Management of Evans syndrome

Alice Norton, Irene Roberts
In: British Journal of Haematology · 2005 · vol. 132(2) , pp. 125–137 · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05809.x · PMID:16398647 · W2038137985
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⚙ AI-generated summary by claude@2026-08, 2026-08-03 ⓘ

Evans syndrome, a chronic autoimmune disorder of thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia, is typically managed with corticosteroids and IVIg, with relapses often treated by immunosuppressants, rituximab, splenectomy, or, in severe cases, stem cell transplantation.

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Abstract

Evans syndrome is an uncommon condition defined by the combination (either simultaneously or sequentially) of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) with a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) in the absence of known underlying aetiology. This condition generally runs a chronic course and is characterised by frequent exacerbations and remissions. First-line therapy is usually corticosteroids and/or intravenous immunoglobulin, to which most patients respond; however, relapse is frequent. Options for second-line therapy include immunosuppressive drugs, especially ciclosporin or mycophenolate mofetil; vincristine; danazol or a combination of these agents. More recently a small number of patients have been treated with rituximab, which induces remission in the majority although such responses are often sustained for <12 months and the long-term effects in children are unclear. Splenectomy may also be considered although long-term remissions are less frequent than in uncomplicated ITP. For very severe and refractory cases stem cell transplantation (SCT) offers the only chance of long-term cure. The limited data available suggest that allogeneic SCT may be superior to autologous SCT but both carry risks of severe morbidity and of transplant-related mortality. Cure following reduced-intensity conditioning has now been reported and should be considered for younger patients in the context of controlled clinical trials.

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