Multi-Domain Moving Target Defense for Resilient Security in Power Cyber-Physical Systems: A Review

The increasing complexity and digitalization of Power Cyber-Physical Systems (Power CPS) have amplified their exposure to persistent and adaptive cyber-physical threats. Static configurations across cyber, physical, and market layers offer adversaries stable attack surfaces for reconnaissance, manipulation, and disruption. In response, this review introduces Moving Target Defense (MTD) as a proactive and dynamic paradigm for enhancing Power CPS security. The paper systematically analyzes multi-domain MTD strategies—including IP randomization, topology reconfiguration, market rule variability, and adaptive control mode switching—and evaluates their effectiveness in disrupting attacker planning while preserving operational stability. Human-in-the-loop orchestration frameworks, supported by AI-driven monitoring and explainable decision support, are proposed to coordinate safe and scalable MTD deployment. Additionally, we discuss digital twin-based validation platforms, resilience metrics, and real-world deployment challenges. The review concludes by outlining future research priorities and cross-sector collaboration pathways to operationalize adaptive MTD as a foundational pillar of resilient grid security.