A Corpus Stylistic Analysis of National Identity Reconstruction in Postcolonial Fiction: The Case of Burnt Shadows

A Corpus Stylistic Analysis of National Identity Reconstruction in Postcolonial Fiction: The Case of Burnt Shadows | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A Corpus Stylistic Analysis of National Identity Reconstruction in Postcolonial Fiction: The Case of Burnt Shadows Anam Tahir, Tahir Qayyum, Nouman Hamid This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7223964/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The paper explores national identities in Shamsie’s Burnt Shadows (2009) through Baker’s ( 2006 ) Corpus-Assisted Discourse Analysis (CADS). It analyzes five nations: America, Afghanistan, Japan, India, and Pakistan. Sketch Engine (Kilgariff et al., 2014) measures linguistic patterns related to displacement, hybridity, trauma, and postcolonial conflict, followed by qualitative analysis. Afghanistan is linked to war and fundamentalism (40% negative), America to imperialism and racism (65% negative), Japan to cultural erasure and nuclear trauma (52% negative), and India and Pakistan to identity crises from partition. Quantitative sentiment and thematic analysis examine the fluidity of global power and diasporic identity. Linguistics Corpus-Assisted Discourse Analysis national identity displacement trauma hybridity postcolonialism Burnt Shadows sentiment analysis lexical patterns power dynamics Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Introduction The multifaceted themes embedded in Shamsie’s ( 2009 ) Burnt Shadows , which draws on war memoirs and subsequent displacement, provide insight into the prominent themes of identity portrayal, contestation, and reconstruction within intercultural conflicts. The choices in language shape and reshape social and political dimensions that span continents and decades. Considering the horrific nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in the previous century, along with the catastrophic bloodshed of migration resulting from the partition of the Indian subcontinent and the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon at the dawn of this century, this novel explores the pain of displacement, identity reconstruction, and the complexities of belonging in the postcolonial world through intricate storytelling. Shamsie’s work has received extensive critical acclaim for its thematic richness. However, linguistic patterns, which can be analyzed discursively, have received little attention, as noted by Kharal and Ashraf ( 2021 ). This paper aims to address that gap by employing Corpus-assisted Discourse Analysis to explore the constructed themes in the novel. The study addresses the following research questions: How do national identifiers shape national identities through discourse in Burnt Shadows? Which lexical patterns and semantic prosodies are linked to different nationalities? How do the lexical patterns reveal underlying ideological identities connected to displacement, nationalism, and postcolonial trauma within the narrative? This study employs a Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (CADS) approach to critically analyze how complex narratives are linguistically and ideologically constructed. CADS enables a systematic analysis of repeated lexical patterns and discursive strategies in the text, offering empirical insights into how power, ideology, and representation are formed and spread. This approach merges the quantitative methods of corpus linguistics with the interpretive insights of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to reveal the subtle linguistic techniques the novel employs to illustrate global inequalities, colonial histories, and cultural marginalization. Literature Review Flowerdew ( 2023 ) outlines a synergistic relationship between corpus linguistics and discourse analysis, indicating the implications for Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Various approaches to discourse analysis originate from corpus-based perspectives. One such approach is Corpus-Based Analysis of Discourse (CBAD), which employs frequency counts, collocations, and concordances to identify textual patterns. As Flowerdew ( 2023 ) posits, CBAD integrates textual methodologies, such as genre analysis, with contextual approaches, including interactional discourse analysis, as well as pragmatic and discourse analysis, which combine frequency data with contextual information. Undoubtedly, this methodology provides statistical validation and empirical robustness while minimizing researcher bias through reliance on authentic textual data. Nevertheless, it remains primarily descriptive and interpretative concerning the patterns identified by computational means. Consequently, it does not investigate underlying ideologies and agendas embedded within the discourse. An alternative interdisciplinary research paradigm, Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (henceforth, CADS), initially introduced by Partington ( 2004 ), is best suited for the systematic investigation of linguistic patterns. From a quantitative perspective, CADS integrates corpus linguistics and incorporates qualitative discourse analysis to identify how language shapes and reshapes social realities over time (Baker, 2006 ). CADS uncovers what is opaque on the surface. It does not limit itself to patterns that have been identified; instead, it utilizes other theoretical approaches, chiefly among them is CDA, to reveal the agendas and ideologies embedded in the text. This quantitative breadth and qualitative depth make CADS suitable for fictional studies. CADS allows for empirical scrutiny of how displacement and identity construction and reconstruction are linguistically constructed using discursive strategies revolving around war, post-war trauma, and violence. Travelling beyond anecdotal literary criticism, this study combines quantitative tools with qualitative interpretations to ensure evidence-based comprehension of the narrative, as well as to make linguistic patterns visible for the construction of ideology and identity. Baker ( 2006 ) developed the CADS framework to analyse how linguistic patterns reflect social phenomena across genres, including fiction. Using large, digital corpora and tools, CADS reveals patterns unseen in traditional analysis. Emerging in the early 2000s through Partington ( 2004 ) and Baker ( 2006 ), this approach advocates a systematic, empirical approach in discourse studies, incorporating corpus linguistics (Baker, 2006 ; Baker, Gabrielatos, & McEnery, 2013 ). It interprets vast textual data, enabling critiques that would otherwise be impossible. Literature is readily accessible these days, allowing corpus tools to analyze linguistic patterns. Recent studies, like Khral and Ashraf (2021), explore identity construction through diaspora, focusing on Hiroko from Burnt Shadows . Ahmad et al. ( 2023 ) have also examined post-colonial and national identity in the global era, as reflected in the novel. Displacement, a common theme in literature from former colonies, reflects the complexities of identity reshaping amid historical and cultural upheavals. Investigating nationality, ethnicity, and personal histories, therefore, reveals conflicts rooted in displacement, which involves forced migration, loss, and alienation. Scholars like Hall ( 1990 ), Bhabha ( 1994 ), and Quan-Zhi (2015) explore fluid and constructed identities, emphasizing the influence of context, hybridity, and deconstruction. Displacement from war, migration, and colonization compels individuals to rebuild their identities amid dominant cultural forces. Bhabha’s concept of the third space explains how hybrid identities emerge beyond traditional binaries, with ideological resistance playing a key role. Said ( 2000 ) also highlights exile experiences as a form of negotiation between emerging cultural positions. Literature and media studies scrutinize the representation of displaced communities, reflecting and shaping ideology. Displacement often leads to marginalization or empowerment. Spivak ( 1988 ) critiques Western dominant ideologies, emphasizing the need for alternative narratives that resist hegemonic identity. Fanon ( 1961 ) stresses the importance of reclaiming identity within the context of oppression. Authors such as Shamsie ( 2009 ) and Adichie ( 2009 ) discuss these aspects, with Adichie focusing on displacement, immigration, racism, and identity, illustrating how displacement affects self-perception. Salih’s ( 1966 ) Seasons of Migration to the North explores post-colonial identity and remnants of British imperialism amid turmoil, focusing on the protagonist's struggle between Sudanese roots and the Western world, revealing conflicts of displaced identities. Lahiri's The Namesake (2003) explores the experiences of immigrants and the complexities of generational identity, highlighting the challenges of cultural assimilation and identity within a diaspora. Displacement affects both physical relocation and the reconstruction of one's identity. Foucault ( 1982 ) has rightly suggested that power relations shape knowledge and identities, often marginalizing communities and influencing their collective and individual identities. Discourse analysis in literature has shifted from philosophical roots in Foucault's work to more empirical approaches. Foucault views discourse as a system that shapes knowledge, power, and identity, not just language. Literature is now seen as part of larger discursive formations, contributing to social realities. With the rise of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), initially focused on political discourse, literary texts are increasingly analyzed for power structures and narrative voices. For example, Heart of Darkness, Jane Eyre , and Things Fall Apart are reevaluated through the lens of colonial ideologies. Corpus linguistics in the 1990s and 2000s merged with literary studies, resulting in extensive, systematic text collections that reflect worldviews. It identifies language patterns and stylistic features to analyze macro discourse, leading to Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (CADS). While CADS has proven effective in media and political discourse analysis (Baker et al., 2013 ; Zhou, 2020 ), its application to literary constructions of national identity in postcolonial trauma narratives remains underdeveloped. This study bridges this gap by examining how Shamsie's lexical patterns encode geopolitical power asymmetries, an aspect overlooked in prior literary CADS applications. Researchers have employed corpus tools to examine thematic lexical fields, narrative voice, character representation, and ideology in novels (Bednarek, 2008 ; Partington, Duguid, & Taylor, 2013 ). CADS offers literary critics a robust method to support textual interpretations with statistical evidence. Taylor and Marchi ( 2018 ) provide a critical framework for CADS, combining quantitative frequency analysis and discourse interpretation to reveal ideological patterns. Their typology highlights the importance of linking corpus results with social critique to expose power structures and evaluative attitudes. Building on this, the current research uses keyword, frequency, and contextual analysis to explore how national identities are ideologically constructed in Burnt Shadows. Zhou ( 2020 ) shows CADS can uncover bias and ideology in media, especially regarding national and migration narratives. His findings suggest national identity is shaped and challenged through key words and collocations, with national identifiers serving as powerful discursive tools that influence group identities. The study also examines how Burnt Shadows constructs geopolitical identities through lexical patterns related to nations and ethnicity. Moreover, Breeze ( 2019 ) has demonstrated how CADS can effectively reveal ideological perspectives in areas like religion and politics by integrating semantic prosody, collocational mapping, and thematic analysis. This research aligns Breeze’s ( 2019 ) advice to utilise semantic prosody and thematic pattern mapping to explore how terms like “Afghan,” “American,” or “refugee” influence the ideological framing of stories. In a similar study, McEnery and Baker ( 2017 ) argue that CADS explores how terrorism-related discourse constructs national and religious identities. They emphasise the significance of collocation chains, keyword patterns, and semantic domains in shaping threat narratives and ideological frameworks. Their method of analysing collocational patterns around identity-related terms such as “Afghan” or “terrorist” informs this study’s approach to examining identity construction through these keywords, which reveal power-related representations in Burnt Shadows. This study also draws on Partington ( 2017 ), who introduces an empirical shift in literary studies by promoting CADS as a means to uncover stylistic and ideological patterns in narrative fiction. His research bridges literary criticism and corpus linguistics, demonstrating how fiction serves as both an aesthetic and ideological product. Building on Partington’s ( 2017 ) claim that corpus analysis enriches literary interpretation, this study employs a CADS approach to explore the ideological layers of national and cultural identities in Burnt Shadows. Materials and Methods This study is based on the Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (CADS) framework, developed by Baker ( 2006 ), to explore the linguistic and lexical choices for portraying and representing themes such as identity and displacement in Burnt Shadows , using Sketch Engine (Kilgarrif et al., 2014). Sketch Engine is chosen for its robust corpus management features, ability to handle substantial texts, and sophisticated querying functions, all of which are vital for CADS. It allows researchers to refine searches iteratively, thus improving the accuracy and depth of linguistic insights. Corpus Compilation The entire text of Burnt Shadows by Kamila Shamsie ( 2009 ) was obtained in textual form from the Internet Archive, a digital repository for literary studies. The text was processed using UTF-8 encoding, resulting in 142740 tokens. Subsequently, it was uploaded to Sketch Engine, which features an integrated automatic tagger within its interface. Key themes are identified by examining the concordance lines surrounding national identifiers. Quantitative Analysis Our analytical approach involves extracting concordance lines using thematic word choices, such as terms representing countries, nationalities, and identity-related concepts. We have also identified statistically significant collates to examine the semantic prosody manually using frameworks proposed by Sinclair ( 1991 , 1996), Louw ( 1993 ) and Stewart (2010). Tones were assigned as “positive,” “negative,” and “neutral”, based on the surrounding lexis, evaluative stance and ideological framing. Qualitative Analysis The study builds on theories of identity formation (Hall, 1990 ; Bhabha, 1994 ), postcolonial discourse (Spivak, 1988 ), and trauma studies (Caruth, 1996 ) to examine how language patterns reveal underlying ideologies and emotional experiences. Additionally, drawing on Sinclair’s ( 1987 ) “good/positive” and “bad/negative” profiles, Louw’s ( 1993 ) “semantic prosody,” and Sinclair’s (1996) definition of semantic prosody, this research analyzes how national identifiers are assessed based on contextual tone (Cheng, 2013 ). Stewart (2010) argues that Sinclair’s prosody should be termed as “discourse prosody,” and this terminology is applied here. Reliability Protocol Tone classification follows Louw's (1993) semantic prosody framework with modified criteria: Negative: Lexis implying violence, oppression, or loss (e.g., "corpses", "bomb") Positive: Lexis implying resilience/cultural pride (e.g., "resistance", "light") Neutral: Factual descriptors without evaluative stance. Two independent coders achieved Krippendorff's α = .82. Discrepancies were resolved through consensus meetings. Results and Discussion The frequencies of national identifiers outline globalized narrative structures in Burnt Shadows . The keywords not only represent the identities of individuals but also the histories of entrenched nationalism, displacement, and violence. The corpus-based quantification of these identifiers contributes to discourse analysis by highlighting narratives woven around them. Empirical validation helps identify rigid and fluid identities that emerge from social and geopolitical contexts. The statistical prominence of “Afghan”, for instance, suggests its importance in the overall discourse of the novel, particularly in the geopolitical context. It reflects conflict and racial profiling, war traumas, displacement, and constructed narratives of identity and threats. Similarly, “America” provides insights to U.S foreign policy and global repercussions. It might seem surprising that "Japan" (89 hits) and "India" (98 hits) appear less frequently, considering the novel begins in Nagasaki and devotes a significant amount of narrative time to Delhi. Nevertheless, they still play a significant role in the narrative arcs—Japan as the site of nuclear trauma through Hiroko Tanaka’s origin story, and India as a pivotal geopolitical space during Partition. The lower frequency might be due to narrative compression or the novel's focus shifting in its second half to the post-9/11 political landscape. "Pakistan" appears 93 times, which is slightly fewer than India, indicating a steady but not overwhelming presence in the text. This frequency highlights Pakistan as a key postcolonial nation-state, tied to themes of identity, belonging, and political instability. However, since its frequency is lower than "Afghan" and “America,” the novel seems to place Pakistan within a larger geopolitical context rather than making it the primary focus. Table 1 suggests that the word “Afghan” and its associated forms, as well as the people they refer to, are central to the novel's narrative. The highest number of occurrences of the identity marker Afghan is particularly attributed to war and conflict, followed by displacement and rigid and fluid identities. America is the second most frequent identity marker, symbolizing its military and economic power. Similarly, Pakistan and India have nearly equal frequencies, marking the blurred identities, nationhood, migration, displacement, and diaspora that predated and followed partition. Although the protagonist and Raza both trace their roots to Japan, this is somewhat less frequent, yet it is foundational to the narrative. The novel’s transitional frame is structured around the nuclear bombing and its aftermath. A detailed analysis of each is provided in the subsequent discussion. Afghan Searching for the Keyword Afghan , as a lemma, returns all results, including nouns, adjectives, and the full name of Afghanistan. It has 145 hits in a corpus of 142740 tokens, making up around 0.101% of the entire corpus, with a relative frequency of 1015.83 per million tokens. Key terms such as Afghan and Afghanistan have been extensively used in the novel to describe the state, attitude, and identity of the people, as well as how their national, religious, and cultural identities are represented. For instance, Afghanistan has been described as a site of conflict and displacement with particular reference to war, violence, and insurgencies. The picture below is a screenshot of a random sample of ten concordance lines due to space constraints. The sample is generated by Sketch Engine concordancing. The text depicts inhumane treatment in war zones, with Afghan people shown as savages linked to guns and bodies used as warnings. It highlights deep ethnic divisions like ‘ Afghan fighting Afghan ' (post-Soviet withdrawal), fueling conflict and foreign intervention. Symbols satirize hypocrisy, such as ‘cluster bomb the Afghans, but do not drive over the pink bunny rabbits,' belittling human lives for toys. It also illustrates proxy wars and foreign involvement, 'Afghan versus Soviets... Egypt provided arms, America financed ,’ depicting Afghanistan as a Cold War battleground. Afghans are used as pawns in global struggles, with Pakistan’s dual role, as Raza Ashraf, working for a Pakistani spy agency, has been used by Americans. The identity and sense of belonging among Afghans are also interesting. Being Afghan is a contested identity. Raza’s guilt over pretending to be an Afghan, on one hand, compromises their identity, while how Afghans feel about him, on the other hand, reflects in their sentiment: " He was not even an Afghan and he came to fight with us’ . This politicized nature of Afghan identity forces them to represent, construct, and identify their national identity. Loyalty of Afghanistan transcends ethnicity, and at the same time, these ethnic tensions seem to be deepening, as shown by the Pashtun vs Hazara internal strife. This phenomenon causes them to assume new identities as refugees, shaped by forced migration from ecological destruction and war, exemplified by Afghans living in makeshift homes when their lands produced nothing. Their dehumanization in U.S. policies reduces Afghans to mere statistics in geopolitical games, asking, " What is one Afghan? Expendable ." Shamsie critiques Jihadist rhetoric, depicting their religious identity and resistance. The belief in martyrdom and heaven is shown through questions like, “ if an Afghan dies in killing infidels, does he go straight to heaven?" Reflecting their hope for a better afterlife and their fight against infidels, including Americans and Soviets. Post 9/11 Islamophobia further labels Afghan identity as terrorism, rooted in culture, religion, and appearance, which are exploited in the West. Cultural stereotypes portray Afghan men as disliking women and emphasize patriarchal norms, contrasting with Hiroko's hybrid Pakistani-Japanese identity. Stereotypes also depict Pashtuns, through images of “ delicate featured boys ,” reinforcing orientalist tropes, hypermasculinity, and homoeroticism associated with them. The data illustrate the influence of linguistic and colonial legacies on societal formation. Language is presented as a symbol of betrayal, exemplified by the statement, “ you speak Pashto like this Pakistani here ,” where Raza’s Pashto and Pakistani identities suggest a sense of betrayal. English is regarded as a neocolonial instrument, as illustrated by the phrase, “ learned English from a retired Afghan teacher. ” Afghan identity is expressed through nostalgia and trauma, romanticized in the depiction, “ The light in Afghanistan. Like nowhere else,” despite the persistent presence of war and homelessness. This analysis highlights the intricate and multifaceted nature of Afghan identity. Afghanistan is characterised as a victim, both as a proxy and through direct acts of bombing and displacement. Moreover, Afghanistan appears to be immersed in trauma and resilience. External interventions and internal conflicts contribute to the nation's fluid identity. The Afghan people are portrayed as courageous and resilient; however, they are also depicted as maintaining stereotypical identities as refugees, misogynists, and militants. Their identity appears to oscillate between that of noble savages and a perceived threat to global security. It is essential, therefore, to note the overall positive or negative mentions of Afghan/Afghanistan, as well as what these mentions reveal. Table 3 Tone related to the keyword Afghan in Burnt Shadows Tone count % Themes Positive 38 26.2 Cultural Pride, Resistance, Heroism, Religious beliefs Negative 55 39.9 War Trauma, Tribal Violence, Displaced identity, religious rigidity, Savages, Internal strife Neutral 52 35.9 Geographic description The statistics illustrate that Afghanistan is often portrayed negatively (in around 55 instances, accounting for approximately 40%), reflecting its identity. There is little admiration for them, with only 26% of portrayals being positive, totaling 38 instances. This negative depiction further suggests that war and displacement have distorted their images and identities. Negative portrayals emphasize conflict, while the only positives arise from their culture. Out of 145 mentions, 40% exhibit negative portrayals, clearly indicating that their national, cultural, and religious identities, despite being fluid, are viewed as inadequate and often redefined and reconstructed. Positive linguistic patterns are framed around individual resilience amid systemic collapse. America The Keyword "America," which has been used in various forms, including America, American, Americans , and America’s , makes it the second most frequently discussed nation in the text of Burnt Shadows . The normalized frequency is approximately 959 tokens per million, which is considered favorable, accounting for 0.0959% of the entire corpus. America is portrayed as an imperial and military power with a strong occupying force. Locals see the U.S. president as a threat, reflecting anti-American sentiment. The line “ hiding from the Americans in order to make allies of them ” shows fear for survival. The phrase “ reward from the Americans, who were acting as though they owned a rainforest of money growing trees ” Highlights American imperialism and resource exploitation, establishing their economic power. Their other dominant identity is military strength; “ American bombing campaign— a door standing unsupported in a field” symbolizes destruction and shattered lives, shown through the aftermath of war with the symbol of a “door.” Shamsie depicts the US as a manipulative power fueling the Afghan conflict via proxies, especially during the Soviet war. Raza Ashraf in Afghanistan has ties with ISI and CIA, executing covert operations that blur morality and turn locals into pawns. The US's national identity is strong in geopolitics but marked by cynicism and exceptionalism. “ God Bless America” feels like advertising, commodifying patriotism into slogans. Hiroko’s view of America and her redefining Harry’s American identity contrast with Raza’s, reflecting the myth of assimilation that excludes Raza’s mixed heritage. Shamsie contrasts American egalitarianism with hierarchy in Pakistan and Japan, as Hiroko notes, “ No stifling honorifics [...] liked most about the Americans. ” Apart from their cultural representation and national strength, their moral identity has been marked by hypocrisy, as evidenced by the statement, “ American with the gentle face said the bomb was a terrible thing but it had to be done. ” This serves as a typical example of both individual and collective representation of America. The lexical choice of " gentle face ," which may imply sarcasm, reflects individualism; yet, symbolically, it denotes the populace. Conversely, their collective violence is profoundly terrifying, as it emerges from those who advocate for bombing as a means to achieve peace. Americans value education and expect it from others, as seen with Raza, who faces systemic barriers in universities. Identity reconstruction is influenced by immigration and belonging. Raza’s complaints about financial aid reveal barriers to success. Sometimes, policies like the Patriot Act make certain acts illegal. Pride in the American dream can undermine Muslim aspirations post-9/11. Tensions are clear: Americans show solidarity but ghettoization persists, like the mosque in Jersey City with Turks, Afghans, Pakistanis. Whiteness often defines belonging, exemplified by comments like "You look like Clint Eastwood... so of course you can be American,” highlighting racial bias. Shamsie critiques Islamophobia post-9/11, seeing Muslims as threats, with government paranoia. Abroad, Muslims face distrust, and association with the CIA can be viewed as betrayal. Similarly, the anti-war sentiment expressed by Japanese individual Hiroko, who stated, “the bomb was a terrible thing,” encounters a barbaric justification by Americans, who claim it was necessary “ to save American lives .” This demonstrates that the lives of the victims in Nagasaki were deemed less important. Furthermore, we have previously observed the dehumanization of Afghans within U.S. policy. Americans also appear to exploit the linguistic power inherent in their language, thereby equating English fluency with cultural capital necessary for employment, as reflected in inquiries such as, “ three languages and glowing references from the Americans” and “where did you learn English? ”. The superiority of America and Americans is established throughout the mentions. Table 4 Themes and distribution of America in Burnt Shadows Type Example from Concordance Implication National Identity Lines 2, 4, 30, 81 Lines 20, 115, 123, 131 Americans as invaders and destroyers. Promise vs. betrayal of the American Dream. Cultural Identity Lines 7, 53, 61, 110 Gentle soft facing vs. collective arrogance and violence Religious Identity Lines 48, 94, 140 Islamophobia and dehumanization in policy. The corpus suggests that Shamsie portrays the United States as a substantial geopolitical power that exercises both military and economic coercion. Furthermore, America is depicted as a cultural paradox, embodying both liberation and exclusion, serving as a venue for diasporic negotiations where identity is contested and ultimately remains undefined. The novel thoughtfully explores the complexities of American exceptionalism, recognizing its compelling allure, much like the mixed feelings often found in South Asia's postcolonial context. There are various positive and negative aspects associated with the United States of America. Table 5 Tone related to the keyword America in Burnt Shadows Tone count % Themes with an example Positive 10 7% Opportunity, idealism (later subverted) "American universities would love a bright Pakistani student." (Ironic privilege) Negative 89 65% Imperialism, racism, militarism, dehumanization, cultural superiority “Americans acting like they owned money-growing trees.” (Exploitation) Neutral 38 28% Geographic description “American Embassy in Islamabad.” (Descriptive) The 65% negative attributes stem from their unmatched military and economic power, enabling exploitation. This view is also shaped by racism and anti-immigrant attitudes, denying assimilation and reflecting cultural pride. It exposes hegemonic aims and the dehumanization of nations like Japan and Afghanistan. Justifications for dropping nuclear bombs on Japanese cities cited saving American lives. Some perceived positives may be sarcasm or false impressions, such as when opportunities appear ironic or when barriers faced by students like Raza illustrate America's shortcomings. A neutral tone is typically reserved for geographic or factual information. The 10:89 positive-negative ratio highlights the critique of imperialism's exploitation, with America’s negatives outnumbering positives eight to one. Even positive traits are rejected by characters; overall, American structural violence is evident. India The Keyword "India" with word forms “India, Indian, Indians, and India’s” has 98 total hits with a relative frequency of 686.56 per million tokens, which constitutes 0.0686% of the entire corpus. The random sample of concordance lines has been given below: The concordance lines for "India" reveal themes of identity, colonialism, Partition, and hybridity. Identity is central, with colonial identity marked by the British Raj's imposition and marginalization of local identities. For example, “ flowerpots: it summed it up. No trees growing in courtyards for the English, no rooms clustered around those courtyards; instead, separations and demarcations " illustrates opposing identities from Indian perspectives. Colonial disruptions replaced traditional Indian spaces, echoed in questions like, “ Why have English remained so English? […] India’s history conquerors […] become Indians .” The contrast between the colonial British and Indians highlights colonial identity, showing some foreigners never fully assimilated. The partition caused violent religious and psychological divisions, leading to reluctant acceptance of new identities. Statements like “They said I’m one of the Muslims who chose to leave India. It can’t be unchosen” show helplessness and fear. Leaving the homeland results in loss and fluid identities. Even those retaining Indian identity faced insults, as “In India, when they want to insult Muslims, they call us Pakistani,” erasing shared history. Cultural hybridity mixes Indian and colonial identities, often with tensions. Sajjad reclaims agency by narrating Indian history to the British: "He, an Indian, introducing the English to the history of India, which was his history and not theirs." Burton's son exemplifies hybridity, considering India as home but being sent away. Indians seek self-determination, as in "Modern India will start the day the English leave.” Language is a tool of resistance, shown by “The British have made little difference to the life of Mohalla," reflecting local communities. Post-colonial hostility and dehumanization turn Indians into slurs among Pakistanis, with quotes like, “ Bastard Indians. They never miss an opportunity .” This worsens identity as forced binaries destroy relationships. Shamsie notes, “ Even Sajjad couldn’t pretend it no longer touched his life ,” highlighting his struggle to see himself as Pakistani or Indian. Mourning a precolonial past and fractured identities shows his psychological conflict between loss and nostalgia. He recalls “ Dilli, his city, warren of by-lanes and alleys… the rhythmically beating heart of cultural India ,” rooted in his pre-partition identity, where Delhi was untouched by British borders. Table 6 Thematic Distribution for the keyword India Type Example from Concordance Implication Colonial Identity 1, 2, 16, 27, 45, 62 Highlights British power and Indian suppression. Critiques the Raj’s cultural erasure Cultural Hybridity 5, 12, 23, 40, 55 Explores the blending of Dilli/Delhi identities, Urdu poetry, and colonial mimicry. Partition & Displacement 34, 56, 67, 78, 89 Reveals trauma of 1947, forced migrations, displacement, and identity crises. National Identity 8, 19, 30, 50, 72 Celebrates anti-colonial impudence and claims of Indian modernity. Religious Identity 42, 58, 74, 85, 95 Exposes Hindu-Muslim tensions pre/post-Partition, dehumanizing rhetoric. Overall, issues such as cultural contestations, partition, displacement, cultural hybridity, resistance, and self-determination illustrate the complex nature of identities that are often compromised, redefined, and reconstructed, continually evolving across both temporal and spatial dimensions. India serves as a metaphor to illustrate how physical, psychological, and linguistic borders shape identity and how such identities are perceived through religious and cultural lenses. The corpus validates the depiction of India metaphorically to refer to displacement, identity reconstruction, and identity crises. The dynamic nature of identity is manifested through memory (Sajjad’s nostalgia for Dilli), a wound (the scars and pains of Partition), a battleground (colonial and post-colonial narratives), and a longing (Hiroko’s search for belonging). This can be further elaborated by examining the positive and negative aspects associated with fluid and fixed identity structures. Table 7 Tone related to the keyword India in Burnt Shadows Tone count % Themes with an example Positive 18 18.3% Hope, idealism (later subverted) "Modern India will start the day the English leave Negative 35 35.7% Partition and displacement "Bastard Indians. They never miss an opportunity." Neutral 45 45.9% Geographic description "The train from Bombay to Delhi." Almost half of the concordance lines are related to descriptions of geography, history, and institutions that lack axiological value. However, concerning positive and negative tags, negative connotations are common and often linked to colonialism, partition, and racial or cultural slurs. Fewer than 20% of the positives represent rare instances of historical and cultural identity and resistance. A detailed analysis of positive patterns reveals that 40% are linked to achievements, 35% to anti-colonial resistance, and 25% to communal harmony and memories. Negative mentions account for 35.7%, with 45% focusing on violence, 30% on trauma, and 25% on cultural loss. Neutral references include geographical markers (40%), historical timelines (35%), and institutional frameworks (25%). Temporal analysis reveals that 62% of positives occurred before partition, while 78% of negatives occurred after partition. The term “India” is neutral (54%), but “Indian(s)” has stronger emotional connotations (68%). The distribution suggests that India is viewed not as romanticized or demonized, but as a contested space with shifting meanings depending on the speaker and context. Pakistan The concordance lines extracted from the corpus illustrate that “Pakistan” centres around the post-partition construction of identity, initiating discussions regarding belonging, the preservation of Indian identity, or emigration to Pakistan to forge a new national identity. This psychological conflict is articulated through Sajjad’s ambivalence, “ British India, Hindustan, Pakistan— that makes no difference to me ", which sharply contrasts with the fervent nationalism that subsequently developed. Concerning partition, displacement coerces individuals to reconstitute their identities. The destruction resulting from forced migration, referred to as “ evacuee property ," culminates in trains laden with soulless bodies. The act of leaving ancestral homes for a homeland characterized by uncertainty is echoed through characters such as Iqbal and Lala Bakhsh. This displaced identity does not merely oscillate between the past (India) and the present (Pakistan); instead, it evolves into a diasporic identity, as seen in America, or in the case of Hiroko’s Pakistani Passport in the United States. This hybrid identity is observable from a global perspective. Religious and cultural identities have also been represented within the discourse. Terms associated with Pakistan, including " Muslim League ," " Muslim homeland," and "Ummah ," illustrate their aspiration towards and migration into a religious identity, as opposed to a national one. However, this is intertwined with cultural identity, which is deeply rooted in displacement and migration. For instance, the word “Pakistani” is sometimes used as a slur, as in the case of “In India, Muslims are insulted as Pakistani; in Pakistan, Muhajirs are called Indians. ” This post-partition diKeyword continues to establish, reestablish, and reconstitute culturally rooted identities. Raza’s mixed heritage (Japanese-Pakistani) is also evident in the way he is mocked as “which boy is not Pakistani,” highlighting cultural dissension. Table 8 Thematic distribution related to the keyword Pakistan Type Example from Concordance Implication Displacement Trauma and Identity 1, 3, 4, 8, 12, 14, 16, 20, 22, 27, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 Violence and loss dominate early references (e.g., trains of corpses, abandoned homes). "Thousands are leaving... What am I holding on to? Just kite-strings attached to air." Diaspora & Hybrid Identity 10, 24, 31, 39, 44, 48, 52, 58, 63, 68, 73, 88 Mixed heritage, diaspora, psychological conflict. "You’re Pakistani, and I’m American." Postcolonial National Identity 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 28, 32, 36, 42, 46, 51, 56, 62, 67, 72, 77, 82, 87 CIA, Nuclear Tests, Class One of the more perplexing things about Pakistan... the elite say ‘middle class’ as an insult. Religious Identity (Muslim Nationhood) 2, 5, 6, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, 37, 41, 49, 53, 57, 61, 66, 71, 76, 81, 86 Muslim League, Muslim Homeland, Ummah. "Pakistan was all anyone could talk about... divide the Ummah?" Analysis reveals that post-partition trauma and identity are the most prominent themes in discussions about Pakistan. Out of 32 concordance lines, 93 focus on these topics, constituting 34.4% of all mentions. Religious identity is the second most frequent theme, appearing 21 times and representing 22.6% of the content. Post-colonial national identity occurs 18 times, making up 19.4% of the corpus. Meanwhile, 12 lines focus on diaspora and hybrid identity, accounting for 19.9% of the total. Table 9 Tone related to Pakistan in Burnt Shadows Tone count % Themes with an example Positive 17 18.3% Hope, idealism, and cultural pride "People here are from every nation within Pakistan... Even an American can sell fish here!" Negative 33 35.5% Partition, displacement, political failure, violence "Trains arrived with the dead as cargo." & "Pakistan was taking my friends... What am I holding on to?" Neutral 43 46.2% Geographic/political descriptions, factual references "The creation of Pakistan seems likely now." & "He’d been in Pakistan six months." A negative tone dominates the concordance lines, which often discuss partition, displacement, destruction, corpses, forced migrations, and property abandonment in a country with an uncertain situation. Political corruption, nuclear threats, and slurs worsen violence and destruction. Neutral descriptors (e.g., 'American Embassy', 'train from Bombay') function as Foucauldian “banal power” (Foucault, 1997) mechanisms, naturalizing colonial infrastructures. This mirrors Spivak's silencing, where the administrative lexicon obscures the violence embedded in these institutions. Only 18% of positive tone linked to Pakistan highlights its cultural and diasporic identities, pride, and solidarity. Characters navigate multiple, fluid identities—national, religious, and cultural—driven by the experience of displacement. "Pakistan" serves as a lens to examine trauma, belonging, and power, illustrating the scars of Partition initially, then postcolonial identity and global interconnectedness. Negative connotations predominate in historical contexts, whereas cultural or diasporic references are often neutral or positive. The term’s evolution reflects a shift from a national to a fragmented, globalized identity. Japan Japan, especially the two cities affected by the nuclear bomb, is a central theme in the novel as the main character, Hiroko, and mixed-heritage Raza both trace their roots to Japan. An analysis of the concordances reveals that this entry incorporates national identity, cultural hybridity, war trauma, displacement, notions of belonging, and linguistic identity. Figure 6: Random sample of Concordance lines for the keyword Japan With 54% negative tone, war trauma and national identity surround the Keyword “Japan” throughout the discourse. The nationalist fervor is visible through “ Japan will win the war ” with nationalist delusion. However, the same identity is tarnished and reduced to victimhood as “hibakusha… reduces you to the bomb”. Hibakusha refers to the nuclear-bomb stigma on their military power and national pride. This also seems to be marked with suppression of individuality, as in “ No place in wartime Japan for modern girls ”. From glory to shame and erasure, Japanese identity is irrevocably knitted with war violence. Cultural hybridity has been positively portrayed, with around 38% of representations being positive or neutral, focusing on cross-cultural fusion, nostalgia, and architectural blends. The neutral observation of hybridity is visible in “ Japanese and European architectural style ,” whereas positive idealization is indexed as “ Unique in Japan; International Club… mixing uncomplicatedly .” The purity myths are also symbolized by hybridity through nostalgic cultural longing, as seen in “ I want tea that tastes the way tea should taste .” The taste symbolizes the purity of Japan as well as nostalgic feelings of the past. The detail of the concordance lines is given in the table below. Table 10 Thematic Distribution of the keyword Japan in Burnt Shadows Type Concordance Lines Implication & Representative Example War Trauma & National Identity 0, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 Accounts for militarism, propaganda, and the nuclear bomb aftermath. Example: "Imperial Japan's paranoia: notebooks... evidence of treason". Cultural Hybridity & Cosmopolitanism 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43 Fluid and rigid identities. Example: "Europeans and Japanese mixing uncomplicatedly" (Index 2). Displacement & Rejection 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64 Self-imposed exile, Homeland as site of erasure; trauma-driven diaspora. Example: "I didn’t want to be in Japan any longer" (Index 44). Linguistic & Generational Identity 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86 Linguistic Alienation, Generational Conflict. Example: "Raza only spoke Japanese at home" (Index 75). If we look at the displacement and rejection resulting in reconstitution of identities, around 9% of the total mentions account for rejection of homeland, self-exile, and nuclear-bomb stigma. The displacement, as shown in “forced her away from Japan,” is trauma-driven and nostalgic. The active rejection of post-war identity makes it visible through “I don’t want to go back to Japan… hibakusha”. Simultaneously mourned and rejected, Japan appears to be a spectral homeland. Mixed tone of linguistic and generational identity (around 9% of the total mentions of Japan) shows language as a cultural preservation. Language at times appears as a political performance (“they speak loudly, in Japanese”), sometimes internalizes culture (“Raza hid his Japanese vocabulary”), and sometimes represents diasporic cultural joy (“the miracle of hearing Japanese in New York”. Language appears to bridge the past with the present, connecting intergenerational fractures. The stats for linguistic tone also reveal the overall representation of Japan and Japanese identity. Table 11 Tone describing the keyword Japan in Burnt Shadows * Tone count % Themes with an example Positive 7 8% Nostalgic hybridity, diasporic resilience. " Japan will win the war " Negative 48 54% Displacement, Cultural Erasure, Trauma "Imperial Japan's paranoia: notebooks... evidence of treason" "hibakusha... reduces you to the bomb" Neutral 34 38% Geographic/cultural descriptions, factual references to language "Raza translating Urdu clues to Japanese" The negative portrayal is over six times more than the positive description associated with Japan. It illustrates war trauma, cultural erasure and identity rejection. If we look at the patterns of negative tone, 70% are related to war, propaganda, and nuclear attack aftermaths. This overtly and covertly marks the identity crisis. The term “hibakusha” appears seven times in the context to show the stigma on Japanese identity. The neutral tone (36%) often uses cultural, historical, and linguistic references, with 85% of examples showing architectural and cultural blends. About 60% of language is detached, while 80% positive patterns relate to pre-war Nagasaki and diasporic identity. Hiroko’s pride in multilingualism reflects ethnic identity. Over half of the instances depict Japan negatively, highlighting war trauma, identity loss, and displacement. A balanced description remains neutral, but positivity is rare, mainly nostalgic. These lexical patterns align with Shamsie's goal to 'interrogate nationalist binaries' (2012), with negative biases around national identity, especially through characters like Raza, whose hybridity appears in linguistic gaps where positive descriptors might usually be found. Conclusion This corpus-based analysis of Burnt Shadows illustrates how five nations have been identified and described through this discourse. The study primarily focuses on the identity primarily caused by displacement emerging from conflict. The summary below, based on statistical results, outlines key findings. Table 11 Comparative display of national identifiers in Burnt Shadows Key Term Hits Reltv. hit Positive Negative Neutral Themes Afghan 145 1015 26.2% 39.9% 35.9% National, religious Identity Displacement, war trauma America 137 959 7.0% 65% 28% Imperialist, cultural & Racist identity India 98 686 18.3% 35.7% 45.9% Colonial, pre/post partition, cultural and linguistic identity Pakistan 93 651 18.3% 35.5% 46.2% Colonial, pre/post partition, cultural and linguistic identity Japan 89 623 8.0% 54.0% 38.0% Cultural hybridity, Displacement, Linguistic identity The five keywords serve as discursive nodes amid cultural, religious, national, and diasporic identities, which are shaped, contested, or redefined. Identity influences discourse and perspectives. For example, ' Afghan" is associated with war, displacement, exploitation, and internal conflict, often contested and rigid, worsened by migration to refugee status. Negative portrayals depict Afghan identity as fluid but often diluted by war and struggles, shifting among aggressors, victims, and pawns. This analysis clarifies their identities. Conversely, America is seen as hypocritical, rooted in racism and violence. Despite its idealistic image, it remains a destructive and influential global force. Positive mentions are rare and often ironic. India and Pakistan are neighbors scarred by partition, sharing colonial roots, cultural hybridity, and radicalism. India symbolizes loss and nostalgia, fluctuating between pre- and post-partition glory and trauma. The text explores post-partition and post-colonial identities, as well as communal fears. Pakistan, often linked with displacement, identity, and trauma, emphasizes nation-building and transition. Japan, where the novel begins, shows nuclear war trauma, cultural erasure, and hybrid identity, shifting from idealized to violated. Cultural expression is silenced by nuclear bombing, and identity crises appear through dialects and tastes. The frequent mention of' Aghan' highlights core themes. Mentions of Pakistan and Japan are fewer but emotionally and thematically rich. America has the highest negative-to-positive ratio (8.9:1), indicating hostility toward imperial power, as depicted by Shamsie. Afghanistan faces war, displacement, and identity crises, while Japan is renowned for its rich culture. India and Pakistan have balanced ratios, reflecting the complex partition, tensions, and new identities that have emerged. Data shows positives cluster around pre-partition times; negatives relate to post-colonial conflict, displacement, and diaspora. America, Afghanistan, and Japan tend toward negative identities. Linguistic analysis reveals frequent use of words like “bomb, infidel, partition, refugee,” and war terms such as “gunman, corpse, CIA, and bomb”. CADS provides data-backed insights, reducing bias through measures such as frequency and semantic tags, which illustrate how identities are represented and marginalized in texts. The data shows that powers can be affirmed, contested, or dismantled across countries. The study links corpus evidence with close reading, thereby strengthening literary analysis. It explores how national identities are constructed, challenged, and reshaped globally. This study also advances the growing field that combines literary analysis and empirical discourse review by demonstrating how national identities are linguistically shaped in Burnt Shadows. Using CADS, it shows how fictional depictions of countries such as Afghanistan, America, and Japan reflect underlying ideological conflicts related to war, displacement, and racialization. The consistent presence of semantic prosody, particularly negative associations with national identifiers, reveals the hidden perpetuation of power structures within global discourse. Characters like Hiroko and Raza embody the hybrid, fractured identities resulting from these conflicts, supporting Hall's view of identity as a site of struggle. CADS marks a methodological breakthrough by integrating quantitative analysis with postcolonial critique, giving scholars a new perspective to interpret, measure, and challenge literature. Fiction thus becomes a battleground of discourse, where national identity is continuously negotiated and often contested. References Adichie, C. N. (2009). Americanah . Alfred A. Knopf. Ahmad, J., Wafi, M. H., Mushkalamzai, Z., & Hadi, A. A. (2023). Multiculturalism and identity politics: Reading on the Religious Harmony Forum. IBDA: Jurnal Kajian Islam Dan Budaya, 21(2), 259-278. https://ejournal.uinsaizu.ac.id/index.php/ibda/article/download/7885/3566/28200 Baker, P. (2006). Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis . Continuum. Baker, P., Gabrielatos, C., & McEnery, T. (2013). Discourse Analysis and Media Attitudes: The Representation of Islam in the British Press . Cambridge University Press. Bednarek, M. (2008). Emotion Talk across Corpora . Palgrave Macmillan. Bhabha, H. K. (1994). The Location of Culture . Routledge. Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and Symbolic Power . Harvard University Press. Breeze, R. (2019). Corpus-assisted discourse studies on religion: A critical review. Journal of Corpora and Discourse Studies , 2 (1), 34–54. https://doi.org/10.18573/jcads.21 Caruth, C. (1996). Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History . Johns Hopkins University Press. Cheng, W. (2013). Semantic Prosody. In C. A. Chapelle (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics (pp. 1–7). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbea11062 Fanon, F. (1961). The Wretched of the Earth . Grove Press. Flowerdew, L. (2023). Corpus-based discourse analysis. In J. P. Gee & M. Handford (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of discourse analysis (2nd ed., pp. 13–28). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003035244 Foucault, M. (1982). The Archaeology of Knowledge . Pantheon Books. Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and Punish. Vintage. Hall, S. (1990). Cultural identity and diaspora. In J. Rutherford (Ed.), Identity: Community, Culture, Difference (pp. 222–237). Lawrence & Wishart. Kharal, Q., & Ashraf, S. (2021). Formation of Identities through Diaspora: A Post-colonial Reading of Burnt Shadow by Kamila Shamsie. Journal of English Language, Literature and Education, 3(2). 3456-4567. Kilgarriff, A., Baisa, V., Bušta, J., Jakubíček, M., Kovář, V., Michelfeit, J., Rychlý, P., & Suchomel, V. (2014). The Sketch Engine: Ten years on . Lexicography, 1(1), 7–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40607-014-0009-9 Lahiri, J. (2003). The Namesake . Houghton Mifflin. Louw, B. (1993). Irony in the Text or Insincerity in the Writer? The Diagnostic Potential of Semantic Prosodies. In M. Baker, G. Francis & E. Tognini-Bonelli (Eds.), Text and Technology: in Honor of John Sinclair (pp. 157–176). Amsterdam: Benjamins. McEnery, T., & Baker, H. (2017). Corpus approaches to terrorism discourse . Bloomsbury Academic. Partington, A. (2004). Utterly content in each other’s company: Semantic prosody and semantic preference. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 9 (1), 131–156. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.9.1.07par Partington, A. (2017). CADS and literary studies: Toward a more empirical stylistics. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics , 22 (2), 212–241. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.22.2.05par Partington, A., Duguid, A., & Taylor, C. (2013). Patterns and Meanings in Discourse: Theory and Practice in Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (CADS) . John Benjamins. Quan-Zhi, [First Initial]. (2015). A Discursive Approach to Identity Deconstruction and Reconstruction—With a Particular Reference to Literary Texts. US-China Foreign Language . Vol. 13, No. 3, 182-188 doi:10.17265/1539-8080/2015.03.003 Said, E. W. (2000). Reflections on Exile and Other Essays . Harvard University Press. Salih, T. (1966). Season of Migration to the North . Lynne Rienner Publishers Sinclair, J. (1987). Looking up: An account of the COBUILD project in lexical computing and the development of the Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary . London: Collins Sinclair, J. (1991). Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Shamsie, K. (2009). Burnt Shadows . Picador. Shamsie, K. (2012). "The Storytellers of Empire". Guernica Magazine. Taylor, C., & Marchi, A. (2018). Corpus approaches to discourse: A critical review . Routledge. Spivak, G. C. (1988). Can the Subaltern Speak? In C. Nelson & L. Grossberg (Eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (pp. 271–313). University of Illinois Press. Zhou, Y. (2020). Corpus-based CDA of migrant representation in British media. Discourse, Context & Media , 33 , 100368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2019.100368 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7223964","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":491428896,"identity":"7566cab4-a082-4273-a6e2-9ed050112734","order_by":0,"name":"Anam Tahir","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Higher Education Department, Govt. of AJ\u0026K","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anam","middleName":"","lastName":"Tahir","suffix":""},{"id":491428897,"identity":"b209ba27-ccd0-4eae-9fd4-4b0de975b30f","order_by":1,"name":"Tahir 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\u003cem\u003eAmerica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7223964/v1/c6c6a2189e996063247d6e5e.png"},{"id":87838708,"identity":"928a17de-7eb4-47a1-b6ea-74ba41d5c875","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-29 13:52:27","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":229679,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRandom sample of Concordance lines for the keyword \u003cem\u003eIndia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7223964/v1/fe4f35678158a1e8de95f437.png"},{"id":87839891,"identity":"006f25ce-9822-42f4-a6a5-eea1c91e007b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-29 14:00:27","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":220496,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRandom sample of Concordance lines for the keyword \u003cem\u003ePakistan\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7223964/v1/7e7ca64208a6801038d57dfa.png"},{"id":87838729,"identity":"eb24f3a9-40ec-41b4-9226-e9ca169adb4f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-29 13:52:28","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":234519,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRandom sample of Concordance lines for the keyword \u003cem\u003eJapan\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7223964/v1/35913b1cfba7c80cd86d974f.png"},{"id":87842789,"identity":"a09ac3d5-59a3-49c4-b507-dcd8cfe5a7ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-29 14:24:28","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1756679,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7223964/v1/73372cbb-53df-427e-9476-84e4d4018d70.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA Corpus Stylistic Analysis of National Identity Reconstruction in Postcolonial Fiction: The Case of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBurnt Shadows\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe multifaceted themes embedded in Shamsie\u0026rsquo;s (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cem\u003eBurnt Shadows\u003c/em\u003e, which draws on war memoirs and subsequent displacement, provide insight into the prominent themes of identity portrayal, contestation, and reconstruction within intercultural conflicts. The choices in language shape and reshape social and political dimensions that span continents and decades. Considering the horrific nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in the previous century, along with the catastrophic bloodshed of migration resulting from the partition of the Indian subcontinent and the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon at the dawn of this century, this novel explores the pain of displacement, identity reconstruction, and the complexities of belonging in the postcolonial world through intricate storytelling. Shamsie\u0026rsquo;s work has received extensive critical acclaim for its thematic richness. However, linguistic patterns, which can be analyzed discursively, have received little attention, as noted by Kharal and Ashraf (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This paper aims to address that gap by employing Corpus-assisted Discourse Analysis to explore the constructed themes in the novel. The study addresses the following research questions:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow do national identifiers shape national identities through discourse in Burnt Shadows?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhich lexical patterns and semantic prosodies are linked to different nationalities?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow do the lexical patterns reveal underlying ideological identities connected to displacement, nationalism, and postcolonial trauma within the narrative?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study employs a Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (CADS) approach to critically analyze how complex narratives are linguistically and ideologically constructed. CADS enables a systematic analysis of repeated lexical patterns and discursive strategies in the text, offering empirical insights into how power, ideology, and representation are formed and spread. This approach merges the quantitative methods of corpus linguistics with the interpretive insights of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to reveal the subtle linguistic techniques the novel employs to illustrate global inequalities, colonial histories, and cultural marginalization.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Literature Review","content":"\u003cp\u003eFlowerdew (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) outlines a synergistic relationship between corpus linguistics and discourse analysis, indicating the implications for Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Various approaches to discourse analysis originate from corpus-based perspectives. One such approach is Corpus-Based Analysis of Discourse (CBAD), which employs frequency counts, collocations, and concordances to identify textual patterns. As Flowerdew (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) posits, CBAD integrates textual methodologies, such as genre analysis, with contextual approaches, including interactional discourse analysis, as well as pragmatic and discourse analysis, which combine frequency data with contextual information. Undoubtedly, this methodology provides statistical validation and empirical robustness while minimizing researcher bias through reliance on authentic textual data. Nevertheless, it remains primarily descriptive and interpretative concerning the patterns identified by computational means. Consequently, it does not investigate underlying ideologies and agendas embedded within the discourse.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn alternative interdisciplinary research paradigm, Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (henceforth, CADS), initially introduced by Partington (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), is best suited for the systematic investigation of linguistic patterns. From a quantitative perspective, CADS integrates corpus linguistics and incorporates qualitative discourse analysis to identify how language shapes and reshapes social realities over time (Baker, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). CADS uncovers what is opaque on the surface. It does not limit itself to patterns that have been identified; instead, it utilizes other theoretical approaches, chiefly among them is CDA, to reveal the agendas and ideologies embedded in the text. This quantitative breadth and qualitative depth make CADS suitable for fictional studies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCADS allows for empirical scrutiny of how displacement and identity construction and reconstruction are linguistically constructed using discursive strategies revolving around war, post-war trauma, and violence. Travelling beyond anecdotal literary criticism, this study combines quantitative tools with qualitative interpretations to ensure evidence-based comprehension of the narrative, as well as to make linguistic patterns visible for the construction of ideology and identity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBaker (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) developed the CADS framework to analyse how linguistic patterns reflect social phenomena across genres, including fiction. Using large, digital corpora and tools, CADS reveals patterns unseen in traditional analysis. Emerging in the early 2000s through Partington (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) and Baker (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), this approach advocates a systematic, empirical approach in discourse studies, incorporating corpus linguistics (Baker, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Baker, Gabrielatos, \u0026amp; McEnery, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). It interprets vast textual data, enabling critiques that would otherwise be impossible. Literature is readily accessible these days, allowing corpus tools to analyze linguistic patterns. Recent studies, like Khral and Ashraf (2021), explore identity construction through diaspora, focusing on Hiroko from \u003cem\u003eBurnt Shadows\u003c/em\u003e. Ahmad et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) have also examined post-colonial and national identity in the global era, as reflected in the novel. Displacement, a common theme in literature from former colonies, reflects the complexities of identity reshaping amid historical and cultural upheavals. Investigating nationality, ethnicity, and personal histories, therefore, reveals conflicts rooted in displacement, which involves forced migration, loss, and alienation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScholars like Hall (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e), Bhabha (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e), and Quan-Zhi (2015) explore fluid and constructed identities, emphasizing the influence of context, hybridity, and deconstruction. Displacement from war, migration, and colonization compels individuals to rebuild their identities amid dominant cultural forces. Bhabha\u0026rsquo;s concept of the third space explains how hybrid identities emerge beyond traditional binaries, with ideological resistance playing a key role. Said (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) also highlights exile experiences as a form of negotiation between emerging cultural positions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiterature and media studies scrutinize the representation of displaced communities, reflecting and shaping ideology. Displacement often leads to marginalization or empowerment. Spivak (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e) critiques Western dominant ideologies, emphasizing the need for alternative narratives that resist hegemonic identity. Fanon (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1961\u003c/span\u003e) stresses the importance of reclaiming identity within the context of oppression. Authors such as Shamsie (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) and Adichie (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) discuss these aspects, with Adichie focusing on displacement, immigration, racism, and identity, illustrating how displacement affects self-perception.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSalih\u0026rsquo;s (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1966\u003c/span\u003e) Seasons of Migration to the North explores post-colonial identity and remnants of British imperialism amid turmoil, focusing on the protagonist's struggle between Sudanese roots and the Western world, revealing conflicts of displaced identities. Lahiri's \u003cem\u003eThe Namesake\u003c/em\u003e (2003) explores the experiences of immigrants and the complexities of generational identity, highlighting the challenges of cultural assimilation and identity within a diaspora. Displacement affects both physical relocation and the reconstruction of one's identity. Foucault (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e) has rightly suggested that power relations shape knowledge and identities, often marginalizing communities and influencing their collective and individual identities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiscourse analysis in literature has shifted from philosophical roots in Foucault's work to more empirical approaches. Foucault views discourse as a system that shapes knowledge, power, and identity, not just language. Literature is now seen as part of larger discursive formations, contributing to social realities. With the rise of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), initially focused on political discourse, literary texts are increasingly analyzed for power structures and narrative voices. For example, \u003cem\u003eHeart of Darkness, Jane Eyre\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eThings Fall Apart\u003c/em\u003e are reevaluated through the lens of colonial ideologies. Corpus linguistics in the 1990s and 2000s merged with literary studies, resulting in extensive, systematic text collections that reflect worldviews. It identifies language patterns and stylistic features to analyze macro discourse, leading to Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (CADS).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile CADS has proven effective in media and political discourse analysis (Baker et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Zhou, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), its application to literary constructions of national identity in postcolonial trauma narratives remains underdeveloped. This study bridges this gap by examining how Shamsie's lexical patterns encode geopolitical power asymmetries, an aspect overlooked in prior literary CADS applications. Researchers have employed corpus tools to examine thematic lexical fields, narrative voice, character representation, and ideology in novels (Bednarek, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Partington, Duguid, \u0026amp; Taylor, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). CADS offers literary critics a robust method to support textual interpretations with statistical evidence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaylor and Marchi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) provide a critical framework for CADS, combining quantitative frequency analysis and discourse interpretation to reveal ideological patterns. Their typology highlights the importance of linking corpus results with social critique to expose power structures and evaluative attitudes. Building on this, the current research uses keyword, frequency, and contextual analysis to explore how national identities are ideologically constructed in Burnt Shadows. Zhou (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) shows CADS can uncover bias and ideology in media, especially regarding national and migration narratives. His findings suggest national identity is shaped and challenged through key words and collocations, with national identifiers serving as powerful discursive tools that influence group identities. The study also examines how Burnt Shadows constructs geopolitical identities through lexical patterns related to nations and ethnicity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoreover, Breeze (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) has demonstrated how CADS can effectively reveal ideological perspectives in areas like religion and politics by integrating semantic prosody, collocational mapping, and thematic analysis. This research aligns Breeze\u0026rsquo;s (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) advice to utilise semantic prosody and thematic pattern mapping to explore how terms like \u0026ldquo;Afghan,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;American,\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;refugee\u0026rdquo; influence the ideological framing of stories. In a similar study, McEnery and Baker (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) argue that CADS explores how terrorism-related discourse constructs national and religious identities. They emphasise the significance of collocation chains, keyword patterns, and semantic domains in shaping threat narratives and ideological frameworks. Their method of analysing collocational patterns around identity-related terms such as \u0026ldquo;Afghan\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;terrorist\u0026rdquo; informs this study\u0026rsquo;s approach to examining identity construction through these keywords, which reveal power-related representations in Burnt Shadows.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study also draws on Partington (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), who introduces an empirical shift in literary studies by promoting CADS as a means to uncover stylistic and ideological patterns in narrative fiction. His research bridges literary criticism and corpus linguistics, demonstrating how fiction serves as both an aesthetic and ideological product. Building on Partington\u0026rsquo;s (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) claim that corpus analysis enriches literary interpretation, this study employs a CADS approach to explore the ideological layers of national and cultural identities in Burnt Shadows.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study is based on the Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (CADS) framework, developed by Baker (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), to explore the linguistic and lexical choices for portraying and representing themes such as identity and displacement in \u003cem\u003eBurnt Shadows\u003c/em\u003e, using Sketch Engine (Kilgarrif et al., 2014). Sketch Engine is chosen for its robust corpus management features, ability to handle substantial texts, and sophisticated querying functions, all of which are vital for CADS. It allows researchers to refine searches iteratively, thus improving the accuracy and depth of linguistic insights.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCorpus Compilation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe entire text of \u003cem\u003eBurnt Shadows\u003c/em\u003e by Kamila Shamsie (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) was obtained in textual form from the Internet Archive, a digital repository for literary studies. The text was processed using UTF-8 encoding, resulting in 142740 tokens. Subsequently, it was uploaded to Sketch Engine, which features an integrated automatic tagger within its interface. Key themes are identified by examining the concordance lines surrounding national identifiers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eQuantitative Analysis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur analytical approach involves extracting concordance lines using thematic word choices, such as terms representing countries, nationalities, and identity-related concepts. We have also identified statistically significant collates to examine the semantic prosody manually using frameworks proposed by Sinclair (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e, 1996), Louw (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e) and Stewart (2010). Tones were assigned as \u0026ldquo;positive,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;negative,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;neutral\u0026rdquo;, based on the surrounding lexis, evaluative stance and ideological framing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eQualitative Analysis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study builds on theories of identity formation (Hall, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Bhabha, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e), postcolonial discourse (Spivak, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e), and trauma studies (Caruth, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e) to examine how language patterns reveal underlying ideologies and emotional experiences. Additionally, drawing on Sinclair\u0026rsquo;s (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e) \u0026ldquo;good/positive\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;bad/negative\u0026rdquo; profiles, Louw\u0026rsquo;s (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e) \u0026ldquo;semantic prosody,\u0026rdquo; and Sinclair\u0026rsquo;s (1996) definition of semantic prosody, this research analyzes how national identifiers are assessed based on contextual tone (Cheng, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Stewart (2010) argues that Sinclair\u0026rsquo;s prosody should be termed as \u0026ldquo;discourse prosody,\u0026rdquo; and this terminology is applied here.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReliability Protocol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTone classification follows Louw's (1993) semantic prosody framework with modified criteria:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNegative: Lexis implying violence, oppression, or loss (e.g., \"corpses\", \"bomb\")\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositive: Lexis implying resilience/cultural pride (e.g., \"resistance\", \"light\")\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeutral: Factual descriptors without evaluative stance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo independent coders achieved Krippendorff's α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.82. Discrepancies were resolved through consensus meetings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe frequencies of national identifiers outline globalized narrative structures in \u003cem\u003eBurnt Shadows\u003c/em\u003e. The keywords not only represent the identities of individuals but also the histories of entrenched nationalism, displacement, and violence. The corpus-based quantification of these identifiers contributes to discourse analysis by highlighting narratives woven around them. Empirical validation helps identify rigid and fluid identities that emerge from social and geopolitical contexts. The statistical prominence of \u0026ldquo;Afghan\u0026rdquo;, for instance, suggests its importance in the overall discourse of the novel, particularly in the geopolitical context. It reflects conflict and racial profiling, war traumas, displacement, and constructed narratives of identity and threats. Similarly, \u0026ldquo;America\u0026rdquo; provides insights to U.S foreign policy and global repercussions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"584\" height=\"253\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt might seem surprising that \"Japan\" (89 hits) and \"India\" (98 hits) appear less frequently, considering the novel begins in Nagasaki and devotes a significant amount of narrative time to Delhi. Nevertheless, they still play a significant role in the narrative arcs\u0026mdash;Japan as the site of nuclear trauma through Hiroko Tanaka\u0026rsquo;s origin story, and India as a pivotal geopolitical space during Partition. The lower frequency might be due to narrative compression or the novel's focus shifting in its second half to the post-9/11 political landscape.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"Pakistan\" appears 93 times, which is slightly fewer than India, indicating a steady but not overwhelming presence in the text. This frequency highlights Pakistan as a key postcolonial nation-state, tied to themes of identity, belonging, and political instability. However, since its frequency is lower than \"Afghan\" and \u0026ldquo;America,\u0026rdquo; the novel seems to place Pakistan within a larger geopolitical context rather than making it the primary focus.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;1 suggests that the word \u0026ldquo;Afghan\u0026rdquo; and its associated forms, as well as the people they refer to, are central to the novel's narrative. The highest number of occurrences of the identity marker \u003cem\u003eAfghan\u003c/em\u003e is particularly attributed to war and conflict, followed by displacement and rigid and fluid identities. \u003cem\u003eAmerica\u003c/em\u003e is the second most frequent identity marker, symbolizing its military and economic power. Similarly, \u003cem\u003ePakistan\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eIndia\u003c/em\u003e have nearly equal frequencies, marking the blurred identities, nationhood, migration, displacement, and diaspora that predated and followed partition. Although the protagonist and Raza both trace their roots to Japan, this is somewhat less frequent, yet it is foundational to the narrative. The novel\u0026rsquo;s transitional frame is structured around the nuclear bombing and its aftermath. A detailed analysis of each is provided in the subsequent discussion.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAfghan\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSearching for the Keyword \u003cem\u003eAfghan\u003c/em\u003e, as a lemma, returns all results, including nouns, adjectives, and the full name of Afghanistan. It has 145 hits in a corpus of 142740 tokens, making up around 0.101% of the entire corpus, with a relative frequency of 1015.83 per million tokens.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKey terms such as \u003cem\u003eAfghan\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAfghanistan\u003c/em\u003e have been extensively used in the novel to describe the state, attitude, and identity of the people, as well as how their national, religious, and cultural identities are represented. For instance, Afghanistan has been described as a site of conflict and displacement with particular reference to war, violence, and insurgencies. The picture below is a screenshot of a random sample of ten concordance lines due to space constraints. The sample is generated by Sketch Engine concordancing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe text depicts inhumane treatment in war zones, with Afghan people shown as savages linked to guns and bodies used as warnings. It highlights deep ethnic divisions like \u0026lsquo;\u003cem\u003eAfghan fighting Afghan\u003c/em\u003e' (post-Soviet withdrawal), fueling conflict and foreign intervention. Symbols satirize hypocrisy, such as \u0026lsquo;cluster bomb the Afghans, but do not drive over the pink bunny rabbits,' belittling human lives for toys. It also illustrates proxy wars and foreign involvement, \u003cem\u003e'Afghan versus Soviets... Egypt provided arms, America financed\u003c/em\u003e,\u0026rsquo; depicting Afghanistan as a Cold War battleground. Afghans are used as pawns in global struggles, with Pakistan\u0026rsquo;s dual role, as Raza Ashraf, working for a Pakistani spy agency, has been used by Americans.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe identity and sense of belonging among Afghans are also interesting. Being Afghan is a contested identity. Raza\u0026rsquo;s guilt over pretending to be an Afghan, on one hand, compromises their identity, while how Afghans feel about him, on the other hand, reflects in their sentiment: \"\u003cem\u003eHe was not even an Afghan and he came to fight with us\u0026rsquo;\u003c/em\u003e. This politicized nature of Afghan identity forces them to represent, construct, and identify their national identity. Loyalty of Afghanistan transcends ethnicity, and at the same time, these ethnic tensions seem to be deepening, as shown by the Pashtun vs Hazara internal strife.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis phenomenon causes them to assume new identities as refugees, shaped by forced migration from ecological destruction and war, exemplified by Afghans living in makeshift homes when their lands produced nothing. Their dehumanization in U.S. policies reduces Afghans to mere statistics in geopolitical games, asking, \"\u003cem\u003eWhat is one Afghan? Expendable\u003c/em\u003e.\" Shamsie critiques Jihadist rhetoric, depicting their religious identity and resistance. The belief in martyrdom and heaven is shown through questions like, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eif an Afghan dies in killing infidels, does he go straight to heaven?\"\u003c/em\u003e Reflecting their hope for a better afterlife and their fight against infidels, including Americans and Soviets. Post 9/11 Islamophobia further labels Afghan identity as terrorism, rooted in culture, religion, and appearance, which are exploited in the West. Cultural stereotypes portray Afghan men as disliking women and emphasize patriarchal norms, contrasting with Hiroko's hybrid Pakistani-Japanese identity. Stereotypes also depict Pashtuns, through images of \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003edelicate featured boys\u003c/em\u003e,\u0026rdquo; reinforcing orientalist tropes, hypermasculinity, and homoeroticism associated with them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data illustrate the influence of linguistic and colonial legacies on societal formation. Language is presented as a symbol of betrayal, exemplified by the statement, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eyou speak Pashto like this Pakistani here\u003c/em\u003e,\u0026rdquo; where Raza\u0026rsquo;s Pashto and Pakistani identities suggest a sense of betrayal. English is regarded as a neocolonial instrument, as illustrated by the phrase, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003elearned English from a retired Afghan teacher.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; Afghan identity is expressed through nostalgia and trauma, romanticized in the depiction, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eThe light in Afghanistan. Like nowhere else,\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e despite the persistent presence of war and homelessness. This analysis highlights the intricate and multifaceted nature of Afghan identity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"584\" height=\"325\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfghanistan is characterised as a victim, both as a proxy and through direct acts of bombing and displacement. Moreover, Afghanistan appears to be immersed in trauma and resilience. External interventions and internal conflicts contribute to the nation's fluid identity. The Afghan people are portrayed as courageous and resilient; however, they are also depicted as maintaining stereotypical identities as refugees, misogynists, and militants. Their identity appears to oscillate between that of noble savages and a perceived threat to global security.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is essential, therefore, to note the overall positive or negative mentions of Afghan/Afghanistan, as well as what these mentions reveal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTone related to the keyword \u003cem\u003eAfghan\u003c/em\u003e in \u003cem\u003eBurnt Shadows\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ecount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThemes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCultural Pride, Resistance, Heroism, Religious beliefs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWar Trauma, Tribal Violence, Displaced identity, religious rigidity, Savages, Internal strife\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeographic description\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe statistics illustrate that Afghanistan is often portrayed negatively (in around 55 instances, accounting for approximately 40%), reflecting its identity. There is little admiration for them, with only 26% of portrayals being positive, totaling 38 instances. This negative depiction further suggests that war and displacement have distorted their images and identities. Negative portrayals emphasize conflict, while the only positives arise from their culture. Out of 145 mentions, 40% exhibit negative portrayals, clearly indicating that their national, cultural, and religious identities, despite being fluid, are viewed as inadequate and often redefined and reconstructed. Positive linguistic patterns are framed around individual resilience amid systemic collapse.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAmerica\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Keyword \"America,\" which has been used in various forms, including \u003cem\u003eAmerica, American, Americans\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAmerica\u0026rsquo;s\u003c/em\u003e, makes it the second most frequently discussed nation in the text of \u003cem\u003eBurnt Shadows\u003c/em\u003e. The normalized frequency is approximately 959 tokens per million, which is considered favorable, accounting for 0.0959% of the entire corpus.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmerica is portrayed as an imperial and military power with a strong occupying force. Locals see the U.S. president as a threat, reflecting anti-American sentiment. The line \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003ehiding from the Americans in order to make allies of them\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; shows fear for survival. The phrase \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003ereward from the Americans, who were acting as though they owned a rainforest of money growing trees\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; Highlights American imperialism and resource exploitation, establishing their economic power. Their other dominant identity is military strength; \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eAmerican bombing campaign\u0026mdash; a door standing unsupported in a field\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e symbolizes destruction and shattered lives, shown through the aftermath of war with the symbol of a \u0026ldquo;door.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShamsie depicts the US as a manipulative power fueling the Afghan conflict via proxies, especially during the Soviet war. Raza Ashraf in Afghanistan has ties with ISI and CIA, executing covert operations that blur morality and turn locals into pawns. The US's national identity is strong in geopolitics but marked by cynicism and exceptionalism. \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eGod Bless America\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e feels like advertising, commodifying patriotism into slogans. Hiroko\u0026rsquo;s view of America and her redefining Harry\u0026rsquo;s American identity contrast with Raza\u0026rsquo;s, reflecting the myth of assimilation that excludes Raza\u0026rsquo;s mixed heritage. Shamsie contrasts American egalitarianism with hierarchy in Pakistan and Japan, as Hiroko notes, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eNo stifling honorifics [...] liked most about the Americans.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eApart from their cultural representation and national strength, their moral identity has been marked by hypocrisy, as evidenced by the statement, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eAmerican with the gentle face said the bomb was a terrible thing but it had to be done.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; This serves as a typical example of both individual and collective representation of America. The lexical choice of \"\u003cem\u003egentle face\u003c/em\u003e,\" which may imply sarcasm, reflects individualism; yet, symbolically, it denotes the populace. Conversely, their collective violence is profoundly terrifying, as it emerges from those who advocate for bombing as a means to achieve peace.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericans value education and expect it from others, as seen with Raza, who faces systemic barriers in universities. Identity reconstruction is influenced by immigration and belonging. Raza\u0026rsquo;s complaints about financial aid reveal barriers to success. Sometimes, policies like the Patriot Act make certain acts illegal. Pride in the American dream can undermine Muslim aspirations post-9/11.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTensions are clear: Americans show solidarity but ghettoization persists, like the mosque in Jersey City with Turks, Afghans, Pakistanis. Whiteness often defines belonging, exemplified by comments like \"You look like Clint Eastwood... so of course you can be American,\u0026rdquo; highlighting racial bias. Shamsie critiques Islamophobia post-9/11, seeing Muslims as threats, with government paranoia. Abroad, Muslims face distrust, and association with the CIA can be viewed as betrayal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, the anti-war sentiment expressed by Japanese individual Hiroko, who stated, \u0026ldquo;the bomb was a terrible thing,\u0026rdquo; encounters a barbaric justification by Americans, who claim it was necessary \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eto save American lives\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026rdquo; This demonstrates that the lives of the victims in Nagasaki were deemed less important. Furthermore, we have previously observed the dehumanization of Afghans within U.S. policy. Americans also appear to exploit the linguistic power inherent in their language, thereby equating English fluency with cultural capital necessary for employment, as reflected in inquiries such as, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003ethree languages and glowing references from the Americans\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;where did you learn English?\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;. The superiority of America and Americans is established throughout the mentions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThemes and distribution of \u003cem\u003eAmerica\u003c/em\u003e in \u003cem\u003eBurnt Shadows\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eType\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExample from Concordance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImplication\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational Identity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLines 2, 4, 30, 81\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLines 20, 115, 123, 131\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericans as invaders and destroyers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePromise vs. betrayal of the American Dream.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCultural Identity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLines 7, 53, 61, 110\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGentle soft facing vs. collective arrogance and violence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReligious Identity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLines 48, 94, 140\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIslamophobia and dehumanization in policy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe corpus suggests that Shamsie portrays the United States as a substantial geopolitical power that exercises both military and economic coercion. Furthermore, America is depicted as a cultural paradox, embodying both liberation and exclusion, serving as a venue for diasporic negotiations where identity is contested and ultimately remains undefined. The novel thoughtfully explores the complexities of American exceptionalism, recognizing its compelling allure, much like the mixed feelings often found in South Asia's postcolonial context. There are various positive and negative aspects associated with the United States of America.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTone related to the keyword \u003cem\u003eAmerica\u003c/em\u003e in \u003cem\u003eBurnt Shadows\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ecount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThemes with an example\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePositive\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOpportunity, idealism (later subverted)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"American universities would love a bright Pakistani student.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;(Ironic privilege)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNegative\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImperialism, racism, militarism, dehumanization, cultural superiority\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Americans acting like they owned money-growing trees.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;(Exploitation)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNeutral\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeographic description\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;American Embassy in Islamabad.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;(Descriptive)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe 65% negative attributes stem from their unmatched military and economic power, enabling exploitation. This view is also shaped by racism and anti-immigrant attitudes, denying assimilation and reflecting cultural pride. It exposes hegemonic aims and the dehumanization of nations like Japan and Afghanistan. Justifications for dropping nuclear bombs on Japanese cities cited saving American lives. Some perceived positives may be sarcasm or false impressions, such as when opportunities appear ironic or when barriers faced by students like Raza illustrate America's shortcomings. A neutral tone is typically reserved for geographic or factual information. The 10:89 positive-negative ratio highlights the critique of imperialism's exploitation, with America\u0026rsquo;s negatives outnumbering positives eight to one. Even positive traits are rejected by characters; overall, American structural violence is evident.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIndia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Keyword \"India\" with word forms \u0026ldquo;India, Indian, Indians, and India\u0026rsquo;s\u0026rdquo; has 98 total hits with a relative frequency of 686.56 per million tokens, which constitutes 0.0686% of the entire corpus. The random sample of concordance lines has been given below:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe concordance lines for \"India\" reveal themes of identity, colonialism, Partition, and hybridity. Identity is central, with colonial identity marked by the British Raj's imposition and marginalization of local identities. For example, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eflowerpots: it summed it up. No trees growing in courtyards for the English, no rooms clustered around those courtyards; instead, separations and demarcations\u003c/em\u003e\" illustrates opposing identities from Indian perspectives. Colonial disruptions replaced traditional Indian spaces, echoed in questions like, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eWhy have English remained so English? [\u0026hellip;] India\u0026rsquo;s history conquerors [\u0026hellip;] become Indians\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026rdquo; The contrast between the colonial British and Indians highlights colonial identity, showing some foreigners never fully assimilated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe partition caused violent religious and psychological divisions, leading to reluctant acceptance of new identities. Statements like \u0026ldquo;They said I\u0026rsquo;m one of the Muslims who chose to leave India. It can\u0026rsquo;t be unchosen\u0026rdquo; show helplessness and fear. Leaving the homeland results in loss and fluid identities. Even those retaining Indian identity faced insults, as \u0026ldquo;In India, when they want to insult Muslims, they call us Pakistani,\u0026rdquo; erasing shared history.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCultural hybridity mixes Indian and colonial identities, often with tensions. Sajjad reclaims agency by narrating Indian history to the British: \"He, an Indian, introducing the English to the history of India, which was his history and not theirs.\" Burton's son exemplifies hybridity, considering India as home but being sent away. Indians seek self-determination, as in \"Modern India will start the day the English leave.\u0026rdquo; Language is a tool of resistance, shown by \u0026ldquo;The British have made little difference to the life of Mohalla,\" reflecting local communities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePost-colonial hostility and dehumanization turn Indians into slurs among Pakistanis, with quotes like, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eBastard Indians. They never miss an opportunity\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026rdquo; This worsens identity as forced binaries destroy relationships. Shamsie notes, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eEven Sajjad couldn\u0026rsquo;t pretend it no longer touched his life\u003c/em\u003e,\u0026rdquo; highlighting his struggle to see himself as Pakistani or Indian. Mourning a precolonial past and fractured identities shows his psychological conflict between loss and nostalgia. He recalls \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eDilli, his city, warren of by-lanes and alleys\u0026hellip; the rhythmically beating heart of cultural India\u003c/em\u003e,\u0026rdquo; rooted in his pre-partition identity, where Delhi was untouched by British borders.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThematic Distribution for the keyword \u003cem\u003eIndia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eType\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExample from Concordance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImplication\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColonial Identity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1, 2, 16, 27, 45, 62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHighlights British power and Indian suppression. Critiques the Raj\u0026rsquo;s cultural erasure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCultural Hybridity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5, 12, 23, 40, 55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExplores the blending of Dilli/Delhi identities, Urdu poetry, and colonial mimicry.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePartition \u0026amp; Displacement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34, 56, 67, 78, 89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReveals trauma of 1947, forced migrations, displacement, and identity crises.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational Identity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8, 19, 30, 50, 72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCelebrates anti-colonial impudence and claims of Indian modernity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReligious Identity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42, 58, 74, 85, 95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExposes Hindu-Muslim tensions pre/post-Partition, dehumanizing rhetoric.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall, issues such as cultural contestations, partition, displacement, cultural hybridity, resistance, and self-determination illustrate the complex nature of identities that are often compromised, redefined, and reconstructed, continually evolving across both temporal and spatial dimensions. India serves as a metaphor to illustrate how physical, psychological, and linguistic borders shape identity and how such identities are perceived through religious and cultural lenses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe corpus validates the depiction of India metaphorically to refer to displacement, identity reconstruction, and identity crises. The dynamic nature of identity is manifested through memory (Sajjad\u0026rsquo;s nostalgia for Dilli), a wound (the scars and pains of Partition), a battleground (colonial and post-colonial narratives), and a longing (Hiroko\u0026rsquo;s search for belonging).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis can be further elaborated by examining the positive and negative aspects associated with fluid and fixed identity structures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTone related to the keyword \u003cem\u003eIndia\u003c/em\u003e in \u003cem\u003eBurnt Shadows\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ecount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThemes with an example\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHope, idealism (later subverted)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"Modern India will start the day the English leave\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePartition and displacement\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"Bastard Indians. They never miss an opportunity.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeographic description\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"The train from Bombay to Delhi.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlmost half of the concordance lines are related to descriptions of geography, history, and institutions that lack axiological value. However, concerning positive and negative tags, negative connotations are common and often linked to colonialism, partition, and racial or cultural slurs. Fewer than 20% of the positives represent rare instances of historical and cultural identity and resistance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA detailed analysis of positive patterns reveals that 40% are linked to achievements, 35% to anti-colonial resistance, and 25% to communal harmony and memories. Negative mentions account for 35.7%, with 45% focusing on violence, 30% on trauma, and 25% on cultural loss. Neutral references include geographical markers (40%), historical timelines (35%), and institutional frameworks (25%). Temporal analysis reveals that 62% of positives occurred before partition, while 78% of negatives occurred after partition. The term \u0026ldquo;India\u0026rdquo; is neutral (54%), but \u0026ldquo;Indian(s)\u0026rdquo; has stronger emotional connotations (68%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe distribution suggests that India is viewed not as romanticized or demonized, but as a contested space with shifting meanings depending on the speaker and context.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePakistan\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe concordance lines extracted from the corpus illustrate that \u0026ldquo;Pakistan\u0026rdquo; centres around the post-partition construction of identity, initiating discussions regarding belonging, the preservation of Indian identity, or emigration to Pakistan to forge a new national identity. This psychological conflict is articulated through Sajjad\u0026rsquo;s ambivalence, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eBritish India, Hindustan, Pakistan\u0026mdash; that makes no difference to me\u003c/em\u003e\", which sharply contrasts with the fervent nationalism that subsequently developed. Concerning partition, displacement coerces individuals to reconstitute their identities. The destruction resulting from forced migration, referred to as \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eevacuee property\u003c/em\u003e,\" culminates in trains laden with soulless bodies. The act of leaving ancestral homes for a homeland characterized by uncertainty is echoed through characters such as Iqbal and Lala Bakhsh. This displaced identity does not merely oscillate between the past (India) and the present (Pakistan); instead, it evolves into a diasporic identity, as seen in America, or in the case of Hiroko\u0026rsquo;s Pakistani Passport in the United States. This hybrid identity is observable from a global perspective.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReligious and cultural identities have also been represented within the discourse. Terms associated with Pakistan, including \"\u003cem\u003eMuslim League\u003c/em\u003e,\" \"\u003cem\u003eMuslim homeland,\"\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003e\"Ummah\u003c/em\u003e,\" illustrate their aspiration towards and migration into a religious identity, as opposed to a national one. However, this is intertwined with cultural identity, which is deeply rooted in displacement and migration. For instance, the word \u0026ldquo;Pakistani\u0026rdquo; is sometimes used as a slur, as in the case of \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;In India, Muslims are insulted as Pakistani; in Pakistan, Muhajirs are called Indians.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; This post-partition diKeyword continues to establish, reestablish, and reconstitute culturally rooted identities. Raza\u0026rsquo;s mixed heritage (Japanese-Pakistani) is also evident in the way he is mocked as \u0026ldquo;which boy is not Pakistani,\u0026rdquo; highlighting cultural dissension.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThematic distribution related to the keyword \u003cem\u003ePakistan\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eType\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExample from Concordance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImplication\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisplacement Trauma and Identity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1, 3, 4, 8, 12, 14, 16, 20, 22, 27, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eViolence and loss dominate early references (e.g., trains of corpses, abandoned homes).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"Thousands are leaving... What am I holding on to? Just kite-strings attached to air.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiaspora \u0026amp; Hybrid Identity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10, 24, 31, 39, 44, 48, 52, 58, 63, 68, 73, 88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMixed heritage, diaspora, psychological conflict.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"You\u0026rsquo;re Pakistani, and I\u0026rsquo;m American.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePostcolonial National Identity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 28, 32, 36, 42, 46, 51, 56, 62, 67, 72, 77, 82, 87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCIA, Nuclear Tests, Class\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOne of the more perplexing things about Pakistan... the elite say \u0026lsquo;middle class\u0026rsquo; as an insult.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReligious Identity (Muslim Nationhood)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2, 5, 6, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, 37, 41, 49, 53, 57, 61, 66, 71, 76, 81, 86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMuslim League, Muslim Homeland, Ummah.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"Pakistan was all anyone could talk about... divide the Ummah?\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalysis reveals that post-partition trauma and identity are the most prominent themes in discussions about Pakistan. Out of 32 concordance lines, 93 focus on these topics, constituting 34.4% of all mentions. Religious identity is the second most frequent theme, appearing 21 times and representing 22.6% of the content. Post-colonial national identity occurs 18 times, making up 19.4% of the corpus. Meanwhile, 12 lines focus on diaspora and hybrid identity, accounting for 19.9% of the total.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTone related to \u003cem\u003ePakistan\u003c/em\u003e in \u003cem\u003eBurnt Shadows\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ecount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThemes with an example\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHope, idealism, and cultural pride\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"People here are from every nation within Pakistan... Even an American can sell fish here!\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePartition, displacement, political failure, violence\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"Trains arrived with the dead as cargo.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026amp;\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003e\"Pakistan was taking my friends... What am I holding on to?\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeographic/political descriptions, factual references\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"The creation of Pakistan seems likely now.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026amp;\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003e\"He\u0026rsquo;d been in Pakistan six months.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA negative tone dominates the concordance lines, which often discuss partition, displacement, destruction, corpses, forced migrations, and property abandonment in a country with an uncertain situation. Political corruption, nuclear threats, and slurs worsen violence and destruction. Neutral descriptors (e.g., 'American Embassy', 'train from Bombay') function as Foucauldian \u0026ldquo;banal power\u0026rdquo; (Foucault, 1997) mechanisms, naturalizing colonial infrastructures. This mirrors Spivak's silencing, where the administrative lexicon obscures the violence embedded in these institutions. Only 18% of positive tone linked to Pakistan highlights its cultural and diasporic identities, pride, and solidarity. Characters navigate multiple, fluid identities\u0026mdash;national, religious, and cultural\u0026mdash;driven by the experience of displacement. \"Pakistan\" serves as a lens to examine trauma, belonging, and power, illustrating the scars of Partition initially, then postcolonial identity and global interconnectedness. Negative connotations predominate in historical contexts, whereas cultural or diasporic references are often neutral or positive. The term\u0026rsquo;s evolution reflects a shift from a national to a fragmented, globalized identity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJapan\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJapan, especially the two cities affected by the nuclear bomb, is a central theme in the novel as the main character, Hiroko, and mixed-heritage Raza both trace their roots to Japan. An analysis of the concordances reveals that this entry incorporates national identity, cultural hybridity, war trauma, displacement, notions of belonging, and linguistic identity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure 6: Random sample of Concordance lines for the keyword \u003cem\u003eJapan\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith 54% negative tone, war trauma and national identity surround the Keyword \u0026ldquo;Japan\u0026rdquo; throughout the discourse. The nationalist fervor is visible through \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eJapan will win the war\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; with nationalist delusion. However, the same identity is tarnished and reduced to victimhood as \u0026ldquo;hibakusha\u0026hellip; reduces you to the bomb\u0026rdquo;. Hibakusha refers to the nuclear-bomb stigma on their military power and national pride. This also seems to be marked with suppression of individuality, as in \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eNo place in wartime Japan for modern girls\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;. From glory to shame and erasure, Japanese identity is irrevocably knitted with war violence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCultural hybridity has been positively portrayed, with around 38% of representations being positive or neutral, focusing on cross-cultural fusion, nostalgia, and architectural blends. The neutral observation of hybridity is visible in \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eJapanese and European architectural style\u003c/em\u003e,\u0026rdquo; whereas positive idealization is indexed as \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eUnique in Japan; International Club\u0026hellip; mixing uncomplicatedly\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026rdquo; The purity myths are also symbolized by hybridity through nostalgic cultural longing, as seen in \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eI want tea that tastes the way tea should taste\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026rdquo; The taste symbolizes the purity of Japan as well as nostalgic feelings of the past. The detail of the concordance lines is given in the table below.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThematic Distribution of the keyword \u003cem\u003eJapan\u003c/em\u003e in \u003cem\u003eBurnt Shadows\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eType\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConcordance Lines\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImplication \u0026amp; Representative Example\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWar Trauma \u0026amp; National Identity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccounts for militarism, propaganda, and the nuclear bomb aftermath.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eExample: \"Imperial Japan's paranoia: notebooks... evidence of treason\".\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCultural Hybridity \u0026amp; Cosmopolitanism\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFluid and rigid identities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eExample: \"Europeans and Japanese mixing uncomplicatedly\" (Index 2).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisplacement \u0026amp; Rejection\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf-imposed exile, Homeland as site of erasure; trauma-driven diaspora.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eExample: \"I didn\u0026rsquo;t want to be in Japan any longer\" (Index 44).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinguistic \u0026amp; Generational Identity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinguistic Alienation, Generational Conflict.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eExample: \"Raza only spoke Japanese at home\" (Index 75).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf we look at the displacement and rejection resulting in reconstitution of identities, around 9% of the total mentions account for rejection of homeland, self-exile, and nuclear-bomb stigma. The displacement, as shown in \u0026ldquo;forced her away from Japan,\u0026rdquo; is trauma-driven and nostalgic. The active rejection of post-war identity makes it visible through \u0026ldquo;I don\u0026rsquo;t want to go back to Japan\u0026hellip; hibakusha\u0026rdquo;. Simultaneously mourned and rejected, Japan appears to be a spectral homeland.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMixed tone of linguistic and generational identity (around 9% of the total mentions of Japan) shows language as a cultural preservation. Language at times appears as a political performance (\u0026ldquo;they speak loudly, in Japanese\u0026rdquo;), sometimes internalizes culture (\u0026ldquo;Raza hid his Japanese vocabulary\u0026rdquo;), and sometimes represents diasporic cultural joy (\u0026ldquo;the miracle of hearing Japanese in New York\u0026rdquo;. Language appears to bridge the past with the present, connecting intergenerational fractures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe stats for linguistic tone also reveal the overall representation of Japan and Japanese identity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTone describing the keyword \u003cem\u003eJapan\u003c/em\u003e in \u003cem\u003eBurnt Shadows *\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ecount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThemes with an example\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNostalgic hybridity, diasporic resilience.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"\u003c/em\u003eJapan will win the war\u003cem\u003e\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisplacement, Cultural Erasure, Trauma\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"Imperial Japan's paranoia: notebooks... evidence of treason\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"hibakusha... reduces you to the bomb\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeographic/cultural descriptions, factual references to language\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"Raza translating Urdu clues to Japanese\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe negative portrayal is over six times more than the positive description associated with Japan. It illustrates war trauma, cultural erasure and identity rejection. If we look at the patterns of negative tone, 70% are related to war, propaganda, and nuclear attack aftermaths. This overtly and covertly marks the identity crisis. The term \u0026ldquo;hibakusha\u0026rdquo; appears seven times in the context to show the stigma on Japanese identity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe neutral tone (36%) often uses cultural, historical, and linguistic references, with 85% of examples showing architectural and cultural blends. About 60% of language is detached, while 80% positive patterns relate to pre-war Nagasaki and diasporic identity. Hiroko\u0026rsquo;s pride in multilingualism reflects ethnic identity. Over half of the instances depict Japan negatively, highlighting war trauma, identity loss, and displacement. A balanced description remains neutral, but positivity is rare, mainly nostalgic. These lexical patterns align with Shamsie's goal to 'interrogate nationalist binaries' (2012), with negative biases around national identity, especially through characters like Raza, whose hybridity appears in linguistic gaps where positive descriptors might usually be found.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis corpus-based analysis of Burnt Shadows illustrates how five nations have been identified and described through this discourse. The study primarily focuses on the identity primarily caused by displacement emerging from conflict. The summary below, based on statistical results, outlines key findings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparative display of national identifiers in \u003cem\u003eBurnt Shadows\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKey Term\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHits\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReltv. hit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThemes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfghan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational, religious Identity\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisplacement, war trauma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmerica\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e959\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImperialist,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ecultural \u0026amp; Racist identity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e686\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColonial, pre/post partition, cultural and linguistic identity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePakistan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e651\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColonial, pre/post partition, cultural and linguistic identity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJapan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e623\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCultural hybridity,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisplacement,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinguistic identity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe five keywords serve as discursive nodes amid cultural, religious, national, and diasporic identities, which are shaped, contested, or redefined. Identity influences discourse and perspectives. For example, ' Afghan\" is associated with war, displacement, exploitation, and internal conflict, often contested and rigid, worsened by migration to refugee status. Negative portrayals depict Afghan identity as fluid but often diluted by war and struggles, shifting among aggressors, victims, and pawns. This analysis clarifies their identities. Conversely, America is seen as hypocritical, rooted in racism and violence. Despite its idealistic image, it remains a destructive and influential global force. Positive mentions are rare and often ironic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndia and Pakistan are neighbors scarred by partition, sharing colonial roots, cultural hybridity, and radicalism. India symbolizes loss and nostalgia, fluctuating between pre- and post-partition glory and trauma. The text explores post-partition and post-colonial identities, as well as communal fears. Pakistan, often linked with displacement, identity, and trauma, emphasizes nation-building and transition. Japan, where the novel begins, shows nuclear war trauma, cultural erasure, and hybrid identity, shifting from idealized to violated. Cultural expression is silenced by nuclear bombing, and identity crises appear through dialects and tastes. The frequent mention of' Aghan' highlights core themes. Mentions of Pakistan and Japan are fewer but emotionally and thematically rich.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmerica has the highest negative-to-positive ratio (8.9:1), indicating hostility toward imperial power, as depicted by Shamsie. Afghanistan faces war, displacement, and identity crises, while Japan is renowned for its rich culture. India and Pakistan have balanced ratios, reflecting the complex partition, tensions, and new identities that have emerged.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData shows positives cluster around pre-partition times; negatives relate to post-colonial conflict, displacement, and diaspora. America, Afghanistan, and Japan tend toward negative identities. Linguistic analysis reveals frequent use of words like \u0026ldquo;bomb, infidel, partition, refugee,\u0026rdquo; and war terms such as \u0026ldquo;gunman, corpse, CIA, and bomb\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCADS provides data-backed insights, reducing bias through measures such as frequency and semantic tags, which illustrate how identities are represented and marginalized in texts. The data shows that powers can be affirmed, contested, or dismantled across countries. The study links corpus evidence with close reading, thereby strengthening literary analysis. It explores how national identities are constructed, challenged, and reshaped globally.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study also advances the growing field that combines literary analysis and empirical discourse review by demonstrating how national identities are linguistically shaped in Burnt Shadows. Using CADS, it shows how fictional depictions of countries such as Afghanistan, America, and Japan reflect underlying ideological conflicts related to war, displacement, and racialization. The consistent presence of semantic prosody, particularly negative associations with national identifiers, reveals the hidden perpetuation of power structures within global discourse. Characters like Hiroko and Raza embody the hybrid, fractured identities resulting from these conflicts, supporting Hall's view of identity as a site of struggle. CADS marks a methodological breakthrough by integrating quantitative analysis with postcolonial critique, giving scholars a new perspective to interpret, measure, and challenge literature. Fiction thus becomes a battleground of discourse, where national identity is continuously negotiated and often contested.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdichie, C. N. (2009). \u003cem\u003eAmericanah\u003c/em\u003e. Alfred A. Knopf.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhmad, J., Wafi, M. H., Mushkalamzai, Z., \u0026amp; Hadi, A. A. (2023). Multiculturalism and identity politics: Reading on the Religious Harmony Forum. IBDA: Jurnal Kajian Islam Dan Budaya, 21(2), 259-278. https://ejournal.uinsaizu.ac.id/index.php/ibda/article/download/7885/3566/28200\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaker, P. (2006). \u003cem\u003eUsing Corpora in Discourse Analysis\u003c/em\u003e. Continuum.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaker, P., Gabrielatos, C., \u0026amp; McEnery, T. 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Corpus-based CDA of migrant representation in British media. \u003cem\u003eDiscourse, Context \u0026amp; Media\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e33\u003c/em\u003e, 100368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2019.100368\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Corpus-Assisted Discourse Analysis, national identity, displacement, trauma, hybridity, postcolonialism, Burnt Shadows, sentiment analysis, lexical patterns, power dynamics","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7223964/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7223964/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe paper explores national identities in Shamsie\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003eBurnt Shadows\u003c/em\u003e (2009) through Baker\u0026rsquo;s (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) Corpus-Assisted Discourse Analysis (CADS). It analyzes five nations: America, Afghanistan, Japan, India, and Pakistan. Sketch Engine (Kilgariff et al., 2014) measures linguistic patterns related to displacement, hybridity, trauma, and postcolonial conflict, followed by qualitative analysis. Afghanistan is linked to war and fundamentalism (40% negative), America to imperialism and racism (65% negative), Japan to cultural erasure and nuclear trauma (52% negative), and India and Pakistan to identity crises from partition. Quantitative sentiment and thematic analysis examine the fluidity of global power and diasporic identity.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A Corpus Stylistic Analysis of National Identity Reconstruction in Postcolonial Fiction: The Case of Burnt Shadows","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-29 13:52:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7223964/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ac01be33-485d-4bb5-8a11-b25c99b8dc9e","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 29th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":52174536,"name":"Linguistics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-29T13:52:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-29 13:52:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7223964","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7223964","identity":"rs-7223964","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}