Spatial Association Network of Urban School Commuting Carbon Emissions and Its Influencing Factors: A Case Study of Kaifeng, China

Spatial Association Network of Urban School Commuting Carbon Emissions and Its Influencing Factors: A Case Study of Kaifeng, China | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Spatial Association Network of Urban School Commuting Carbon Emissions and Its Influencing Factors: A Case Study of Kaifeng, China Yongkai Su, Peijun Rong, Quntao Yang, Zhicheng Zheng, Ning Niu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8162173/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Amid rapid urbanization, promoting low-carbon school commuting is a key strategy for achieving high-quality and sustainable urban development. However, the spatial heterogeneity of school commuting carbon emissions and their network-based interdependencies within cities remain insufficiently understood, posing challenges to the refined governance of urban low-carbon transitions. This study takes Kaifeng—a city undergoing rapid spatial expansion and restructuring—as a case study. Using data from 526 residential neighborhoods, we calculate carbon emissions from junior high school students' commutes and construct a spatial association network of commuting-related carbon emissions across neighborhoods, applying a modified spatial gravity model. Social Network Analysis (SNA) and Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) are employed to examine the structural characteristics of the spatial network and its influencing factors. The results show that: (1) the overall network demonstrates low density and hierarchy, moderate connectivity, and relatively high efficiency; (2) core neighborhoods demonstrate strong spatial linkages with surrounding areas, acting as both "emitters" and "receivers" due to their pronounced radiating and integrative capacities; (3) while most neighborhoods are interconnected—facilitating fluid network flows—their ability to control adjacent areas is limited, resulting in weaking overall network dominance; and (4) distance is the most significant factor shaping the spatial network, with proximity to schools and public transit stations having a statistically positive influence on commuting-related carbon emission patterns. carbon emissions social network analysis spatial network structure influencing factors Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8162173","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":551543861,"identity":"064cce8f-098f-4933-a72d-27685878dfa0","order_by":0,"name":"Yongkai Su","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Henan University of Economic and Law","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yongkai","middleName":"","lastName":"Su","suffix":""},{"id":551543862,"identity":"ccff5b37-28ea-46d6-9dfc-25203983a88d","order_by":1,"name":"Peijun 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