Retrosplenial cortex vulnerability links severe hypoglycemia to cognitive impairment through neuron–microglia crosstalk

Severe hypoglycemia remains a serious adverse effect of insulin therapy in individuals with diabetes and is linked to cognitive decline, yet the mechanisms by which transient metabolic stress leads to persistent neuronal dysfunction remain poorly defined. Using mouse models of acute severe hypoglycemia and integrated screening, we identified the retrosplenial cortex as a previously unrecognized brain region that is particularly vulnerable to hypoglycemia-induced neuronal damage. This injury is driven by a feedforward interaction between neuron-specific Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission and microglial IL-1 signaling, as pharmacological or genetic targeting of either pathway suppressed the other, rescued neuronal damage, and reversed cognitive impairment. These findings identify a region-specific neuron-microglia injury circuit that links severe hypoglycemia to cognitive dysfunction and suggest a therapeutic strategy to protect brain function without compromising diabetes management.