Understanding PFAS Exposure, Health Effects, and Risk Mitigation in Neonates, Infants, and Pediatric Population

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a diverse category of persistent organic pollutants used in many consumer and commercial items due to their beneficial physical properties such as repelling water, grease, stains, and heat resistance. However, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) are associated with significant health risks arising from their endocrine-disruption effects. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (ED) interfere with normal hormonal functions in humans, including growth and development, reproduction, metabolism and energy balance, and control of cell proliferation. While these risks affect humans of all ages, neonates, infants, and pediatric populations are particularly vulnerable. This review examines the various pathways by which PFAS can enter the human body, including transplacental transfer, breast milk, contaminated water, food sources, dust, and direct exposure to consumer products and their impact on development, reproduction, and the neurological system, implicated in issues with cognition, behavior, and hormonal regulation. Despite progress in eliminating legacy PFAS, challenges persist in understanding the health impacts of short-chain and novel PFAS exposures. This report proposes methods to reduce PFAS exposure through legislation and policy measures, such as restricting the hazardous chemicals and establishing exposure thresholds for children, in conjunction with consumer-level initiatives, including public education to minimize exposure. Given the limited safety data available for pediatric populations, it is crucial to develop and utilize modern analytical techniques and conduct evaluations to understand the risks associated with PFAS.