The development of multidimensional screening model of geriatric syndrome for community-dwelling older adults: results of the Taiwan Integration Health and Welfare (TIHW) Study

The development of multidimensional screening model of geriatric syndrome for community-dwelling older adults: results of the Taiwan Integration Health and Welfare (TIHW) Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research article The development of multidimensional screening model of geriatric syndrome for community-dwelling older adults: results of the Taiwan Integration Health and Welfare (TIHW) Study Chi-Jung Tai, Tzyy-Guey Tseng, Ching-Ya Huang, Shu-Chuan Pan, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.2.15998/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is a multidimensional and multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment process that identifies geriatric syndrome in older adults. However, CGA program is not appropriate in community screening. To the best of our knowledge, there is no applicable multidimensional screening model to evaluate geriatric syndrome in community-dwelling older adults. This study aimed to identify the risk factors of geriatric syndrome among physical function tests, socioeconomic status, medical history, and healthy behaviours in community-dwelling older adults and develop a multidimensional prediction model for community screening. Methods: A total of 1313 community-dwelling older adults aged 60 years or above were recruited from 58 communities in four aging cities in Taiwan. Geriatric syndrome was defined by disability using Instrumental Activities of Daily Livings, cognitive impairment using Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, depression using Geriatric Depression Scale, or by receiving mild disability card. The cutoff values of the physical function tests were calculated using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the risk factors of geriatric syndrome, and the risk model was developed using stepwise logistic regression. Results: We developed the new cutoff values in predicting geriatric syndrome for dominant handgrip strength test, 6-meter walk, and timed up-and-go tests, which were significantly associated with geriatric syndrome. Moreover, male sex, obesity, absence of labour activities, and participants who cannot report personal information, had depressive mood for the past 2 weeks, and a history of heart disease were associated with geriatric syndrome. Finally, we developed Taiwan Risk Scores for Geriatric Syndrome (TRSGS) with the cutoff value of 6 (sensitivity, 77.2%; specificity, 75.5%). Conclusions: Most of the screening tools focus on specific problems such as sarcopenia, dementia, or frailty. The TRSGS model demonstrated a multidimensional prediction model, which could be applied in community screening for geriatric syndrome. Management of risk factors to prevent geriatric syndrome in the community is important. Geriatrics & Gerontology Geriatric syndrome prediction model risk factors multidimensional Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Background Geriatric syndrome is composed of multifactorial health problems resulting in multiple systems, which is common in older adults [1].The four independent predisposing factors for geriatric syndrome were older age, baseline cognitive impairment, baseline functional and sensory impairment, and impaired mobility, which often lead to an increased risk of poor health outcomes, including fall incidence, disability, hospitalisation, and mortality [2–4]. The prevalence of the geriatric syndrome with multimorbidity is about 10.4% [5]. The phenotype of geriatric syndrome includes frailty, sarcopenia, falls, weight loss, delirium, depression, dementia, urinary incontinence, oral problems, malnutrition, pressure ulcer, sexual dysfunction, visual loss, and functional impairment [1, 6, 7]. Management focusing on geriatric syndrome is effective in improving outcomes, but physicians often fail to recognise geriatric syndrome and appropriately perform therapeutic strategies [8, 9]. This implies that we can stop this vicious circle by the early identification of geriatric syndrome and prevention of further disability. Several screening tools have been developed and validated in predicting frailty, depression, dementia, or sarcopenia [10–12]. However, each model only predicted certain parts of the geriatric syndrome. In clinical practice, comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is a multidimensional and multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment process that identifies geriatric syndrome in older adults [13]. Moreover, a brief assessment tool was specifically designed for geriatric syndromes identification in general practice for general practitioners in the previous study [14]. The brief assessment tool was constructed, based on simple validated tests to detect each of these geriatric syndromes [15]. Additionally, a previous study also tried to use online geriatric assessment in acutely hospitalised patients [16]. However, these assessment tools were not appropriate in community screening. To the best of our knowledge, there is no applicable multidimensional screening model that predicts geriatric syndrome. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop an applicable multidimensional screening model for community-dwelling older adults in predicting geriatric syndrome. Methods Community and participant enrolment To manage the health issues of the aging society in Taiwan [17], the Ministry of Taiwan supported the Taiwan Integration of Health and Welfare (TIHW) study to conduct a formal survey in 2017, which aimed to establish a screening strategy for geriatric syndrome in the community. First, of the 14 aging cities in Taiwan, 4 cities (Pingtung County, Tainan City, Changhua County, and Miaoli County) were selected from southern to northern part of Taiwan. Second, 7–14 communities in each city were selected, resulting in a total of 58 communities. Finally, the invitation (phone call and publicity leaflets) was sent to community-dwelling older adults (≧60 years) within the selected communities by the chief of the community. The participants were gathered in their local affiliated community centres for face-to-face interviews and assessments by trained investigators from Pingtung, Tainan, Changhua, or Miaoli Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare. Ethical approval and study protocol The protocol was approved by the Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai-Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital Institutional Review Board (Protocol Number: 17–030-B1; Approval Date: March 22, 2017). Before recruitment, all participants received a proper explanation about the study and provided informed consent for inclusion in the study. Participants who could read and write signed the written informed consents, and those who could not read and write impressed the name stamps or handprint with the assistance of their family members. The evaluation in the TIHW study comprised multi-dimensional questionnaires, physical function tests, and blood examinations. The TIHW study questionnaire (Approved Case No. 1060400299) was approved by the Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan, and was considered as a formal survey in Taiwan. The questionnaire included the survey of socioeconomic status, healthy behaviours, medical history, the Instrumental Activities of Daily Livings (IADLs), Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ), and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). The physical function tests included the dominant handgrip strength test, timed up-and-go (TUG) test, 6-meter walk test (6MWT), and five-time sit-to-stand test (FTSST). The fasting glucose, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase tests were included in the blood examinations. Definition of geriatric syndrome and exclusion criteria Geriatric syndrome was defined by disability using IADLs, cognitive impairment using SPMSQ, depression using GDS or by receiving mild disability card. The mild disability card was given to patients with mild disability, such as mild cognitive impairment, low eye vision, or mild hearing impairment (auditory brainstem evoked response threshold between 55 and 69 dB) [18]. We considered that IADLs, SPMSQ, GDS, and disability card could integratedly evaluate cognitive impairment, baseline functional and sensory impairment, and impaired mobility of geriatric syndrome. We excluded participants with a history of cerebrovascular disease, aged < 60 years, and who received moderate to severe disability card. The IADL scale is a valuable tool to evaluate older individuals with early-stage disease. In the current study, the IADL disability status was assessed with 5 activities from an IADL scale proposed by Lawton and Brody [19]. The sum of IADL score ≧3 was defined as IADL disability [20]. Cognitive function was measured using the nine-item SPMSQ with total scores ranging from 0 to 9 [21]. Participants with four or more errors were defined as having cognitive impairment [22]. Incident depression was considered to be present when the score of GDS–15 was greater than 5 [23]. Questionnaires and physical function tests Questions related to socioeconomic status and medical history in the questionnaires aimed to collect data on participants’ educational level, marital status, living status, medical history (hypertension, diabetes, liver disease, hyperlipidaemia, and chronic kidney disease), and socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic status was self-reported and was not based on real personal income. Moreover, the evaluation of healthy behaviours included exercise habits, smoking, and alcohol and areca nut consumption. Additionally, questions such as ‘Do you have low interest in doing things for the past 2 weeks?’ and ‘Do you have depressive mood for the past 2 weeks?’ were also evaluated. We also documented whether participants could remember their personal information correctly, including age, address, and telephone number. Physical performance was assessed through the dominant handgrip strength test, TUG test, 6MWT, and FTSST. Dominant handgrip strength was evaluated using a handheld dynamometry, and the result was expressed in kilogrammes (kg) [24]. The TUG test assesses transitional function, strength, agility, and dynamic balance [25]. In the TUG test, the participant was sitting with hands at starting position resting on the arms of the chair. The participants crossed the line, which was 3 m distant to the starting point, before turning around and walked back to sit down in the chair again. The participants were instructed to walk at their normal speed, and they performed one trial before they were timed. The timing of the TUG started when the participants’ back came off the back of the chair and stopped when their buttocks touched the seat of the chair again [25]. The FTSST assesses functional lower extremity strength, transitional movements, balance, and fall risk [26]. The 6MWT was recommended as a functional assessment tool that predicts sarcopenia and fall [11, 27]. The participants completed a six-meter walk measured in seconds at their normal walking speed. The study aimed to assess the validity and establish the cutoff values of the functional performance tests in predicting geriatric syndrome. Statistical analyses Descriptive statistics were calculated for the demographic characteristics of the participants. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Youden’s index were used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and to determine the cutoff values for handgrip strength, TUG test, FTSST, and 6MWT in predicting geriatric syndrome [28]. Multivariate regression models were used to investigate the risk factors of geriatric syndrome among physical function tests, socioeconomic status, healthy behaviours, and medical history. Risk scores were selected by stepwise logistic regression, and the validity of the prediction model was established by ROC analysis. All these analyses were performed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Results A total of 1449 participants were recruited in the TIHW study. We excluded 136 participants with a history of cerebrovascular disease, aged < 60 years, and who received moderate to severe disability card. Of the 1313 enrolled participants, 167 (12.7%) and 1146 (87.3%) were assigned to the geriatric syndrome group by our definition and the non-geriatric syndrome group, respectively. Participants in the geriatric syndrome group had older age, poorer educational level, higher rate of living with family (76.0% vs. 64.6%), lesser exercise habits (47.3% vs. 72.9%), more possibility to receive social assistance pension (10.8% vs. 3.4%), and higher rate of heart disease history than that of the non-geriatric syndrome group (Table 1). Moreover, participants in the geriatric syndrome group had a higher rate of depressive mood (14.4% vs. 1.4%), a lower interest in doing things (13.2% vs. 1.0%), and a poorer remembering of personal information (45.5% vs. 18.5%) than that of the non-geriatric syndrome group. Regarding physical function tests and blood examinations, the geriatric syndrome group had also poorer results in dominant handgrip strength test, 6MWT, TUG test, and FTSST and higher body mass index (BMI) (26.5±4.7 vs. 24.6±3.5 kg/m 2 ) and lower eGFR (75.1±20.9 vs. 81.4±22.7 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ) compared to the non-geriatric syndrome group (Table 1). Cutoff values for physical function tests We developed the new cutoff values in predicting geriatric syndrome for dominant handgrip strength test, 6MWT, TUG test and FTSST. The dominant handgrip strength cutoff values were 27.3 kg (rea under the curve [AUC], 0.685) for men and 19.2 kg (AUC, 0.720) for women. The cutoff values of the 6MWT were 0.534 m/s (AUC, 0.754) for men and 0.465 m/s (AUC, 0.735) for women. Moreover, the cutoff values of the TUG test were 12.8 s (AUC, 0.609) for men and 11.0 s (AUC, 0.677) for women. Additionally, the cutoff values for the FTSST were 10.0 s (AUC, 0.573) for men and 10.4 s (AUC, 0.650) for women. According to the ROC analysis, the 6MWT had the largest AUC among the tests. The figures associated with the statistics and cutoff values for each test are shown in Figure 1 and 2. We applied our cutoff values for each test in the further risk evaluation. Risk factors of geriatric syndrome Table 2 shows the adjusted odds ratio for each potential risk factor calculated by multivariate logistic regression. In a fully adjusted model, male, obesity, depressive mood for the past 2 weeks, poor remembering in personal information, absence of exercise habit, heart disease history, low handgrip strength, and abnormal 6MWT and TUG test were significantly associated with geriatric syndrome (Table 2). Living situation, marital status, age, self-reported economic status, educational level, and FTSST were not significantly associated with geriatric syndrome. Development of the Taiwan Risk Scores for Geriatric Syndrome (TRSGS) model Using stepwise logistic regression, 7 items were selected from the risk factors of geriatric syndrome, including ‘cannot report personal information’, ‘depressive mood for the past 2 weeks’, a history of heart disease, absence of labour activities, low handgrip strength, and abnormal 6MWT and TUG test. The weighting of each item was calculated by each adjusted odds ratio. Finally, the cutoff value of TRSGS model was 6 (AUC, 0.826; sensitivity, 77.2%; specificity, 75.5%) (Figure 3). Discussion To the best of our knowledge, there is no easily applicable screening tool in predicting geriatric syndrome in the community. Most of the screening tools focus on specific problems such as sarcopenia, dementia, or frailty [29, 30]. The current study assessed the risk factors and developed a multidimensional risk model in predicting geriatric syndrome in community-dwelling older adults. We found out that TRSGS score ≧6 was significantly associated with geriatric syndrome, which comprised items to evaluate cognitive impairment, depressive disorder, baseline functional and sensory impairment, and impaired mobility in community-dwelling older adults. Therefore, the TRSGS can be used in predicting geriatric syndrome for community-dwelling older adults. Further cohort study will be designed to validate the predictors of geriatric syndrome and support the implementation of preventive strategies in community-dwelling older adults. In the previous studies, physical function tests were considered as indicators for sarcopenia or frailty [11]. For example, low handgrip strength was defined as <26 kg for men and <18 kg for women by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) in the screening of sarcopenia. The suggested cutoff values (<27.3 kg for men and <19.2 kg for women) in the current study were higher than that of the previous studies. Using the cutoff value suggested by the AWGS might decrease the sensitivity and increase the specificity because sarcopenia is only part of the geriatric syndrome (Figure 1A and 2A). Therefore, we established the new cutoff values for the physical function tests in predicting geriatric syndrome. The multiple physical function tests evaluated different parts of the mobility function. Finally, the discriminant abilities of the dominant handgrip strength test, 6MWT, and TUG test were associated with geriatric syndrome. The incidence rate of depression in older adults was reported to be underestimated in a previous study [31]. The UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence recommended two screening questions such as ‘During the past month, have you often been bothered by feeling down, depressed, or hopeless?’ and ‘During the past month, have you often been bothered by having little interest or pleasure in doing things?’ for older adults for depression screening [32]. Therefore, two questions such as ‘Do you have low interest in doing things for the past 2 weeks?’ and ‘Do you have depressive mood for the past 2 weeks?’ were included in the annual free preventive health examination for older adults aged 65 years or older in Taiwan for depression screening. In the current study, both questions were proven to be significant risk factors associated with geriatric syndrome, where depression was a key component. Using stepwise logistic regression, the question ‘Do you have depressive mood for the past 2 weeks?’ was selected by the TRSGS model. Similarly, several developed cognitive screening tools to evaluate dementia in the community-dwelling older adults, such as the Ascertain Dementia 8-item Informant Questionnaire, were available [33]. We tried to use one screening item to evaluate cognitive function in the current study. We have proven that if participants could not report their personal information, they were significantly associated with geriatric syndrome in our study. We assumed that a simple item can be a good predictor for the screening of cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults. Our study has some limitations. First, our study was a cross-sectional study that reported the association between risk factors and geriatric syndrome. The incidence of geriatric syndrome cannot be estimated. Second, although we recruited participants from 58 communities among 4 cities, the generalisation of the results in this study is still questionable. Third, the records of socioeconomic status, medical history, and healthy behaviours were self-reported and self-recalled, which may have bias. Finally, although we included several covariates associated with geriatric syndrome, there may be other potential confounders that were unavailable. Conclusions Geriatric syndrome is a complex health status associated with multiple domains and dimensions. Multimorbidity poses profound challenges to older adults, and it is important to immediately manage these risk factors [34]. Therefore, it is important to develop a multidimensional screening model for community-dwelling older adults in predicting geriatric syndrome. The current study determined the multiple risks factors of geriatric syndrome. Moreover, we developed the TRSGS model demonstrating a multidimensional prediction model with high sensitivity and specificity in community screening. The current study has provided valuable insights for further studies on the development of multidimensional screening models. Abbreviations 6MWT: 6-meter walk test; AUC: area under the curve; AWGS: Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia; CGA: Comprehensive geriatric assessment; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; FTSST: five-time sit-to-stand test; GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; IADLs: Instrumental Activities of Daily Livings; Kg: kilogrammes; OR: Odds ratio; ROC: receiver operating characteristic; SAS: Statistical Analysis System; SPMSQ: Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire; TIHW: Taiwan Integration Health and Welfare; TRSGS: Taiwan Risk Scores for Geriatric Syndrome; TUG: timed up-and-go Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study protocol was approved by the Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai-Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital Institutional Review Board. Before recruitment, all participants received a proper explanation about the study and provided informed consent for inclusion in the study. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and analysed during the current study are not publicity available, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request with the permission of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This work was supported by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan (Grant number: M06M2346). The study sponsor participated in the study design, but played no role in participant recruitment, data analysis, or paper preparation. Author’s contributions All authors approved the submitted version of the manuscript, and ensured the accuracy and integrity of this work. CJT and MCL initiated and designed the study. CYH, SCP and YHH contributed to data acquisition. CJT and YHY performed data analysis. CJT, TGT, YHY and MCL drafted the manuscript and substantively revised it. Acknowledgements We thank our colleagues from Pingtung Hospital, Tainan Hospital, Changhua Hospital, and Miaoli Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, for their support in completing the survey. We also thank the statistical experts from Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan. References 1.Flacker JM: What is a geriatric syndrome anyway? J Am Geriatr Soc 2003, 51(4):574–576. 2.Inouye SK, Studenski S, Tinetti ME, Kuchel GA: Geriatric syndromes: clinical, research, and policy implications of a core geriatric concept. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007, 55(5):780–791. 3.Tinetti ME, Inouye SK, Gill TM, Doucette JT: Shared risk factors for falls, incontinence, and functional dependence. Unifying the approach to geriatric syndromes. Jama 1995, 273(17):1348–1353. 4.Wang SY, Shamliyan TA, Talley KM, Ramakrishnan R, Kane RL: Not just specific diseases: systematic review of the association of geriatric syndromes with hospitalization or nursing home admission. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics 2013, 57(1):16–26. 5.Cheung JTK, Yu R, Wu Z, Wong SYS, Woo J: Geriatric syndromes, multimorbidity, and disability overlap and increase healthcare use among older Chinese. BMC Geriatrics 2018, 18(1):147. 6.Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G et al: Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. The journals of gerontology Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences 2001, 56(3):M146–156. 7.Morley JE: The Importance of Geriatric Syndromes. Mo Med 2017, 114(2):99–100. 8.Stuck AE, Siu AL, Wieland GD, Adams J, Rubenstein LZ: Comprehensive geriatric assessment: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Lancet 1993, 342(8878):1032–1036. 9.Ng TP, Feng L, Nyunt MS, Feng L, Niti M, Tan BY, Chan G, Khoo SA, Chan SM, Yap P et al: Nutritional, Physical, Cognitive, and Combination Interventions and Frailty Reversal Among Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Med 2015, 128(11):1225–1236.e1221. 10.Thompson MQ, Theou O, Tucker GR, Adams RJ, Visvanathan R: Recurrent Measurement of Frailty Is Important for Mortality Prediction: Findings from the North West Adelaide Health Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2019. 11.Chen LK, Liu LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Bahyah KS, Chou MY, Chen LY, Hsu PS, Krairit O et al: Sarcopenia in Asia: consensus report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2014, 15(2):95–101. 12.Ishizaki T, Watanabe S, Suzuki T, Shibata H, Haga H: Predictors for functional decline among nondisabled older Japanese living in a community during a 3-year follow-up. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000, 48(11):1424–1429. 13.Pilotto A, Cella A, Pilotto A, Daragjati J, Veronese N, Musacchio C, Mello AM, Logroscino G, Padovani A, Prete C et al: Three Decades of Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment: Evidence Coming From Different Healthcare Settings and Specific Clinical Conditions. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2017, 18(2):192.e191–192.e111. 14.Senn N, Monod S: Development of a Comprehensive Approach for the Early Diagnosis of Geriatric Syndromes in General Practice. Frontiers in medicine 2015, 2:78. 15.Mueller YK, Monod S, Locatelli I, Büla C, Cornuz J, Senn N: Performance of a brief geriatric evaluation compared to a comprehensive geriatric assessment for detection of geriatric syndromes in family medicine: a prospective diagnostic study. BMC Geriatrics 2018, 18(1):72. 16.Gray L, Dakin L, Counsell S, Edwards H, Wootton R, Martin-Khan M: ‘Online’ geriatric assessment procedure for older adults referred for geriatric assessment during an acute care episode for consideration of reliability of triage decisions. BMC Geriatrics 2012, 12(1):10. 17.Lin Y-Y, Huang C-S: Aging in Taiwan: Building a Society for Active Aging and Aging in Place. The Gerontologist 2015, 56(2):176–183. 18.The regulation and management of disability card [ https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/DONAHC/cp–1032–5186–104.html ] 19.Lawton MP, Brody EM: Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. The Gerontologist 1969, 9(3):179–186. 20.Chiu CJ, Wray LA, Ofstedal MB: Diabetes-related change in physical disability from midlife to older adulthood: evidence from 1996–2003 Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011, 91(3):413–423. 21.Pfeiffer E: A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1975, 23(10):433–441. 22.Alley DE, Crimmins EM, Karlamangla A, Hu P, Seeman TE: Inflammation and rate of cognitive change in high-functioning older adults. The journals of gerontology Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences 2008, 63(1):50–55. 23.Peters R, Pinto E, Beckett N, Swift C, Potter J, McCormack T, Nunes M, Grimley-Evans J, Fletcher A, Bulpitt C: Association of depression with subsequent mortality, cardiovascular morbidity and incident dementia in people aged 80 and over and suffering from hypertension. Data from the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial (HYVET). Age and Ageing 2010, 39(4):439–445. 24.Paul DJ, Nassis GP: Testing strength and power in soccer players: the application of conventional and traditional methods of assessment. J Strength Cond Res 2015, 29(6):1748–1758. 25.Nordin E, Lindelöf N, Rosendahl E, Jensen J, Lundin-olsson L: Prognostic validity of the Timed Up-and-Go test, a modified Get-Up-and-Go test, staff’s global judgement and fall history in evaluating fall risk in residential care facilities. Age and Ageing 2008, 37(4):442–448. 26.Tap L, Boyé NDA, Hartholt KA, van der Cammen TJM, Mattace-Raso FUS: Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate with muscle function in older persons who have fallen. Age and Ageing 2017, 47(2):269–274. 27.Tiedemann A, Shimada H, Sherrington C, Murray S, Lord S: The comparative ability of eight functional mobility tests for predicting falls in community-dwelling older people. Age and Ageing 2008, 37(4):430–435. 28.Ruopp MD, Perkins NJ, Whitcomb BW, Schisterman EF: Youden Index and optimal cut-point estimated from observations affected by a lower limit of detection. Biometrical journal Biometrische Zeitschrift 2008, 50(3):419–430. 29.Yamada M, Nishiguchi S, Fukutani N, Tanigawa T, Yukutake T, Kayama H, Aoyama T, Arai H: Prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling Japanese older adults. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2013, 14(12):911–915. 30.Clegg A, Rogers L, Young J: 43DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY OF SIMPLE INSTRUMENTS FOR IDENTIFYING FRAILTY IN COMMUNITY DWELLING OLDER PEOPLE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Age and Ageing 2014, 43(suppl_2):ii10-ii11. 31.Weyerer S, Eifflaender-Gorfer S, Wiese B, Luppa M, Pentzek M, Bickel H, Bachmann C, Scherer M, Maier W, Riedel-Heller SG: Incidence and predictors of depression in non-demented primary care attenders aged 75 years and older: results from a 3-year follow-up study. Age and Ageing 2013, 42(2):173–180. 32.Esiwe C, Baillon S, Rajkonwar A, Lindesay J, Lo N, Dennis M: Screening for depression in older adults on an acute medical ward: the validity of NICE guidance in using two questions. Age and Ageing 2015, 44(5):771–775. 33.Mao H-F, Chang L-H, Tsai AY-J, Huang W-NW, Tang L-Y, Lee H-J, Sun Y, Chen T-F, Lin K-N, Wang P-N et al: Diagnostic accuracy of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living for dementia in community-dwelling older adults. Age and Ageing 2018, 47(4):551–557. 34.Lawrence V: Independence and the pernicious threat of multimorbidity. Age and Ageing 2019, 48(4):472–473. Tables Table 1 Characteristics of the Participants (N=1313) Geriatric syndrome Yes, n= 167 No, n= 1146 P -value Age * 74.3±7.8 71.8±6.7 <.001 † Female, n (%) 86 (51.5) 629 (54.9) 0.41 Educational level, n (%) 0.002 ‡ Uneducated 29 (17.4) 142 (12.4) Elementary school 81 (48.5) 426 (37.2) Junior high school 20 (12.0) 162 (14.1) Senior high school 19 (11.4) 220 (19.2) College or above 18 (10.8) 196 (17.1) Marital status, n (%) 0.81 Married and cohabitant 25 (15.0) 180 (15.7) Single and divorced and widowed 142 (85.0) 966 (84.3) Living condition, n (%) 0.004 ‡ Living alone 40 (24.0) 405 (35.3) Living with spouse 15 (9.0) 131 (11.4) Living with children 112 (67.0) 610 (53.2) Self-reported economic status, n (%) <.001 ‡ High-upper income 9 (5.4) 33 (2.9) Middle income 82 (49.1) 458 (40.0) Low income 76 (45.5) 655 (57.2) Social assistance pension, n (%) 18 (10.8) 39 (3.4) <.001 ‡ Smoking, n (%) 0.56 No 160 (95.8) 1080 (94.2) < 1 pack per day (PPD) 4 (2.4) 47 (4.1) ≧ 1 PPD 3 (1.8) 19 (1.7) Alcohol consumption, n (%) 0.005 ‡ No 152 (91.0) 990 (86.4) Social drinking 10 (6.0) 145 (12.7) Alcoholism 5 (3.0) 11 (1.0) Areca nuts consumption, n (%) 2 (1.2) 15 (1.3) 0.91 Exercise habits, n (%) <.001 ‡ No 88 (52.7) 310 (27.1) Domestic labour, farming 71 (42.5) 518 (45.2) Exercise ≧ 2.5 hrs/week 8 (4.8) 318 (27.8) Self-reported medical history, n (%) Hypertension 78 (46.7) 441 (85.0) 0.04 ‡ Diabetes mellitus 22 (13.2) 169 (14.8) 0.59 Heart disease 35 (21.0) 101 (8.8) <.001 ‡ Hyperlipidaemia 7 (4.2) 58 (5.1) 0.63 Chronic kidney disease 3 (1.8) 15 (1.3) 0.61 Depressive mood for the past 2 weeks, n (%) 24 (14.4) 16 (1.4) <.001 ‡ Low interest of doing things for the past 2 weeks, n (%) 22 (13.2) 11 (1.0) <.001 ‡ Cannot remember personal information, n (%) 76 (45.5) 212 (18.5) <.001 ‡ Dominant handgrip strength, kg (n=1305) * 22.2±8.4 26.8±10.8 <.001 † 6-meter walk test, m/s (n=1160) * 0.45±0.18 0.62±0.23 <.001 † Five-time sit-to-stand test, sec (n=1290) * 12.2±6.9 10.2±18.5 0.01 † Timed up-and-go test, sec (n=1293) * 13.4±8.0 10.1±3.6 <.001 † Physical and blood examinations (n=973) * BMI, kg/m 2 26.5±4.7 24.6±3.5 0.005 † Fasting glucose level, mg/dL 107.3±34.3 102.7±25.6 0.33 Aspartate aminotransferase, IU/L 24.4±8.8 25.4±11.7 0.43 Alanine aminotransferase, IU/L 22.2±11.0 23.2±15.7 0.54 Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL 110.6±29.5 116.1±33.2 0.23 High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL 54.5±16.9 57.7±16.7 0.17 T riglyceride , mg/dL 121.8±68.8 116.7±73.2 0.62 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m 2 75.1±20.9 81.4±22.7 0.047 † * Values are given as mean ± standard deviation, not no. (%) † T-test, p < 0.05; ‡ Chi-square test, p < 0.05 BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate Table 2 Multivariate logistic regression model in predicting geriatric syndrome Variables Adjusted OR (95% CI) p -value Male 1.74 (1.11–2.74) 0.02 * Age (65<age ≦ 70) 0.96 (0.52–1.75) 0.89 Age (70<age ≦ 75) 1.31 (0.71–2.42) 0.38 Age (75<age) 1.73 (0.99–3.01) 0.06 Educational level (elementary school or below) 0.93 (0.53–1.64) 0.80 Single, divorced, or widowed 0.76 (0.41–1.42) 0.40 Living alone 0.72 (0.34–1.55) 0.40 Self-reported low income 1.07 (0.37–3.11) 0.90 Social assistance pension 1.52 (0.66–3.50) 0.33 Obesity (BMI ≧ 27 kg/m 2 ) 2.62 (1.18–5.81) 0.02 * Overweight (24 ≦ BMI<27 kg/m 2 ) 1.17 (0.50–2.72) 0.72 Underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m 2 ) 0.88 (0.10–7.57) 0.91 Smoking 0.56 (0.20–1.60) 0.28 Alcohol consumption 0.62 (0.29–1.29) 0.20 Areca nut consumption 3.24 (0.59–17.8) 0.18 Depressed mood for the past 2 weeks 3.78 (1.06–13.5) 0.04 * Low interest in doing things for the past 2 weeks 3.31 (0.81–13.6) 0.10 Cannot remember personal information 2.80 (1.82–4.31) <0.001 * Absence of exercise habit 1.59 (1.06–2.40) 0.03 * Domestic labour or farming 0.23 (0.10–0.52) <0.001 * Self-reported medical history Heart disease 2.47 (1.41–4.33) 0.002 * Hypertension 1.30 (0.86–1.96) 0.22 Diabetes mellitus 0.60 (0.33–1.11) 0.10 Chronic kidney disease 0.92 (0.23–3.67) 0.91 Hyperlipidaemia 0.60 (0.20–1.76) 0.35 Low handgrip strength 2.54 (1.66–3.88) <0.001 * Abnormal lower extremity function tests 6MWT 2.55 (1.63–3.98) <0.001 * TUG test 2.11 (1.30–3.43) 0.003 * FTSST 0.99 (0.95–1.03) 0.51 6MWT, 6-meter walk test; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; TUG test, t imed up-and-go test * Multivariate logistic regression, p -value < 0.05 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6653","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":182270,"identity":"65ce139e-5947-4e7b-8b4d-6776ec0ba6ad","order_by":1,"name":"Chi-Jung Tai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pingtung Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chi-Jung","middleName":"","lastName":"Tai","suffix":""},{"id":182271,"identity":"6436ce76-427d-4977-8959-b89266a04e2e","order_by":2,"name":"Tzyy-Guey Tseng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kaohsiung Medical University Chung Ho Memorial Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tzyy-Guey","middleName":"","lastName":"Tseng","suffix":""},{"id":182272,"identity":"080221ca-5f80-4724-9829-fa04930bf77e","order_by":3,"name":"Ching-Ya Huang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pingtung Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ching-Ya","middleName":"","lastName":"Huang","suffix":""},{"id":182273,"identity":"a6549bc0-5a88-440f-9d96-fc6a8792e262","order_by":4,"name":"Shu-Chuan Pan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Pingtung Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shu-Chuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Pan","suffix":""},{"id":182274,"identity":"695c0cc9-5933-41c7-bbda-5f43cab933c2","order_by":5,"name":"Yu-Han Hsiao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Taichung Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yu-Han","middleName":"","lastName":"Hsiao","suffix":""},{"id":182275,"identity":"cb8c95be-8f94-48ae-9424-e74d99a4dba6","order_by":6,"name":"Yi-Hsin Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Cancer Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yi-Hsin","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":182276,"identity":"69939afb-33d1-436a-b5fc-84811766fad6","order_by":7,"name":"Meng-Chih Lee","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLACxgaJBD4g9QDI5uEjWgsbAwOzAUgLG5FaGEBa2CRAHIJadNt7D7/4ucMij429+Vjl1xw7GTYG5oePbuDRYnbmXJpl7xmJYjaeY2m3ZbclAx3GZmycg0/LjRwzY8Y2icQ2iRyz25LbmIFaeNik8Wq5/waqRf79t2LJbfVEaLnBY/wYYgsPG+PHbYeJ0HImx4yxF6SFJ81YmnHbcR42ZkJ+OX7G+MPPtrrEfvbDDz/+3FZtz8/e/PAxPi0MsOgAAWYeMIlfOVjJBxiL8Qdh1aNgFIyCUTACAQA8xkTFPWw92wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Chung Shan Medical University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Meng-Chih","middleName":"","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2019-10-08 15:27:53","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.15998/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.15998/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":125241,"identity":"16af3078-57a5-4da9-90a9-d8b7f29ea962","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2019-10-14 21:52:06","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":35672,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Receiver operating characteristic curve of physical function tests in male participants in prediction of geriatric syndrome (A) Dominant handgrip strength (B) 6-meter walk test (C) timed up-and-go test (D) Five-time-sit-to-stand test.","description":"","filename":"Fig1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/42f508dd-cca6-4613-b9c2-2c2a4431f92c/v1/Fig 1.jpg"},{"id":125243,"identity":"441bf190-ed89-47d4-872d-9566918e38fc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2019-10-14 21:52:06","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":35985,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Receiver operating characteristic curve of physical function tests in female participants in prediction of geriatric syndrome (A) Dominant handgrip strength (B) 6-meter walk test (C) timed up-and-go test (D) Five-time-sit-to-stand test.","description":"","filename":"Fig2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/42f508dd-cca6-4613-b9c2-2c2a4431f92c/v1/Fig 2.jpg"},{"id":125244,"identity":"bfc17c92-c8a9-4bed-9fd9-ddd19024348b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2019-10-14 21:52:06","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51890,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The validity of the Taiwan Risk Scores for Geriatric Syndrome model. 6MWT, 6-meter walk test; TUG test, timed up-and-go test.","description":"","filename":"Fig3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/42f508dd-cca6-4613-b9c2-2c2a4431f92c/v1/Fig 3.jpg"},{"id":13477399,"identity":"b6f71e77-9222-49a7-ac4a-fc8caef33590","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-16 21:31:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":435801,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6653/v1/de7fdd02-27b9-4d40-9fcf-b23c2622db65.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"The development of multidimensional screening model of geriatric syndrome for community-dwelling older adults: results of the Taiwan Integration Health and Welfare (TIHW) Study","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eGeriatric syndrome is composed of multifactorial health problems resulting in multiple systems, which is common in older adults [1].The four independent predisposing factors for geriatric syndrome were older age, baseline cognitive impairment, baseline functional and sensory impairment, and impaired mobility, which often lead to an increased risk of poor health outcomes, including fall incidence, disability, hospitalisation, and mortality [2–4]. The prevalence of the geriatric syndrome with multimorbidity is about 10.4% [5]. The phenotype of geriatric syndrome includes frailty, sarcopenia, falls, weight loss, delirium, depression, dementia, urinary incontinence, oral problems, malnutrition, pressure ulcer, sexual dysfunction, visual loss, and functional impairment [1, 6, 7]. Management focusing on geriatric syndrome is effective in improving outcomes, but physicians often fail to recognise geriatric syndrome and appropriately perform therapeutic strategies [8, 9]. This implies that we can stop this vicious circle by the early identification of geriatric syndrome and prevention of further disability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral screening tools have been developed and validated in predicting frailty, depression, dementia, or sarcopenia [10–12]. However, each model only predicted certain parts of the geriatric syndrome. In clinical practice, comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is a multidimensional and multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment process that identifies geriatric syndrome in older adults [13]. Moreover, a brief assessment tool was specifically designed for geriatric syndromes identification in general practice for general practitioners in the previous study [14]. The brief assessment tool was constructed, based on simple validated tests to detect each of these geriatric syndromes [15]. Additionally, a previous study also tried to use online geriatric assessment in acutely hospitalised patients [16]. However, these assessment tools were not appropriate in community screening. To the best of our knowledge, there is no applicable multidimensional screening model that predicts geriatric syndrome. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop an applicable multidimensional screening model for community-dwelling older adults in predicting geriatric syndrome.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003eCommunity and participant enrolment\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo manage the health issues of the aging society in Taiwan [17], the Ministry of Taiwan supported the Taiwan Integration of Health and Welfare (TIHW) study to conduct a formal survey in 2017, which aimed to establish a screening strategy for geriatric syndrome in the community. First, of the 14 aging cities in Taiwan, 4 cities (Pingtung County, Tainan City, Changhua County, and Miaoli County) were selected from southern to northern part of Taiwan. Second, 7–14 communities in each city were selected, resulting in a total of 58 communities. Finally, the invitation (phone call and publicity leaflets) was sent to community-dwelling older adults (≧60 years) within the selected communities by the chief of the community. The participants were gathered in their local affiliated community centres for face-to-face interviews and assessments by trained investigators from Pingtung, Tainan, Changhua, or Miaoli Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eEthical approval and study protocol\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe protocol was approved by the Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai-Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital Institutional Review Board (Protocol Number: 17–030-B1; Approval Date: March 22, 2017). Before recruitment, all participants received a proper explanation about the study and provided informed consent for inclusion in the study. Participants who could read and write signed the written informed consents, and those who could not read and write impressed the name stamps or handprint with the assistance of their family members.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe evaluation in the TIHW study comprised multi-dimensional questionnaires, physical function tests, and blood examinations. The TIHW study questionnaire (Approved Case No. 1060400299) was approved by the Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan, and was considered as a formal survey in Taiwan. The questionnaire included the survey of socioeconomic status, healthy behaviours, medical history, the Instrumental Activities of Daily Livings (IADLs), Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ), and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). The physical function tests included the dominant handgrip strength test, timed up-and-go (TUG) test, 6-meter walk test (6MWT), and five-time sit-to-stand test (FTSST). The fasting glucose, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase tests were included in the blood examinations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eDefinition of geriatric syndrome and exclusion criteria\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGeriatric syndrome was defined by disability using IADLs, cognitive impairment using SPMSQ, depression using GDS or by receiving mild disability card. The mild disability card was given to patients with mild disability, such as mild cognitive impairment, low eye vision, or mild hearing impairment (auditory brainstem evoked response threshold between 55 and 69 dB) [18]. We considered that IADLs, SPMSQ, GDS, and disability card could integratedly evaluate cognitive impairment, baseline functional and sensory impairment, and impaired mobility of geriatric syndrome. We excluded participants with a history of cerebrovascular disease, aged \u0026lt; 60 years, and who received moderate to severe disability card.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe IADL scale is a valuable tool to evaluate older individuals with early-stage disease. In the current study, the IADL disability status was assessed with 5 activities from an IADL scale proposed by Lawton and Brody [19]. The sum of IADL score ≧3 was defined as IADL disability [20]. Cognitive function was measured using the nine-item SPMSQ with total scores ranging from 0 to 9 [21]. Participants with four or more errors were defined as having cognitive impairment [22]. Incident depression was considered to be present when the score of GDS–15 was greater than 5 [23].\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eQuestionnaires and physical function tests\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuestions related to socioeconomic status and medical history in the questionnaires aimed to collect data on participants’ educational level, marital status, living status, medical history (hypertension, diabetes, liver disease, hyperlipidaemia, and chronic kidney disease), and socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic status was self-reported and was not based on real personal income. Moreover, the evaluation of healthy behaviours included exercise habits, smoking, and alcohol and areca nut consumption. Additionally, questions such as ‘Do you have low interest in doing things for the past 2 weeks?’ and ‘Do you have depressive mood for the past 2 weeks?’ were also evaluated. We also documented whether participants could remember their personal information correctly, including age, address, and telephone number.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhysical performance was assessed through the dominant handgrip strength test, TUG test, 6MWT, and FTSST. Dominant handgrip strength was evaluated using a handheld dynamometry, and the result was expressed in kilogrammes (kg) [24]. The TUG test assesses transitional function, strength, agility, and dynamic balance [25]. In the TUG test, the participant was sitting with hands at starting position resting on the arms of the chair. The participants crossed the line, which was 3 m distant to the starting point, before turning around and walked back to sit down in the chair again. The participants were instructed to walk at their normal speed, and they performed one trial before they were timed. The timing of the TUG started when the participants’ back came off the back of the chair and stopped when their buttocks touched the seat of the chair again [25]. The FTSST assesses functional lower extremity strength, transitional movements, balance, and fall risk [26]. The 6MWT was recommended as a functional assessment tool that predicts sarcopenia and fall [11, 27]. The participants completed a six-meter walk measured in seconds at their normal walking speed. The study aimed to assess the validity and establish the cutoff values of the functional performance tests in predicting geriatric syndrome.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eStatistical analyses\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics were calculated for the demographic characteristics of the participants. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Youden’s index were used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and to determine the cutoff values for handgrip strength, TUG test, FTSST, and 6MWT in predicting geriatric syndrome [28]. Multivariate regression models were used to investigate the risk factors of geriatric syndrome among physical function tests, socioeconomic status, healthy behaviours, and medical history. Risk scores were selected by stepwise logistic regression, and the validity of the prediction model was established by ROC analysis. All these analyses were performed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 1449 participants were recruited in the TIHW study. We excluded 136 participants with a history of cerebrovascular disease, aged \u0026lt; 60 years, and who received moderate to severe disability card. Of the 1313 enrolled participants, 167 (12.7%) and 1146 (87.3%) were assigned to the geriatric syndrome group by our definition and the non-geriatric syndrome group, respectively. Participants in the geriatric syndrome group had older age, poorer educational level, higher rate of living with family (76.0% vs. 64.6%), lesser exercise habits (47.3% vs. 72.9%), more possibility to receive social assistance pension (10.8% vs. 3.4%), and higher rate of heart disease history than that of the non-geriatric syndrome group (Table 1). Moreover, participants in the geriatric syndrome group had a higher rate of depressive mood (14.4% vs. 1.4%), a lower interest in doing things (13.2% vs. 1.0%), and a poorer remembering of personal information (45.5% vs. 18.5%) than that of the non-geriatric syndrome group. Regarding physical function tests and blood examinations, the geriatric syndrome group had also poorer results in dominant handgrip strength test, 6MWT, TUG test, and FTSST and higher body mass index (BMI) (26.5±4.7 vs. 24.6±3.5 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) and lower eGFR (75.1±20.9 vs. 81.4±22.7 mL/min/1.73 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) compared to the non-geriatric syndrome group (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eCutoff values for physical function tests\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe developed the new cutoff values in predicting geriatric syndrome for dominant handgrip strength test, 6MWT, TUG test and FTSST. The dominant handgrip strength cutoff values were 27.3 kg (rea under the curve [AUC], 0.685) for men and 19.2 kg (AUC, 0.720) for women. The cutoff values of the 6MWT were 0.534 m/s (AUC, 0.754) for men and 0.465 m/s (AUC, 0.735) for women. Moreover, the cutoff values of the TUG test were 12.8 s (AUC, 0.609) for men and 11.0 s (AUC, 0.677) for women. Additionally, the cutoff values for the FTSST were 10.0 s (AUC, 0.573) for men and 10.4 s (AUC, 0.650) for women. According to the ROC analysis, the 6MWT had the largest AUC among the tests. The figures associated with the statistics and cutoff values for each test are shown in Figure 1 and 2. We applied our cutoff values for each test in the further risk evaluation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eRisk factors of geriatric syndrome\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 shows the adjusted odds ratio for each potential risk factor calculated by multivariate logistic regression. In a fully adjusted model, male, obesity, depressive mood for the past 2 weeks, poor remembering in personal information, absence of exercise habit, heart disease history, low handgrip strength, and abnormal 6MWT and TUG test were significantly associated with geriatric syndrome (Table 2). Living situation, marital status, age, self-reported economic status, educational level, and FTSST were not significantly associated with geriatric syndrome.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eDevelopment of the Taiwan Risk Scores for Geriatric Syndrome (TRSGS) model\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing stepwise logistic regression, 7 items were selected from the risk factors of geriatric syndrome, including ‘cannot report personal information’, ‘depressive mood for the past 2 weeks’, a history of heart disease, absence of labour activities, low handgrip strength, and abnormal 6MWT and TUG test. The weighting of each item was calculated by each adjusted odds ratio. Finally, the cutoff value of TRSGS model was 6 (AUC, 0.826; sensitivity, 77.2%; specificity, 75.5%) (Figure 3).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo the best of our knowledge, there is no easily applicable screening tool in predicting geriatric syndrome in the community. Most of the screening tools focus on specific problems such as sarcopenia, dementia, or frailty [29, 30]. The current study assessed the risk factors and developed a multidimensional risk model in predicting geriatric syndrome in community-dwelling older adults. We found out that TRSGS score ≧6 was significantly associated with geriatric syndrome, which comprised items to evaluate cognitive impairment, depressive disorder, baseline functional and sensory impairment, and impaired mobility in community-dwelling older adults. Therefore, the TRSGS can be used in predicting geriatric syndrome for community-dwelling older adults. Further cohort study will be designed to validate the predictors of geriatric syndrome and support the implementation of preventive strategies in community-dwelling older adults.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the previous studies, physical function tests were considered as indicators for sarcopenia or frailty [11]. For example, low handgrip strength was defined as \u0026lt;26 kg for men and \u0026lt;18 kg for women by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) in the screening of sarcopenia. The suggested cutoff values (\u0026lt;27.3 kg for men and \u0026lt;19.2 kg for women) in the current study were higher than that of the previous studies. Using the cutoff value suggested by the AWGS might decrease the sensitivity and increase the specificity because sarcopenia is only part of the geriatric syndrome (Figure 1A and 2A). Therefore, we established the new cutoff values for the physical function tests in predicting geriatric syndrome. The multiple physical function tests evaluated different parts of the mobility function. Finally, the discriminant abilities of the dominant handgrip strength test, 6MWT, and TUG test were associated with geriatric syndrome.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe incidence rate of depression in older adults was reported to be underestimated in a previous study [31]. The UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence recommended two screening questions such as ‘During the past month, have you often been bothered by feeling down, depressed, or hopeless?’ and ‘During the past month, have you often been bothered by having little interest or pleasure in doing things?’ for older adults for depression screening [32]. Therefore, two questions such as ‘Do you have low interest in doing things for the past 2 weeks?’ and ‘Do you have depressive mood for the past 2 weeks?’ were included in the annual free preventive health examination for older adults aged 65 years or older in Taiwan for depression screening. In the current study, both questions were proven to be significant risk factors associated with geriatric syndrome, where depression was a key component. Using stepwise logistic regression, the question ‘Do you have depressive mood for the past 2 weeks?’ was selected by the TRSGS model. Similarly, several developed cognitive screening tools to evaluate dementia in the community-dwelling older adults, such as the Ascertain Dementia 8-item Informant Questionnaire, were available [33]. We tried to use one screening item to evaluate cognitive function in the current study. We have proven that if participants could not report their personal information, they were significantly associated with geriatric syndrome in our study. We assumed that a simple item can be a good predictor for the screening of cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur study has some limitations. First, our study was a cross-sectional study that reported the association between risk factors and geriatric syndrome. The incidence of geriatric syndrome cannot be estimated. Second, although we recruited participants from 58 communities among 4 cities, the generalisation of the results in this study is still questionable. Third, the records of socioeconomic status, medical history, and healthy behaviours were self-reported and self-recalled, which may have bias. Finally, although we included several covariates associated with geriatric syndrome, there may be other potential confounders that were unavailable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eGeriatric syndrome is a complex health status associated with multiple domains and dimensions. Multimorbidity poses profound challenges to older adults, and it is important to immediately manage these risk factors [34]. Therefore, it is important to develop a multidimensional screening model for community-dwelling older adults in predicting geriatric syndrome. The current study determined the multiple risks factors of geriatric syndrome. Moreover, we developed the TRSGS model demonstrating a multidimensional prediction model with high sensitivity and specificity in community screening. The current study has provided valuable insights for further studies on the development of multidimensional screening models.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003e6MWT: 6-meter walk test; AUC: area under the curve; AWGS: Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia; CGA: Comprehensive geriatric assessment; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; FTSST: five-time sit-to-stand test; GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; IADLs: Instrumental Activities of Daily Livings; Kg: kilogrammes; OR: Odds ratio; ROC: receiver operating characteristic; SAS: Statistical Analysis System; SPMSQ: Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire; TIHW: Taiwan Integration Health and Welfare; TRSGS: Taiwan Risk Scores for Geriatric Syndrome; TUG: timed up-and-go\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study protocol was approved by the Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai-Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital Institutional Review Board. Before recruitment, all participants received a proper explanation about the study and provided informed consent for inclusion in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and analysed during the current study are not publicity available, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request with the permission of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan (Grant number: M06M2346). The study sponsor participated in the study design, but played no role in participant recruitment, data analysis, or paper preparation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor’s contributions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors approved the submitted version of the manuscript, and ensured the accuracy and integrity of this work. CJT and MCL initiated and designed the study. CYH, SCP and YHH contributed to data acquisition. CJT and YHY performed data analysis. CJT, TGT, YHY and MCL drafted the manuscript and substantively revised it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank our colleagues from Pingtung Hospital, Tainan Hospital, Changhua Hospital, and Miaoli Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, for their support in completing the survey. We also thank the statistical experts from Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003e1.Flacker JM: What is a geriatric syndrome anyway? \u003cem\u003eJ Am Geriatr Soc \u003c/em\u003e2003, 51(4):574–576.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.Inouye SK, Studenski S, Tinetti ME, Kuchel GA: Geriatric syndromes: clinical, research, and policy implications of a core geriatric concept. \u003cem\u003eJ Am Geriatr Soc \u003c/em\u003e2007, 55(5):780–791.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.Tinetti ME, Inouye SK, Gill TM, Doucette JT: Shared risk factors for falls, incontinence, and functional dependence. Unifying the approach to geriatric syndromes. \u003cem\u003eJama \u003c/em\u003e1995, 273(17):1348–1353.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.Wang SY, Shamliyan TA, Talley KM, Ramakrishnan R, Kane RL: Not just specific diseases: systematic review of the association of geriatric syndromes with hospitalization or nursing home admission. \u003cem\u003eArchives of gerontology and geriatrics \u003c/em\u003e2013, 57(1):16–26.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.Cheung JTK, Yu R, Wu Z, Wong SYS, Woo J: Geriatric syndromes, multimorbidity, and disability overlap and increase healthcare use among older Chinese. \u003cem\u003eBMC Geriatrics \u003c/em\u003e2018, 18(1):147.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G\u003cem\u003e et al:\u003c/em\u003e Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. \u003cem\u003eThe journals of gerontology Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences \u003c/em\u003e2001, 56(3):M146–156.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.Morley JE: The Importance of Geriatric Syndromes. \u003cem\u003eMo Med \u003c/em\u003e2017, 114(2):99–100.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.Stuck AE, Siu AL, Wieland GD, Adams J, Rubenstein LZ: Comprehensive geriatric assessment: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. \u003cem\u003eLancet \u003c/em\u003e1993, 342(8878):1032–1036.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.Ng TP, Feng L, Nyunt MS, Feng L, Niti M, Tan BY, Chan G, Khoo SA, Chan SM, Yap P\u003cem\u003e et al:\u003c/em\u003e Nutritional, Physical, Cognitive, and Combination Interventions and Frailty Reversal Among Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. \u003cem\u003eAm J Med \u003c/em\u003e2015, 128(11):1225–1236.e1221.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.Thompson MQ, Theou O, Tucker GR, Adams RJ, Visvanathan R: Recurrent Measurement of Frailty Is Important for Mortality Prediction: Findings from the North West Adelaide Health Study. \u003cem\u003eJ Am Geriatr Soc \u003c/em\u003e2019.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.Chen LK, Liu LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Bahyah KS, Chou MY, Chen LY, Hsu PS, Krairit O\u003cem\u003e et al:\u003c/em\u003e Sarcopenia in Asia: consensus report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the American Medical Directors Association \u003c/em\u003e2014, 15(2):95–101.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.Ishizaki T, Watanabe S, Suzuki T, Shibata H, Haga H: Predictors for functional decline among nondisabled older Japanese living in a community during a 3-year follow-up. \u003cem\u003eJ Am Geriatr Soc \u003c/em\u003e2000, 48(11):1424–1429.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.Pilotto A, Cella A, Pilotto A, Daragjati J, Veronese N, Musacchio C, Mello AM, Logroscino G, Padovani A, Prete C\u003cem\u003e et al:\u003c/em\u003e Three Decades of Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment: Evidence Coming From Different Healthcare Settings and Specific Clinical Conditions. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the American Medical Directors Association \u003c/em\u003e2017, 18(2):192.e191–192.e111.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.Senn N, Monod S: Development of a Comprehensive Approach for the Early Diagnosis of Geriatric Syndromes in General Practice. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in medicine \u003c/em\u003e2015, 2:78.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.Mueller YK, Monod S, Locatelli I, Büla C, Cornuz J, Senn N: Performance of a brief geriatric evaluation compared to a comprehensive geriatric assessment for detection of geriatric syndromes in family medicine: a prospective diagnostic study. \u003cem\u003eBMC Geriatrics \u003c/em\u003e2018, 18(1):72.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.Gray L, Dakin L, Counsell S, Edwards H, Wootton R, Martin-Khan M: ‘Online’ geriatric assessment procedure for older adults referred for geriatric assessment during an acute care episode for consideration of reliability of triage decisions. \u003cem\u003eBMC Geriatrics \u003c/em\u003e2012, 12(1):10.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.Lin Y-Y, Huang C-S: Aging in Taiwan: Building a Society for Active Aging and Aging in Place. \u003cem\u003eThe Gerontologist \u003c/em\u003e2015, 56(2):176–183.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.The regulation and management of disability card [\u003ca href=\"https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/DONAHC/cp-1032-5186-104.html\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/DONAHC/cp-1032-5186-104.html\"\u003ehttps://dep.mohw.gov.tw/DONAHC/cp–1032–5186–104.html\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/a\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.Lawton MP, Brody EM: Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. \u003cem\u003eThe Gerontologist \u003c/em\u003e1969, 9(3):179–186.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.Chiu CJ, Wray LA, Ofstedal MB: Diabetes-related change in physical disability from midlife to older adulthood: evidence from 1996–2003 Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan. \u003cem\u003eDiabetes Res Clin Pract \u003c/em\u003e2011, 91(3):413–423.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.Pfeiffer E: A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients. \u003cem\u003eJ Am Geriatr Soc \u003c/em\u003e1975, 23(10):433–441.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.Alley DE, Crimmins EM, Karlamangla A, Hu P, Seeman TE: Inflammation and rate of cognitive change in high-functioning older adults. \u003cem\u003eThe journals of gerontology Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences \u003c/em\u003e2008, 63(1):50–55.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.Peters R, Pinto E, Beckett N, Swift C, Potter J, McCormack T, Nunes M, Grimley-Evans J, Fletcher A, Bulpitt C: Association of depression with subsequent mortality, cardiovascular morbidity and incident dementia in people aged 80 and over and suffering from hypertension. Data from the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial (HYVET). \u003cem\u003eAge and Ageing \u003c/em\u003e2010, 39(4):439–445.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.Paul DJ, Nassis GP: Testing strength and power in soccer players: the application of conventional and traditional methods of assessment. \u003cem\u003eJ Strength Cond Res \u003c/em\u003e2015, 29(6):1748–1758.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.Nordin E, Lindelöf N, Rosendahl E, Jensen J, Lundin-olsson L: Prognostic validity of the Timed Up-and-Go test, a modified Get-Up-and-Go test, staff’s global judgement and fall history in evaluating fall risk in residential care facilities. \u003cem\u003eAge and Ageing \u003c/em\u003e2008, 37(4):442–448.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.Tap L, Boyé NDA, Hartholt KA, van der Cammen TJM, Mattace-Raso FUS: Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate with muscle function in older persons who have fallen. \u003cem\u003eAge and Ageing \u003c/em\u003e2017, 47(2):269–274.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.Tiedemann A, Shimada H, Sherrington C, Murray S, Lord S: The comparative ability of eight functional mobility tests for predicting falls in community-dwelling older people. \u003cem\u003eAge and Ageing \u003c/em\u003e2008, 37(4):430–435.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.Ruopp MD, Perkins NJ, Whitcomb BW, Schisterman EF: Youden Index and optimal cut-point estimated from observations affected by a lower limit of detection. \u003cem\u003eBiometrical journal Biometrische Zeitschrift \u003c/em\u003e2008, 50(3):419–430.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.Yamada M, Nishiguchi S, Fukutani N, Tanigawa T, Yukutake T, Kayama H, Aoyama T, Arai H: Prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling Japanese older adults. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the American Medical Directors Association \u003c/em\u003e2013, 14(12):911–915.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.Clegg A, Rogers L, Young J: 43DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY OF SIMPLE INSTRUMENTS FOR IDENTIFYING FRAILTY IN COMMUNITY DWELLING OLDER PEOPLE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. \u003cem\u003eAge and Ageing \u003c/em\u003e2014, 43(suppl_2):ii10-ii11.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.Weyerer S, Eifflaender-Gorfer S, Wiese B, Luppa M, Pentzek M, Bickel H, Bachmann C, Scherer M, Maier W, Riedel-Heller SG: Incidence and predictors of depression in non-demented primary care attenders aged 75 years and older: results from a 3-year follow-up study. \u003cem\u003eAge and Ageing \u003c/em\u003e2013, 42(2):173–180.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.Esiwe C, Baillon S, Rajkonwar A, Lindesay J, Lo N, Dennis M: Screening for depression in older adults on an acute medical ward: the validity of NICE guidance in using two questions. \u003cem\u003eAge and Ageing \u003c/em\u003e2015, 44(5):771–775.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.Mao H-F, Chang L-H, Tsai AY-J, Huang W-NW, Tang L-Y, Lee H-J, Sun Y, Chen T-F, Lin K-N, Wang P-N\u003cem\u003e et al:\u003c/em\u003e Diagnostic accuracy of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living for dementia in community-dwelling older adults. \u003cem\u003eAge and Ageing \u003c/em\u003e2018, 47(4):551–557.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34.Lawrence V: Independence and the pernicious threat of multimorbidity. \u003cem\u003eAge and Ageing \u003c/em\u003e2019, 48(4):472–473.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none; height: 3072px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 419.2px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; border-image: initial; border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eCharacteristics of the Participants (N=1313)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 109.6px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; border-image: initial; border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 100px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; border-image: initial; border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312.8px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; border-image: initial; border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 98px;\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 216px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; border-image: initial; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eGeriatric syndrome\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 100px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; border-image: initial; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; border-image: initial; border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eYes, n= 167\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 109.6px; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eNo, n= 1146\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 100px; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-left: none; border-image: initial; border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eP\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e-value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312.8px; border: none; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eAge\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92px; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e74.3\u0026plusmn;7.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 109.6px; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e71.8\u0026plusmn;6.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 100px; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eFemale, n (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e86 (51.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e629 (54.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 542.4px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eEducational level, n (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e0.002\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Uneducated\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e29 (17.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e142 (12.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Elementary school\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e81 (48.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e426 (37.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Junior high school\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e20 (12.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e162 (14.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Senior high school\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e19 (11.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e220 (19.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; College or above\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e18 (10.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e196 (17.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 542.4px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eMarital status, n (%) \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.81\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Married and cohabitant\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e25 (15.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e180 (15.7)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Single and divorced and widowed\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e142 (85.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e966 (84.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 542.4px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eLiving condition, n (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e0.004\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Living alone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e40 (24.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e405 (35.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Living with spouse\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e15 (9.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e131 (11.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Living with children\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e112 (67.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e610 (53.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 542.4px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eSelf-reported economic status, n (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; High-upper income\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e9 (5.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e33 (2.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Middle income\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e82 (49.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e458 (40.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Low income\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e76 (45.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e655 (57.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eSocial assistance pension, n (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e18 (10.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e39 (3.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 542.4px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eSmoking, n (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e0.56\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; No\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e160 (95.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e1080 (94.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1 pack per day (PPD)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e4 (2.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e47 (4.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'PMingLiU',serif; color: black;\"\u003e≧\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e1 PPD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e3 (1.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e19 (1.7)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 542.4px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eAlcohol consumption, n (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e0.005\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; No\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e152 (91.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e990 (86.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Social drinking\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e10 (6.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e145 (12.7)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Alcoholism\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e5 (3.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e11 (1.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eAreca nuts consumption, n (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e2 (1.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e15 (1.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.91\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 542.4px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eExercise habits, n (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; No\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e88 (52.7)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e310 (27.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Domestic labour, farming\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e71 (42.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e518 (45.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Exercise \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'PMingLiU',serif; color: black;\"\u003e≧\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e2.5 hrs/week\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e8 (4.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e318 (27.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 542.4px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eSelf-reported medical history, n (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eHypertension\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e78 (46.7)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e441 (85.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.04\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eDiabetes mellitus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e22 (13.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e169 (14.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.59\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eHeart disease\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e35 (21.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e101 (8.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eHyperlipidaemia\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e7 (4.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e58 (5.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.63\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eChronic kidney disease\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e3 (1.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e15 (1.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.61\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eDepressive mood for the past 2 weeks, n (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e24 (14.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e16 (1.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 71px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 71px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eLow interest of doing things for the past 2 weeks, n (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 71px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e22 (13.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 71px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e11 (1.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 71px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eCannot remember personal information, n (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e76 (45.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e212 (18.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eDominant handgrip strength, kg (n=1305)\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e22.2\u0026plusmn;8.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e26.8\u0026plusmn;10.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e6-meter walk test, m/s (n=1160)\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.45\u0026plusmn;0.18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.62\u0026plusmn;0.23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eFive-time sit-to-stand test, sec (n=1290)\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e12.2\u0026plusmn;6.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e10.2\u0026plusmn;18.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.01\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eTimed up-and-go test, sec (n=1293)\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e13.4\u0026plusmn;8.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e10.1\u0026plusmn;3.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 542.4px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003ePhysical and blood examinations (n=973)\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 54px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; BMI, kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e26.5\u0026plusmn;4.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e24.6\u0026plusmn;3.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.005\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Fasting glucose level, mg/dL\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e107.3\u0026plusmn;34.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e102.7\u0026plusmn;25.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Aspartate aminotransferase, IU/L\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e24.4\u0026plusmn;8.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e25.4\u0026plusmn;11.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Alanine aminotransferase, IU/L\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e22.2\u0026plusmn;11.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e23.2\u0026plusmn;15.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e110.6\u0026plusmn;29.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e116.1\u0026plusmn;33.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e54.5\u0026plusmn;16.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e57.7\u0026plusmn;16.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; T\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eriglyceride\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e, mg/dL\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e121.8\u0026plusmn;68.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e116.7\u0026plusmn;73.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.62\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 312px; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 91.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e75.1\u0026plusmn;20.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 108.8px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e81.4\u0026plusmn;22.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 99.2px; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 53px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.047\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 130px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 543.2px; border-right: none; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-image: initial; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 130px;\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eValues are given as mean \u0026plusmn; standard deviation, not no. (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eT-test,\u003cem\u003e p \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05; \u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003eChi-square test, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black;\"\u003eBMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 100px; border-right: none; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-image: initial; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; background: white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; height: 130px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none;\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 415.6pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"554\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eTable 2 \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eMultivariate logistic regression model in predicting geriatric syndrome\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eVariables\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eAdjusted OR (95% CI)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003ep\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e-value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eMale\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e1.74 (1.11\u0026ndash;2.74)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.02\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eAge (65\u0026lt;age\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'PMingLiU',serif;\"\u003e≦\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e70)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.96 (0.52\u0026ndash;1.75)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.89\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eAge (70\u0026lt;age\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'PMingLiU',serif;\"\u003e≦\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e75)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e1.31 (0.71\u0026ndash;2.42)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eAge (75\u0026lt;age)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e1.73 (0.99\u0026ndash;3.01)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.06\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eEducational level (elementary school or below)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.93 (0.53\u0026ndash;1.64)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.80\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eSingle, divorced, or widowed\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.76 (0.41\u0026ndash;1.42)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eLiving alone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.72 (0.34\u0026ndash;1.55)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eSelf-reported low income\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e1.07 (0.37\u0026ndash;3.11)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.90\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eSocial assistance pension\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e1.52 (0.66\u0026ndash;3.50)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eObesity \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e(BMI\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'PMingLiU',serif;\"\u003e≧\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e27 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e2.62 (1.18\u0026ndash;5.81)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.02\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eOverweight \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e(24\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'PMingLiU',serif;\"\u003e≦\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eBMI\u0026lt;27 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e1.17 (0.50\u0026ndash;2.72)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.72\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eUnderweight \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e(BMI\u0026lt;18.5 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.88 (0.10\u0026ndash;7.57)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.91\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eSmoking\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.56 (0.20\u0026ndash;1.60)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eAlcohol consumption\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.62 (0.29\u0026ndash;1.29)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eAreca nut consumption\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e3.24 (0.59\u0026ndash;17.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eDepressed mood for the past 2 weeks\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e3.78 (1.06\u0026ndash;13.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.04\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eLow interest in doing things for the past 2 weeks\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e3.31 (0.81\u0026ndash;13.6)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eCannot remember personal information\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e2.80 (1.82\u0026ndash;4.31)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eAbsence of exercise habit\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e1.59 (1.06\u0026ndash;2.40)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.03\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eDomestic labour or farming\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.23 (0.10\u0026ndash;0.52)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 415.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"554\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eSelf-reported medical history\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eHeart disease\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e2.47 (1.41\u0026ndash;4.33)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.002\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eHypertension\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e1.30 (0.86\u0026ndash;1.96)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eDiabetes mellitus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.60 (0.33\u0026ndash;1.11)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eChronic kidney disease\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.92 (0.23\u0026ndash;3.67)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.91\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eHyperlipidaemia\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.60 (0.20\u0026ndash;1.76)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eLow handgrip strength\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e2.54 (1.66\u0026ndash;3.88)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 415.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"554\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eAbnormal lower extremity function tests\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e6MWT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e2.55 (1.63\u0026ndash;3.98)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; TUG test\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e2.11 (1.30\u0026ndash;3.43)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.003\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.15in; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"302\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; FTSST\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.6pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"170\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.99 (0.95\u0026ndash;1.03)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .85in; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"82\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e0.51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 6.95pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 415.6pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 6.95pt;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"554\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e6MWT, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e6-meter walk test;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; TUG test, t\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eimed up-and-go test\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003eMultivariate logistic regression, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value \u0026lt; 0.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Geriatric syndrome, prediction model, risk factors, multidimensional","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.2.15998/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.15998/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBackground: Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is a multidimensional and multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment process that identifies geriatric syndrome in older adults. However, CGA program is not appropriate in community screening. To the best of our knowledge, there is no applicable multidimensional screening model to evaluate geriatric syndrome in community-dwelling older adults. This study aimed to identify the risk factors of geriatric syndrome among physical function tests, socioeconomic status, medical history, and healthy behaviours in community-dwelling older adults and develop a multidimensional prediction model for community screening.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethods: A total of 1313 community-dwelling older adults aged 60 years or above were recruited from 58 communities in four aging cities in Taiwan. Geriatric syndrome was defined by disability using Instrumental Activities of Daily Livings, cognitive impairment using Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, depression using Geriatric Depression Scale, or by receiving mild disability card. The cutoff values of the physical function tests were calculated using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the risk factors of geriatric syndrome, and the risk model was developed using stepwise logistic regression.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults: We developed the new cutoff values in predicting geriatric syndrome for dominant handgrip strength test, 6-meter walk, and timed up-and-go tests, which were significantly associated with geriatric syndrome. Moreover, male sex, obesity, absence of labour activities, and participants who cannot report personal information, had depressive mood for the past 2 weeks, and a history of heart disease were associated with geriatric syndrome. Finally, we developed Taiwan Risk Scores for Geriatric Syndrome (TRSGS) with the cutoff value of 6 (sensitivity, 77.2%; specificity, 75.5%).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConclusions: Most of the screening tools focus on specific problems such as sarcopenia, dementia, or frailty. The TRSGS model demonstrated a multidimensional prediction model, which could be applied in community screening for geriatric syndrome. Management of risk factors to prevent geriatric syndrome in the community is important.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The development of multidimensional screening model of geriatric syndrome for community-dwelling older adults: results of the Taiwan Integration Health and Welfare (TIHW) Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2019-10-14 21:52:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.15998/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d7ca5c0a-2b9b-490d-b3ec-2f0eebcaac69","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 14th, 2019","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":31701,"name":"Geriatrics \u0026 Gerontology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2019-10-14 21:52:05","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6653","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"identity":"rs-6653","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"cBFmMYwuxLRRLfASyISRj","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}