Association between Prostate-Specific Antigen and Cardiovascular Diseases in U.S. Adult Men: A Cross-Sectional Study from NHANES

Association between Prostate-Specific Antigen and Cardiovascular Diseases in U.S. Adult Men: A Cross-Sectional Study from NHANES | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Association between Prostate-Specific Antigen and Cardiovascular Diseases in U.S. Adult Men: A Cross-Sectional Study from NHANES Bing Lin, Zhi-huang Chen, Yan Chen, Yun-hong Lei, Jun Yan, Deng Xie, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4859544/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Background: This study aims to examine the associations of total PSA (tPSA), free PSA (fPSA), and %fPSA with CVD risk in the adult male population of the United States. Methods: Using NHANES data (2001-2010), we analyzed cardiovascular conditions, PSA levels, and confounding factors in adult male participants. We employed multivariate logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for assessing correlations between total PSA (tPSA), free PSA (fPSA), and %fPSA with CVD risk. After identifying fPSA with most significant effect, we conducted quartile analysis to explore risk associations across different intervals. Results: Higher fPSA levels showed significant elevated CVD risk (Model1: OR:1.90; Model2: OR:1.71; all P<0.001). The highest versus lowest fPSA quartile showed an OR of 2.55 (95% CI: 1.98-3.29; P-trend <0.001). Weaker effect measured by OR were found for tPSA (Model2:OR: 1.08, P<0.001) and %fPSA (Model2:OR: 1.01, P=0.11). Conclusions: Our study suggests that fPSA, tPSA and %fPSA are associated with a higher prevalence of previous CVD. Elevated fPSA levels may be a more sensitive risk indicator of previous CVD. This analysis offers a novel perspective on the complex relationship between PSA and CVD. Future longitudinal studies are necessary to elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying this association. Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems PSA CVD risk NHANES cross-sectional study Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Full Text Supplementary Files Table1.xlsx Table2.xlsx Table3.xlsx Table4.xlsx supplementary.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4859544","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":549049008,"identity":"d93ba2e3-aa12-42be-ac35-96092dc41ba4","order_by":0,"name":"Bing Lin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Vascular Surgery and Interventional Oncology Center, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou University Affiliated Provincial Hospital, East-street NO.134, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 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NHANES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":true,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"PSA, CVD risk, NHANES, cross-sectional study","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4859544/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4859544/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eThis study aims to examine the associations of total PSA (tPSA), free PSA (fPSA), and %fPSA with CVD risk in the adult male population of the United States.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eUsing NHANES data (2001-2010), we analyzed cardiovascular conditions, PSA levels, and confounding factors in adult male participants. We employed multivariate logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for assessing correlations between total PSA (tPSA), free PSA (fPSA), and %fPSA with CVD risk. After identifying fPSA with most significant effect, we conducted quartile analysis to explore risk associations across different intervals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eHigher fPSA levels showed significant elevated CVD risk (Model1: OR:1.90; Model2: OR:1.71; all P\u0026lt;0.001). The highest versus lowest fPSA quartile showed an OR of 2.55 (95% CI: 1.98-3.29; P-trend \u0026lt;0.001). Weaker effect measured by OR were found for tPSA (Model2:OR: 1.08, P\u0026lt;0.001) and %fPSA (Model2:OR: 1.01, P=0.11).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions: \u003c/strong\u003eOur study suggests that fPSA, tPSA and %fPSA are associated with a higher prevalence of previous CVD. Elevated fPSA levels may be a more sensitive risk indicator of previous CVD. This analysis offers a novel perspective on the complex relationship between PSA and CVD. Future longitudinal studies are necessary to elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying this association.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Association between Prostate-Specific Antigen and Cardiovascular Diseases in U.S. Adult Men: A Cross-Sectional Study from NHANES","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2026-01-12 13:41:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4859544/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2024-10-08 02:41:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4859544/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8795cd97-12a2-4862-b46e-8d3363cce352","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 12th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":60999495,"name":"Cardiac \u0026 Cardiovascular Systems"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-16T04:08:41+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-12 13:41:27","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-4859544","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4859544","identity":"rs-4859544","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}