Herein, we report a carbon/PANI composite electrode material, wherein the carbon is derived from the calcination of peach petals, and we named it CPP/PANI. The electrochemical performance of CPP/PANI composites synthesized under different mass ratio of CPP to aniline was investigated. The results show that when the synthesis ratio of CPP-to-aniline is 1:3, the specific capacitance of the composite material is significantly higher than that of the pure carbon material, reaching 202 F\u0026middot;g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e at a current density of 1 A\u0026middot;g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Experimental section","content":"\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Materials\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeach petals were collected from the peach trees at Tianjin University of Science and Technology. Aniline and ethanol were purchased from Tianjin Jindong Tianzheng Fine Chemical Reagent Factory. Ammonium persulfate (APS) and potassium chloride were bought from Tianjin Fuchen Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Sulfuric acid was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Nafion was purchased from E.I. Du Pont Co., Ltd. All chemicals were used as received without further purification.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.2 Synthesis of carbonized peach petals (CPP)\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe collected peach petals were washed for several times with a water/ethanol (v/v= 1:1) solution to remove impurities. Then the cleaned petals were placed in an oven at 40 \u0026deg;C for 48 h to obtain dried petals. Subsequently, the dried petals were placed in a tube furnace and carbonized under a N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e atmosphere. The reaction temperature was increased from 25\u0026deg;C to 450 \u0026deg;C at a heating rate of 3 \u0026deg;C/min, and then fuether increased to 900 \u0026deg;C at a rate of 2 \u0026deg;C/min. The calcination process was maintained at 900 \u0026deg;C for one hour, followed by slow cooling to room temperature to obtain the carbon material of CPP.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.3 Synthesis of CPP/PANI composite materials\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCPP/PANI composites with different mass ratio of CPP to aniline were synthesized as shown in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e. A typical synthesis procedure of CPP/PANI composites is as follows. 0.1g of CPP and 0.1g of aniline were added to 100mL of water for ultrasonic dispersion. Then, the pH of the dispersed solution was adjusted to 2~3 using 1M H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. After that, the mixed system was left to stand for 2h to ensure that aniline was fully adsorbed on the surface of CPP. Subsequently, 2mL of 1M ammonium persulfate (APS) was added to initiate polymerization, and the reaction was allowed to proceed for 24h at room temperature. Finally, the product was filtered and washed with ethanol and deionized water several times until the filtrate was neutral.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Additive amounts for each reagent for different mass ratios\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"549\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.326%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW cpp: W aniline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.133%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCPP /g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0437%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAniline /g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.4973%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAPS /mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.326%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.133%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0437%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.4973%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.326%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.133%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0437%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.4973%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.326%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3:2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.133%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0437%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.4973%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.326%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.133%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0437%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.4973%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.326%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2:3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.133%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0437%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.4973%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.326%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.133%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0437%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.4973%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.326%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.133%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0437%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.4973%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.326%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.133%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24.0437%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23.4973%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.4 Characterization\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe micro-morphologies of peach petals (PP), carbonized peach petals (CPP), and CPP/PANI composite materials with different PANI contents are observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM-6380LV). A Fourier transform-infrared spectrometer (FTIR, TENSOR-27) is used to analyze the functional groups and structures of the samples. The crystalline phase of the samples is determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker D8-Focus) with a scan rate of 5\u0026deg;/min.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn electrochemical workstation (CHI 660D, Shanghai Chenhua) is applied to analyze the electrochemical performances of the samples in a three-electrode system. The working electrode is a sample-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE), the auxiliary electrode is a Pt plate, the reference electrode is an Ag/AgCl electrode, and the electrolyte is 1 M sulfuric acid.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBiomass materials have attracted extensive attention due to their unique morphology, structure, and environmental friendliness. CPP/PANI composites were prepared through two steps as shown in \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 1\u003c/strong\u003e. Firstly, the biomass carbon CPP was prepared by carbonization of peach blossom petals at 900\u0026deg;C. Secondly, CPP was dispersed in an aniline solution, and in-situ polymerization was initiated by adding an initiator to obtain CPP/PANI composites.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSEM results for the dried PP, CPP, and CPP/PANI composites are shown in \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 2\u003c/strong\u003e. As shown in \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 2a\u003c/strong\u003e, the surface of the dried PP likes a fishing net composed of woven fibers. After high-temperature carbonization, the removal of water and organics increased the porosity of carbon materials (\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 2b\u003c/strong\u003e). \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 2c\u003c/strong\u003e presents the particular and short fibrous morphologies of the pure PANI that synthesized at the same condition. When aniline was absorbed on the surface of CPP, PANI would be initiated and polymerized therein to form CPP/PANI composites through an in situ polymerization (\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 2d\u003c/strong\u003e-\u003cstrong\u003e2f\u003c/strong\u003e). From\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Figure 2d\u003c/strong\u003e-\u003cstrong\u003e2e\u003c/strong\u003e, some PANI particles could be observed on the CPP surface and in the pores. As the increasing of aniline ratio, the PANI particles and short fibers on the carbon material surface increases, till forming a complete interpenetrating network (IPN) structure (\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 2f\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe molecular structures of the composite materials were characterized by FTIR and shown in \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3a\u003c/strong\u003e. The characteristic peaks of PANI could be clearly observed, including the C=N stretching vibration of the quinoid ring at 1568 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, the C-C stretching vibration of the benzenoid ring at 1477 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, and the C-N stretching of the secondary amine at 1294 cm\u003csup\u003e-1[27, 28]\u003c/sup\u003e. Meanwhile, the FTIR spectra of CPP/PANI composites exhibit the same characteristic peaks, indicating that CPP was successfully combined with PANI.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe materials were further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), as shown in \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3b\u003c/strong\u003e. The characteristic peaks at 2\u0026theta;=29\u0026deg;and 2\u0026theta;=43\u0026deg; correspond to the (002) and (101) crystal planes. In\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Figure 3b\u003c/strong\u003e, the PANI peak at 2\u0026theta;=20\u0026deg;corresponds to the (020) crystal plane characteristic peak, as the incidence direction at the peak is parallel to the orientation of the polymer molecular chains. While the peak at 2\u0026theta;=25\u0026deg;corresponds to the (200) crystal plane characteristic peak, because the incidence direction is perpendicular to the polymer molecular chain orientation \u003csup\u003e[29]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e.\u003c/sup\u003e In \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3b\u003c/strong\u003e, the peak at 2\u0026theta;=25\u0026deg; belongs to PANI, and the peaks at 2\u0026theta;= 28\u0026deg;, 43\u0026deg;, 65\u0026deg;and 78\u0026deg; in \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3c\u003c/strong\u003e are also present in \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3b\u003c/strong\u003e, indicating the existence of a graphic carbon structure that facilitates electron transfer between the composite and the electrolyte solution \u003csup\u003e[30]\u003c/sup\u003e. The strengthening of these peaks may be due to the overlap of peaks from both the long PANI chains and CPP, further demonstrating that PANI is successfully compounded with CPP.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to evaluate the electrochemical behavior of the composite materials, cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to test the current-potential response characteristics of these materials. \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 4a\u003c/strong\u003e shows the CV curves of CPP, PANI and CPP/PANI composites at a scan rate of 100 mV/s. After compositing with PANI, the CV curves of CPP/PANI are consistent with those of PANI, and the curve does not exhibit a standard rectangular shape but show redox peaks. The results indicate that both PANI and the prepared composites possess pseudocapacitance characteristics\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;[30]\u003c/sup\u003e, while the composites also exhibit the double-layer capacitance characteristics of carbonized materials \u003csup\u003e[31]\u003c/sup\u003e. With the increase in PANI content, the integral area of the CV curve of PANI/CPP generally increases. The results show that the composite material with a CPP to PANI mass ratio of 1: 3 exhibits the highest specific capacitance \u003csup\u003e[32]\u003c/sup\u003e. As shown in \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 4b\u003c/strong\u003e, the current density of CPP/PANI (1: 3) composites increases gradually with the increasing of scanning rates. Meanwhile, the CV curve still has a redox peak and remains nearly symmetrical, indicating good electrochemical reversibility. \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 4c\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eshows that the specific capacitance of the CPP is very low, but the value of the composites increases as the increasing of aniline ratio. When the synthesis ratio of carbon to aniline is 1: 3, the composite material reaches a maximum specific capacitance of 53 F\u0026middot;g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e at a scan rate of 100 mv/s. As shown in \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 4d\u003c/strong\u003e, the specific capacitance of the CPP/PANI (1: 3) composite continuously decreases with the increasing of scanning speed, indicating that high scanning speed hinder charge transfer in the capacitor, which could be attributed to insufficient redox reactions within a short time \u003csup\u003e[22, 33]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) curves, the specific capacitance and cyclic performance of the samples can be obtained. The relationship between the specific capacitance and the current density is described as follows \u003csup\u003e[34]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cimg width=\"82\" height=\"45\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e（2）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere C (F\u0026middot;g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) is the specific capacitance, I (A) is the current, \u0026Delta;t (s) is the discharge time, ∆V (V) is the voltage range, and m (g) is the mass of the active substance in the electrode.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 5\u003c/strong\u003e shows the galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) curves of CPP, PANI and CPP/PANI composites within a potential window of 0~0.8 V. With the increase of current density, the charge-discharge time is gradually shortens, but the shape of each sample remains basically consistent across different current densities. The specific capacitance of CPP, PANI and CPP/PANI where calculated using formula (2). These results show that pure PANI has a maximum specific capacitance of 296.6 F\u0026middot;g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, while CPP/PANI composite (1:3) exhibits a specific capacitance of 202.6 F\u0026middot;g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. What is puzzling is that, further increasing the synthesis ratio of carbon to aniline to 1:5, resulted in a decrease in the specific capacitance of the composites, but is also far higher than that of CPP (0.6 F\u0026middot;g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e). This may be caused by the synergistic effect between carbon and PANI. As the outer layer of PANI increases to a lager distance, the synergistic effect may weaken \u003csup\u003e[35]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 6a\u003c/strong\u003e, with the increase in current density, the integral area of the curve gradually decreases while becoming more symmetrical, indicating that the composite material exhibits better electrochemical reversibility but lower charging and discharging performance at high current density\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[36]\u003c/sup\u003e. As shown in \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 6b\u003c/strong\u003e, the CPP/PANI (1: 3) material has a maximum specific capacitance of 202.6 F\u0026middot;g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e at a current density of 1 A/g, much higher than that of the CPP material. However, as the current density increases, the specific capacitance drops to 117.2 F\u0026middot;g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the important indicators for evaluating supercapacitors is the cyclic stability of electrode materials \u003csup\u003e[18, 37]\u003c/sup\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 7\u003c/strong\u003e shows the cyclic performances of different samples. Within a voltage range of 0~0.8 V and a current density of 1 A/g, 500 GCD cycles were performed on different sample materials to determine their cycle life. After 500 cycles, the specific capacitance of the CPP material remains at 92 % of its initial value, indicating good stability of the carbon material. According to the cycle life curves, the specific capacitance of the CPP/PANI composites is significantly higher than that of the carbonized material. When the composite ratio is 1: 3, the initial value of the specific capacitance is 202.6 F\u0026middot;g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, but its stability is lower than that of the carbon material, decreasing to 61.3 % of the initial value after 500 cycles. By comparison, the composite material with a ratio of 5: 1, only maintains 26 % of its original specific capacitance after 500 cycles. The results show that the increasing of PANI ratio can significantly improve the electrochemical properties of the composites but compromise the cyclic stability to some extent \u003csup\u003e[38]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Figure 8\u003c/strong\u003e, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the composites was further measured to characterize their electrochemical properties. The low-frequency region of the EIS plot shows that the slope of the curve is close to 90\u0026deg;, and composites with different ratios exhibit different slopes. The trend of the curve in the low frequency region reflects\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; the diffusion of electrolyte ions within the electrode material\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[39]\u003c/sup\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 8b\u003c/strong\u003e shows the plot in the high-frequency region: some samples exhibit semicircles, where a larger semicircle diameter indicates higher charge transfer impedance. No semicircles are observed in the carbonized peach blossom petal material.\u0026nbsp;All materials show small intercepts on the X-axis, indicating low resistance from the electrolyte solution\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[38]\u003c/sup\u003e. The EIS results show that the carbon material has fast charge transfer but low specific capacitance, while PANI has slow ion transfer\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[40]\u003c/sup\u003e. The incorporation of PANI alters the charge transfer rate, and the specific capacitance is significantly enhanced.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4 Conclusions ","content":"\u003cp\u003eCPP carbon materials were prepared using peach blossom petals as biomass carbon source. CPP/PANI composite materials were synthesized with different mass ratio of CPP to aniline via an in-situ polymerization. The electrochemical performances such as CV, GCD, EIS and cycle life of these composites were investigated. The composites enhance the electrochemical performances of both the CPP and PANI. When the synthesis mass ratio of CPP to aniline is 1: 3, the electrochemical performances of the composites reach its maximum. In terms of specific capacitance, pure PANI has the highest specific capacitance. According to the general regularity, the higher the PANI content in the composite, the higher specific capacitance should be. But the results showed that when the composite ratio is 1:3, the maximum value reached. Further increasing the proportion of aniline resulted in a decrease in the specific capacitance of the composite. There has not a very reasonable explanation for this phenomenon, can we only attribute it to the synergistic effect of carbon and PANI. The scientific principles contained in this aspect deserve further in-depth research using more advanced research methods.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn whole, this paper provides a new idea for the development and utilization of floral biomass carbon and its potential applications in the field of supercapacitors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe project has not received any funding from the government or enterprises.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStern P C, Janda K B, Brown M A (2016) Opportunities and insights for reducing fossil fuel consumption by households and organizations. Nature Energy 1(5): 16043.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu J, Mooney H, Hull V (2015). Systems integration for global sustainability. 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Journal of Energy Storage 88:111464.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Peach petals, Biomass carbon, Conducting polymers, Polyaniline, Composites, Electrochemical performance","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7225193/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7225193/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eCarbon-based materials feature peculiar structural and electronic properties that can endow salient characteristics when composited with other materials. PANI is often used to prepare capacitor electrode materials by combining with carbon materials to improve their cycle stability and electrochemical performance. In this study, a new biomass carbon material derived from peach petals (CPP) with a special woven-fiber-like structure is prepared. The carbon material is compounded with PANI through in-situ polymerization to form composites that integrate the advantages of both carbon and PANI. The electrochemical properties of the composites are investigated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves, galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results indicate that the composites exhibit good cycle stability and electrochemical performance. The specific capacitance of the composite materials is significantly higher than that of the pure carbon material, it can reach 202.6 F·g-¹ at a current density of 1 A·g-¹ when the synthesis mass ratio of carbon to aniline is 1:3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study reveals the possibility of changing peach flower petals to carbon materials and their PANI composites. It also provides an alternative solution for the application of flower biomass carbon in the field of supercapacitors.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Electrochemical Performances of Carbonized Peach Petals/Polyaniline (CPP/PANI) Composites","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-14 15:12:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7225193/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5fd0edfc-c557-4e97-8aa1-67a5a073b927","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-12T02:23:18+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-14 15:12:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7225193","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7225193","identity":"rs-7225193","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}