Quantifying the mixing behavior of direct injected hydrogen in high-pressure environments by Rayleigh scattering

Quantifying the mixing behavior of direct injected hydrogen in high-pressure environments by Rayleigh scattering | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Quantifying the mixing behavior of direct injected hydrogen in high-pressure environments by Rayleigh scattering Max Peters, Noud Maes, Nico Dam, Jeroen van Oijen This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6106071/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Applied Physics B → Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Contributing to a sustainable future, a compression-ignition Argon Power Cycle (APC) combustion engine could be an efficient means to use hydrogen as a carbon-free energy carrier. In the APC, hydrogen is burned with oxygen in an argon ambient preventing the formation of nitrogen oxides. A readily available HDEV injector with a straight 0.55-mm orifice and an inward-moving needle controls the mass flow into the constant-volume setup in accordance with (com-pressible) choked flow theory. The mixing capabilities of a milliseconds-duration gaseous jet are investigated using single-shot planar Rayleigh scattering to visualize and quantify the molar fraction of hydrogen in a controlled high-pressure inert nitrogen or argon ambient at room temperature. The linear behavior of the Rayleigh signal on the number density is presented as well as the validity for the assumed constant number density throughout the mixing jet. The evolution of mole fraction is presented for both nitrogen (making this study also relevant for air-breathing engines) and argon ambient gases, and the pressure ratios of 2.5 and 10. The observed jet behavior follows the jet penetration trends found with previous high-speed Schlieren measurements. Quasi-steady behavior is shown in both axial and radial direction, while self-similar behavior is already observed at 3 mm from the nozzle (x/de = 5.5). Argon Power Cycle (APC) hydrogen injection mixing behavior constant-volume setup mole fraction field Rayleigh scattering Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Applied Physics B → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 23 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 21 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Mar, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 10 Mar, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 10 Mar, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 26 Feb, 2025 First submitted to journal 25 Feb, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6106071","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":431826909,"identity":"aad56ff7-5376-4617-ae99-0734d6df91f2","order_by":0,"name":"Max Peters","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAD9gYgYWBBrPIEIOY5ANIiQYoWCRDBQIQW3fbmYw8+/rDJl5/5/OqGHwUSDPzt3Ql4tZidOZZuOCMhzXLD7Zyymz1Ah0mcObsBv5YbOWbSPAmHDQykc9Ju8AC1GEjkEtBy//036T8J/w3kZ55Ju/mHKC03eNikGRIOGDDcYD92mzhbzqSZG/akJRsYnMlhuy1jIMFD2C/HDz978MPGzkC+/fizm2/+2Mjxt/fi1wIEbFCaxwBMElKOrIX9ATGqR8EoGAWjYAQCAGStSBePSkxzAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Eindhoven University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Max","middleName":"","lastName":"Peters","suffix":""},{"id":431826910,"identity":"e8515a6a-e6fc-458a-b17e-3781ec9d1721","order_by":1,"name":"Noud Maes","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Eindhoven University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Noud","middleName":"","lastName":"Maes","suffix":""},{"id":431826911,"identity":"1a064af2-17ec-4c7b-95c0-f453347df4d4","order_by":2,"name":"Nico Dam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Eindhoven University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nico","middleName":"","lastName":"Dam","suffix":""},{"id":431826912,"identity":"7a4c422e-70db-43e4-bf73-d03e6d21dc14","order_by":3,"name":"Jeroen van Oijen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Eindhoven University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jeroen","middleName":"van","lastName":"Oijen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-25 14:23:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6106071/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6106071/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-025-08549-1","type":"published","date":"2025-09-06T15:58:01+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91149311,"identity":"11dfeec4-857e-412e-9ef2-f6bb49fba2d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-12 06:48:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":11671824,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"APCPaperRayleigh.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6106071/v1_covered_52e1ef68-4c37-4747-836d-c5f511fa2cef.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Quantifying the mixing behavior of direct injected hydrogen in high-pressure environments by Rayleigh scattering","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"applied-physics-b","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"aphb","sideBox":"Learn more about [Applied Physics B](http://link.springer.com/journal/340)","snPcode":"340","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/340/3","title":"Applied Physics B","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Argon Power Cycle (APC), hydrogen injection, mixing behavior, constant-volume setup, mole fraction field, Rayleigh scattering","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6106071/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6106071/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Contributing to a sustainable future, a compression-ignition Argon Power Cycle (APC) combustion engine could be an efficient means to use hydrogen as a carbon-free energy carrier. 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