Safety and feasibility study of a novel robotic system in an in vivo porcine vascular model

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Material and Methods An anesthetized pig served as an arterial model for the robotic device (LIBERTY R 3; Microbot Medical Ltd, Yoqneam, IL). The primary efficacy endpoint was the evaluation of its capability to catheterize predetermined distal arterial branches in the liver, kidneys, and mesenteric arteries (technical success), under fluoroscopy guidance. The primary safety endpoint was the occurrence of angiographic acute catheterization-related complications (dissection, thrombosis, embolism, perforation). The catheterizations were conducted by two interventional radiologists that present different work experience in endovascular procedures (18 and 2 years respectively), using a variety of microcatheters and wires. Various procedural parameters such as functionality, practicality, ease of use, and time required for catheterization, were evaluated, and recorded. Results All pre-determined arteries were successfully catheterized (100% technical success), by both operators. No angiographic acute complications occurred. The catheters and wires were manipulated using the remote portable console in an effortless manner that maintained a high level of accuracy. Mean time for selective catheterization was 126 ± 51 seconds. The robot's conversion function to manual operation was successfully demonstrated. Conclusion Robotic navigation and catheterization of selected target arteries were accomplished without observable vascular damage, suggesting that the LIBERTY R 3 robotic system is a reliable and safe tool for robotic-assisted endovascular navigation. Further experimental studies are required to evaluate safety and efficacy prior to introduction into clinical practice. Robotics Endovascular intervention Visceral catheterization Remote intervention Robotic-assisted intervention Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Bachground The use of robotic surgical systems has increased substantially, from the first robotic system that was described and used by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [ 1 ], to the most prevailing and well-known telemanipulators, the Zeus and the da Vinci system, which have dominated the medical field for at least 10 years [ 2 ]. Recently, the advent of endovascular robotic systems, encouraged rapidly evolving international companies to develop a major element diversity to this globally increasing clinical reality. Experimental work suggests that robotic technology can be integrated with advanced localization, imaging techniques and AI which would improve performance even further. With the use of robotic technology, endovascular procedures may now be performed remotely, eliminating radiation exposure for the operator, but also providing the possibility of a high degree of control while allowing to perform procedures from a comfortable posture, reducing the risk of occupational hazards. Studies have shown that interventionalists are particularly affected by increased rates of musculoskeletal distress and injuries [ 3 ], which could be prevented with the development and incorporation of consoles, that would enable operators to remain seated while carrying out procedures [ 4 ], without the need for the additional weight-bearing of the protective gear. Since the principal radiation protection measures and shielding used during endovascular interventions performed in the angiography suite are mostly operator-dependent [ 5 , 6 ], the inclusion of a joystick-operated robotic device is a protective factor, as interventionalists will be able to operate from a safe distance in regard to the exposure of dispersed radiation. In comparison to merely skilled human performance, robotic systems have the advantage to assist navigation accuracy, dexterity, and speed [ 7 ] When it comes to delivering devices and manipulating catheters during robotic-assisted endovascular procedures, the early generation of devices required dedicated catheters (robotic catheters) and high-profile sheaths, which limit the practicality and increases the cost of consumables, especially in more complicated procedures [ 8 , 9 ]. Newer generation vascular system technologies have undergone further technological development making possible to use off-the-shelf products, which makes them more appealing and accessible, laying the groundwork for the establishment of telemedicine and telementoring programs. The purpose of this pilot experimental study was to evaluate the technical efficacy and safety of the novel miniature, single-use (disposable), sterile, remote-controlled robotic system, configured for the wireless remote-controlled navigation and catheterization of commercially available guidewires and catheters, to endovascular targets. Material and Methods Robotic System The device that was tested was the Liberty R 3 system (Microrobot Medical Ltd, Yoqneam, IL). The Liberty R 3 is a non-commercially available, new endovascular robotic system, currently undergoing pre-clinical evaluation. Figure 1 and Fig. 2 display the primary components, which comprise of the bedside robotic drive (battery operated), the hand-held remote-controller unit, and the bedside-mounted articulated robotic arm. With the exception of the robotic arm which is composed of three foldable parts, with respective lengths of 25 cm, 25 cm and 20 cm, allowing the convenient and flexible usage, each of the components is designed for single-usage and is completely disposable. The weight of each component does not exceed 1.5 kgr (0.8 kgr for the robotic drive, 0.3 kgr for the remote control and 1.5 kgr for the robotic arm). Porcine Model In compliance with international laws for the protection of laboratory animals, the procedure was carried out at a certified animal laboratory. Veterinary professionals intubated and performed general anaesthesia to a single 60kg domestic pig, that was placed in supine position. At the completion of the experiment, all the contents were withdrawn, hemostasis was achieved with puncture site manual compression, and the animal was humanely euthanized. Endpoints and definitions The study’s primary efficacy endpoint was technical success defined as the capability to catheterize predetermined distal arterial branches (n = 11) in the kidneys (upper, interpolar, lower pole branch of the right and left renal artery), the liver (3rd generation branch of the right and left hepatic artery), and mesenteric arteries (three 3rd generation branches of the superior mesenteric artery), under fluoroscopy guidance, by manipulating micro guide wires and catheters used in coil and liquid embolization, in linear and rotational motion, and at varying speeds. The primary safety endpoints were the visual estimation of the occurrence of angiographic acute catheterization-related complications (dissection, thrombosis, embolism, perforation) and was compared to manual non robotic manipulations, and the evaluation of the immediate disconnection mechanism of the robot to allow manual operation. Further parameters evaluated were: (a) characterization of the ease of use and operational performance of the Liberty 3 System by the 2 specialty physicians using prespecified scoring criteria (ease of remote control configuration, ease of guide wire and catheter manipulations) on a 1 to 5 scale (5 = optimal) to obtain a subjective assessment from the operator, and intraprocedural parameters while catheterizing distal arterial branches within the liver, kidneys and mesenteric vessels, (b) evaluation of the sensitivity and stability of linear and rotational motion of the guide-wire, particularly the control at different speeds using the same 1 to 5 score (c) evaluation of the performance of the remote control, (d) evaluation of technical parameter including the mounting of the robot to the table, the loading sequence of micro catheter and guide wire into the robot and the mounting of the guide catheter holder bridging the vascular sheath and the robot, (e) time required for the catheterization of each predetermined vessel. Two interventional radiologists with 18 and 2 years of experience in endovascular procedures and with no prior experience with robotic systems, conducted the catheterizations. Procedure The procedures were carried out in the animal lab using a C-arm by two radiologists (S.S., O.M.Z.) with 18 and 2 years of training and experience, respectively, in image-guided interventions, and naive to any robotic device including the Liberty R 3. Under sterile conditions and with ultrasound guidance, vascular access was obtained in the left common femoral artery with the use of an 8 Fr x 10 cm vascular sheath, that was sutured to the skin. Using a C2 Cobra hydrophilic catheter (Terumo, Japan), the right renal artery was manually catheterized. The proper catheter placement was verified with a control angiogram. The Liberty was loaded with a 2.4 Fr Pro-great microcatheter over a 0.016 guidewire (Terumo, Japan) and the guiding catheter holder was used to attach the loaded Liberty to the C2 Cobra catheter, using the guiding catheter holder. With the use of the joystick, the robotic system was guided to the distal upper pole, interpolar, and lower pole branches of the right renal artery. Tasks involving intensive robotic manipulation of the microcatheter and micro guidewire at these sites were performed as part of the study. After the successful robotically guided catheterization, the microcatheter and wire were retracted to the proximal portion of the artery, and a diagnostic angiography was conducted. Both interventional radiologists executed the same process on the distal left renal artery branches. In order to manually selectively catheterize the celiac trunk, a 0.035-inch guidewire and a 5 Fr C2 hydrophilic catheter was used. After manually delivering the selective catheter into the common hepatic artery, a 2.4 Fr Pro-great microcatheter with the 0.016 GT guidewire was installed into the Liberty and attached to the C2 catheter. Robotic steering to the distal 3rd generation right hepatic artery and subsequent relocation of the microcatheter system to distal 3rd generation branches in the left liver lobe were both successfully accomplished. The guidewire and microcatheter were robotically rapidly retracted as part of the experiment, in the event of a code blue. The C2 catheter was then withdrawn in the aorta. Using the same 5 Fr C2 hydrophilic catheter, manual selective catheterization of the proximal superior mesenteric artery was conducted, and a selective angiography verified the correct placement. To access the three distal 3rd generation branches of the superior mesenteric artery, a 2.4 Fr Pro-great microcatheter and 0.016 GT guidewire were attached to the Liberty and coaxially placed into the guiding catheter, following successful navigation to the distal portions of the artery. After retracting the microcatheter and guidewire, a control angiography was carried out to verify that no acute angiographic complications had occurred during the procedure. The robot's capacity of rapid transition to manual operation was also tested. This was done by evaluating how rapidly and efficiently the instruments can be disconnected from their placement in the robotic system. Results Both operators were able to effectively catheterize all the pre-determined arteries, resulting in a 100% technical success rate, while no evidence of angiographically acute complications were indicated. Super selective catheterization of the various vascular territories utilizing the remote control proved intuitive with a steep learning curve, even though neither interventionalist had any prior experience with the robotic platform. A high degree of precision was documented while the catheters and wires were handled with ease with the robotic control panel, with a minimum selective catheterization time of 49 seconds and a maximum of 213 seconds (mean selective catheterization time 126 ± 51 seconds). There was no statistically significant difference between the catheterization times recorded for each operator. An uninterrupted function was demonstrated through the observation that the functions of the robot may be controlled remotely from a range of distances within the operating room. The capability of the robot to rapidly convert from automatic to manual operation was effectively tested three times and the experiment was successfully terminated. Both operators reported optimal ease of use and sensitivity and stability scores, (median 5; range 4 to 5) No issues were noted regarding the predetermined technical parameters (performance of the remote control, mounting of the robot to the table, loading sequence of micro catheter and guide wire into the robot and the mounting of the guide catheter holder bridging the vascular sheath and the robot). Discussion Using the Liberty R 3 Robotic System, endovascular visceral super selective catheterizations, using standard endovascular micro catheter and micro guidewires, were conducted successfully in a porcine vascular model. The system offered a significant degree of practicality and high precision, as well as a fast response when remotely maneuvering and navigating the microcatheter system. Additionally, the console and joystick of the system, was assessed as simple to function and received very high satisfaction scores from the performing physicians. The safety of the robotic system was also demonstrated as no complications occurred. However, while using such a device, the absence of force feedback and haptic perception, which leads one to speculate that it may have the potential to lead to unintentional vascular injuries, if these procedures were performed in a larger study population. Nonetheless, a considerable reduction in risk may result from upgrades in systems for collision detection and the improvements of force sensor systems may also assist to mitigate these dangers [ 7 ]. According to this initial experience, the specific robotic system demonstrated a shallow learning curve for untrained operators, as demonstrated by the technical success rate and the short catheterization times by both operators. Moreover, the level of experience in endovascular procedures did not seem to influence the ability and time to catheterization, as both operators achieved similar results despite the vast difference in years of experience. One could speculate that similar results between the experienced and less experienced operator, could be noted as endovascular experience is challenged by the fact that experienced operators have developed manual automatizations in catheterization which are not easy to abolish, while younger operators, less familiar with manual manipulations, find it easier to adopt to remote control movements. The incorporation of robotic systems in endovascular clinical practice could offer two significant advantages. The first is the optimization of complication-free technical success rates due to more finite and precise manoeuvres that can be performed even by operators with less years of endovascular experience As reported for previously investigated robotic systems, the Liberty R 3 offers the possibility to accurately advance the catheter/guidewire in different speed levels but also perform a variety of precise angulations, two features that could increase catheterization success, while decreasing time to catheterization [ 10 ]. Nevertheless, comparative studies versus standard manual catheterization are required to prove such superiority. The second obvious advantage is the reduction of radiation-related occupational hazards for the operator and perhaps for the patients (as a result of reduced time to catheterization) [ 10 – 12 ]. As an additional advantage, the option to perform the interventions in sitting position throughout the procedure, would most probably lessen the impact that standing for lengthy periods of time with heavy equipment has on the body. Moreover, remotely controlled platforms are being developed so that operators may be located in large geographical distance from their patients, enabling for the delivery of procedures and skills to be carried out in facilities without an experienced endovascular professional [ 13 ]. Recently developed and marketed endovascular interventional robotic systems, that are widely recognized include the Corindus CorPath, the Hansen’s Magellan, and Robocath’ s R-One robot. The Corindus CorPath series, which was initially the sole commercially accessible robotic platform for coronary endovascular procedures, as developed by Beyar et al. [ 14 ], has pivoted its focus to cater exclusively to the domain of neurovascular interventions [ 15 ], following initial trials involving cerebral angiographies and carotid artery stenting. [ 16 ] A controllable robotic bending catheter was developed by the Hansen’s Magellan system [ 17 , 18 ], however it appears to have a high cost and provides no haptic feedback to the user [ 18 ]. The main barriers for wide adoption of these endovascular robots is the size, weight and cumbersome set up of the robotic system, as well as the purchasing of capital equipment. Notably, the Liberty R 3 system offers three major advantages compared to other endovascular robotic systems. It has been designed as an aseptic single-use system that eliminates the risk of cross contamination and the need for sterilization. Additionally, the size and weight of the system enables easy transportation and provides ergonomic advantages that make it suitable for every standard angiography suite. Another advantage is its compatibility with standard off-the-shelf instruments and although this is a common feature with the Robocath R-One robot system, the latter is substantially larger and more expensive than the former [ 7 ]. Another essential feature of the robotic system is the capacity to transition to human control rapidly, thus increasing its safety profile. On the other hand, the incompatibility of the Liberty system with higher profile instruments is remains a disadvantage associated with this technology. Establishing the efficiency, safety, financial advantages, and clinical results of robotic interventions is essential to overcome the obstacles associated as to introduce them in everyday clinical practice. Single-use concept and remarkably small size are the two unique features of the Liberty R 3 robotic system that could overcome these obstacles. The main limitation of this safety and feasibility experimental study is the small sample number of catheterized vessels, which as indicated, calls for additional research and data collection. Additionally, the investigation of radiation exposure dosage and reduction in fluoroscopy time as the operators become more familiar with the system were not investigated and remain endpoints of future studies. Conclusion In this initial experience, robotic navigation and catheterization of selected target arteries were rapidly accomplished without observable vascular damage, suggesting that the Liberty R 3 is a reliable and safe system for robotic-assisted endovascular navigation. The system was reported as easy to use and highly ergonomic. Further studies are required to evaluate safety and efficacy. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: This experimental study was in compliance with international laws for the protection of laboratory animals and was carried out at a certified animal laboratory. Consent for publication: Not applicable Availability of data and material: All data are available upon reasonable request. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding: This study did not receive any funding. Authors' contributions: SS and OMZ designed, organized, and performed the experiment. SS, OMZ and NAA analyzed and interpreted the data and were a major contributor in writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Eyal Morag MD, for his valuable contribution in the design, organization, and performance of this experiment. Authors' information: SS is an Associate Professor of interventional Radiology, OMZ is a Clinical Fellow in Interventional Radiology and NAA is a Consultant Radiologist at the 2 nd Department of Radiology Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Attikon” University General Hospital, Athens, Greece. Conflicts of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest References Rudiman R (2021) Minimally invasive gastrointestinal surgery: From past to the future. Annals of Medicine and Surgery 71:102922 Lane T (2018) A short history of robotic surgery. The Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 100:5–7 Andreassi MG, Piccaluga E, Guagliumi G, del Greco M, Gaita F, Picano E (2016) Occupational Health Risks in Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Workers. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.115.003273 . Circ Cardiovasc Interv Peters BS, Armijo PR, Krause C, Choudhury SA, Oleynikov D (2018) Review of emerging surgical robotic technology. Surg Endosc 32:1636–1655 Klein LW (2021) Proper Shielding Technique in Protecting Operators and Staff From Radiation Exposure in the Fluoroscopy Environment. J Invasive Cardiol 33:E342–E343 Vano E, Kleiman NJ, Duran A, Romano-Miller M, Rehani MM (2013) Radiation-associated Lens Opacities in Catheterization Personnel: Results of a Survey and Direct Assessments. J Vasc Interv Radiol 24:197–204 Duan W, Akinyemi T, Du W, Ma J, Chen X, Wang F, Omisore O, Luo J, Wang H, Wang L (2023) Technical and Clinical Progress on Robot-Assisted Endovascular Interventions: A Review. Micromachines (Basel) 14:197 Mahmud E, Pourdjabbar A, Ang L, Behnamfar O, Patel MP, Reeves RR (2017) Robotic technology in interventional cardiology: Current status and future perspectives. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 90:956–962 Pourdjabbar A, Ang L, Reeves RR, Patel MP, Mahmud E (2017) The Development of Robotic Technology in Cardiac and Vascular Interventions. Rambam Maimonides Med J 8:e0030 Smilowitz NR, Balter S, Weisz G (2013) Occupational hazards of interventional cardiology. Cardiovasc Revascularization Med 14:223–228 Roguin A, Goldstein J, Bar O (2012) Brain tumours among interventional cardiologists: a cause for alarm? Report of four new cases from two cities and a review of the literature. EuroIntervention 7:1081–1086 Roguin A, Goldstein J, Bar O, Goldstein JA (2013) Brain and Neck Tumors Among Physicians Performing Interventional Procedures. Am J Cardiol 111:1368–1372 Legeza P, Sconzert K, Sungur J, Loh TM, Britz G, Lumsden A (2021) Preclinical study testing feasibility and technical requirements for successful telerobotic long distance peripheral vascular intervention. Int J Med Rob Comput Assist Surg. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcs.2249 Beyar R, Gruberg L, Deleanu D, Roguin A, Almagor Y, Cohen S, Kumar G, Wenderow T (2006) Remote-Control Percutaneous Coronary Interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol 47:296–300 Mendes Pereira V, Rice H, De Villiers L et al (2023) Evaluation of effectiveness and safety of the CorPath GRX robotic system in endovascular embolization procedures of cerebral aneurysms. J Neurointerv Surg. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnis-2023-020161 Sajja KC, Sweid A, Al Saiegh F et al (2020) Endovascular robotic: feasibility and proof of principle for diagnostic cerebral angiography and carotid artery stenting. J Neurointerv Surg 12:345–349 Bismuth J, Kashef E, Cheshire N, Lumsden AB (2011) Feasibility and Safety of Remote Endovascular Catheter Navigation in a Porcine Model. J Endovasc Ther 18:243–249 Riga CV, Bicknell CD, Rolls A, Cheshire NJ, Hamady MS (2013) Robot-assisted Fenestrated Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (FEVAR) Using the Magellan System. J Vasc Interv Radiol 24:191–196 Tables Table 1. Catheterization time (seconds) Interventional Radiologist #1 (S.S.) Interventional Radiologist #2 (O.M.Z.) RK - upper pole 149 155 RK - interpolar 200 213 RK - lower pole 102 80 LK – upper pole 180 190 LK – mid pole 135 104 LK – lower pole 58 75 RHA - 3 rd generation branches 78 130 LHA – 3 rd generation branches 160 198 SMA - branch #1 92 73 SMA - branch #2 121 167 SMA - branch #3 67 49 RK=Right Kidney, LK=Left Kidney, RHA=Right Hepatic Artery, LHA=Left Hepatic Artery, SMA=Superior Mesenteric Artery Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Jan, 2024 Read the published version in CVIR Endovascular → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 13 Nov, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Oct, 2023 Reviewers invited by journal 22 Oct, 2023 Editor assigned by journal 20 Oct, 2023 First submitted to journal 17 Oct, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3458173","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":242047792,"identity":"99b9135f-e99d-493c-8b72-9937eaa89d87","order_by":0,"name":"Ornella Moschovaki-Zeiger","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Health Sciences: Ethniko kai Kapodistriako Panepistemio Athenon","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ornella","middleName":"","lastName":"Moschovaki-Zeiger","suffix":""},{"id":242047793,"identity":"44886006-3457-48a8-a44d-1eefbe19d5ec","order_by":1,"name":"Nikolaos-Achilleas Arkoudis","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Health Sciences: Ethniko kai Kapodistriako Panepistemio Athenon","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nikolaos-Achilleas","middleName":"","lastName":"Arkoudis","suffix":""},{"id":242047794,"identity":"f20445dd-57a7-4d7c-bfe6-52dc95e94393","order_by":2,"name":"Stavros Spiliopoulos","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACCRk2BgbGBwwMzEQoZoNo4QHSzAakaGHgATEliNIiP7/5meTPHRY8fOy9x6puVFgzGBxvfsD4dQ9uLQbH2Mykec8AHcZzLu12zpl0BoMzxwyYZZ7h0cLGYGzM2AbUIpFjdju37TCDwY0EA2aJA3gc1sb+2fAnVEtx7j+QlvQPeLUwHOMxfMAL1cKc2wDSkmPA+AGPFoNjOYWPoX5Jls45ls4jeeZMwWEGfA5rPr7h4M8ddXLy7b0HP+fUWMvxHW/f+PAHPoeBAGMDiORhgJOHeQjoQNECEfhBSMsoGAWjYBSMJAAAtghLHwkTChMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1860-0568","institution":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Stavros","middleName":"","lastName":"Spiliopoulos","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-10-17 15:03:27","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3458173/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3458173/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42155-024-00425-x","type":"published","date":"2024-01-27T15:17:50+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":45333743,"identity":"d15553ad-9170-49ef-8840-34d872e03525","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-27 17:34:15","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":80074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Liberty Bedside Robotic Drive mounted on the Mounting Arm, and the Hand-held Remote-Controller\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3458173/v1/918670a02496f5bc6a9f8c8d.png"},{"id":45333744,"identity":"7cbf848b-3535-40b2-ad53-ed69ab26a67a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-27 17:34:16","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":368553,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic drawing illustrating the clinical set-up of the Liberty system components, including the Bedside Robotic Drive, being mounted on the Mounting Arm on the patient bed, and being operated remotely via the Hand-Held Remote-Controller (not shown). GW=Guidewire, MC=Microcatheter\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3458173/v1/89e7ea7ac141e944d21fa289.png"},{"id":50313883,"identity":"1ace1f08-9402-4b58-a8c7-01809bb8c6e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-29 15:27:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":851853,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3458173/v1/60b4431f-ba6c-4eed-a135-718c1e65da74.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Safety and feasibility study of a novel robotic system in an in vivo porcine vascular model","fulltext":[{"header":"Bachground","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe use of robotic surgical systems has increased substantially, from the first robotic system that was described and used by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], to the most prevailing and well-known telemanipulators, the Zeus and the da Vinci system, which have dominated the medical field for at least 10 years [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Recently, the advent of endovascular robotic systems, encouraged rapidly evolving international companies to develop a major element diversity to this globally increasing clinical reality. Experimental work suggests that robotic technology can be integrated with advanced localization, imaging techniques and AI which would improve performance even further.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the use of robotic technology, endovascular procedures may now be performed remotely, eliminating radiation exposure for the operator, but also providing the possibility of a high degree of control while allowing to perform procedures from a comfortable posture, reducing the risk of occupational hazards. Studies have shown that interventionalists are particularly affected by increased rates of musculoskeletal distress and injuries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], which could be prevented with the development and incorporation of consoles, that would enable operators to remain seated while carrying out procedures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], without the need for the additional weight-bearing of the protective gear. Since the principal radiation protection measures and shielding used during endovascular interventions performed in the angiography suite are mostly operator-dependent [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], the inclusion of a joystick-operated robotic device is a protective factor, as interventionalists will be able to operate from a safe distance in regard to the exposure of dispersed radiation. In comparison to merely skilled human performance, robotic systems have the advantage to assist navigation accuracy, dexterity, and speed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] When it comes to delivering devices and manipulating catheters during robotic-assisted endovascular procedures, the early generation of devices required dedicated catheters (robotic catheters) and high-profile sheaths, which limit the practicality and increases the cost of consumables, especially in more complicated procedures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Newer generation vascular system technologies have undergone further technological development making possible to use off-the-shelf products, which makes them more appealing and accessible, laying the groundwork for the establishment of telemedicine and telementoring programs. The purpose of this pilot experimental study was to evaluate the technical efficacy and safety of the novel miniature, single-use (disposable), sterile, remote-controlled robotic system, configured for the wireless remote-controlled navigation and catheterization of commercially available guidewires and catheters, to endovascular targets.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eRobotic System\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe device that was tested was the Liberty\u003csup\u003eR\u003c/sup\u003e 3 system (Microrobot Medical Ltd, Yoqneam, IL). The Liberty\u003csup\u003eR\u003c/sup\u003e 3 is a non-commercially available, new endovascular robotic system, currently undergoing pre-clinical evaluation. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e display the primary components, which comprise of the bedside robotic drive (battery operated), the hand-held remote-controller unit, and the bedside-mounted articulated robotic arm. With the exception of the robotic arm which is composed of three foldable parts, with respective lengths of 25 cm, 25 cm and 20 cm, allowing the convenient and flexible usage, each of the components is designed for single-usage and is completely disposable. The weight of each component does not exceed 1.5 kgr (0.8 kgr for the robotic drive, 0.3 kgr for the remote control and 1.5 kgr for the robotic arm).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePorcine Model\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn compliance with international laws for the protection of laboratory animals, the procedure was carried out at a certified animal laboratory. Veterinary professionals intubated and performed general anaesthesia to a single 60kg domestic pig, that was placed in supine position. At the completion of the experiment, all the contents were withdrawn, hemostasis was achieved with puncture site manual compression, and the animal was humanely euthanized.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndpoints and definitions\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study\u0026rsquo;s primary efficacy endpoint was technical success defined as the capability to catheterize predetermined distal arterial branches (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11) in the kidneys (upper, interpolar, lower pole branch of the right and left renal artery), the liver (3rd generation branch of the right and left hepatic artery), and mesenteric arteries (three 3rd generation branches of the superior mesenteric artery), under fluoroscopy guidance, by manipulating micro guide wires and catheters used in coil and liquid embolization, in linear and rotational motion, and at varying speeds. The primary safety endpoints were the visual estimation of the occurrence of angiographic acute catheterization-related complications (dissection, thrombosis, embolism, perforation) and was compared to manual non robotic manipulations, and the evaluation of the immediate disconnection mechanism of the robot to allow manual operation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther parameters evaluated were: (a) characterization of the ease of use and operational performance of the Liberty 3 System by the 2 specialty physicians using prespecified scoring criteria (ease of remote control configuration, ease of guide wire and catheter manipulations) on a 1 to 5 scale (5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;optimal) to obtain a subjective assessment from the operator, and intraprocedural parameters while catheterizing distal arterial branches within the liver, kidneys and mesenteric vessels, (b) evaluation of the sensitivity and stability of linear and rotational motion of the guide-wire, particularly the control at different speeds using the same 1 to 5 score (c) evaluation of the performance of the remote control, (d) evaluation of technical parameter including the mounting of the robot to the table, the loading sequence of micro catheter and guide wire into the robot and the mounting of the guide catheter holder bridging the vascular sheath and the robot, (e) time required for the catheterization of each predetermined vessel. Two interventional radiologists with 18 and 2 years of experience in endovascular procedures and with no prior experience with robotic systems, conducted the catheterizations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcedure\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe procedures were carried out in the animal lab using a C-arm by two radiologists (S.S., O.M.Z.) with 18 and 2 years of training and experience, respectively, in image-guided interventions, and naive to any robotic device including the Liberty\u003csup\u003eR\u003c/sup\u003e 3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder sterile conditions and with ultrasound guidance, vascular access was obtained in the left common femoral artery with the use of an 8 Fr x 10 cm vascular sheath, that was sutured to the skin. Using a C2 Cobra hydrophilic catheter (Terumo, Japan), the right renal artery was manually catheterized. The proper catheter placement was verified with a control angiogram. The Liberty was loaded with a 2.4 Fr Pro-great microcatheter over a 0.016 guidewire (Terumo, Japan) and the guiding catheter holder was used to attach the loaded Liberty to the C2 Cobra catheter, using the guiding catheter holder. With the use of the joystick, the robotic system was guided to the distal upper pole, interpolar, and lower pole branches of the right renal artery. Tasks involving intensive robotic manipulation of the microcatheter and micro guidewire at these sites were performed as part of the study. After the successful robotically guided catheterization, the microcatheter and wire were retracted to the proximal portion of the artery, and a diagnostic angiography was conducted. Both interventional radiologists executed the same process on the distal left renal artery branches.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to manually selectively catheterize the celiac trunk, a 0.035-inch guidewire and a 5 Fr C2 hydrophilic catheter was used. After manually delivering the selective catheter into the common hepatic artery, a 2.4 Fr Pro-great microcatheter with the 0.016 GT guidewire was installed into the Liberty and attached to the C2 catheter. Robotic steering to the distal 3rd generation right hepatic artery and subsequent relocation of the microcatheter system to distal 3rd generation branches in the left liver lobe were both successfully accomplished. The guidewire and microcatheter were robotically rapidly retracted as part of the experiment, in the event of a code blue. The C2 catheter was then withdrawn in the aorta.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing the same 5 Fr C2 hydrophilic catheter, manual selective catheterization of the proximal superior mesenteric artery was conducted, and a selective angiography verified the correct placement. To access the three distal 3rd generation branches of the superior mesenteric artery, a 2.4 Fr Pro-great microcatheter and 0.016 GT guidewire were attached to the Liberty and coaxially placed into the guiding catheter, following successful navigation to the distal portions of the artery. After retracting the microcatheter and guidewire, a control angiography was carried out to verify that no acute angiographic complications had occurred during the procedure. The robot's capacity of rapid transition to manual operation was also tested. This was done by evaluating how rapidly and efficiently the instruments can be disconnected from their placement in the robotic system.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eBoth operators were able to effectively catheterize all the pre-determined arteries, resulting in a 100% technical success rate, while no evidence of angiographically acute complications were indicated. Super selective catheterization of the various vascular territories utilizing the remote control proved intuitive with a steep learning curve, even though neither interventionalist had any prior experience with the robotic platform. A high degree of precision was documented while the catheters and wires were handled with ease with the robotic control panel, with a minimum selective catheterization time of 49 seconds and a maximum of 213 seconds (mean selective catheterization time 126\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;51 seconds). There was no statistically significant difference between the catheterization times recorded for each operator. An uninterrupted function was demonstrated through the observation that the functions of the robot may be controlled remotely from a range of distances within the operating room. The capability of the robot to rapidly convert from automatic to manual operation was effectively tested three times and the experiment was successfully terminated. Both operators reported optimal ease of use and sensitivity and stability scores, (median 5; range 4 to 5) No issues were noted regarding the predetermined technical parameters (performance of the remote control, mounting of the robot to the table, loading sequence of micro catheter and guide wire into the robot and the mounting of the guide catheter holder bridging the vascular sheath and the robot).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eUsing the Liberty\u003csup\u003eR\u003c/sup\u003e 3 Robotic System, endovascular visceral super selective catheterizations, using standard endovascular micro catheter and micro guidewires, were conducted successfully in a porcine vascular model. The system offered a significant degree of practicality and high precision, as well as a fast response when remotely maneuvering and navigating the microcatheter system. Additionally, the console and joystick of the system, was assessed as simple to function and received very high satisfaction scores from the performing physicians. The safety of the robotic system was also demonstrated as no complications occurred. However, while using such a device, the absence of force feedback and haptic perception, which leads one to speculate that it may have the potential to lead to unintentional vascular injuries, if these procedures were performed in a larger study population. Nonetheless, a considerable reduction in risk may result from upgrades in systems for collision detection and the improvements of force sensor systems may also assist to mitigate these dangers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. According to this initial experience, the specific robotic system demonstrated a shallow learning curve for untrained operators, as demonstrated by the technical success rate and the short catheterization times by both operators. Moreover, the level of experience in endovascular procedures did not seem to influence the ability and time to catheterization, as both operators achieved similar results despite the vast difference in years of experience. One could speculate that similar results between the experienced and less experienced operator, could be noted as endovascular experience is challenged by the fact that experienced operators have developed manual automatizations in catheterization which are not easy to abolish, while younger operators, less familiar with manual manipulations, find it easier to adopt to remote control movements.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe incorporation of robotic systems in endovascular clinical practice could offer two significant advantages. The first is the optimization of complication-free technical success rates due to more finite and precise manoeuvres that can be performed even by operators with less years of endovascular experience As reported for previously investigated robotic systems, the Liberty\u003csup\u003eR\u003c/sup\u003e 3 offers the possibility to accurately advance the catheter/guidewire in different speed levels but also perform a variety of precise angulations, two features that could increase catheterization success, while decreasing time to catheterization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Nevertheless, comparative studies versus standard manual catheterization are required to prove such superiority. The second obvious advantage is the reduction of radiation-related occupational hazards for the operator and perhaps for the patients (as a result of reduced time to catheterization) [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. As an additional advantage, the option to perform the interventions in sitting position throughout the procedure, would most probably lessen the impact that standing for lengthy periods of time with heavy equipment has on the body. Moreover, remotely controlled platforms are being developed so that operators may be located in large geographical distance from their patients, enabling for the delivery of procedures and skills to be carried out in facilities without an experienced endovascular professional [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecently developed and marketed endovascular interventional robotic systems, that are widely recognized include the Corindus CorPath, the Hansen\u0026rsquo;s Magellan, and Robocath\u0026rsquo; s R-One robot. The Corindus CorPath series, which was initially the sole commercially accessible robotic platform for coronary endovascular procedures, as developed by Beyar et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], has pivoted its focus to cater exclusively to the domain of neurovascular interventions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], following initial trials involving cerebral angiographies and carotid artery stenting. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] A controllable robotic bending catheter was developed by the Hansen\u0026rsquo;s Magellan system [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], however it appears to have a high cost and provides no haptic feedback to the user [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. The main barriers for wide adoption of these endovascular robots is the size, weight and cumbersome set up of the robotic system, as well as the purchasing of capital equipment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotably, the Liberty\u003csup\u003eR\u003c/sup\u003e 3 system offers three major advantages compared to other endovascular robotic systems. It has been designed as an aseptic single-use system that eliminates the risk of cross contamination and the need for sterilization. Additionally, the size and weight of the system enables easy transportation and provides ergonomic advantages that make it suitable for every standard angiography suite. Another advantage is its compatibility with standard off-the-shelf instruments and although this is a common feature with the Robocath R-One robot system, the latter is substantially larger and more expensive than the former [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Another essential feature of the robotic system is the capacity to transition to human control rapidly, thus increasing its safety profile. On the other hand, the incompatibility of the Liberty system with higher profile instruments is remains a disadvantage associated with this technology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstablishing the efficiency, safety, financial advantages, and clinical results of robotic interventions is essential to overcome the obstacles associated as to introduce them in everyday clinical practice. Single-use concept and remarkably small size are the two unique features of the Liberty\u003csup\u003eR\u003c/sup\u003e 3 robotic system that could overcome these obstacles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main limitation of this safety and feasibility experimental study is the small sample number of catheterized vessels, which as indicated, calls for additional research and data collection. Additionally, the investigation of radiation exposure dosage and reduction in fluoroscopy time as the operators become more familiar with the system were not investigated and remain endpoints of future studies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this initial experience, robotic navigation and catheterization of selected target arteries were rapidly accomplished without observable vascular damage, suggesting that the Liberty\u003csup\u003eR\u003c/sup\u003e 3 is a reliable and safe system for robotic-assisted endovascular navigation. The system was reported as easy to use and highly ergonomic. Further studies are required to evaluate safety and efficacy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e This experimental study was in compliance with international laws for the protection of laboratory animals and was carried out at a certified animal laboratory.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material:\u003c/strong\u003e All data are available upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e This study did not receive any funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e SS and OMZ designed, organized, and performed the experiment. SS, OMZ and NAA analyzed and interpreted the data and were a major contributor in writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors would like to thank Eyal Morag MD, for his valuable contribution in the design, organization, and performance of this experiment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; information:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSS is an Associate Professor of interventional Radiology, OMZ is a Clinical Fellow in Interventional Radiology and NAA is a Consultant Radiologist at the 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e Department of Radiology Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u0026ldquo;Attikon\u0026rdquo; University General Hospital, Athens, Greece.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interest:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRudiman R (2021) Minimally invasive gastrointestinal surgery: From past to the future. Annals of Medicine and Surgery 71:102922\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLane T (2018) A short history of robotic surgery. The Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 100:5\u0026ndash;7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAndreassi MG, Piccaluga E, Guagliumi G, del Greco M, Gaita F, Picano E (2016) Occupational Health Risks in Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Workers. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.115.003273\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.115.003273\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Circ Cardiovasc Interv\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePeters BS, Armijo PR, Krause C, Choudhury SA, Oleynikov D (2018) Review of emerging surgical robotic technology. 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J Neurointerv Surg. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1136/jnis-2023-020161\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1136/jnis-2023-020161\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSajja KC, Sweid A, Al Saiegh F et al (2020) Endovascular robotic: feasibility and proof of principle for diagnostic cerebral angiography and carotid artery stenting. J Neurointerv Surg 12:345\u0026ndash;349\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBismuth J, Kashef E, Cheshire N, Lumsden AB (2011) Feasibility and Safety of Remote Endovascular Catheter Navigation in a Porcine Model. J Endovasc Ther 18:243\u0026ndash;249\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRiga CV, Bicknell CD, Rolls A, Cheshire NJ, Hamady MS (2013) Robot-assisted Fenestrated Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (FEVAR) Using the Magellan System. J Vasc Interv Radiol 24:191\u0026ndash;196\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"633\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.28120063191153%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.71879936808847%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatheterization time (seconds)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInterventional Radiologist #1 (S.S.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInterventional Radiologist #2 (O.M.Z.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.28120063191153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRK - upper pole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.28120063191153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRK - interpolar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.28120063191153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRK - lower pole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.28120063191153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLK \u0026ndash; upper pole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.28120063191153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLK \u0026ndash; mid pole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.28120063191153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLK \u0026ndash; lower pole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.28120063191153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRHA - 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e generation branches\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.28120063191153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLHA \u0026ndash; 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e generation branches\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.28120063191153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSMA - branch #1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.28120063191153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSMA - branch #2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.28120063191153%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSMA - branch #3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.859399684044234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRK=Right Kidney, LK=Left Kidney, RHA=Right Hepatic Artery, LHA=Left Hepatic Artery, SMA=Superior Mesenteric Artery\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"cvir-endovascular","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cire","sideBox":"Learn more about [CVIR Endovascular](https://www.springer.com/journal/42155)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/cire/default.aspx","title":"CVIR Endovascular","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Robotics, Endovascular intervention, Visceral catheterization, Remote intervention, Robotic-assisted intervention","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3458173/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3458173/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003ePurpose\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe goal of this preclinical study is to assess the functionality, technical feasibility, and safety of a new vascular robotic LIBERTY\u003csup\u003eR\u003c/sup\u003e 3 System, in the catheterization of vascular targets using a range of guidewires and microcatheters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMaterial and Methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn anesthetized pig served as an arterial model for the robotic device (LIBERTY\u003csup\u003eR\u003c/sup\u003e3; Microbot Medical Ltd, Yoqneam, IL). The primary efficacy endpoint was the evaluation of its capability to catheterize predetermined distal arterial branches in the liver, kidneys, and mesenteric arteries (technical success), under fluoroscopy guidance. The primary safety endpoint was the occurrence of angiographic acute catheterization-related complications (dissection, thrombosis, embolism, perforation). The catheterizations were conducted by two interventional radiologists that present different work experience in endovascular procedures (18 and 2 years respectively), using a variety of microcatheters and wires. Various procedural parameters such as functionality, practicality, ease of use, and time required for catheterization, were evaluated, and recorded.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll pre-determined arteries were successfully catheterized (100% technical success), by both operators. No angiographic acute complications occurred. The catheters and wires were manipulated using the remote portable console in an effortless manner that maintained a high level of accuracy. Mean time for selective catheterization was 126\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;51 seconds. The robot's conversion function to manual operation was successfully demonstrated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRobotic navigation and catheterization of selected target arteries were accomplished without observable vascular damage, suggesting that the LIBERTY\u003csup\u003eR\u003c/sup\u003e 3 robotic system is a reliable and safe tool for robotic-assisted endovascular navigation. Further experimental studies are required to evaluate safety and efficacy prior to introduction into clinical practice.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Safety and feasibility study of a novel robotic system in an in vivo porcine vascular model","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-10-27 17:34:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3458173/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2023-11-14T03:55:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2023-10-22T19:38:51+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2023-10-22T11:11:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2023-10-20T04:19:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"CVIR Endovascular","date":"2023-10-18T02:29:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"cvir-endovascular","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cire","sideBox":"Learn more about [CVIR Endovascular](https://www.springer.com/journal/42155)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/cire/default.aspx","title":"CVIR Endovascular","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"448160f6-ca19-4429-b0c5-f6097162cb3b","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 27th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-01-29T15:23:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3458173","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42155-024-00425-x","journal":{"identity":"cvir-endovascular","isVorOnly":false,"title":"CVIR Endovascular"},"publishedOn":"2024-01-27 15:17:50","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 27th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2023-10-27 17:34:11","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s42155-024-00425-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42155-024-00425-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3458173","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3458173","identity":"rs-3458173","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}