The effect of lining hydraulic properties on the efficiency and cost of irrigation canal reconstruction

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Abd-Elhamid, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3734693/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 22 Apr, 2025 Read the published version in Water Resources Management → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Irrigation canals play an important role in the economic development of Uzbekistan which is located in arid zone and shared user of transboundary water resources. Almost three fourth of the irrigation network in Uzbekistan is unlined that subject to some natural processes such as vegetation, erosion, sedimentation, and seepage. The efficiency of the irrigation networks in Uzbekistan is about 63%. Lining of canals is the major protection measure against water scarcity for Uzbekistan. This study aims to investigate how the hydraulic properties of different lining materials such as geomembrane, concrete, asphalt, sand mixed bentonite and stone pitching affect the rehabilitation cost of canals. In this study, field data and hydrodynamic model HEC-RAC are used for analysis of using different lining materials on the efficiency of the canal and then the costs of rehabilitation were compared. To apply the hydrodynamic model HEC-RAS, flow and bathymetric parameters were measured by employing the acoustic Doppler current profiler system for a reach of length 1.0 km in Tashkent magistral canal. The obtained R 2 between modeled and measured data equals to 0.86. The use of different lining materials such as geomembrane, concrete, asphalt, sand mixed bentonite and stone pitching affect the channel geometry with different ranges from 21.69 to 34.41 per running meter (RMT). With different cross-sectional values, rehabilitation of the first reach of Toshkent magistral canal costs about $ 260, 688, 536, 286, 210 thousand respectively. In the point of lifetime, geomembrane then concrete, and stone pitching showed the minimum annual coverage value containing $ 32, 46, 10 thousand per year respectively. Stone pitching with the longest durability is the most efficient technique to improve water-use efficiency of Toshkent magistral canal. This study could help the policy makers to select the best material for lining based on the lifetime, cost and durability. irrigation canals lining hydraulic properties HEC-RAS efficiency cost canal rehabilitation. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 1. Introduction Artificial watercourses are divided into various categories according to the purpose of the structure: irrigation, drainage, water supply, waterway, hydropower, wood industry, and simultaneously serving several purposes. Irrigation canals are hydrotechnical structure that transport water from the sources such as rivers and reservoirs to the irrigated areas. It may be lined or unlined, open, or piped. Irrigation water is an important resource to supply food security of inhabitants of Uzbekistan which is located in arid zone and member of user transboundary water resources. At present, 75% of the irrigation canals in Uzbekistan is earthen, unlined, and as a result of natural processes such as vegetation, erosion, sedimentation and seepage, it can be observed that the current efficiency of the canal network is 63% (Arifjanov et al., 2022 ). Lining the canals to improve the water application efficiency is the major approach to adapt with the likely impacts of climate change in Uzbekistan. Seepage losses from canals have been investigated by a number of researchers due to its importance. Review synthesized and evaluated by (Lund et al., 2023 ) indicated that seepage from unlined canals fluctuates from 0.1 to 1 m 3 /day per m 2 . It was affected by factors such as properties of canal bed soil, geometry, wetted perimeter, flow depth, velocity, level of groundwater, vegetation, and water properties. In some areas, depending on the regional conditions, infiltration can also have some positive effects by improving groundwater resources (Fernald and Guldan, 2006 ). But on the other hand, if groundwater was polluted by long term irrigation agriculture, increasing groundwater level by canal seepage is donation for polluted stream. In irrigated area of Uzbekistan, which is located in Syrdarya basin, it was evaluated 54.9% weakly and 32.8% moderately saline irrigated areas and mineralization of groundwater was around 1.0 to 5.0 g/l (Khasanov et al., 2022 ). The investigated canal, Tashkent magistral canal (Tashkent MC), in this work services irrigated farmland located in Chirchik-Okhangaran river basins which is considered catchment area of Syrdarya. The theoretical and field investigation conducted by (Fatxulloev and Gafarova, 2019 ) revealed that the average quantity of seepage lose from boundary of Tashkent MC is 1.37 m 3 /day per m 2 , and it varies in dependent on water depth. Also, the study indicated that hydrogeologic condition of trace effect on infiltration process. In another study, program developed by (Akhmedkhodjaeva and Khodjiev, 2020 ) was used to calculate the efficiency of Tashkent MC. The results showed that, the efficiency was 0.78 with 0.012 difference compared to the natural case. In both studies on Tashkent MC indicated that the decision makers must take urgent actions to adapt to the upcoming climate change challenge. Covering the irrigation canal's sides and bottom with materials such as concrete, asphalt, plastic, or clay is known as canal lining. However, the high cost of rehabilitation creates problems in the implementation of the process. The canal size, hydrogeologic condition of trace, deformative or accumulative process occurs in boundary of channel and rehabilitation budget are the main factors help decision makers to select appropriate type of rehabilitation. Under the limited infiltration condition, and overestimated deformative process, the largest irrigation canal can be partially lined, side walls are lined, bottom is remained natural soil. And this type of rehabilitation evaluated as a cost-effective method to improve the channel efficiency (Arifjanov et al., 2022 ; Kahlown and Kemper, 2005 ). However, if infiltration is not limited, lower efficiency like Tashkent MC, rehabilitation of canal requires completely lining to improve the water use efficiency in situation of water scarcity. Testing different lining material for different purposes has been investigated by modelling, laboratory experiments and field research. The two primary materials used for lining canals in Uzbekistan were geomembrane and concrete, both of which are widely employed in most other countries. Modelling the seepage from polluted drains using geomembranes and concrete as a lining material reduced the extension of contaminants by 91.4 and 93% respectively compared with the natural condition (Abd-Elhamid et al., 2019 ). Numerical model used in irrigation canal revealed that concrete and geomembrane cause reduction of seepage 99 and 96 presents respectively, and utilized lining technique roles significantly impact of efficiency of lining material (Elkamhawy et al., 2021 ). In both cases, hydraulic conductivity of coating materials role the major factor for decreasing the seepage lose but the experimental study conducted by (Han et al., 2020 ) showed lower results under the influence of natural and artificial factors within some service time. As a nonindustrial material, bentonite is used in some areas which has enough natural source. There are less than 10 bentonite deposits in Uzbekistan which has different properties (Maksimov, 2012 ). Most of them are used in different industry like chemistry, medicine. Using bentonite as a lining material of irrigation channels was investigated recently in Uzbekistan by (Arifjanov et al., 2023 ). According to the laboratory experiments, using canal bed soil mixed with bentonite can reduce seepage water up to 80–90 % when 4 kg bentonite is mixed with onesquare meter canal bed soil. Other experimental studies conducted in Egypt by (Elmashad, 2018 ) showed that 8% bentonite mixed with sand has great impact of watertightness of canal boundary. One of the oldest methods which is not common currently is the asphalt lining. It was more common on repairing the waterway in 20th centuries in the United States and Europe (Peters Ma and Brown Obe, 2015 ). Study conducted by (Aboufoul and Garcia, 2017 ) indicated that hydraulic conductivity of asphalt mixture is not only dependent on row material and layer thickness, but also depends on air void content. According to (El-Kady et al., 1984 ), the thickness of asphalt lining can be 5 to 15 centimetres depending on the canal size, and its hydraulic conductivity equals to less than 0.03 m 3 /day per m 2 , and it is the same for stone pitching. Stone pitching, also called dry stone or boulder lining, is used for lining the earthen canal to increase its efficiency. Because of its high erosion resistance, it is commonly used in hydrotechnical structures needed to protect erosion (Di Pietro and Mahajan, 2022 ). There are two main world class mining industry corporation in Uzbekistan, called Navoi and Almalyk, which can be a source of stone for canal lining with their mining wastes. Stone mortared can provide the same service time with concrete lining if it is constructed and maintained properly (El-Kady et al., 1984 ). According to the analysis of the literature, it was found that the water permeability of the lining materials is in some cases lower than 50% or more than 0.1 m 3 /day per m 2 . However, quantity of water loses in canal depends not only on the material's hydraulic conductivity, but also on the geometric dimensions of the canal boundary (Ghazaw, 2011 ). One of the factors which affects the formation of the geometric dimensions of the canal is the resistance force between the flow and the boundary material, that is characterized by the roughness coefficient. According to (Hubert Chanson, 2004 ), roughness coefficient of geomembrane, concrete, asphalt, sand mixed bentonite and stone pitching is equal to 0.011, 0.015, 0.017, 0.021, and 0.026 respectively. Depending on the roughness coefficient, the change of geometric dimensions affects the cost of canal construction. The implementation of the research results focused on canal lining depends largely on the hydraulic properties and costs as well as lifetime of the lining material. Conforming to the Construction Act of Uzbekistan (No:02.06.03–2012) durability of geomembrane, concrete and asphalt lining is up to 8–10, 15–20, 7–10 years respectively. Stone pitching or boulder lining can serve around 20–25 years (Ali et al., 2021 ). Sand mixed bentonite has weak erosion resistant, so its durability is less than other materials, 3–5 years. But in any case, the lifetime of the lining material can vary depending on various factors such as the quality of row material, installation and exploitation conditions, and environmental factors (Han et al., 2020 ). The aim of this study is to investigate how hydraulic characteristic of different lining materials affects the efficiency and rehabilitation costs of the Tashkent MC. There are a number of materials that can be applied to decrease the seepage loses from irrigation watercourses. In this work, we tested five materials; geomembrane, concrete, asphalt, sand mixed bentonite and stone pitching for the channel lining. Measurement works were carried out between Pk8 + 90 and Pk18 + 50 cross sections of the studied canal. During the field measurement, canal cross-sections and flow parameters were measured using the doppler, River Surveyor S5. HEC-RAS, hydrodynamic model, was used to analyse the effect of lining material on flow parameters. 2. Materials and method The methodology used in this study includes a number of phases: field measurements for the hydraulic parameters of the study area, develop and calibrate the hydrodynamic model using HEC-RAS, study the effect of different lining materials on the hydraulic parameters of the canal, redesign and cost estimation of using different lining materials. 2.1 Description of the study area Tashkent MC receives water from the Chirchik river through the Karasuv River and serves the irrigated areas of the Okhangaron River basin which is considered low-water basin (Fig. 1). The canal was built in 1940 with the help of the local inhabitants, and between 1958 and 1965, the canal was completely reconstructed. The canal receives water from 36 th km of the Karasuv river, the maximum capability in the starting part is 87 m 3 /sec, the total length of the canal is 62 km, and it consists of 7 reaches (Kadirov and Khasanov, 2023). As a magistral canal, it supplies irrigation water to 70,000 ha crop land which is located both in the Chirchik and Okhangaron river basins. In order to reduce the negative impact of the flow on the canal profile, the side walls of the canal are concreted till cross-section PK 8+50, and other some part of the canal. From PK 8+50, canal begins to move throw natural bed. Canal hydraulic elements vary along its length, but in the first reach they are as following (Table 1). Table 1. Design parameters of Tashkent MC, reach 1, from PK00+00 to PK42+00 Maximum discharge Bed width of canal , Side slope ratio Normal depth Longitudinal slope Roughness coefficient m 3 /sec m - m - - 87 23 1.5 3.79 0.00014 0.024 The technical condition of Tashkent MC was investigated by (Kadirov and Khasanov, 2023) and showed that consequence of 60-year exploitation period, despite of the operational activities carried out in the canal, the efficiency of the canal has been decreased. The current efficiency of the canal is 79%, and this situation has a significant impact on the efficiency of using irrigation water in the basin. Analyzing the impact of hydraulic properties of different lining materials on economic efficiency of rehabilitation using hydrodynamic models reduces the economic obstacles in the organization of construction. However, the use of hydrodynamic models requires reliable input data measured under natural conditions. 2.2 Field m easurement s and dat a collection The moving boat method was used to measure the hydraulic elements of the flow in the studied canal. Measurement device is the acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP River Surveyor S5), designed to measure hydraulic and hydrological parameters in a three-dimensional stream (Fig.2) (Bialik and Karpiński, 2014). It is used for measuring water velocity, and commonly utilized in river and artificial channel. Device employs acoustic signals by emitting sound pulses at a specific frequency into the water, and then analysing the Doppler shift of the reflected signals. The velocity is calculated from the phase lag between two received acoustic signals that are transmitted with different energies and time intervals (Bialik and Karpińskim 2014). Moreover, the device can be integrated with GPS systems to provide precise positioning information for the collected geospatial data. There are too many options to display data from measurement device, but we need the channel bathymetry, velocity distribution and boat trace to check quality of measurement (Fig.2.b). The bathymetric data allows natural reflection of the process in hydrodynamic modelling. Flow hydraulic elements determined by the device provide an opportunity to evaluate the efficiency of the model. The field measurements were done at the starting part of the Tashkent MC. The distance field research carried out is about one kilometre. Between two pickets, Pk8+90 and Pk18+50, five specific cross-section were chosen to obtain the hydraulic and bathymetric data. Average distance between the two cross-sections is 250 metres despite distance between cross-section number 0 and 1. In every section, at least 4 and maximum 6 more times measurements were carried out to supply accuracy and reliability of field data. By analysing the measured data in each cross-section, one of them which has great accuracy according to indicator of standard division (Std Dev) was chosen for hydrodynamic modelling (Fig.3). According to the measurement results, we can see that the water discharge in the canal during the measurement was 76.41 m 3 /s, the mean flow velocity was 0.95 m/s, the cross-sectional area was 80.91 m 2 , and the top width of the canal was 25.72 m (Table 2). Table 2 . Measured dates Cross - section number Top width Area Mean velocity Boat s peed Total discharge m m 2 m/s m/s m 3 /s 4 25.99 81.17 0.95 0.26 76.94 3 25.71 81.05 0.94 0.29 76.50 2 25.37 80.17 0.95 0.27 75.92 1 25.97 82.07 0.93 0.21 76.05 0 25.58 80.07 0.96 0.30 76.65 Mean 25.72 80.91 0.95 0.27 76.41 Std Dev 0.23 0.73 0.01 0.03 0.38 COV 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.11 0.01 According to analyzing the depth data, obtained there was no significant difference among the bathymetric characteristics of cross-sections (Fig. 4). 2.3 Hydrodynamic modelling Studying and understanding the behaviour of water flow in irrigation canals allows engineers to make informed decisions and design efficient and effective water infrastructure projects. But there are some limitation and barriers to study flow behaviour by conducting regularly research in natural field conditions. In this point, modelling based on available and accurate measured data is an effective method for designing irrigation canals. Designing an artificial-excavated-irrigation canal requires some simplifications and assumptions of natural flow behavior, such as flow is steady, flow conditions are uniform. The one-dimensional energy equation, mostly common Bernoulli equation, is a fundamental equation used to describe the conservation of energy in the flowing water system in condition above (1) (Chanson, 2004). There are several hydrodynamic software’s which have the capability of calculation of Bernoulli equation. Unlike other software’s, HEC-RAS is a software that is accessible and widely available for analyzing different scenarios such as lining material for open channels (Syarifudin et al., 2022). In this work, steady flow analyzing tool of HEC-RAS was used to analyze changes in flow parameters when boundary material is changed. In this modelling approach, the flow is assumed to be one-dimensional, meaning that the velocity and depth of the flow only vary across the cross-section of the channel and are considered uniform along the longitudinal axis. But like other software’s reality of the result depends on the quality and accuracy of the input data. The 1-D steady flow analysis in HEC-RAS requires channel geometry, boundary conditions, and other relevant data to obtain accurate predictions of water surface profiles, flow velocities, and other hydraulic parameters. In this research bathymetric data obtained by field research (Fig. 4) is used as the geometric data, boundary condition assumes the flow continuous with normal depth and slope, other relevant data to check accuracy of the model (calibration) is token from field data. 3. Results and discussion The measured field data and the hydrodynamic model (HEC-RAC) were used for analyzing the effect of using different lining materials for irrigation channels on the efficiency and cost of canal reconstruction in Toshkent magistral canal, Uzbekistan. The model was calibrated and then used to assess different lining materials efficiency and the results are presented in the following sections. 3.1 Model calibration A geometric model of the research area was created using bathymetric data. The roughness coefficient of the canal bed was determined based on the analysis of the literature, and longitude slope of canal was selected based on the design parameters of channel (Fig. 5). According to the field data, the discharge during the measurement was 76.41 m 3 /sec. These data were entered as a flow parameter in the model. The boundary conditions considered that the flow continues in a steady-uniform condition, and longitudinal slope is 0.00014. Based on geometric data and flow parameters, the model is calibration and then the hydrodynamic model is used for simulating the effect of different lining materials on the canal efficiency (Fig. 6). When checking the reliability of the hydrodynamic model, the correlation between the measured and the modeled flow areas in all cross-sections from 0 to 4 was determined. According to the obtained result, the value of R 2 is equal to 0.86 (Fig. 7). Over 86% reliability of the model indicates that the model can be used in practice. 3.2. Analysing the efficiency of different lining materials As a result of various technical measures performed in the canal bed against seepage, the roughness coefficient of the canal bed changes. This causes changing of the flow parameters. The practice of using concrete as a lining material is the most common in Uzbekistan (Fatxulloyev et al., 2023). However, using geomembrane, stone pitching, asphalt and even sand mixed bethnonite can be used as lining materials. All of these materials are used as anti-filtration measures, but the priority of selection is determined by factors such as material efficiency (hydraulic conductivity), construction costs, and lifetime (duration of expluatation). Table 3 shows the properties of the used lining materials. Table 3. Properties of canals lining materials Material Roughness coefficient Hydraulic conductivity Lifetime - m/d year Sand mixed bentonite 0.021 min 0.003 3-5 Stone Pitching concrete 0.026 max 0.03 20-25 Geomembrane 0.011 0.00001 8-10 Concrete 0.015 15-20 Asphalt 0.017 max 0.03 7-10 *The lifetime of geomembrane, concrete and asphalt was token from Construction Act of Uzbekistan, lifetime for stone pitching concrete and sand mixed bentonite was obtained by literature. Hydraulic conductivity and roughness coefficient are also from literature review. As we can see, the exploitation duration of the geomembrane is very short, even if the hydraulic conductivity is good (very low). Sand mixed bentonite is more effective than the hydraulic conductivity of natural soil, but its duration of exploitation is not high enough. Concrete, stone pitching and asphalt have almost the same hydraulic conductivity and duration of exploitation. In such a situation, the economic efficiency of their construction is important. The use of the above materials has different effects on the flow parameters because they have different roughness coefficients. Changes in flow parameters cause changes in construction parameters and result in changes in the construction costs. According to hydrodynamic model results simulated by HEC-RAS, it can be seen that with the increase of the roughness value of the lining material, the mean velocity of flow decreases, and the wetted area increases (Figures 8 and 9). The ability to select a material for rehabilitation is improved if the flow parameters and canal construction parameters are considered when changing the lining material, as well as the price of construction material in the local market. 3.3. Redesign and cost analysis of canals lined with different materials The implementation of anti-filtration measures in canals requires a certain technological process. For example, before concreting the channel, its cross section should be brought to a certain prismatic state. In this study, we analys the economic effectiveness of anti-filtration measures for the first reach of Tashkent MC. The element of special attention in the rehabilitation of canals is the water depth (h), and its change affects the water discharge of the branches which receive water from the magistral canal. Therefore, it is important that its value remains unchanged after rehabilitation. The water discharge (Q), the longitudinal slope (s), and the side slope ratio (1/z) of the canal also remain unchanged. Under the influence of the lining material, the width of the canal bed changes to maintain the specified water depth in the channel. At the same time, the values of the perimeter of the cross section of the channel are determined as the main element of the estimation of construction costs. In this study, the canal free board (a) and thickness of layer (t) are determined based on existing construction act (No:02.06.03-2012) as shown in Table 4. Table 4. Redesign parameters of Tashkent MC Materials Constant parameters Roughness coefficient Width of canal bottom Area per 1 RMT Thickness - m m 2 mm Sand mixed bentonite Q=87 m 3 /sec s=0.00014 h=3.79 m m=1.5 a=0.40 m 0.021 15.14 30.25 100 Stone Pitching 0.026 19.30 34.41 200 Geomembrane 0.011 6.58 21.69 2 Concrete 0.015 10.06 25.17 140 Asphalt 0.017 11.76 26.87 100 *Thickness of asphalt and stone pitching was obtained from Egypt standard for lining From the result, we can see how lining material effects on channel boundary area (Table 4). To keep water depth unchanged, width of the channel bottom increased according to the lining material roughness (Fig.10). Stone pitching shows the largest value by 34.41 m 2 , while geomembrane has the smallest one. According to the official Uzbekistan market prices, the cost of polymer geomembrane is average $2.85/m 2 depending on its properties, average cost of concrete is $46.5/m 3 , sand mixed bentonite (30% bentonite) costs $22.54/m 3 , asphalt can be found for $47.5/m 3 , and stone pitching concrete consisted of $1.45/m 2 calculated with 200 mm thickness stone and concrete. Calculation shows coating by stone pitching is the cheapest way to decrease seepage loses while the cost of concrete is the most expensive (Fig. 11). Determining the canal construction parameters by evaluating the influence of the hydraulic properties of the lining material on the flow parameters is the basis for the correct determination of the economic value of the rehabilitation for decision makers. It was found that covering one RMT channel boundary surface with geomembrane, concrete, asphalt, sand mixed bentonite and stone pitching cost $61.87, $163.86, $127.63, $68.19 and $49.89 for raw materials expenses respectively. If they are calculated for the first reach of Tashkent MC, numbers change dramatically, $ 260, 688, 536, 286, 210 thousand respectively. In this point, the service time of lining material play an important role. If the cost of raw materials divided into minimum service time of lining materials, geomembrane, concrete, and stone pitching shows the lowest annual expenses by $ 32, $46, $10 thousand respectively. According to the durability, experimental study conducted by (Han et al., 2020) reviled that forming of crack and hole over the surface geomembrane lining is much faster than concrete one, especially in seasonally frozen ground regions. On the other hand, using geomembrane and concrete require narrowing channel cross section, it means filler building materials like soil should be transported to the area. According to results of the current study, stone pitching showed almost the same cross section value compared to natural case. Conclusion Watering is the main factor in obtaining sufficient yield in agricultural areas located in arid zones. As an arteria of agriculture, irrigation canals serve as an important factor in economic stability of Uzbekistan. To improve the water-use efficiency, the efficiency of irrigation canals must be increased. Quantity of seepage losses can be reduced by lining the irrigation canals. There are various lining materials which have been employed, but the priority of selection is dependent on some factors such as hydraulic properties, construction costs, and durability. Instead of durability, hydraulic properties (roughness) and construction cost affect each other. The roughness of the lining material affects the channel geometry as well as seepage rate and construction costs. To analyses the effect of boundary material on water surface profile, hydrodynamic model, HEC-RAC, was employed based on bathymetric data of Tashkent MC. Result shows that when boundaries lined by geomembrane, channel hydraulic properties change dramatically. For example, the mean velocity of flow increased from 0.95 to 1.70 m/sec, and other elements changed respectively. However, when boundaries lined by stone, flow parameters remained almost unchanged. Wetted perimeter is the main parameter to calculate the amount of raw material required for rehabilitation. With different lining material such as geomembrane, concrete, asphalt, sand mixed bentonite and stone pitching, it showed different value ranged from 21.69 to 34.41 RMT. By analysing the cost of raw material, it is found that lining with geomembrane, concrete, asphalt, sand mixed bentonite and stone pitching for the first reach of Tashkent MC cost about $ 260, 688, 536, 286, 210 thousand respectively. There is no significant difference among geomembrane, sand mixed bentonite and stone pitching, but in this moment lifetime of material plays an important role. Using stone to reduces seepage lose has more economical advantages. In the Tashkent region, there is the Almalyk Mining and Metallurgical Combine, which can be a source of stone materials. Using mining wastes as stone pitching material can be more effective approach to improve efficiency of Tashkent MC. This study could help the decision makers to select the best coating material based on the costs and durability. Declarations Acknowledgement This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the Contract no. APVV-20-0281. 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Alexandria Engineering Journal , 50 (4), 337–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2011.12.002 Han, X., Wang, X., Zhu, Y., Huang, J., Yang, L., Chang, Z., & Fu, F. (2020). An Experimental Study on Concrete and Geomembrane Lining Effects on Canal Seepage in Arid Agricultural Areas. Water (Switzerland) , 12 (9). https://doi.org/10.3390/W12092343 Hubert Chanson. (2004). The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow: An Introduction (Second). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-5978-9.X5000-4 Kadirov, O., & Khasanov, K. (2023). Analytical conclusions and proposals for technical condition and effective use of facilities on Tashkent magistral canal. E3S Web of Conf. , 365 , 3010. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336503010 Kahlown, M. A., & Kemper, W. D. (2005). Reducing water losses from channels using linings: Costs and benefits in Pakistan. Agricultural Water Management , 74 (1), 57–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2004.09.016 Khasanov, S., Li, F., Kulmatov, R., Zhang, Q., Qiao, Y., Odilov, S., Yu, P., Leng, P., Hirwa, H., Tian, C., Yang, G., Liu, H., & Akhmatov, D. (2022). Evaluation of the perennial spatio-temporal changes in the groundwater level and mineralization, and soil salinity in irrigated lands of arid zone: as an example of Syrdarya Province, Uzbekistan. Agricultural Water Management , 263 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107444 Lund, A. A. R., Gates, T. K., & Scalia, J. (2023). Characterization and control of irrigation canal seepage losses: A review and perspective focused on field data. In Agricultural Water Management (Vol. 289). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108516 Maksimov, V. V. (2012). Physico-chemical and adsorption properties of bentonites from deposits of Uzbekistan. Uzbek Chemical Journal , 2 , 3–7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293648062 Peters Ma, T. J., & Brown Obe, S. F. (2015). Repairs to the Llangollen arm of the Shropshire Union Canal. Engineering History and Heritage , 168 (4), 150–166. https://doi.org/10.1680/ehah.15.00007 Syarifudin, A., Satyanaga, A., & Destania, H. R. (2022). Application of the HEC-RAS Program in the Simulation of the Streamflow Hydrograph for Air Lakitan Watershed. Water (Switzerland) , 14 (24). https://doi.org/10.3390/w14244094 Supplementary Files Statements.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 22 Apr, 2025 Read the published version in Water Resources Management → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revisions 27 Feb, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Dec, 2023 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Dec, 2023 Editor assigned by journal 14 Dec, 2023 First submitted to journal 13 Dec, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3734693","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":260097724,"identity":"b47e221f-72af-4301-bd48-13e14f462bfa","order_by":0,"name":"Martina Zelenakova","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7502-9586","institution":"Technical University of Kosice","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Martina","middleName":"","lastName":"Zelenakova","suffix":""},{"id":260097725,"identity":"af764678-7548-4589-88fe-21b78c84996b","order_by":1,"name":"Martina Zeleňáková","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Technical University of Košice: Technicka univerzita v Kosiciach","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Martina","middleName":"","lastName":"Zeleňáková","suffix":""},{"id":260097726,"identity":"61b3e611-e7fc-4f82-86ae-2a7da19773e0","order_by":2,"name":"Aybek Arifjanov","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers National Research University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aybek","middleName":"","lastName":"Arifjanov","suffix":""},{"id":260097727,"identity":"faa2b2af-6e39-4166-b99d-4e255628b6b1","order_by":3,"name":"Hany F. Abd-Elhamid","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zagazig University Faculty of Engineering","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hany","middleName":"F.","lastName":"Abd-Elhamid","suffix":""},{"id":260097728,"identity":"9b11e1f4-2dd7-4a33-8792-b50a9d59e090","order_by":4,"name":"Marcela Bindzárová Gergeľová","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Technical University of Kosice: Technicka univerzita v Kosiciach","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marcela","middleName":"Bindzárová","lastName":"Gergeľová","suffix":""},{"id":260097729,"identity":"765ff1f5-2d86-410b-a058-115a69e5d799","order_by":5,"name":"Alisher Fatxulloyev","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Melioration: Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers National Research University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alisher","middleName":"","lastName":"Fatxulloyev","suffix":""},{"id":260097730,"identity":"5a264081-bfd0-4201-a991-0844c2ac5619","order_by":6,"name":"Davronjon Allayorov","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers National Research University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Davronjon","middleName":"","lastName":"Allayorov","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-12-10 15:33:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3734693/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3734693/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-025-04218-2","type":"published","date":"2025-04-22T15:58:12+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":48490455,"identity":"bbcf7798-2cb9-4d1d-b864-4ffe131b82c9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-19 20:41:19","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":98122,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSpatial image of the study area; source: own elaboration\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3734693/v1/03cd531d470d25f422393628.jpg"},{"id":48491488,"identity":"1d3bc849-8a88-4d58-8a52-1c7287dfd6ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-19 20:49:19","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":76636,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTool of measurement, River Surveyor S5\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3734693/v1/11bccdf214b3ff10a73fc5a3.jpg"},{"id":48490452,"identity":"ee4d3d4f-69c4-4cbc-a012-87917ced4471","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-19 20:41:19","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":131555,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eView of cross section profiles of Tashkent MC\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3734693/v1/de379f82fef7acc92cec6bca.jpg"},{"id":48491486,"identity":"78ce12f2-d251-4191-9a2c-1813fbedd2fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-19 20:49:19","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":62374,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCross section bathymetry of Tashkent MC\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3734693/v1/ef1e4738cbb62993d0be6ddc.jpg"},{"id":48490453,"identity":"c8f861bf-c449-4fb9-8f59-7385fa545d45","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-19 20:41:19","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":42187,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe geometry of Tashkent MC, reach 1, from Pk18+50 to Pk8+90\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3734693/v1/125059ec879ed5ccbbabf025.jpg"},{"id":48490460,"identity":"5521a5ec-7f85-4528-8843-4d4e5240bb8d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-19 20:41:19","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":62214,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eModel view of Tashkent MC\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3734693/v1/891c5642bb86a37729b82afb.jpg"},{"id":48493028,"identity":"c9dc4271-4c4d-432a-867c-d0b01b09c4d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-19 20:57:19","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":56245,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eModel calibration: calculated vs. measured cross section area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3734693/v1/655615b5868f54db2de91527.jpg"},{"id":48490459,"identity":"effb19c7-09a8-4ea0-a423-918fb33bcac9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-19 20:41:19","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33661,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe impact of roughness coefficient on the wetted perimeter\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3734693/v1/05bb5b96c559a82a2a3efe49.jpg"},{"id":48490464,"identity":"5336680b-f44c-4594-9632-47b2f947fdff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-19 20:41:19","extension":"jpg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":38258,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe impact of roughness coefficient on the mean velocity\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3734693/v1/8d86f90a002a7bd088423418.jpg"},{"id":48490462,"identity":"f09db15a-e183-4c8a-89ea-d0e1de2ccef0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-19 20:41:19","extension":"jpg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":100310,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eImpact of lining material on channel boundaries\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3734693/v1/9a1e3183f6cb78609ca38a90.jpg"},{"id":48491489,"identity":"311d4d54-4481-4b6b-9fef-4c67bc01a32e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-19 20:49:19","extension":"jpg","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":39452,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eImpact of roughness coefficient on the rehabilitation cost\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3734693/v1/53d029a467d2f5001739e31c.jpg"},{"id":81569891,"identity":"0e7baccf-12ba-40c3-88ef-06820cdc1156","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-28 16:12:28","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1422322,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3734693/v1/7c2788fe-e0f2-4854-a29d-581391ab8d3d.pdf"},{"id":48490457,"identity":"4dc91e01-a91c-4f4a-bab9-2cc30d9cd150","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-19 20:41:19","extension":"docx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":14336,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Statements.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3734693/v1/f3ff504df26851a4c8d6e891.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"The effect of lining hydraulic properties on the efficiency and cost of irrigation canal reconstruction","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eArtificial watercourses are divided into various categories according to the purpose of the structure: irrigation, drainage, water supply, waterway, hydropower, wood industry, and simultaneously serving several purposes. Irrigation canals are hydrotechnical structure that transport water from the sources such as rivers and reservoirs to the irrigated areas. It may be lined or unlined, open, or piped. Irrigation water is an important resource to supply food security of inhabitants of Uzbekistan which is located in arid zone and member of user transboundary water resources. At present, 75% of the irrigation canals in Uzbekistan is earthen, unlined, and as a result of natural processes such as vegetation, erosion, sedimentation and seepage, it can be observed that the current efficiency of the canal network is 63% (Arifjanov et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Lining the canals to improve the water application efficiency is the major approach to adapt with the likely impacts of climate change in Uzbekistan.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeepage losses from canals have been investigated by a number of researchers due to its importance. Review synthesized and evaluated by (Lund et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) indicated that seepage from unlined canals fluctuates from 0.1 to 1 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/day per m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. It was affected by factors such as properties of canal bed soil, geometry, wetted perimeter, flow depth, velocity, level of groundwater, vegetation, and water properties. In some areas, depending on the regional conditions, infiltration can also have some positive effects by improving groundwater resources (Fernald and Guldan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). But on the other hand, if groundwater was polluted by long term irrigation agriculture, increasing groundwater level by canal seepage is donation for polluted stream. In irrigated area of Uzbekistan, which is located in Syrdarya basin, it was evaluated 54.9% weakly and 32.8% moderately saline irrigated areas and mineralization of groundwater was around 1.0 to 5.0 g/l (Khasanov et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe investigated canal, Tashkent magistral canal (Tashkent MC), in this work services irrigated farmland located in Chirchik-Okhangaran river basins which is considered catchment area of Syrdarya. The theoretical and field investigation conducted by (Fatxulloev and Gafarova, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) revealed that the average quantity of seepage lose from boundary of Tashkent MC is 1.37 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/day per m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, and it varies in dependent on water depth. Also, the study indicated that hydrogeologic condition of trace effect on infiltration process. In another study, program developed by (Akhmedkhodjaeva and Khodjiev, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) was used to calculate the efficiency of Tashkent MC. The results showed that, the efficiency was 0.78 with 0.012 difference compared to the natural case. In both studies on Tashkent MC indicated that the decision makers must take urgent actions to adapt to the upcoming climate change challenge.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCovering the irrigation canal's sides and bottom with materials such as concrete, asphalt, plastic, or clay is known as canal lining. However, the high cost of rehabilitation creates problems in the implementation of the process. The canal size, hydrogeologic condition of trace, deformative or accumulative process occurs in boundary of channel and rehabilitation budget are the main factors help decision makers to select appropriate type of rehabilitation. Under the limited infiltration condition, and overestimated deformative process, the largest irrigation canal can be partially lined, side walls are lined, bottom is remained natural soil. And this type of rehabilitation evaluated as a cost-effective method to improve the channel efficiency (Arifjanov et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Kahlown and Kemper, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). However, if infiltration is not limited, lower efficiency like Tashkent MC, rehabilitation of canal requires completely lining to improve the water use efficiency in situation of water scarcity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTesting different lining material for different purposes has been investigated by modelling, laboratory experiments and field research. The two primary materials used for lining canals in Uzbekistan were geomembrane and concrete, both of which are widely employed in most other countries. Modelling the seepage from polluted drains using geomembranes and concrete as a lining material reduced the extension of contaminants by 91.4 and 93% respectively compared with the natural condition (Abd-Elhamid et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Numerical model used in irrigation canal revealed that concrete and geomembrane cause reduction of seepage 99 and 96 presents respectively, and utilized lining technique roles significantly impact of efficiency of lining material (Elkamhawy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In both cases, hydraulic conductivity of coating materials role the major factor for decreasing the seepage lose but the experimental study conducted by (Han et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) showed lower results under the influence of natural and artificial factors within some service time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a nonindustrial material, bentonite is used in some areas which has enough natural source. There are less than 10 bentonite deposits in Uzbekistan which has different properties (Maksimov, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Most of them are used in different industry like chemistry, medicine. Using bentonite as a lining material of irrigation channels was investigated recently in Uzbekistan by (Arifjanov et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). According to the laboratory experiments, using canal bed soil mixed with bentonite can reduce seepage water up to 80\u0026ndash;90 % when 4 kg bentonite is mixed with onesquare meter canal bed soil. Other experimental studies conducted in Egypt by (Elmashad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) showed that 8% bentonite mixed with sand has great impact of watertightness of canal boundary.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the oldest methods which is not common currently is the asphalt lining. It was more common on repairing the waterway in 20th centuries in the United States and Europe (Peters Ma and Brown Obe, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Study conducted by (Aboufoul and Garcia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) indicated that hydraulic conductivity of asphalt mixture is not only dependent on row material and layer thickness, but also depends on air void content. According to (El-Kady et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e), the thickness of asphalt lining can be 5 to 15 centimetres depending on the canal size, and its hydraulic conductivity equals to less than 0.03 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/day per m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, and it is the same for stone pitching. Stone pitching, also called dry stone or boulder lining, is used for lining the earthen canal to increase its efficiency. Because of its high erosion resistance, it is commonly used in hydrotechnical structures needed to protect erosion (Di Pietro and Mahajan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). There are two main world class mining industry corporation in Uzbekistan, called Navoi and Almalyk, which can be a source of stone for canal lining with their mining wastes. Stone mortared can provide the same service time with concrete lining if it is constructed and maintained properly (El-Kady et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the analysis of the literature, it was found that the water permeability of the lining materials is in some cases lower than 50% or more than 0.1 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/day per m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. However, quantity of water loses in canal depends not only on the material's hydraulic conductivity, but also on the geometric dimensions of the canal boundary (Ghazaw, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). One of the factors which affects the formation of the geometric dimensions of the canal is the resistance force between the flow and the boundary material, that is characterized by the roughness coefficient. According to (Hubert Chanson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), roughness coefficient of geomembrane, concrete, asphalt, sand mixed bentonite and stone pitching is equal to 0.011, 0.015, 0.017, 0.021, and 0.026 respectively. Depending on the roughness coefficient, the change of geometric dimensions affects the cost of canal construction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe implementation of the research results focused on canal lining depends largely on the hydraulic properties and costs as well as lifetime of the lining material. Conforming to the Construction Act of Uzbekistan (No:02.06.03\u0026ndash;2012) durability of geomembrane, concrete and asphalt lining is up to 8\u0026ndash;10, 15\u0026ndash;20, 7\u0026ndash;10 years respectively. Stone pitching or boulder lining can serve around 20\u0026ndash;25 years (Ali et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Sand mixed bentonite has weak erosion resistant, so its durability is less than other materials, 3\u0026ndash;5 years. But in any case, the lifetime of the lining material can vary depending on various factors such as the quality of row material, installation and exploitation conditions, and environmental factors (Han et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study is to investigate how hydraulic characteristic of different lining materials affects the efficiency and rehabilitation costs of the Tashkent MC. There are a number of materials that can be applied to decrease the seepage loses from irrigation watercourses. In this work, we tested five materials; geomembrane, concrete, asphalt, sand mixed bentonite and stone pitching for the channel lining. Measurement works were carried out between Pk8\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;90 and Pk18\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;50 cross sections of the studied canal. During the field measurement, canal cross-sections and flow parameters were measured using the doppler, River Surveyor S5. HEC-RAS, hydrodynamic model, was used to analyse the effect of lining material on flow parameters.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and method","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe methodology used in this study includes a number of phases: field measurements for the hydraulic parameters of the study area, develop and calibrate the hydrodynamic model using HEC-RAS, study the effect of different lining materials on the hydraulic parameters of the canal, redesign and cost estimation of using different lining materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Description of the study area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTashkent MC\u0026nbsp;receives water from the Chirchik\u0026nbsp;river through the Karasuv River and serves the irrigated areas of the Okhangaron River\u0026nbsp;basin which is considered\u0026nbsp;low-water\u0026nbsp;basin (Fig. 1).\u0026nbsp;The canal was built in 1940 with the help of the local inhabitants, and between 1958 and 1965, the canal was completely reconstructed. The canal receives water from 36\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e km of the Karasuv river, the maximum capability in the starting part is 87 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/sec, the total length of the canal is 62 km, and it consists of 7 reaches (Kadirov and Khasanov, 2023).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a\u0026nbsp;magistral\u0026nbsp;canal, it supplies irrigation water to 70,000 ha crop land which is located both in the Chirchik and Okhangaron river basins.\u0026nbsp;In order to reduce the\u0026nbsp;negative\u0026nbsp;impact of the flow on the\u0026nbsp;canal profile, the side walls of the\u0026nbsp;canal\u0026nbsp;are concreted\u0026nbsp;till cross-section\u0026nbsp;PK\u0026nbsp;8+50, and other some part of the canal.\u0026nbsp;From\u0026nbsp;PK\u0026nbsp;8+50, canal begins to move\u0026nbsp;throw\u0026nbsp;natural\u0026nbsp;bed. Canal hydraulic elements vary along its length, but in the first reach they are as following (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Design parameters of Tashkent MC, reach 1, from PK00+00 to PK42+00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"597\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.812080536912752%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaximum discharge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.436241610738255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBed width of canal\u003cem\u003e,\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.436241610738255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSide slope ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.604026845637584%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal depth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.107382550335572%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLongitudinal slope\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.604026845637584%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoughness coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.812080536912752%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/sec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.436241610738255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.436241610738255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.604026845637584%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.107382550335572%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.604026845637584%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.812080536912752%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.436241610738255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.436241610738255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.604026845637584%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.107382550335572%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.604026845637584%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe technical condition of Tashkent MC was investigated by (Kadirov and Khasanov, 2023) and showed that consequence of 60-year exploitation period, despite of the operational activities carried out in the canal, the efficiency of the canal has been decreased. The current efficiency of the canal is 79%, and this situation has a significant impact on the efficiency of using irrigation water in the basin. Analyzing the impact of hydraulic properties of different lining materials on economic efficiency of rehabilitation using hydrodynamic models reduces the economic obstacles in the organization of construction. However, the use of hydrodynamic models requires reliable input data measured under natural conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eField m\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eeasurement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003es\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;and dat\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe moving boat method was used to measure the hydraulic elements of the flow in the studied canal. Measurement device is the acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP River Surveyor S5), designed to measure hydraulic and hydrological parameters in a three-dimensional stream (Fig.2) (Bialik and Karpiński, 2014). It is used for measuring water velocity, and commonly utilized in river and artificial channel. Device employs acoustic signals by emitting sound pulses at a specific frequency into the water, and then analysing the Doppler shift of the reflected signals. The velocity is calculated from the phase lag between two received acoustic signals that are transmitted with different energies and time intervals (Bialik and Karpińskim 2014). Moreover, the device can be integrated with GPS systems to provide precise positioning information for the collected geospatial data. There are too many options to display data from measurement device, but we need the channel bathymetry, velocity distribution and boat trace to check quality of measurement (Fig.2.b). The bathymetric data allows natural reflection of the process in hydrodynamic modelling. Flow hydraulic elements determined by the device provide an opportunity to evaluate the efficiency of the model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe field measurements were done at the starting part of the Tashkent MC. The distance field research carried out is about one kilometre. Between two pickets, Pk8+90 and Pk18+50, five specific cross-section were chosen to obtain the hydraulic and bathymetric data. Average distance between the two cross-sections is 250 metres despite distance between cross-section number 0 and 1. In every section, at least 4 and maximum 6 more times measurements were carried out to supply accuracy and reliability of field data. By analysing the measured data in each cross-section, one of them which has great accuracy according to indicator of standard division (Std Dev) was chosen for hydrodynamic modelling (Fig.3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the measurement results, we can see that the water\u0026nbsp;discharge\u0026nbsp;in the\u0026nbsp;canal\u0026nbsp;during the measurement was 76.41 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s, the\u0026nbsp;mean\u0026nbsp;flow\u0026nbsp;velocity\u0026nbsp;was 0.95 m/s, the cross-sectional area was 80.91 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, and the top width of the canal was 25.72 m (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Measured dates\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"605\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.70860927152318%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCross\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esection number\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.072847682119205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTop width\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.417218543046358%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArea\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.198675496688743%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003evelocity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.894039735099337%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoat\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003es\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epeed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.70860927152318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal discharge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.311608961303463%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.274949083503055%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.84725050916497%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003em/s\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.55193482688391%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003em/s\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.014256619144604%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.70860927152318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.072847682119205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.417218543046358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.198675496688743%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.894039735099337%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.70860927152318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.70860927152318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.072847682119205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.417218543046358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.198675496688743%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.894039735099337%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.70860927152318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.70860927152318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.072847682119205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.417218543046358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.198675496688743%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.894039735099337%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.70860927152318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.70860927152318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.072847682119205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.417218543046358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.198675496688743%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.894039735099337%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.70860927152318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.70860927152318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.072847682119205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.417218543046358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.198675496688743%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.894039735099337%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.70860927152318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.70860927152318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.072847682119205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.417218543046358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.198675496688743%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.894039735099337%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.70860927152318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.70860927152318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStd Dev\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.072847682119205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.417218543046358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.198675496688743%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.894039735099337%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.70860927152318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.70860927152318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.072847682119205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.417218543046358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.198675496688743%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.894039735099337%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.70860927152318%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to analyzing the depth data, obtained there was no significant difference among the bathymetric characteristics of cross-sections (Fig. 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 Hydrodynamic modelling\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudying and understanding the behaviour of water flow in irrigation canals allows engineers to make informed decisions and design efficient and effective water infrastructure projects. But there are some limitation and barriers to study flow behaviour by conducting regularly research in natural field conditions. In this point, modelling based on available and accurate measured data is an effective method for designing irrigation canals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDesigning an artificial-excavated-irrigation canal requires some simplifications and assumptions of natural flow behavior, such as flow is steady, flow conditions are uniform. The one-dimensional energy equation, mostly common Bernoulli equation, is a fundamental equation used to describe the conservation of energy in the flowing water system in condition above (1) (Chanson, 2004).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"626\" height=\"106\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are several hydrodynamic software\u0026rsquo;s which have the capability of calculation of Bernoulli equation. Unlike other software\u0026rsquo;s, HEC-RAS is a software that is accessible and widely available for analyzing different scenarios such as lining material for open channels (Syarifudin et al., 2022). In this work, steady flow analyzing tool of HEC-RAS was used to analyze changes in flow parameters when boundary material is changed. In this modelling approach, the flow is assumed to be one-dimensional, meaning that the velocity and depth of the flow only vary across the cross-section of the channel and are considered uniform along the longitudinal axis. But like other software\u0026rsquo;s reality of the result depends on the quality and accuracy of the input data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 1-D steady flow analysis in HEC-RAS requires channel geometry, boundary conditions, and other relevant data to obtain accurate predictions of water surface profiles, flow velocities, and other hydraulic parameters. In this research bathymetric data obtained by field research (Fig. 4) is used as the geometric data, boundary condition assumes the flow continuous with normal depth and slope, other relevant data to check accuracy of the model (calibration) is token from field data.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe measured field data and the hydrodynamic model (HEC-RAC) were used for analyzing the effect of using different lining materials for irrigation channels on the efficiency and cost of canal reconstruction in Toshkent magistral canal, Uzbekistan. The model was calibrated and then used to assess different lining materials efficiency and the results are presented in the following sections.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1 Model calibration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA geometric model of the research area was created using bathymetric data. The roughness coefficient of the canal bed was determined based on the analysis of the literature, and longitude slope of canal was selected based on the design parameters of channel (Fig. 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the field data, the discharge during the measurement was 76.41 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/sec. These data were entered as a flow parameter in the model. The boundary conditions considered that the flow continues in a steady-uniform condition, and longitudinal slope is 0.00014. Based on geometric data and flow parameters, the model is calibration and then the hydrodynamic model is used for simulating the effect of different lining materials on the canal efficiency (Fig. 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen checking the reliability of the hydrodynamic model, the correlation between the measured and the modeled flow areas in all cross-sections from 0 to 4 was determined. According to the obtained result, the value of R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e is equal to 0.86 (Fig. 7). Over 86% reliability of the model indicates that the model can be used in practice.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2. Analysing the efficiency of different lining materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a result of various technical measures performed in the canal bed against seepage, the roughness coefficient of the canal bed changes. This causes changing of the flow parameters. The practice of using concrete as a lining material is the most common in Uzbekistan (Fatxulloyev et al., 2023). However, using geomembrane, stone pitching, asphalt and even sand mixed bethnonite can be used as lining materials. All of these materials are used as anti-filtration measures, but the priority of selection is determined by factors such as material efficiency (hydraulic conductivity), construction costs, and lifetime (duration of expluatation). Table 3 shows the properties of the used lining materials.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u003c/strong\u003e Properties of canals lining materials\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"601\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.618968386023294%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaterial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.793677204658902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoughness coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.793677204658902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHydraulic conductivity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.793677204658902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLifetime\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003em/d\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eyear\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.618968386023294%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSand mixed bentonite\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.793677204658902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.793677204658902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emin 0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.793677204658902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.618968386023294%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStone Pitching concrete\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.793677204658902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.793677204658902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emax 0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.793677204658902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.618968386023294%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeomembrane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.793677204658902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.793677204658902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.793677204658902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.618968386023294%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConcrete\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.793677204658902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.793677204658902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.793677204658902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.618968386023294%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsphalt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.793677204658902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.793677204658902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emax 0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.793677204658902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*The lifetime of geomembrane, concrete and asphalt was token from Construction Act of Uzbekistan, lifetime for stone pitching concrete and sand mixed bentonite was obtained by literature. Hydraulic conductivity and roughness coefficient are also from literature review.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs we can see, the exploitation duration of the geomembrane is very short, even if the hydraulic conductivity is good (very low). Sand mixed bentonite is more effective than the hydraulic conductivity of natural soil, but its duration of exploitation is not high enough. Concrete, stone pitching and asphalt have almost the same hydraulic conductivity and duration of exploitation. In such a situation, the economic efficiency of their construction is important.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe use of the above materials has different effects on the flow parameters because they have different roughness coefficients. Changes in flow parameters cause changes in construction parameters and result in changes in the construction costs. According to hydrodynamic model results simulated by HEC-RAS, it can be seen that with the increase of the roughness value of the lining material, the mean velocity of flow decreases, and the wetted area increases (Figures 8 and 9).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ability to select a material for rehabilitation is improved if the flow parameters and canal construction parameters are considered when changing the lining material, as well as the price of construction material in the local market.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3. Redesign and cost analysis of canals lined with different materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe implementation of anti-filtration measures in canals requires a certain technological process. For example, before concreting the channel, its cross section should be brought to a certain prismatic state.\u0026nbsp;In this study,\u0026nbsp;we analys the economic effectiveness of anti-filtration measures for the first reach of Tashkent\u0026nbsp;MC.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe element of special attention in the rehabilitation of canals is the water depth (h), and its change affects the water discharge of the branches which receive water from the magistral canal. Therefore, it is important that its value remains unchanged after rehabilitation. The water discharge (Q), the longitudinal slope (s), and the side slope ratio (1/z) of the canal also remain unchanged. Under the influence of the lining material, the width of the canal bed changes to maintain the specified water depth in the channel. At the same time, the values of the perimeter of the cross section of the channel are determined as the main element of the estimation of construction costs. In this study, the canal free board (a) and thickness of layer (t) are determined based on existing construction act (No:02.06.03-2012) as shown in Table 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u003c/strong\u003e Redesign parameters of Tashkent MC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"601\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.800332778702163%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaterials\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.803660565723792%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstant parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.806988352745424%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoughness coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.640599001663894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidth of canal bottom\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.806988352745424%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArea per\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;1 RMT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.141430948419302%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThickness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.333333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.066666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.333333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.266666666666666%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003emm\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.800332778702163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSand mixed bentonite\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.803660565723792%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eQ=87 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/sec\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;s=0.00014\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;h=3.79 m\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;m=1.5\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;a=0.40 m\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.806988352745424%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.640599001663894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.806988352745424%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.141430948419302%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.089068825910932%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStone Pitching\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.02834008097166%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.42105263157895%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.089068825910932%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeomembrane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.02834008097166%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.42105263157895%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.089068825910932%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConcrete\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.02834008097166%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.42105263157895%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.089068825910932%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsphalt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.02834008097166%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.23076923076923%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.42105263157895%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Thickness of asphalt and stone pitching was obtained from Egypt standard for lining\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the result, we can see how lining material effects on channel boundary area (Table 4). To keep water depth unchanged, width of the channel bottom increased according to the lining material roughness (Fig.10). Stone pitching shows the largest value by 34.41 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, while geomembrane has the smallest one.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the official Uzbekistan market prices, the cost of polymer geomembrane is average $2.85/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e depending on its properties, average cost of concrete is $46.5/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, sand mixed bentonite (30% bentonite) costs $22.54/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, asphalt can be found for $47.5/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, and stone pitching concrete consisted of $1.45/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e calculated with 200 mm thickness stone and concrete. Calculation shows coating by stone pitching is the cheapest way to decrease seepage loses while the cost of concrete is the most expensive (Fig. 11).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDetermining the canal construction parameters by evaluating the influence of the hydraulic properties of the lining material on the flow parameters is the basis for the correct determination of the economic value of the rehabilitation for decision makers. It was found that covering one RMT channel boundary surface with geomembrane, concrete, asphalt, sand mixed bentonite and stone pitching cost $61.87, $163.86, $127.63, $68.19 and $49.89 for raw materials expenses respectively. If they are calculated for the first reach of Tashkent MC, numbers change dramatically, $ 260, 688, 536, 286, 210 thousand respectively. In this point, the service time of lining material play an important role. If the cost of raw materials divided into minimum service time of lining materials, geomembrane, concrete, and stone pitching shows the lowest annual expenses by $ 32, $46, $10 thousand respectively. According to the durability, experimental study conducted by (Han et al., 2020) reviled that forming of crack and hole over the surface geomembrane lining is much faster than concrete one, especially in seasonally frozen ground regions. On the other hand, using geomembrane and concrete require narrowing channel cross section, it means filler building materials like soil should be transported to the area. According to results of the current study, stone pitching showed almost the same cross section value compared to natural case.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWatering is the main factor in obtaining sufficient yield in agricultural areas located in arid zones. As an arteria of agriculture, irrigation canals serve as an important factor in economic stability of Uzbekistan. To improve the water-use efficiency, the efficiency of irrigation canals must be increased. Quantity of seepage losses can be reduced by lining the irrigation canals. There are various lining materials which have been employed, but the priority of selection is dependent on some factors such as hydraulic properties, construction costs, and durability. Instead of durability, hydraulic properties (roughness) and construction cost affect each other. The roughness of the lining material affects the channel geometry as well as seepage rate and construction costs. To analyses the effect of boundary material on water surface profile, hydrodynamic model, HEC-RAC, was employed based on bathymetric data of Tashkent MC. Result shows that when boundaries lined by geomembrane, channel hydraulic properties change dramatically. For example, the mean velocity of flow increased from 0.95 to 1.70 m/sec, and other elements changed respectively. However, when boundaries lined by stone, flow parameters remained almost unchanged. Wetted perimeter is the main parameter to calculate the amount of raw material required for rehabilitation. With different lining material such as geomembrane, concrete, asphalt, sand mixed bentonite and stone pitching, it showed different value ranged from 21.69 to 34.41 RMT. By analysing the cost of raw material, it is found that lining with geomembrane, concrete, asphalt, sand mixed bentonite and stone pitching for the first reach of Tashkent MC cost about $ 260, 688, 536, 286, 210 thousand respectively. There is no significant difference among geomembrane, sand mixed bentonite and stone pitching, but in this moment lifetime of material plays an important role. Using stone to reduces seepage lose has more economical advantages. In the Tashkent region, there is the Almalyk Mining and Metallurgical Combine, which can be a source of stone materials. Using mining wastes as stone pitching material can be more effective approach to improve efficiency of Tashkent MC. This study could help the decision makers to select the best coating material based on the costs and durability.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the Contract no. APVV-20-0281. We would like also to acknowledge the Slovak Academic Information Agency for providing great academic mobility program (the National Scholarship Programme) between Slovakia and across the world.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbd-Elhamid, H. F., Abdelaal, G. M., Abd-Elaty, I., \u0026amp; Said, A. M. (2019). 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Application of the HEC-RAS Program in the Simulation of the Streamflow Hydrograph for Air Lakitan Watershed. \u003cem\u003eWater (Switzerland)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/w14244094 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"water-resources-management","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"warm","sideBox":"Learn more about [Water Resources Management](https://www.springer.com/journal/11269)","snPcode":"11269","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11269/3","title":"Water Resources Management","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"irrigation canals, lining hydraulic properties, HEC-RAS, efficiency, cost, canal rehabilitation.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3734693/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3734693/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIrrigation canals play an important role in the economic development of Uzbekistan which is located in arid zone and shared user of transboundary water resources. Almost three fourth of the irrigation network in Uzbekistan is unlined that subject to some natural processes such as vegetation, erosion, sedimentation, and seepage. The efficiency of the irrigation networks in Uzbekistan is about 63%. Lining of canals is the major protection measure against water scarcity for Uzbekistan. This study aims to investigate how the hydraulic properties of different lining materials such as geomembrane, concrete, asphalt, sand mixed bentonite and stone pitching affect the rehabilitation cost of canals. In this study, field data and hydrodynamic model HEC-RAC are used for analysis of using different lining materials on the efficiency of the canal and then the costs of rehabilitation were compared. To apply the hydrodynamic model HEC-RAS, flow and bathymetric parameters were measured by employing the acoustic Doppler current profiler system for a reach of length 1.0 km in Tashkent magistral canal. The obtained R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e between modeled and measured data equals to 0.86. The use of different lining materials such as geomembrane, concrete, asphalt, sand mixed bentonite and stone pitching affect the channel geometry with different ranges from 21.69 to 34.41 per running meter (RMT). With different cross-sectional values, rehabilitation of the first reach of Toshkent magistral canal costs about \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 260, 688, 536, 286, 210 thousand respectively. In the point of lifetime, geomembrane then concrete, and stone pitching showed the minimum annual coverage value containing \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e32, 46, 10 thousand per year respectively. Stone pitching with the longest durability is the most efficient technique to improve water-use efficiency of Toshkent magistral canal. This study could help the policy makers to select the best material for lining based on the lifetime, cost and durability.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The effect of lining hydraulic properties on the efficiency and cost of irrigation canal reconstruction","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-12-19 20:41:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3734693/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revisions","date":"2025-02-27T09:48:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2023-12-16T06:22:40+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2023-12-14T12:31:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2023-12-14T06:12:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Water Resources Management","date":"2023-12-13T08:51:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"water-resources-management","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"warm","sideBox":"Learn more about [Water Resources Management](https://www.springer.com/journal/11269)","snPcode":"11269","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11269/3","title":"Water Resources Management","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"59d7c366-4809-47bb-bac2-4a2f03c2ae9a","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 19th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-28T16:06:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3734693","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-025-04218-2","journal":{"identity":"water-resources-management","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Water Resources Management"},"publishedOn":"2025-04-22 15:58:12","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 22nd, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2023-12-19 20:41:14","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11269-025-04218-2","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-025-04218-2","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3734693","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3734693","identity":"rs-3734693","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"J0_U0BvcaRcwD8yVFaRlm","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}