Plant-Compatible Xenium In Situ Sequencing: Optimised Protocol for Spatial Transcriptomics in Medicago truncatula Roots and Nodules

Abstract Elucidating the spatial and temporal regulation of gene expression during plant organogenesis is crucial for enabling precise crop improvement strategies that incorporate beneficial traits into crops while avoiding adverse effects. Root nodules, specialised organs formed in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, provide a valuable system to study cell-type-specific gene networks in a symbiosis-induced developmental context. However, capturing these dynamics at cellular resolution in intact plant tissues remains technically challenging. Spatial transcriptomics technologies developed for animal systems are often not directly transferable to plant tissues due to fundamental differences in tissue composition between plants and animals, including rigid and heterogeneous plant cell walls, high cell wall autofluorescence, and large vacuoles in plant cells that complicate probe access and signal detection. To address these challenges, we present an optimised protocol for applying the Xenium in situ sequencing platform to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections of plant tissues, including Medicago truncatula roots and nodules. Key technical adaptations include customised tissue preparation, optimised section thickness, hybridisation conditions, post-Xenium staining, imaging, and downstream image analysis, all tailored specifically for plant samples. To mitigate autofluorescence and enhance detection sensitivity, we employed a strategic approach to codeword selection during probe design. Furthermore, we developed a modular probe design approach combining a custom 380-gene standalone panel with a 100-gene add-on panel. This design allows flexibility for addressing diverse research questions and includes orthologous gene sequences from two Medicago ecotypes, ensuring compatibility for downstream functional validation using mutant lines available in both genetic backgrounds. We validated the protocol across nodules at multiple developmental stages using both the 50-gene panel targeting mature nodule cell identity and the extended 480-gene panel, which includes markers across different cell types and developmental stages, as well as genes of interest identified from prior single-cell and bulk RNA-seq analyses. This optimised workflow provides a reproducible and scalable method for high-resolution spatial transcriptomics in plant tissues, establishing a robust foundation for adaptation to other plant species and developmental systems. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.