Hotter chili peppers by hybridisation: heterosis and reciprocal effects

The selection of pure lines followed by crosses to create superior hybrids is one of the oldest strategies in crop breeding. However, in domesticated species of the Capsicum genus hybrid breeding has lagged, in part due to a lack of detailed information about the phenotypic and metabolic consequences of hybridization. Here, we performed reciprocal crosses between four inbred varieties of two species of cultivated C. chinense (cv. Habanero and Biquinho) and C. annuum var. annuum (cv. Jalapeño and cv. Cascadura Ikeda). These varieties were specifically selected for their highly divergent traits, including plant growth habit, fruit size, shape and pungency: Habanero and Jalapeño peppers are highly pungent forms, particularly popular in Mexico. The Biquinho cultivar of C. chinense and the Cascadura Ikeda bell pepper are traditional sweet cultivars from Brazil. From the parental genotypes and from the progeny of the reciprocal crosses, we measured 28 phenotypic traits, including plant growth, and yield, 32 fruit shape parameters, and 50 fruit pericarp and placenta metabolites, including capsaicinoids. We found large differences for agronomic and metabolic traits between the genotypes, including heterosis for pungency and reciprocal effects for agronomic traits. We also show that the strong association between fruit shape and pungency can be broken in intraspecific hybrids, paving the way for the precision breeding of novel varieties. Once sentence summary Hybrids of Capsicum peppers display heterosis and reciprocal effects for agronomic traits and fruit pungency