Prevalence and associated factors of Needle Stick and sharp Injuries Among health care workers ın a teiıtiary care hospıtal Mogadishu, Somalia

Prevalence and associated factors of Needle Stick and sharp Injuries Among health care workers ın a teiıtiary care hospıtal Mogadishu, Somalia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Prevalence and associated factors of Needle Stick and sharp Injuries Among health care workers ın a teiıtiary care hospıtal Mogadishu, Somalia Suad abdikarim isse, Ahmet DOĞAN, Ali kutta Çelik, Tigad Abdisad Ali, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5557321/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Needle sticking and sharps injuries (NSSIs) are significant occupational hazards for healthcare workers (HCWs), contributing to the transmission of blood-borne pathogens such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV. However, the prevalence and associated risk factors for NSSIs, particularly in low-resource settings, remain underexplored. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 334 healthcare workers in a tertiary care hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia, in which questionnaires were used to assess injury occurrence, demographic data, and safety practices. Results The majority (72.4%) were aged between 26 and 40 years, with males accounting for 55.6% of the study population. A significant proportion (59.5%) reported being single. Nurses and midwives constituted the largest professional category, representing 33.6% of the participants. Notably, 72.7% of the respondents reported working night shifts. With respect to educational qualifications, 64.6% held a bachelor’s degree, and 50% had between 6 and 10 years of professional experience. Conclusion This study highlights the alarming prevalence of NSSIs among healthcare workers in Somalia, emphasizing the occupational risks faced by nurses, followed by doctors. These findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced safety protocols, training, and awareness campaigns to mitigate these injuries and protect healthcare workers from blood-borne infections. prevalence Needle sticking injuries healthcare workers infection prevention associated factors Mogadishu Somalia Figures Figure 1 1. Introduction Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at significant risk of occupational injuries from contaminated needles and sharps objects, which can lead to the transmission of life-threatening blood-borne pathogens such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These injuries often occur during common medical procedures such as patient screening, treatment, and the disposal of needles and sharp materials. In addition to physical injuries, HCWs who suffer needle stick and sharp injuries (NSSIs) may also experience significant psychological consequences, including depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety disorders, due to the fear of transmitting these infections to themselves or others (1). NSSI is a major occupational hazard worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that approximately 3 to 6 billion injections are administered annually, with approximately two-thirds (62.9%) classified as unsafe (2). The use of glass syringes has been consistently linked to increased risks of needle stick injuries (3). These injuries pose a risk of transmitting more than 20 types of blood-borne pathogens, including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV, which can result in significant morbidity and mortality (4). The WHO reports that approximately 3 million HCWs are at risk of exposure to blood-borne viruses each year, with 90% of these exposures occurring in low-resource settings (5). Healthcare workers in developing countries are particularly vulnerable. In regions such as Africa and Asia, the prevalence of NSSIs is alarmingly high, with HCWs experiencing two to four injuries per year on average. This increased risk is partly due to the higher rates of infectious diseases among hospitalized patients and the lack of sufficient standard precautions (6, 7). In addition, the absence of comprehensive immunization programs, particularly for hepatitis B, and inadequate training on proper disposal practices exacerbate this problem (8). In sub-Saharan Africa, where the burden of infectious diseases is high, studies indicate that nearly half of hepatitis B and C infections among healthcare workers can be traced to contaminated sharps (9). Unfortunately, there has been minimal awareness among hospital administrators and HCWs regarding the risks of NSSIs, which could significantly reduce infection rates if addressed through better safety practices and awareness campaigns (10). Although more than 80% of NSSIs are preventable by following standard infection control practices, these injuries continue to increase in many settings (11). This increase is attributed to noncompliance with safety protocols, improper handling, and the disposal of needles and sharp objects (12). Training, better adherence to safety guidelines, and improved hospital waste management systems are essential to reduce these injuries and protect HCWs. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors for NSSIs among healthcare workers at a tertiary care hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia. By understanding the demographic and occupational characteristics of affected workers, this study aims to contribute to the development of targeted interventions that can reduce the risk of these injuries in similar low-resource settings. 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Overview This study employs a quantitative methodological approach to investigate the prevalence of needle stick injuries (NSIs) among healthcare providers at Mogadishu-Somalia-Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital. Data were collected via structured questionnaires designed to gather information on the incidence of NSIs, demographic characteristics, and associated risk factors. 2.2. Target Population The target population for a study on the prevalence and associated factors of needle stick and sharps injuries (NSSIs) among healthcare workers (HCWs) in a tertiary care hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia, would be healthcare workers who are employed at the hospital and are at risk of encountering needle stick or sharp injuries during their daily work. 2.3. Variables The dependent variable in this study was the prevalence of needle sticking and sharp injuries (NSSIs). The independent variables included demographic and work-related factors such as age, sex, job category, level of education, work experience, and the presence of health safety training. Additionally, factors such as weekly working hours, the availability of sharps disposal containers, departmental assignments, the occurrence of night shifts, and workload practices (e.g., needle recapping) were considered. Other independent variables included awareness of disease transmission via sharp injuries, injury reporting patterns, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). 2.4. Research Design This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design with quantitative research methods for data collection and analysis. When conducted at a single point in time, the design enables the efficient collection of a large amount of data over a short period. By focusing on the relationships among the variables under investigation, this approach provides valuable insights into patterns and associations, although it does not allow conclusions about causality to be drawn. 2.5 . Sample size and sampling procedures The sample size was determined on the basis of a 5% margin of error and a 95% confidence interval , with an assumed 50% response distribution , which is the most conservative estimate when the exact prevalence is unknown. On the basis of these parameters, the initial calculation resulted in a required sample size of 334 participants . 2.6. Data collection procedures: Data for this study on needle sticking and sharps injuries (NSIs) among healthcare workers in a tertiary care hospital in Mogadishu were collected through a cross-sectional survey via a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire aimed to capture detailed information on injury frequency, demographics, and safety practices. It was designed to assess key areas such as the types and occurrence of NSIs, healthcare workers' demographic characteristics (e.g., age, gender, job role, experience), knowledge of safety protocols, and attitudes toward safety practices. The instrument was developed to be clear, simple, and culturally appropriate, ensuring the accuracy and relevance of the responses.. 2.7. Statistical analysis Data analysis was performed via SPSS version 23.0 (IBM, New York, USA). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the demographic and occupational characteristics of healthcare workers, as well as the prevalence of needle stick injuries and sharp injuries (NSIs), with the results presented as counts and percentages. The chi-square test was applied to examine relationships between categorical variables, and Fisher's exact test was used when expected cell frequencies were less than 5. The Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparisons to control Type I errors, adjusting the significance level to reduce the risk of false positives. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. 2.8. Ethical Approval The study was conducted with approval from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Mogadishu Somalia Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital (Approval no: 17693). Prior to data collection, written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Participation was voluntary, and only those who provided consent were included in the study. Healthcare workers who were absent or unwell during the data collection period were excluded from participation. Once informed consent was obtained, the participants were given the questionnaires to complete independently. The process ensured that participants could respond to the survey at their own pace and without any external pressure, further upholding ethical standards for research. 3. Results 3.1. Sociodemographic characteristics The study sample comprised 334 healthcare workers. The majority (72.4%) were between the ages of 26 and 40 years, with 55.6% identified as male. Most participants (59.5%) were single. Nurses and midwives represented the largest professional group (33.6%). With respect to educational background, 64.6% held a bachelor's degree, and half of the participants (50%) had 6--10 years of experience. A high proportion (72.7%) worked night shifts, and 76% of healthcare workers reported working fewer than 40 hours per week. Additionally, 56% of the patients cared for fewer than 10 patients. 3.2 Infection Control and Safety Practices A significant number of healthcare workers (68%) reported receiving training in infection control precautions. With respect to safety measures, 60% of the respondents had access to a waste container at all times, and 83% used safety boxes for disposing of sharps. Despite these measures, only 42% practiced regular safety protocols, while 73% reported having established safety protocols in their departments. A considerable proportion of respondents (65%) had received the hepatitis B vaccine, and 65.5% were vaccinated for tetanus. 3.3 Needle sticking and sharp injuries (NSSIs) A total of 73% of the respondents reported a history of needle stick injuries. Among these, 46% had experienced more than one injury. The severity of the injuries was predominantly moderate (59.5%), with 17.7% classified as severe. The most common instruments involved in these injuries were blood sugar lancets (23.1%), disposable needles (18.3%), and sutures (18.3%). The majority of injuries (33%) occurred during patient treatment procedures. (Table 1). 3.4 Reporting and Awareness of Injuries While a significant proportion (65%) of healthcare workers reported their injuries, many did not, primarily because of self-reports (self-treatment of the injuries). Awareness of needle stick injuries was relatively high, with 75% of respondents acknowledging their existence and risks. Despite this, many workers do not fully recognize the potential transmission risks, such as the belief that malaria is not transmitted by needle injury. 3.5 Factors affecting injury frequency and severity The frequency and severity of NSSIs are significantly correlated with various factors. Age, marital status, department, educational level, and the number of patients cared for were associated with the likelihood of sustaining an injury. Moreover, receiving infection control training and having access to waste containers were also correlated with higher injury rates. The presence of safety protocols was linked to an increased frequency of injury, suggesting that while safety measures were in place, they were not always followed or effective in reducing injuries. A significant correlation was also found between the use of protective equipment and the risk of needle stick injuries. (Table 2). 3.6 Gender and Departmental Differences Male healthcare workers were found to be at a greater risk of experiencing NSSIs, with 55.6% of male respondents reporting at least one injury. Department-specific differences were also observed, with the medical department having the highest degree of participation (21.6%). Nurses and midwives were the most frequently injured group, but physicians, particularly those in specialties involving the frequent use of sharp instruments, also reported high injury rates. The frequency of needle stick injuries was notably higher among those working in departments with high patient turnover rates or emergency care settings. (Graph 1). 4. Discussion Needle stick and sharps injuries (NSSIs) remain a significant concern among healthcare workers (HCWs), including physicians, nurses, and other staff. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 2 million occupational exposures to bloodborne pathogens occur annually among the 35 million HCWs worldwide, posing risks for serious infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV (18). Our study revealed a 73% prevalence rate of NSSIs, which is lower than the rates reported in Ethiopia (19), South Korea (20), and Iran, where a meta-analysis highlighted a higher prevalence among Iranian HCWs (21). These variations may reflect differences in healthcare infrastructure, safety protocols, and regional awareness.Nurses are commonly identified as the highest-risk group for NSSIs because of their frequent direct contact with patients and use of sharp instruments, especially hollow-bore needles (12,13,14,15,16). However, our study also revealed that doctors, particularly those in specialties such as surgery, radiology, and anesthesia, reported a substantial proportion of injuries (29.4%), suggesting that certain medical practices or specialties may carry additional risks. Several studies have similarly reported higher injury rates among doctors than among other HCWs (22,23,24).Among the respondents in our study, 46% reported multiple needle stick injuries, indicating the recurring nature of this issue. The majority of injuries were classified as moderate (59.5%), with 17.7% being severe. This is in contrast to a study in Mogadishu, where only 8.6% of HCWs reported NSSIs (25). The higher prevalence in our study may reflect improvements in reporting, changes in work practices, or gaps in safety measures.Interestingly, male HCWs (55.6%) experienced more NSSIs than females did, which is consistent with studies indicating that men may be exposed to higher-risk tasks (26). The age group most affected by NSSIs in our study was 26–40 years, which is in line with previous global studies (22,26). The most common instruments involved were blood sugar lancets (23.1%), followed by disposable needles (18.3%) and sutures (18.3%). This differs from studies where injection syringes were most frequently used (27).With respect to vaccination, 60% of the HCWs in our study reported receiving the hepatitis B vaccine, and 65.5% had received the tetanus vaccine. However, despite the importance of these vaccines, access and awareness remain barriers in many settings. In our study, vaccination coverage was not universal, underscoring the need for stronger vaccination policies and awareness campaigns, particularly in resource-limited areas. 4.1. Study limitations This study has several limitations that should be considered when interpreting the results. First, the cross-sectional design restricts the ability to establish causal relationships, as it captures data at a single point in time and does not allow for the assessment of temporal associations between risk factors and needle stick and sharps injuries (NSSIs). Second, the reliance on self-reported data introduces the potential for recall bias, where participants may either underreport or misreport their experiences with injuries or safety practices. These factors may affect the accuracy of the findings and limit the generalizability of the results. 5. Conclusion Needle stick and sharps injuries (NSSIs) remain a significant occupational hazard for healthcare workers (HCWs), with a prevalence rate of 73% observed in our study. This underscores the ongoing risks faced by HCWs, particularly nurses and doctors in specialties with frequent exposure to needles and sharp instruments. The high recurrence rate of injuries and the predominance of moderate to severe incidents emphasize the need for continuous improvements in safety measures. Our study highlights the critical importance of vaccination, with a notable portion of HCWs still lacking full coverage, further stressing the need for comprehensive vaccination policies and awareness programs. The higher prevalence among male HCWs and those in the 26–40 years age group suggests specific demographic trends that require targeted interventions. To mitigate the risks of NSSIs, healthcare institutions must prioritize the implementation of robust safety protocols, including the provision of personal protective equipment (PPE), safe needle disposal systems, and ongoing training on infection control practices. Strengthening these measures and ensuring timely access to vaccinations will be essential in safeguarding the health and well-being of HCWs. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study received ethical approval from [Mogadishu Somalia Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital (Approval no: 17693). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participation was entirely voluntary, and only those who provided consent were included in the study. Healthcare workers who were absent or unwell during the data collection period were excluded. Participants were given the questionnaires to complete independently, ensuring they could respond at their own pace and without external pressure, thereby upholding ethical research standards.. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies. Authors' contributions All authors made significant contributions to this study. They were involved in data collection, data analysis, and manuscript writing. Additionally, they collaborated on the preparation and review of the manuscript for submission. Each author has read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Acknowledgements We sincerely thank the participants of this study for their valuable time and effort in completing the questionnaires. We also extend our gratitude to the Mogadishu Somalia Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital for their support and cooperation throughout the research process. References Bouya S, Balouchi A, Rafiemanesh H, et al. Global prevalence and device related causes of needlestick injuries among health care workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Glob Health. 2020;86(1):35. doi:10.5334/aogh.2698 Kakizaki M, Ikeda N, Ali M, Enkhtuya B, Tsolmon M, Shibuya K, et al. Needlestick and sharps injuries among health care workers at public tertiary hospitals in an urban community in Mongolia. BMC Res Notes. 2011;4:184. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-184. Kermode M, Muani V. Injection practices in the formal and informal healthcare sectors in rural north India. Indian J Med Res 2006; 124 : 513-20. 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Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2020;20(1):e54–e62. doi:10.18295/squmj.2020.20.01.008 Maryam Amini, Mohammad Javad Behzadnia, Fatemeh Saboori, Mohammadkarim Bahadori,, and Ramin RavangardNeedle-Stick Injuries Among Healthcare Workers in a Teaching Hospital, Accepted 2014 June 1. doi: 10.5812/traumamon.18829 Tables Table 1. socio-demographic Characteristics Parameters N % Age 40 79 241 13 23.7 72.4 3.9 Gender Male Female 185 148 55.6 44.4 Maritalstatus Married Single 135 198 40.5 59.5 Profession Nurse/midwife Doctor Radiology tech Anestezi tech Student/trainer Cleaner 112 98 15 15 49 44 33.6 29.4 4.5 4.5 14.7 13.2 Education Diploma Bachelors degree Masters None 24 215 55 39 7.2 64.6 16.5 11.7 Experience 10 10 42.9 49.5 7.5 Nightshift Yes No 242 91 72.7 27.3 Workingperweek Upto 40hours More than 40hours 256 77 76.9 23.1 Numberofpatiendsday Less than 10 patients More than 10 patients 189 144 56.8 43.2 IPCtraining Yes No 228 105 68.5 31.5 Wastadisposalcontainers All the time Sometimes Not available 201 120 12 60.4 36 3.6 Recappingpractise Always Sometimes Never 139 142 52 41.7 42.6 15.6 Safetyprotcols Yes No 244 89 73.3 26.7 HBVvaccine Yes No 201 132 60.4 39.6 Metodsharpdisposobal Using safety box Not using safety box 276 57 82.9 17.1 Locationsharpcontainer With in each procedure room On the dressing troley In every patient wards None 65 145 119 4 19.5 43.5 35.7 1.2 Historyneedlestick Yes No Maybe 243 85 5 73 25.5 1.5 Continued from Table 1... Freguency of injury One time Two time Three or more 119 155 59 35.7 46.5 17.7 Degree of injury Severe Moderate Superficial 59 198 76 17.7 59.5 22.8 Typesharp Sutures Blood sugar lancet Blood collection needle Scalpel iv cannule Disposable needles Other 61 77 46 25 61 56 7 18.3 23.1 13.8 7.5 18.3 16.8 2.1 When injury occured During sutures Durin patient care During cannulization During blood withdrawal During waste disposal While changing bedsheets 95 113 33 28 32 32 28.5 33.9 9.9 8.4 9.6 9.6 Afraidaboutinjury Yes No 287 46 86.2 13.8 NSI avoidable Yes No 203 130 61 39 Tetanusvaccine Yes No 218 115 65.5 34.5 Risk of NSI Severe Moderate Low 113 182 38 33.9 54.7 11.4 Diseaseno trans NSI HIV HBV HCV Malaria No idea 15 18 3 265 32 4.5 5.4 0.9 79.6 9.6 Report concerndepartmentinjury Yes No 219 114 65.8 34.2 Ifno, reasonsfor not reporting I reported Though not important Patient was low risk Forgetfulnes 158 63 52 60 47.4 18.9 15.6 18 NSI awareness Yes No 250 83 75.1 24.9 Table2.Evaluation of the Relationship Between Parametersand NSI History of NSI (Yes, N=243) p-value Gender Male=146, female=97 0.004 Profession Nurse=78, doctor=65, Radiology=14, anestezi=10, student=34, cleaner=42 0.042 Number of patientscared <10 patients=121, ≥10 patienst=122 <0.001 Receiving ICP training Yes=156, no=87 0.008 Wastecontainer (+) All the time=136, sometimes=100, not avalable=7 0.014 Repetitionpractice Always=92, sometimes=107, never=44 0.05 Safetyprotocol Yes=166, no=77 0.002 Location of wastecontainer All rooms=38, on the dressing troley=117, all wards=86, none=2 0.017 Frequency of NSI (Two time, N=155) Age 40=6 0.007 Maritalstatus Married=54, single=101 0.010 Profession Nurse=37, doctor=45, Radiology=12, anestezi=6, student=29, cleaner=26 0.002 Education Diploma=10, bachelors degree=114, masters=18, none=13 0.010 Department ICU=21, mediacal=46, surgery=22, maternity ward=11, pediatric=20, emergency=24, operation theatre=4, dialiys=4, radiology=2, blood withdrawal=1 <0.001 Number of patientscared <10 patients=57, ≥10 patienst=98 <0.001 Receiving ICP training Yes=66, no=89 <0.001 Wastecontainer(+) All the time=61, sometimes=91, not avalable=3 <0.001 Safetyprotocol Yes=73, no=82 <0.001 Disposalmethod using safety box=142, not using safety box=13 <0.001 Location of wastecontainer All rooms=22, on the dressing troley=86, all wards=47, none=0 <0.001 Use of PPE Yes=129, no=26 0.046 NSI awareness Yes=107, no=48 0.038 Degree of injury(moderate, N=198) Profession Nurse=72, doctor=58, Radiology=5, anestezi=8, student=27, cleaner=28 0.05 Education Diploma=17, bachelors degree=108, masters=38, none=35 <0.001 Department ICU=38, mediacal=37, surgery=31, maternity ward=17, pediatric=21, emergency=12, operation theatre=11, dialiys=11, radiology=9, blood withdrawal=7, others=4 0.010 Number of patientscared <10 patients=128, ≥10 patienst=70 0.001 Use of PPE Yes=156, no=42 <0.001 Wastecontainer (+) All the time=136, sometimes=50, not avalable=12 <0.001 Safetyprotocol Yes=171, no=27 <0.001 Disposalmethod using safety box=158, not using safety box=40 0.025 Continued from Table 2... Type of instrument causing the injury (blood sugar lancet, N=77) Gender Male=35, female=42 0.026 Department ICU=10, mediacal=17, surgery=11, maternity ward=6, pediatric=11, emergency=8, operation theatre=2, dialiys=6, radiology=4, blood withdrawal=1, others=1 <0.001 Number of patientscared <10 patients=51, ≥10 patienst=26 <0.001 Receiving ICP training Yes=58, no=19 <0.001 Wastecontainer(+) All the time=55, sometimes=20, not avalable=2 <0.001 Safetyprotocol Yes=63, no=14 <0.001 Fear of NSI (Yes, N=287) Department ICU=51, mediacal=66, surgery=46, maternity ward=21, pediatric=33, emergency=25, operation theatre=14, dialiys=13, radiology=10, blood withdrawal=4, others=4 0.016 Frequency of injury One time=109, two time=123, three or more=55 0.003 Awarenessof NSI(Yes, N=250) Education Diploma=16, bachelors degree=153, masters=42, none=39 <0.001 Department ICU=45, mediacal=59, surgery=34, maternity ward=18, pediatric=33, emergency=18, operation theatre=11, dialiys=13, radiology=10, blood withdrawal=2, others=7 0.049 Number of patientscared <10 patients=154, ≥10 patienst=96 0.002 Receiving ICP training Yes=181, no=69 0.009 Repetitionpractice Always=111, sometimes=95, never=44 0.010 Safetyprotocol Yes=196, no=54 <0.001 Frequency of injury One time=93, two time=107, three or more=50 0.038 NSI is preventable Yes=164, no=86 0.003 Thedisease not transmittedby NSI HIV=13, HBV=12, HCV=0, Malaria=205, no idea=20 0.007 Reasonfor not reportinginjury I reported=129, though not important=47, patient was low risk=34, forgetfulnes=40 0.034 Risk of NSI (Moderate, N=182) Use of PPE Yes=154, no=28 0.003 Education Diploma=12, bachelors degree=120, masters=39, none=11 0.003 Department ICU=30, mediacal=37, surgery=33, maternity ward=21, pediatric=21, emergency=20, operation theatre=7, dialiys=6, radiology=4, blood withdrawal=3, others=0 0.001 Weeklyworkinghours upto 40 hours=130, more than 40hours=52 0.024 Nightshift Yes=122, no=60 0.043 Repetitionpractice Always=67, sometimes=88, never=27 0.017 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5557321","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":386190943,"identity":"b0c8e67e-ea75-4421-b9d4-cad7a02b309e","order_by":0,"name":"Suad abdikarim isse","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABDElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACCcYGZh4JIOMAQ4WNHEjkwAPitZxJMwZrSSBCCwNICwNj2+HEBhADnxb5GckPb/zcYS0j2X724aEbZw6nzw87/BBoi52cbgN2LQY30owte8+k80jzpBsczqlIz914O80AqCXZ2OwADi0SCWYSvG2HeeQY0hgO55yxzt04OwGk5UDiNhxa5Gekf5P8C9LC/4zhcG4bc7rh7PQPeLUw3MgxkwbZIi2RBtLinCAvnYPfFoMzb4qtZYF+kZzxDOSwNMMN0jkFBxIMcPtFvj194823O6ztJc6nMX/OqbCRl5+dvvnDhwo7OVxasNgLVmlArHKwvQ2kqB4Fo2AUjIKRAAArQWWGVuuW2AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Mogadishu-Somalia-Turkiye Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Suad","middleName":"abdikarim","lastName":"isse","suffix":""},{"id":386190944,"identity":"b6deed49-6063-4b33-b692-a7d4dd3af907","order_by":1,"name":"Ahmet DOĞAN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Abant İzzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Bolu, 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Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lıban","middleName":"Ade","lastName":"Hussein","suffix":""},{"id":386190951,"identity":"2ca3b40a-f51a-4931-b865-595c591882d0","order_by":8,"name":"Fatima Nor Adam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mogadishu-Somalia-Turkiye Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fatima","middleName":"Nor","lastName":"Adam","suffix":""},{"id":386190952,"identity":"49964293-c8e8-4e6a-ab79-c4020e97dda1","order_by":9,"name":"Mucahit TÜRKAN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mogadishu-Somalia-Turkiye Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mucahit","middleName":"","lastName":"TÜRKAN","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-12-01 07:53:04","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5557321/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5557321/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":73867944,"identity":"3f93f5cc-ae48-4857-b45e-9032af4beb42","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-15 12:02:56","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":67812,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"FIGURENISS.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5557321/v1/82f7c9f4c3180cc9070ccf0f.png"},{"id":78889427,"identity":"0e7ef221-2337-4ec9-8499-2f2a8f094079","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-20 10:17:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1273939,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5557321/v1/fc05aff5-26f8-4a90-8c85-0b8fc31f98b5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Prevalence and associated factors of Needle Stick and sharp Injuries Among health care workers ın a teiıtiary care hospıtal Mogadishu, Somalia","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eHealthcare workers (HCWs) are at significant risk of occupational injuries from contaminated needles and sharps objects, which can lead to the transmission of life-threatening blood-borne pathogens such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These injuries often occur during common medical procedures such as patient screening, treatment, and the disposal of needles and sharp materials. In addition to physical injuries, HCWs who suffer needle stick and sharp injuries (NSSIs) may also experience significant psychological consequences, including depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety disorders, due to the fear of transmitting these infections to themselves or others (1). NSSI is a major occupational hazard worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that approximately 3 to 6\u0026nbsp;billion injections are administered annually, with approximately two-thirds (62.9%) classified as unsafe (2). The use of glass syringes has been consistently linked to increased risks of needle stick injuries (3). These injuries pose a risk of transmitting more than 20 types of blood-borne pathogens, including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV, which can result in significant morbidity and mortality (4). The WHO reports that approximately 3\u0026nbsp;million HCWs are at risk of exposure to blood-borne viruses each year, with 90% of these exposures occurring in low-resource settings (5). Healthcare workers in developing countries are particularly vulnerable. In regions such as Africa and Asia, the prevalence of NSSIs is alarmingly high, with HCWs experiencing two to four injuries per year on average. This increased risk is partly due to the higher rates of infectious diseases among hospitalized patients and the lack of sufficient standard precautions (6, 7). In addition, the absence of comprehensive immunization programs, particularly for hepatitis B, and inadequate training on proper disposal practices exacerbate this problem (8). In sub-Saharan Africa, where the burden of infectious diseases is high, studies indicate that nearly half of hepatitis B and C infections among healthcare workers can be traced to contaminated sharps (9). Unfortunately, there has been minimal awareness among hospital administrators and HCWs regarding the risks of NSSIs, which could significantly reduce infection rates if addressed through better safety practices and awareness campaigns (10). Although more than 80% of NSSIs are preventable by following standard infection control practices, these injuries continue to increase in many settings (11). This increase is attributed to noncompliance with safety protocols, improper handling, and the disposal of needles and sharp objects (12). Training, better adherence to safety guidelines, and improved hospital waste management systems are essential to reduce these injuries and protect HCWs. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors for NSSIs among healthcare workers at a tertiary care hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia. By understanding the demographic and occupational characteristics of affected workers, this study aims to contribute to the development of targeted interventions that can reduce the risk of these injuries in similar low-resource settings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Overview\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study employs a quantitative methodological approach to investigate the prevalence of needle stick injuries (NSIs) among healthcare providers at Mogadishu-Somalia-Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital. Data were collected via structured questionnaires designed to gather information on the incidence of NSIs, demographic characteristics, and associated risk factors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eTarget Population\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;target population\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003efor a study on the\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;prevalence and associated factors of needle stick and sharps injuries (NSSIs)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eamong healthcare workers (HCWs) in a\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;tertiary care hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ewould be\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;healthcare workers\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ewho are employed at the hospital and\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eare at risk of encountering needle stick or sharp injuries during their daily work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dependent variable in this study was the prevalence of needle sticking and sharp injuries (NSSIs). The independent variables included demographic and work-related factors such as age, sex, job category, level of education, work experience, and the presence of health safety training. Additionally, factors such as weekly working hours, the availability of sharps disposal containers, departmental assignments, the occurrence of night shifts, and workload practices (e.g., needle recapping) were considered. Other independent variables included awareness of disease transmission via sharp injuries, injury reporting patterns, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4. Research Design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study employed a \u003cstrong\u003edescriptive cross-sectional design\u003c/strong\u003e with \u003cstrong\u003equantitative research methods\u003c/strong\u003e for data collection and analysis. When conducted at a single point in time, the design enables the efficient collection of a large amount of data over a short period. By focusing on the relationships among the variables under investigation, this approach provides valuable insights into patterns and associations, although it does not allow conclusions about causality to be drawn.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Sample size and sampling procedures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The sample size was determined on the basis of a \u003cstrong\u003e5% margin of error\u003c/strong\u003e and a \u003cstrong\u003e95% confidence interval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e,\u003c/strong\u003e with an assumed \u003cstrong\u003e50% response distribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e,\u003c/strong\u003e which is the most conservative estimate when the exact prevalence is unknown. On the basis of these parameters, the initial calculation resulted in a required sample size of \u003cstrong\u003e334 participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.6. Data collection procedures:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData for this study on needle sticking and sharps injuries (NSIs) among healthcare workers in a tertiary care hospital in Mogadishu were collected through a cross-sectional survey via a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire aimed to capture detailed information on injury frequency, demographics, and safety practices. It was designed to assess key areas such as the types and occurrence of NSIs, healthcare workers\u0026apos; demographic characteristics (e.g., age, gender, job role, experience), knowledge of safety protocols, and attitudes toward safety practices. The instrument was developed to be clear, simple, and culturally appropriate, ensuring the accuracy and relevance of the responses..\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.7.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Statistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData analysis was performed via SPSS version 23.0 (IBM, New York, USA). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the demographic and occupational characteristics of healthcare workers, as well as the prevalence of needle stick injuries and sharp injuries (NSIs), with the results presented as counts and percentages. The chi-square test was applied to examine relationships between categorical variables, and Fisher\u0026apos;s exact test was used when expected cell frequencies were less than 5. The Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparisons to control Type I errors, adjusting the significance level to reduce the risk of false positives. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.8. Ethical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted with approval from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Mogadishu Somalia Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital (Approval no: 17693). Prior to data collection, written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Participation was voluntary, and only those who provided consent were included in the study. Healthcare workers who were absent or unwell during the data collection period were excluded from participation. Once informed consent was obtained, the participants were given the questionnaires to complete independently. The process ensured that participants could respond to the survey at their own pace and without any external pressure, further upholding ethical standards for research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1. Sociodemographic characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study sample comprised 334 healthcare workers. The majority (72.4%) were between the ages of 26 and 40 years, with 55.6% identified as male. Most participants (59.5%) were single. Nurses and midwives represented the largest professional group (33.6%). With respect to educational background, 64.6% held a bachelor\u0026apos;s degree, and half of the participants (50%) had 6--10 years of experience. A high proportion (72.7%) worked night shifts, and 76% of healthcare workers reported working fewer than 40 hours per week. Additionally, 56% of the patients cared for fewer than 10 patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2 Infection Control and Safety Practices\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA significant number of healthcare workers (68%) reported receiving training in infection control precautions. With respect to safety measures, 60% of the respondents had access to a waste container at all times, and 83% used safety boxes for disposing of sharps. Despite these measures, only 42% practiced regular safety protocols, while 73% reported having established safety protocols in their departments. A considerable proportion of respondents (65%) had received the hepatitis B vaccine, and 65.5% were vaccinated for tetanus.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3 Needle\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esticking\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esharp injuries\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(NSSIs)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 73% of the respondents reported a history of needle stick injuries. Among these, 46% had experienced more than one injury. The severity of the injuries was predominantly moderate (59.5%), with 17.7% classified as severe. The most common instruments involved in these injuries were blood sugar lancets (23.1%), disposable needles (18.3%), and sutures (18.3%). The majority of injuries (33%) occurred during patient treatment procedures.\u0026nbsp;(Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4 Reporting and Awareness of Injuries\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile a significant proportion (65%) of healthcare workers reported their injuries, many did not, primarily because of self-reports (self-treatment of the injuries). Awareness of needle stick injuries was relatively high, with 75% of respondents acknowledging their existence and risks. Despite this, many workers do not fully recognize the potential transmission risks, such as the belief that malaria is not transmitted by needle injury.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.5 Factors\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eaffecting injury frequency and severity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe frequency and severity of NSSIs are significantly correlated with various factors. Age, marital status, department, educational level, and the number of patients cared for were associated with the likelihood of sustaining an injury. Moreover, receiving infection control training and having access to waste containers were also correlated with higher injury rates. The presence of safety protocols was linked to an increased frequency of injury, suggesting that while safety measures were in place, they were not always followed or effective in reducing injuries. A significant correlation was also found between the use of protective equipment and the risk of needle stick injuries. (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.6 Gender and Departmental Differences\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale healthcare workers were found to be at a greater risk of experiencing NSSIs, with 55.6% of male respondents reporting at least one injury. Department-specific differences were also observed, with the medical department having the highest degree of participation (21.6%). Nurses and midwives were the most frequently injured group, but physicians, particularly those in specialties involving the frequent use of sharp instruments, also reported high injury rates. The frequency of needle stick injuries was notably higher among those working in departments with high patient turnover rates or emergency care settings. (Graph 1).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eNeedle stick and sharps injuries (NSSIs) remain a significant concern among healthcare workers (HCWs), including physicians, nurses, and other staff. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 2 million occupational exposures to bloodborne pathogens occur annually among the 35 million HCWs worldwide, posing risks for serious infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV (18). Our study revealed a 73% prevalence rate of NSSIs, which is lower than the rates reported in Ethiopia (19), South Korea (20), and Iran, where a meta-analysis highlighted a higher prevalence among Iranian HCWs (21). These variations may reflect differences in healthcare infrastructure, safety protocols, and regional awareness.Nurses are commonly identified as the highest-risk group for NSSIs because of their frequent direct contact with patients and use of sharp instruments, especially hollow-bore needles (12,13,14,15,16). However, our study also revealed that doctors, particularly those in specialties such as surgery, radiology, and anesthesia, reported a substantial proportion of injuries (29.4%), suggesting that certain medical practices or specialties may carry additional risks. Several studies have similarly reported higher injury rates among doctors than among other HCWs (22,23,24).Among the respondents in our study, 46% reported multiple needle stick injuries, indicating the recurring nature of this issue. The majority of injuries were classified as moderate (59.5%), with 17.7% being severe. This is in contrast to a study in Mogadishu, where only 8.6% of HCWs reported NSSIs (25). The higher prevalence in our study may reflect improvements in reporting, changes in work practices, or gaps in safety measures.Interestingly, male HCWs (55.6%) experienced more NSSIs than females did, which is consistent with studies indicating that men may be exposed to higher-risk tasks (26). The age group most affected by NSSIs in our study was 26\u0026ndash;40 years, which is in line with previous global studies (22,26). The most common instruments involved were blood sugar lancets (23.1%), followed by disposable needles (18.3%) and sutures (18.3%). This differs from studies where injection syringes were most frequently used (27).With respect to vaccination, 60% of the HCWs in our study reported receiving the hepatitis B vaccine, and 65.5% had received the tetanus vaccine. However, despite the importance of these vaccines, access and awareness remain barriers in many settings. In our study, vaccination coverage was not universal, underscoring the need for stronger vaccination policies and awareness campaigns, particularly in resource-limited areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.1. Study limitations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study has several limitations that should be considered when interpreting the results. First, the cross-sectional design restricts the ability to establish causal relationships, as it captures data at a single point in time and does not allow for the assessment of temporal associations between risk factors and needle stick and sharps injuries (NSSIs). Second, the reliance on self-reported data introduces the potential for recall bias, where participants may either underreport or misreport their experiences with injuries or safety practices. These factors may affect the accuracy of the findings and limit the generalizability of the results.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eNeedle stick and sharps injuries (NSSIs) remain a significant occupational hazard for healthcare workers (HCWs), with a prevalence rate of 73% observed in our study. This underscores the ongoing risks faced by HCWs, particularly nurses and doctors in specialties with frequent exposure to needles and sharp instruments. The high recurrence rate of injuries and the predominance of moderate to severe incidents emphasize the need for continuous improvements in safety measures. Our study highlights the critical importance of vaccination, with a notable portion of HCWs still lacking full coverage, further stressing the need for comprehensive vaccination policies and awareness programs. The higher prevalence among male HCWs and those in the 26\u0026ndash;40 years age group suggests specific demographic trends that require targeted interventions. To mitigate the risks of NSSIs, healthcare institutions must prioritize the implementation of robust safety protocols, including the provision of personal protective equipment (PPE), safe needle disposal systems, and ongoing training on infection control practices. Strengthening these measures and ensuring timely access to vaccinations will be essential in safeguarding the health and well-being of HCWs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;This study received ethical approval from [Mogadishu Somalia Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital (Approval no: 17693). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participation was entirely voluntary, and only those who provided consent were included in the study. Healthcare workers who were absent or unwell during the data collection period were excluded. Participants were given the questionnaires to complete independently, ensuring they could respond at their own pace and without external pressure, thereby upholding ethical research standards..\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;The authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors made significant contributions to this study. They were involved in data collection, data analysis, and manuscript writing. Additionally, they collaborated on the preparation and review of the manuscript for submission. Each author has read and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;We sincerely thank the participants of this study for their valuable time and effort in completing the questionnaires. We also extend our gratitude to the Mogadishu Somalia Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital for their support and cooperation throughout the research process.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBouya S, Balouchi A, Rafiemanesh H, et al. Global prevalence and device related causes of needlestick injuries among health care workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Glob Health. 2020;86(1):35. doi:10.5334/aogh.2698\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKakizaki M, Ikeda N, Ali M, Enkhtuya B, Tsolmon M, Shibuya K, et al. Needlestick and sharps injuries among health care workers at public tertiary hospitals in an urban community in Mongolia. BMC Res Notes. 2011;4:184. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-184.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKermode M, Muani V. Injection practices in the formal and informal healthcare sectors in rural north India. Indian J Med Res 2006; 124 : 513-20.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEhsani SR, Mohammadnejad E, Hadizadeh MR, Mozaffari J, Ranjbaran S, DeljoR, et al. Epidemiology of Needle Sticks and Sharp Injuries among Nurses in an Iranian Teaching Hospital. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2013; 8(1): 27-30. doi: 10.5812/archcid. 14409.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePruss-Ustun A, Rapiti E, Hutin Y. Estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to contaminated sharps injuries among health-care workers. Am J Ind Med. 2005; 48(6): 482\u0026ndash;490. doi: 10.1002/ajim.20230\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSalehi ASh, Garner P. Occupational injury history and universal precautions awareness: a survey in Kabul hospital staff. BMC Infect Dis. 2010; 10(1):19. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-19.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePruss-Ustun A, Rapiti E, Hutin Y. Sharps injuries: Global burden of disease from sharps injuries to health-care workers. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2003 (WHO Environmental Burden of Disease Series, No.3).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBhardwaj A, Sivapathasundaram N, Yusof M, Minghat A, Swe K, Sinha N. The prevalence of accidental needle stick injury and their reporting among healthcare workers in orthopedic wards in general hospital Melaka, Malaysia. Malaysian Orthop Journal. 2014;8:6\u0026ndash;13. https://doi.org/10.5704\u003cins cite=\"mailto:Editor\" datetime=\"2024-11-30T10:35\"\u003e/\u003c/ins\u003e\u003cdel cite=\"mailto:Editor\" datetime=\"2024-11-30T10:35\"\u003e/\u0026nbsp;\u003c/del\u003eMOJ.1407.009.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLulie W, Emebet A, Medihanit T, et al. Factors associated with needle stick and sharp injuries among health care workers in Felege Hiwot referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, North West Ethiopia. Int J Infect Control. 2012;9(4):1\u0026ndash;9\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDesta H, Aman J, Morankar S, et al. Effectiveness of training on standard precautions to prevent needle stick injuries among health professionals: a systematic review. JB Libr Syst Rev. 2012;10:40.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWHO Needle Stick injuries. Available from: www.who.int/occupa tional-health/topics/needinjuries/en/indox1.html. Accessed October 23, 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGarus- Pakowska A, G\u0026oacute;rajski M. Epidemiology of needlestick and sharp injuries among health care workers based on records from 252 hospitals for the period 2010-2014, Poland. BMC Public Health 2019;19:634.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026Ccedil;i\u0026ccedil;ek-Şent\u0026uuml;rk G, Tekin A, G\u0026uuml;rb\u0026uuml;z Y, et\u0026nbsp;al. Retrospective investigation of 9 years of data on needlestick and sharps injuries: effect of a hospital infection control Committee. Am J Infect Control 2019;47:186\u0026ndash;90.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHuang S- L, Lu Q, Fan S- H, et\u0026nbsp;al. Sharp instrument injuries among hospital healthcare workers in mainland China: a cross- sectional study. BMJ Open 2017;7:e017761.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMartins A, Coelho AC, Vieira M, et\u0026nbsp;al. Age and years in practice as factors associated with needlestick and sharps injuries among health care workers in a Portuguese Hospital. Accid Anal Prev 2012;47:11\u0026ndash;15.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePervaiz M, Gilbert R, Ali N. The prevalence and underreporting of needlestick injuries among dental healthcare workers in Pakistan: a systematic review. Int J Dent 2018;2018:1\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePhillips EK, Conaway M, Parker G, et\u0026nbsp;al. Issues in understanding the impact of the needlestick safety and prevention act on hospital sharps injuries. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013;34:935\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e. Hosseinipalangi Z, Golmohammadi Z, Ghashghaee A, et al. Global, regional and national incidence and causes of needlestick injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. East Mediterr Health J. 2022;28(3):233\u0026ndash;241. doi:10.26719/emhj.22.031\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e. Bazie GW. Factors Associated with NeedleStick and Sharp Injuries Among Healthcare Workers in North East Ethiopia. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020;13:2449\u0026ndash;2456. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S284049\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCho E, Lee H, Choi M, Park SH, Yoo IY, Aiken LH. Factors associated with needlestick and sharp injuries among hospital nurses: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud. 2013;50(8):1025\u0026ndash;1032. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.07.009\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGhaneiGheshlagh R, Aslani M, Shabani F, Dalvand S, Parizad N. Prevalence of needlestick and sharps injuries in the healthcare workers of Iranian hospitals: an updated meta-analysis. Environ Health Prev Med. 2018;23(1):44. doi:10.1186/s12199-018-0734-z\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYunihastuti E, Ratih DM, Aisyah MR, et al. Needlestick and sharps injuries in an Indonesian tertiary teaching hospital from 2014 to 2017: a cohort study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(12):e041494. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041494\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlfulayw KH, Al-Otaibi ST, Alqahtani HA. Factors associated with needlestick injuries among healthcare workers: implications for prevention. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):1074. doi:10.1186/s12913-021-07110-y\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOmar AA, Abdo NM, Salama MF, Al-Mousa HH. Occupational injuries prone to \u003cstrong\u003ei\u003c/strong\u003enfectious risks among healthcare personnel in Kuwait: a retrospective study. Med Princ Pract. 2015;24(2):123\u0026ndash;128. doi:10.1159/000369462\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRahma Yusuf Haji Mohamud,\u0026nbsp;Nur Adam Mohamed,\u0026nbsp;Ahmet Doğan,\u0026nbsp;Fartun Mohamed Hilowle,\u0026nbsp;Suad Abdikarim Isse,\u0026nbsp;Mohamed Yaqub Hassan,\u0026nbsp;Ifrah Adan Hilowle\u0026nbsp;Needlestick and Sharps Injuries Among Healthcare Workers at a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Retrospective Single-Center Study\u003cstrong\u003e,\u003c/strong\u003e6 November 2023\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDOI:10.2147/RMHP.S434315\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSaadeh R, Khairallah K, Abozeid H, Al Rashdan L, Alfaqih M, Alkhatatbeh O. NeedleStick and Sharp Injuries Among Healthcare Workers: a retrospective six-year study. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2020;20(1):e54\u0026ndash;e62. doi:10.18295/squmj.2020.20.01.008\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMaryam Amini, \u0026nbsp;Mohammad Javad Behzadnia, Fatemeh Saboori, \u0026nbsp;Mohammadkarim Bahadori,, and Ramin RavangardNeedle-Stick Injuries Among Healthcare Workers in a Teaching Hospital, Accepted 2014 June 1. doi: 10.5812/traumamon.18829\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;socio-demographic Characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74.5063%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.1364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.3698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26-40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.1364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.3698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.1364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaritalstatus\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.3698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.1364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfession\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.3698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNurse/midwife\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoctor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRadiology tech\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnestezi tech\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent/trainer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCleaner\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.1364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.3698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBachelors degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMasters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.1364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExperience\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.3698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.1364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNightshift\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.3698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e242\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.1364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWorkingperweek\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.3698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUpto 40hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than 40hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.1364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumberofpatiendsday\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.3698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 10 patients\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than 10 patients\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e189\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.1364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIPCtraining\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.3698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.1364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWastadisposalcontainers\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.3698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll the time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSometimes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot available\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.1364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecappingpractise\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.3698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlways\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSometimes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.1364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSafetyprotcols\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.3698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.1364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHBVvaccine\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.3698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.1364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetodsharpdisposobal\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.3698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUsing safety box\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot using safety box\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.1364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocationsharpcontainer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.3698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWith in each procedure room\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOn the dressing troley\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn every patient wards\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.1364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHistoryneedlestick\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42.3698%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaybe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContinued from Table 1...\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.1095%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFreguency of injury \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47.3968%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwo time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThree or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.1095%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDegree of injury\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47.3968%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuperficial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.1095%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypesharp\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47.3968%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSutures\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlood sugar lancet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlood collection needle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScalpel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eiv cannule\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisposable needles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.1095%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhen injury occured\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47.3968%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuring sutures\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDurin patient care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuring cannulization\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuring blood withdrawal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuring waste disposal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhile changing bedsheets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.1095%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfraidaboutinjury\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47.3968%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.1095%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSI avoidable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47.3968%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e203\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.1095%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTetanusvaccine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47.3968%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.1095%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRisk of NSI \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47.3968%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.1095%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiseaseno trans NSI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47.3968%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHIV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHBV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHCV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalaria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo idea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.1095%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReport concerndepartmentinjury\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47.3968%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.1095%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIfno, reasonsfor not reporting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47.3968%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI reported\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThough not important\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePatient was low risk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForgetfulnes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.1095%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSI awareness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47.3968%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6445%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.8492%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable2.Evaluation of the Relationship Between Parametersand NSI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 519px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHistory of NSI (Yes, N=243)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale=146, female=97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfession\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNurse=78, doctor=65, Radiology=14, anestezi=10, student=34, cleaner=42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of patientscared\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;10 patients=121, \u0026ge;10 patienst=122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReceiving ICP training\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes=156, no=87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWastecontainer (+)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll the time=136, sometimes=100, not avalable=7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRepetitionpractice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlways=92, sometimes=107, never=44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSafetyprotocol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes=166, no=77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocation of wastecontainer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll rooms=38, on the dressing troley=117,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eall wards=86, none=2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 586px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency of NSI (Two time, N=155)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;25=27, 26-40=122, \u0026gt;40=6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaritalstatus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried=54, single=101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfession\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNurse=37, doctor=45, Radiology=12, anestezi=6, student=29, cleaner=26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma=10, bachelors degree=114, masters=18, none=13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepartment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICU=21, mediacal=46, surgery=22, maternity ward=11, pediatric=20, emergency=24, operation theatre=4, dialiys=4, radiology=2, blood withdrawal=1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of patientscared\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;10 patients=57, \u0026ge;10 patienst=98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReceiving ICP training\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes=66, no=89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWastecontainer(+)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll the time=61, sometimes=91, not avalable=3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSafetyprotocol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes=73, no=82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisposalmethod\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eusing safety box=142, not using safety box=13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocation of wastecontainer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll rooms=22, on the dressing troley=86,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eall wards=47, none=0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of PPE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes=129, no=26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSI awareness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes=107, no=48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 586px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDegree of injury(moderate, N=198)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfession\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNurse=72, doctor=58, Radiology=5, anestezi=8, student=27, cleaner=28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma=17, bachelors degree=108, masters=38, none=35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepartment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICU=38, mediacal=37, surgery=31, maternity ward=17, pediatric=21, emergency=12, operation theatre=11, dialiys=11, radiology=9, blood withdrawal=7, others=4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of patientscared\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;10 patients=128, \u0026ge;10 patienst=70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of PPE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes=156, no=42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWastecontainer (+)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll the time=136, sometimes=50, not avalable=12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSafetyprotocol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes=171, no=27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisposalmethod\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eusing safety box=158, not using safety box=40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContinued from Table 2...\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 586px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType of instrument causing the injury (blood sugar lancet, N=77)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale=35, female=42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepartment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICU=10, mediacal=17, surgery=11, maternity ward=6, pediatric=11, emergency=8, operation theatre=2, dialiys=6, radiology=4, blood withdrawal=1, others=1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of patientscared\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;10 patients=51, \u0026ge;10 patienst=26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReceiving ICP training\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes=58, no=19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWastecontainer(+)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll the time=55, sometimes=20, not avalable=2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSafetyprotocol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes=63, no=14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 586px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFear of NSI (Yes, N=287)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepartment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICU=51, mediacal=66, surgery=46, maternity ward=21, pediatric=33, emergency=25, operation theatre=14, dialiys=13, radiology=10, blood withdrawal=4, others=4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency of injury\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne time=109, two time=123, three or more=55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 586px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAwarenessof NSI(Yes, N=250)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma=16, bachelors degree=153, masters=42, none=39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepartment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICU=45, mediacal=59, surgery=34, maternity ward=18, pediatric=33, emergency=18, operation theatre=11, dialiys=13, radiology=10, blood withdrawal=2, others=7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of patientscared\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;10 patients=154, \u0026ge;10 patienst=96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReceiving ICP training\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes=181, no=69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRepetitionpractice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlways=111, sometimes=95, never=44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSafetyprotocol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes=196, no=54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency of injury\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne time=93, two time=107, three or more=50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNSI is preventable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes=164, no=86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThedisease not transmittedby NSI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHIV=13, HBV=12, HCV=0, Malaria=205, no idea=20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReasonfor not reportinginjury\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI reported=129, though not important=47, patient was low risk=34, forgetfulnes=40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 586px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRisk of NSI (Moderate, N=182)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of PPE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes=154, no=28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma=12, bachelors degree=120, masters=39, none=11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepartment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICU=30, mediacal=37, surgery=33, maternity ward=21, pediatric=21, emergency=20, operation theatre=7, dialiys=6, radiology=4, blood withdrawal=3, others=0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeeklyworkinghours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eupto 40 hours=130, more than 40hours=52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNightshift\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes=122, no=60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRepetitionpractice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 340px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlways=67, sometimes=88, never=27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"prevalence, Needle sticking injuries, healthcare workers, infection prevention, associated factors, Mogadishu, Somalia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5557321/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5557321/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeedle sticking and sharps injuries (NSSIs) are significant occupational hazards for healthcare workers (HCWs), contributing to the transmission of blood-borne pathogens such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV. However, the prevalence and associated risk factors for NSSIs, particularly in low-resource settings, remain underexplored.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMaterials and Methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional survey was conducted with 334 healthcare workers in a tertiary care hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia, in which questionnaires were used to assess injury occurrence, demographic data, and safety practices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority (72.4%) were aged between 26 and 40 years, with males accounting for 55.6% of the study population. A significant proportion (59.5%) reported being single. Nurses and midwives constituted the largest professional category, representing 33.6% of the participants. Notably, 72.7% of the respondents reported working night shifts. With respect to educational qualifications, 64.6% held a bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree, and 50% had between 6 and 10 years of professional experience.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e This study highlights the alarming prevalence of NSSIs among healthcare workers in Somalia, emphasizing the occupational risks faced by nurses, followed by doctors. These findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced safety protocols, training, and awareness campaigns to mitigate these injuries and protect healthcare workers from blood-borne infections.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prevalence and associated factors of Needle Stick and sharp Injuries Among health care workers ın a teiıtiary care hospıtal Mogadishu, Somalia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-15 12:02:51","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5557321/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"21202a80-d001-4dcf-b12a-23f58b38ffe9","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-20T10:08:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-15 12:02:51","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5557321","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5557321","identity":"rs-5557321","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}