Mid-infrared free-electron laser-evoked discharge of crayfish compound eyes

ABSTRACT Light perception is an intriguing subject, and it has been demonstrated that some animals can perceive wavelengths beyond human vision. However, it is still controversial whether animals can see mid-infrared radiation. A combination of two free-electron laser (FEL) facilities, LEBRA-FEL (Nihon University) and KU-FEL (Kyoto University), can provide light sources with high peak power and spatially coherent monochromatic wavelengths that are continuously tuneable from 400 nm to 20 μm. We show that the crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ) compound eye responds to pulsed mid-infrared FELs (1 Hz for KU-FEL; 2 Hz for LEBRA-FEL) from 3 to 17 μm. Our finding provides insight into the animal’s visual sensing of mid-infrared radiation, and that the sensing does not depend on thermal effects. Although the behavioural reason for vision in this wavelength range and the mechanism are still under investigation, understanding this type of visual sensing may lead to applications other than photophysical applications.