Bibliometric analysis of global health data breaches over two decades

Bibliometric analysis of global health data breaches over two decades | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review Bibliometric analysis of global health data breaches over two decades Sudip Bhattacharya, Alok Singh, Akanksha Singh This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7611792/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This bibliometric analysis reveals significant trends in medical data breach research, highlighting publication growth, subject-area distribution, leading authors and institutions, geographical contributions, and thematic evolution. From 2002 to 2024, research activity surged notably after 2013, peaking in 2015, coinciding with major healthcare data breaches that heightened academic and professional interest. While publication rates stabilized post-2016, a modest increase in 2024 suggests continued relevance due to evolving cybersecurity threats and emerging technologies like Blockchain. The research focus has shifted towards technological solutions such as Blockchain, as demonstrated by studies like Khezr et al., which explored distributed ledger technologies for healthcare applications. The interdisciplinary nature of this field is evident, with Medicine (49.1%) leading, followed by Computer Science (14%) and Health Professions (9.6%). High-profile breaches, such as the 2024 Cencora cyberattack and the 2020 Dr. Reddy's Laboratories breach, underscore the need for robust security frameworks. Business Management and Engineering perspectives offer valuable insights into risk mitigation and system vulnerabilities. A core group of prolific authors and institutions, such as the Regenstrief Institute and Weill Cornell Medicine, dominate research output. The United States leads global contributions (n = 1206), with significant engagement from India, the United Kingdom, and China. Keyword and co-citation analyses reveal a shift from foundational themes like electronic health records to emerging topics such as cybersecurity and digital health. The need for a multidisciplinary approach, integrating healthcare, engineering, and policy perspectives to enhance data security, is underscored by this study. Future research should explore emerging technologies, strengthen international collaborations, and address regulatory challenges to mitigate the impact of medical data breaches effectively. Medical Informatics Data breach Cybersecurity Blockchain Digital health Health data Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Introduction Advances in information and communication technology have shifted healthcare from paper records to EHRs, improving care, efficiency, engagement, and access.[ 1 ] Smartphones and other devices have enhanced service access, while healthcare data have become more digitized and mobile .[ 2 ] The Internet of Medical Things supports this transformation, but also increases risks, with smart devices being major sources of privacy breaches.[ 3 ] Definitions of data breaches vary by legal, technical, and organizational perspectives.[ 4 ] In healthcare, breaches disrupt services, impose financial costs, and erode trust. Real-world incidents, such as ransomware attacks on hospitals and pharmaceutical supply chains, highlight the need for integrated technological, policy, and international measures. Medical data breaches involve unauthorized access, disclosure, or loss of sensitive health information, with serious ethical, legal, financial, and clinical consequences.[ 5 ] Healthcare is among the most affected industries; a single patient record can fetch hundreds of dollars on the dark web.[ 6 ] From 2005–2019, 249.09 million people were impacted, with 157.40 million in the last five years.[ 7 ] In 2018, healthcare saw the highest breaches among sectors [ 3 ], and in 2019, 41.2 million records were compromised in 505 incidents.[ 8 ] Average breach costs in healthcare far exceed other sectors $ 6.45 million globally and $ 15 million in large U.S. cases, with the highest per-record cost increase among industries.[ 9 ] Regulations like GDPR and HIPAA updates, as well as major incidents such as the 2024 Cencora and 2020 Dr. Reddy’s breaches, have intensified focus on healthcare cybersecurity.[ 10 ] Emerging technologies, including Blockchain and AI, offer both opportunities and risks. Yet, gaps remain in understanding global research patterns. This study aims to map publication trends, key contributors, collaboration networks, thematic evolution, and ethical considerations to guide future strategies for protecting healthcare data. Methodology Preliminary-Planning Search queries were pinpointed and organised in the preliminary planning stage, as illustrated in Table 1 . These queries were divided into two categories Primary search terms. Secondary search terms-Combinations of terms related to the medical data breach. The primary search terms encompassed "data breach ", and the secondary search terms included " Combinations of terms related to medical. A subset of crucial search queries and their combinations was chosen based on their relevance to medical data breach research. Combinations of key search terms related to medical data breaches were encompassed in the broadened literature review. Moreover, specific research questions, outlined in Table 2 , were formulated to provide a comprehensive overview of the knowledge structure and the bibliometric and statistical methods used to evaluate medical data breach research from 2002 to 2024. Table 1 List of Keywords used ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "data breach" ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "Electronic Health Records breach" ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "data breach type" ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "health information exchange" ) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY ( healthcare ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ( medical ) ) AND PUBYEAR > 1999 AND PUBYEAR 2001 AND PUBYEAR < 2025 AND ( LIMIT-TO ( SRCTYPE, "j" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( PUBSTAGE, "final" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE, "ar" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE, "re" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "English" ) ) Table 2 Mapping of Research questions with knowledge structure, bibliometric and statistical techniques Sl.No Research Questions Knowledge Structure Covered Bibliometric Techniques 1. What are the publishing trends of the research publication in Medical data breach ? Intellectual structure Annual Scientific Production. 2. Who are the most contributing authors, journals, organisations, funding agencies and countries and cited papers in Medical data breach research? Intellectual structure Three field plots, Most relevant Authors, Organisations, journal, funding agencies, Co-citation of author, journal and references 3. What are the publication patterns and most frequently used keywords of the articles published in Medical data breach research? Conceptual structure Network Analysis, Thematic mapping, and Thematic evolution and trending topics. 4. What are the collaboration networks in Medical data breach research? Social structure Authors collaboration network, Institution collaboration network, and Country Collaboration network 5. What are the thematic trends of the Application of Medical data breach research? Conceptual structure Thematic mapping, Thematic Evolution. 6. What are the main open areas of challenges and the corresponding solutions for future research work in Medical data breach research. Conceptual structure Thematic mapping, Thematic evolution, and Factorial analysis Data collection During the data collection phase, we systematically searched academic articles in the SCOPUS core collection from January 1, 2002, to December 31, 2024, focusing on Medical data breach research. The keywords employed for data retrieval are listed in Table 1 . Additionally, English-language research articles and review papers were included in the study. This search yielded 2234 academic publications from SCOPUS for analysis. Scopus was chosen for this bibliometric analysis due to its extensive coverage of peer-reviewed literature, interdisciplinary scope, and robust citation tracking. It provides a reliable dataset for evaluating publication trends, co-authorship networks, and thematic evolution. Additionally, Scopus offers built-in bibliometric analysis tools, making it a preferred choice for systematic literature reviews and trend assessments in academic research [ 11 ]. Data refinement During the data refinement stage,2208 publications were obtained from Scopus after properly screening the documents. Books, editorials, letters, conference papers, and non-English academic works were excluded from the systematic bibliometric review, resulting in 2157 documents. After this initial filtering, 17 non-relevant article duplicates were removed from the remaining list of 2157 publications, resulting in a final total of 2144 articles. (Fig. 1 ) Data extraction Metadata from Scopus was extracted in the form of a CSV bibliographic information file. The exported data included: (a) authors/editors, (b) full names of authors, (c) titles, (d) sources, (e) authors’ keywords, (f) keywords plus, (g) abstracts, (h) authors' affiliations, (i) corresponding authors' affiliations, (j) cited references, (k) total citations, (l) highly cited papers, (m) usage counts, (n) publication years, (o) DOIs, (p) subject categories, (q) author identifiers, (r) languages, and (s) funding agencies. Bibliometric analysis Bibliometric analysis serves as an objective method for researchers to catalogue, access, and evaluate extensive collections of publications, offering a detailed overview of recent trends in scientific literature within a specific field or research area. In this research, we conduct a bibliometric analysis of publications concerning medical data breach research from 2002 to 2024, addressing the six primary questions presented in Table 2 . Different software tools and packages were utilized to analyse the retrieved data. Biblioshiny (R package for Bibliometrics) – Used for conducting bibliometric analysis and thematic mapping, making three field plots, Bradford law, and keyword analysis. VOSviewer – Employed to visualise co-authorship networks, keyword co-occurrence, and co-citation analysis to identify research clusters. Microsoft Excel was used for data cleaning, refining search results, and structuring extracted bibliographic records. These tools collectively facilitated a comprehensive assessment of the knowledge structure, research collaborations, and thematic evolution in medical data breach research. Furthermore, we aim to statistically investigate and evaluate the scientific knowledge structure through this bibliometric analysis. The fundamental knowledge framework of a research field comprises three components: Conceptual structure: Central themes and trends in the literature of a specific research area. Intellectual structure: The impact of an author's work within the scientific community. Social structure: Interactions among authors, institutions, and countries. Initially, the conceptual structure is examined statistically using thematic mapping and co-occurrence networks. Subsequently, the intellectual knowledge structure is evaluated through co-citation network analysis. Lastly, the social knowledge structure is scrutinised based on the collaboration network and collaboration world map. By analysing these conceptual, intellectual, and social structures, we aim to comprehend the knowledge framework of medical data breach research over the past decades. This analysis will highlight current achievements and identify future challenges in medical data breach research. Results A. Fundamental Bibliometric Analysis Annual publications trends The annual publication trends (Fig. 2 ) show a steady rise in research on medical data breaches from 2002 to 2024. Early years (2002–2009) saw minimal publications (< 40 annually), followed by gradual growth until 2015 due to the growing digitalization of healthcare. A sharp surge peaked in 2015 (176 publications), likely driven by high-profile breaches. Since 2016, publication numbers have remained consistently above 140, with a slight increase in 2024, reflecting ongoing academic interest. Analysis of the Subject Area Analysis of the subject area illustrates the distribution of research on medical data breaches across various subject areas. Medicine constitutes the largest share, accounting for 49.1% of the publications, emphasizing its prominence in this field. Computer Science follows with 14%, reflecting the critical role of technology and cybersecurity in addressing data breaches. Analysis of the most relevant authors A total of 7430 authors participated in medical data breach-related studies, with 10 authors contributing 16 or more papers each. The top 10 prolific authors collectively produced 307 publications, accounting for 14% of total submissions. Among them, Vest, J.R. from Regenstrief Institute Inc, Indianapolis, United States, was the most productive, publishing 55 papers. The research work by Adler-Milstein, J., from the UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, United States and colleagues had the highest citation count, with 1779 citations. All of the top 10 authors were primarily based in the United Kingdom. Analysis of the Organisations The study analysed contributions from 5832 distinct organisations, with the top 10 institutions contributing 621 publications. The analysis of institutional contributions to medical data breaches shows that Regenstrief Institute Inc. leads the field with the highest number of publications (n = 110), followed by Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (n = 99) and Weill Cornell Medicine (n = 71).. The top 10 organisations contributed 28.9% of total publications. Figure 3 uses a three-field plot diagram to illustrate the pattern of authors’ publications in different related topics and journals. Analysis of Country Scientific Production The analysis of country-specific scientific production in medical data breach research highlights the leading contributors to this field. The United States (n = 1206) leads by a significant margin, with the highest number of publications, reflecting its dominant role in advancing medical data breach research. India (n = 134) ranks second in scientific output, followed by the United Kingdom (n = 113), China (n = 106), and Canada (n = 90), indicating robust research activity in these countries. Most preferred Journal A total of 744 academic journals have published articles on Medical data breach research. The ten most active journals accounted for 581 out of 2144 papers, contributing 27% of the total publications. Journal Of The American Medical Informatics Association led with 118 articles, followed by Journal Of Medical Systems (n = 104), International Journal Of Medical Informatics (n = 76), Journal Of Medical Internet Research (n = 73) and AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings AMIA Symposium AMIA Symposium (n = 56). Other significant contributors were Applied Clinical Informatics (n = 39), American Journal of Managed Care (n = 33), Health Affairs (n = 30), Journal of Biomedical Informatics (n = 27), and BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making (n = 25). Analysis of the Highly Cited Research Publications. The ten most frequently cited research publications in the field of Medical data breach research, specifically within the analysed collection and published between 2002 and 2024, are listed in Table 3 . For instance, Kuo et al. authored an article titled “Blockchain distributed ledger technologies for biomedical and health care applications, the highest locally cited publication with 925 total citations [ 12 ] as depicted in Table 3 . Table 3 Highly cited research publications on diabetes care in primary care. Title Year Source Title Cited By DOI Blockchain distributed ledger technologies for biomedical and health care applications 2017 Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 925 10.1093/jamia/ocx068 Privacy in the age of medical big data 2019 Nature Medicine 709 10.1038/s41591-018-0272-7 Ancile: Privacy-preserving framework for access control and interoperability of electronic health records using Blockchain technology 2018 Sustainable Cities and Society 679 10.1016/j.scs.2018.02.014 Benefits and drawbacks of electronic health record systems 2011 Risk Management and Healthcare Policy 556 10.2147/RMHP.S12985 Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences—A scoping review 2020 International Journal of Medical Informatics 443 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2019.104040 Applications of Blockchain technology in medicine and healthcare: Challenges and future perspectives 2019 Cryptography 363 10.3390/cryptography3010003 Blockchain-Based Medical Records Secure Storage and Medical Service Framework 2018 Journal of Medical Systems 359 10.1007/s10916-018-1121-4 Legal and Ethical Consideration in Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Who Takes Responsibility? 2022 Frontiers in Surgery 336 10.3389/fsurg.2022.862322 An exhaustive survey on security and privacy issues in Healthcare 4.0 2020 Computer Communications 327 10.1016/j.comcom.2020.02.018 The use of health information technology in seven nations 2008 International Journal of Medical Informatics 315 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2008.06.007 Active Funding Agencies Of the 2144 articles reviewed, 669 were funded by the top 10 organisations. The analysis of funding agencies supporting Medical data breach research reveals that the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States is the most prominent funding sponsor, contributing 202 publications. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (n = 175) and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (n = 62) also play significant roles in financing research in this field. Other notable contributors include the U.S. National Library of Medicine (n = 53), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (n = 40), the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (n = 37) and the National Cancer Institute (n = 28). Additionally, the National Institute on Aging (n = 27), the U.S. Public Health Service (n = 25), and the National Science Foundation (n = 20) further illustrate the global and diverse nature of funding sources for medical data breach research. B. Conceptual knowledge structure analysis Analysis of the Keywords In this part of the study, keyword and co-occurrence analyses were employed to explore the latest research trends in medical data breach research [ 13 ]. Research gaps and future directions in this domain are aimed to be pinpointed. The primary keywords are illustrated as “health information exchange” (484 Occurrences), “electronic health records” (155 Occurrences), “health information technology” (106 Occurrences), “Interoperability” (88 Occurrences), “Blockchain” (78 Occurrences), “electronic health record” (74 Occurrences), “Privacy” (73 Occurrences), “Security” (58 Occurrences), “Healthcare” (57 Occurrences), “medical informatics” (53 Occurrences), “electronic medical records” (40 Occurrences), “data breach” (39 Occurrences), “covid-19” (32 Occurrences). The relationship between Medical data breach research is also depicted using the cumulative occurrence graph in Fig. 5 . This graph shows a progressive increase in the annual occurrence of the author’s keywords related to Medical data breach research. Authors’ keywords such as Health information exchange, Electronic health records, Health information technology Interoperability, Blockchain, Electronic health record, Privacy, Security, Healthcare, Medical informatics have exhibited more dynamic growth compared to others. The comparison between the author’s main keyword cumulative occurrence since the year 2002 and 2024 ( Table 4 ) shows that the main author keywords have increased significantly, indicating trending or popular research topics in the field, growing interest or emerging trends in that topic. The graph highlights the shifts in research focus. Furthermore, we analysed the co-occurrence of authors’ keywords using Vos Viewer. The co-occurrence network helps understand the thematic areas of the research field and identify the most critical and current issues.[ 14 ] It also provides insights into the evolution of these issues over time. We extracted 10 out of 3835 Authors’ Keywords with a frequency of 42 or more for co-occurrence analysis in Vos viewer to explore trends and hotspots in the field of research (Fig. 6 ). The results of the co-occurrence network analysis are presented in Table 5 . The visual representations classify keywords into five clusters, as shown in Table 5 . Table 4 Authors’ keywords and their occurrences. Authors keyword Year 2002 2024 Health information exchange 0 484 Electronic health records 0 155 Health information technology 0 106 Interoperability 0 88 Blockchain 0 78 Electronic health record 0 74 Privacy 0 73 Security 0 58 Healthcare 0 57 Medical informatics 0 53 Table 5 Details of keywords in different clusters of network co-occurrence of authors’ keywords and key theme. Cluster Number /No Of Item /Colour Keyword Of The Clusters Key Theme Cluster 1 (8 Items) • Electronic Health records • Health information Exchange • Health information technology • Interoperability • Medical informatics Healthcare data systems and their integration Cluster 2 (5 Items) • Blockchain • Electronic health records • Healthcare • Privacy • security Technological Innovations and Privacy in Healthcare Data Security Thematic Map The thematic development of keywords from 2002 to 2012 and 2013–2024 is examined using the keyword thematic map and Sankey diagram presented in Fig. 7 . Upper-Right Quadrant (Motor Themes): These themes exhibit both high centrality and high density, indicating they are well-developed and play a pivotal role in shaping the research field. In this case, the themes include "health information exchange," "electronic health records," and "health information technology", which are core to the field and actively evolving as motor themes driving the research area forward. (Fig. 8 ) [ 15 ], [ 16 ], [ 17 ]. Trending Topics We focused on one keyword appearing at least five times each year to analyse the trending topics. Since 2006, approximately 13 keywords have shown notable increases in frequency. Figure 9 illustrates the occurrence trends, highlighting keywords such as Electronic Medical Records, Interoperability, Digital Health, Blockchain, Cybersecurity, Ethereum,, gaining prominence in 2019-24. This suggests that these research areas are currently receiving considerable attention and may reflect emerging Medical data breach research trends.(Figure-9) C. Analysis of Intellectual knowledge structure. Analysis of co-cited authors Co-cited authors network analysis refers to examining relationships between authors based on how often they are cited together in the same documents. This visualisation or map shows the relationships between authors based on their co-citation frequency. Each author's publication is shown in a circle and denoted by the author’s name. The colour of a publication shows the cluster to which the author’s publication belongs. The size of each node in the graph represents the number of citations an author has received, with larger nodes corresponding to higher citation counts and greater influence (Fig. 10 ) [ 18 ], [ 19 ]. Adler-Milstein, J. leads with 882 co-citations, followed by Bates, D.W., Vest, J.R., Kaushal, R., Jha, A.K. with 757, 649, 588 and 515 co-citations, respectively (Table 6 ). Of 7430 authors, using 132 as a minimum number of citations, 30 met the threshold. The top 10 co-cited authors amassed over 133 co-citations, underscoring their significant impact on Medical data breach research. Table 06 Top 10 Co-cited authors in the field of Medical data breach research. Author Co-Citations Total Link Strength Adler-Milstein, J. 882 15132 Bates, D.W. 757 13162 Vest, J.R. 649 13327 Kaushal, R. 588 12390 Jha, A.K. 515 10483 Patel, V. 402 7336 Overhage, J.M. 390 6436 Johnson, K.B. 295 6410 Blumenthal D. 294 4001 Frisse, M.E. 238 5517 Total Co citations 5010 Analysis of co-cited journals Co-cited journal network analysis investigates the relationships between journals based on the frequency with which they are cited together in scholarly papers.. A higher number of co-citations indicates a stronger relationship between journals, represented in network visualizations by shorter node distances and thicker connecting lines (Fig. 11 ) [ 14 ], [ 20 ] .Notably, four journals in Table 5 have been co-cited over 500 times. Out of 744 sources, 28 met the threshold for inclusion, with a minimum of 150 citations per source. Figure 11 identifies the Four core journals in the field as Journal Of The American Health Information Management Association (H-index = 19), Health Affairs (Q1, H-index = 212), JAMA (Q1, H-index = 768) and Journal of Medical Systems (Q1, H-index = 110). (Table 7 ) Table 7 Top 10 Co-cited journals in the field of Medical data breach research. Source Co-Citations Total Link Strength Quartile Subject area Journal Of the American Health Information Management Association 1348 14628 Not Assigned Medicine Health Affairs 594 6269 Q1 Medicine JAMA 589 5029 Q1 Medicine Journal Of Medical Systems 520 1438 Q1 Medicine Journal Of Medical Internet Research 495 4636 Q1 Medicine IEEE Access 474 1612 Q1 Computer Science International Journal of Medical Informatics 471 6598 Q1 Medicine The new England journal of Medicine 456 4660 Q1 Medicine Journal Of the American Health Information Management Association 412 3323 Not Assigned Medicine AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings AMIA Symposium AMIA Symposium 339 4109 Q3 Medicine Analysis of co-cited references Co-cited reference network analysis visualises a research field's intellectual structure by showing which references are frequently cited together, reflecting thematic relationships within the literature. In co-cited reference network analysis, nodes represent the references, and the links (edges) between them represent how frequently they are co-cited.. Highly co-cited references often indicate foundational or highly influential works in a particular research area. Our analysis reveals that these ten articles primarily focus on four main research themes. (1) Health Information Exchange (HIE): Challenges, Strategies, and Benefits (2) The Role of Clinical Information in Decision-Making and Care Outcomes (3) Security and Authentication in Medical Information Systems; and (4) System-Level Improvements and Frameworks in Healthcare (Table 8 , Fig. 12 ). Table 8 Top 10 references in the field of Medical data breach research. Sl.no Cited Article Co Citation Total Link Strength 1. Crossing the Quality Chasm 30 4 2. Health information exchange: persistent challenges and new strategies 21 3 3. Overview of the Medicare and Medicaid Programs 20 2 4. An Improved Lightweight User Authentication Scheme for the Internet of Medical Things 17 13 5. Usage and effect of health information exchange: a systematic review 17 12 6. Health-information exchange: why are we doing it, and what are we doing? 16 12 7. The benefits of health information exchange: an updated systematic review 15 13 8. An efficient authentication scheme for telecare medicine information systems 15 13 9. A randomized, controlled trial of clinical information shared from another institution 15 9 10. The financial impact of health information exchange on emergency department care 15 7 D. Analysis of Social Knowledge Structure. Authors’ collaboration network analysis VOS viewer software was employed to map and visualise the relationships between authors based on their co-authored publications. This type of analysis is valuable for identifying influential researchers, key collaboration networks, and potential gaps or opportunities for new collaborations in a specific field of study [ 21 ], [ 22 ]. Choosing 16 as a minimum number of documents, out of 7430 authors,9 met the threshold. Figure 13 and Table 9 highlight the co-authorship between them. Table 9 Details of Authors in different clusters of the co-authorship network. Cluster Number, Items and Colour Authors Cluster 1,4 Items,Red Adler-Milstein, J. Bates, D.W. Everson, J. Patel, V. Cluster 2 ,3 Items,Green Kaushal, R. Kern, L.M. Shapiro, J.S. Cluster 3, 2 Items,Blue Dixon, B.E. Vest, J.R. Institutional collaboration network analysis VOS viewer software was employed to visualise co-authorship between institutions, helping to identify collaborative networks and track their evolution over time. From the 5832 organisations, a minimum number of documents was chosen for 8. The 13 institutions that met the threshold and were included in the analysis. Instead of analysing individual authors, this approach aggregates data at the institutional level, focusing on how organisations collaborate with one another based on their authors’ co-authored papers. The network shows organisations as nodes, with the connections (or edges) representing co-authorship ties. The more papers institutions co-author, the stronger the link between them in the network. The findings suggest that inter-institutional collaborations predominantly occur within national borders. Institutions with higher publication outputs tended to collaborate more frequently with others, indicating that fostering institutional partnerships could enhance the quality and quantity of research outputs.(Table 10 ) Table 10 Details of organisations in different clusters of institution collaboration network analysis clusters. Cluster Number, Items and Colour Organisation Cluster 1,5 Items, Red • Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, USA • Department of Paediatrics’, Weill Cornell Medicine, USA • Department of Public Health, Weill Cornell Medicine,USA • Health information technology evaluation collaborative (hitec),USA • New York Presbyterian Hospital, USA Cluster 2 ,2 Items, Green • Center for healthcare informatics and policy, Weill Cornell Medicine, USA • Health information technology evaluation collaborative (hitec),USA Countries Collaboration Network Analysis The visualization of international research collaboration, featuring countries with a minimum productivity of 25 publications, is presented in Fig. 15 . Each node represents a country, with node size indicating its publication volume or contribution level. Links between nodes depict collaborative relationships, where thicker links denote stronger or more frequent partnerships. The map reveals 16 countries organized into three clusters, each distinguished by a unique colour [ 23 ]. From the 149 Countries, a minimum number of 25 documents from countries was chosen for the threshold, and 16 countries that met the threshold were included in the analysis. The analysis underscores that the United States has the strongest collaborative network (link strength = 168), followed by the United Kingdom (link strength = 85), Canada (link strength = 63), Germany (link strength = 59), India (link strength = 56), and Soudi Arabia (link strength = 53). The line thickness between countries reflects the intensity of their collaboration. Countries within the same color cluster share closer research ties, as detailed in Table 11 . Table 11 Details of the country in different clusters of country collaboration network map Cluster Number, Items and Colour Country Cluster 1 (8 items),Red Australia France Germany Italy Netherlands Spain Switzerland United kingdom Cluster 2 (7 items),Green China India Japan Saudi arabia South korea Taiwan United states Cluster 2 (7 items),Blue Canada Discussion The objective of this study was to map the global research landscape on medical data breaches, examining publication trends, subject-area distribution, key authors and institutions, geographical patterns, and thematic evolution, while identifying gaps, ethical considerations, and future directions to guide policy and practice. This bibliometric analysis shows that research output on medical data breaches increased sharply from 2002–2024, with a surge in 2013 and peak in 2015, coinciding with high-profile breaches; HIPAA-covered entities reported 29 million affected records from 2010–2013 .[ 24 ] This suggests that real-world incidents act as catalysts for academic attention, with research responding quickly to emerging threats. Post-2016, publications stabilized at over 140 per year, but a modest 2024 rise links to new risks from technologies such as Blockchain and health information exchange.[ 25 ] This reflects a field transitioning from crisis documentation to proactive technology-driven prevention. Blockchain has become a key focus for addressing privacy and security, exemplified by Khezr et al.’s biomedical applications.[ 12 ] Its prominence indicates a shift towards decentralised, tamper-resistant data protection approaches. Medicine accounts for 49.1% of publications, showing the direct clinical impact. Notable pharmaceutical breaches — the 2024 Cencora attack and 2020 Dr. Reddy’s incident illustrate sector vulnerabilities, often linked to IP theft or supply chain disruption.[ 10 ], [ 26 ] These cases demonstrate that breaches jeopardise both patient safety and innovation. Even perceived breaches can erode trust, as in pharmaceutical e-retailer studies.[ 27 ] This highlights the role of perception and trust management in cybersecurity. Smaller supply chain actors often lack robust defences, making them easy targets; solutions include encryption, real-time detection, and strict oversight. This points to systemic weaknesses beyond major corporations.[ 28 ] Computer Science (14%) and Health Professions (9.6%) contribute significantly, but Nursing, Social Sciences, and Business remain underrepresented. Incorporating these perspectives could improve understanding of human, organisational, and economic aspects of breaches. A small group of authors produces 14% of publications; Adler-Milstein’s highly cited EHR/HIE research documented 949 breaches affecting 29.1 million records (2010–2013), mostly theft (58%). This concentration of expertise shows the field’s reliance on a few thought leaders, which may limit the diversity of approaches.[ 6 ] The U.S. leads globally (n = 1206), followed by India, the U.K., and China, with collaborations concentrated among the U.S., U.K., and Canada. Such concentration indicates that research capacity and funding are geographically clustered, underscoring the need for broader global engagement. Core themes include “health information exchange,” “electronic health records,” and emerging topics such as “cybersecurity,” “Blockchain,” and “digital health”. This thematic evolution shows a balance between foundational privacy issues and newer, tech-enabled solutions.[ 12 ] Ethical concerns, confidentiality, equity, and resource allocation remain central.[ 29 ] Breaches can disproportionately harm vulnerable groups and strain healthcare budgets, forcing trade-offs between cybersecurity and clinical care. They also cause financial losses, service disruption, litigation, and reputational damage. Such impacts highlight the stakes for healthcare systems and the urgency of comprehensive prevention.[ 30 ] Overall, the field has matured from documenting incidents to developing multi-disciplinary, preventive strategies, with an emphasis on advanced security technologies, global collaboration, and socio-technical solutions to safeguard health data and maintain public trust. Conclusion The bibliometric analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of medical data breach research, emphasizing its interdisciplinary nature and the pivotal role of technological advancements in addressing data security challenges. While significant progress has been made, the field is still evolving, with new solutions such as Blockchain and enhanced interoperability frameworks gaining increasing attention. References Menachemi N, Collum TH (May 2011) Benefits and drawbacks of electronic health record systems. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 4:47–55. 10.2147/RMHP.S12985 Human and Organizational Factors of Healthcare Data Breaches The Swiss Cheese Model of Data Breach Causation And Prevention: Medicine & Healthcare Journal Article | IGI Global Scientific Publishing. Accessed: Feb. 01, 2025. [Online]. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7611792","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Systematic Review","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":514782652,"identity":"288a38f0-55cd-4833-85f2-e96f985cdeb9","order_by":0,"name":"Sudip Bhattacharya","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCA0DMY8Agx8beAGQZWBCvxZiPB8QykCBWCwND4jyJBBCXCC18t48/k3hTcMeYTfL51Q0/CiQY+Nu7E/BqkTyXYyY5x+CZHJt0TtnNHqDDJM6c3YBXi8EZHjZpHoPDxkAtaTd4gFoMJHIJaWF/BtKS2CZ5Ju3mH+K0MJhBtEiwH7tNlC2SZ3iMLYF+MWbjyWG7LWMgwUPQL3xn2B/eePPnjpx8+/FnN9/8sZHjb+/FrwUKDjCAI5QBHEfEAZAW9gfEqh4Fo2AUjIIRBgBgBEYERZgH0gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7935-9013","institution":"AIl India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, Jharkhand","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sudip","middleName":"","lastName":"Bhattacharya","suffix":""},{"id":514782653,"identity":"a12376f0-29c4-4dad-af51-9ddd4f9743d2","order_by":1,"name":"Alok Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"SGT University, Gurugram, 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authors.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7611792/v1/d300d7a21d6dada1982dddf2.png"},{"id":91398709,"identity":"0376c6e0-5473-4782-8e54-7b67f33f778c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-16 06:35:35","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":588982,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 11: The network visualisation map of co-cited Journals.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7611792/v1/b9edbb7dbc0114774aa5321c.png"},{"id":91398711,"identity":"06c613ec-9455-498b-b04b-c1b197377154","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-16 06:35:35","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50465,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 12: The network visualisation map of co-cited 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co-authorship between the institutions\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7611792/v1/5a1762e1ba4870893fdf7e06.png"},{"id":91398713,"identity":"2a4c0e45-9cad-40a4-9c18-b72be50dcdcd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-16 06:35:35","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":244895,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 15: Snapshot of the bibliometric map representing Co-authorship analysis of countries in network visualisation mode\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7611792/v1/5c45a44c6fb7b669b3f140a5.png"},{"id":91401122,"identity":"26418b00-59bc-4513-ada0-f273a7ca68f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-16 06:59:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2990548,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7611792/v1/bd442a55-fa88-47d8-9956-021da9e1e181.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBibliometric analysis of global health data breaches over two decades\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAdvances in information and communication technology have shifted healthcare from paper records to EHRs, improving care, efficiency, engagement, and access.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] Smartphones and other devices have enhanced service access, while healthcare data have become more digitized and mobile .[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] The Internet of Medical Things supports this transformation, but also increases risks, with smart devices being major sources of privacy breaches.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] Definitions of data breaches vary by legal, technical, and organizational perspectives.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] In healthcare, breaches disrupt services, impose financial costs, and erode trust. Real-world incidents, such as ransomware attacks on hospitals and pharmaceutical supply chains, highlight the need for integrated technological, policy, and international measures. Medical data breaches involve unauthorized access, disclosure, or loss of sensitive health information, with serious ethical, legal, financial, and clinical consequences.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] Healthcare is among the most affected industries; a single patient record can fetch hundreds of dollars on the dark web.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] From 2005\u0026ndash;2019, 249.09\u0026nbsp;million people were impacted, with 157.40\u0026nbsp;million in the last five years.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] In 2018, healthcare saw the highest breaches among sectors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], and in 2019, 41.2\u0026nbsp;million records were compromised in 505 incidents.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] Average breach costs in healthcare far exceed other sectors \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e6.45\u0026nbsp;million globally and \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e15\u0026nbsp;million in large U.S. cases, with the highest per-record cost increase among industries.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] Regulations like GDPR and HIPAA updates, as well as major incidents such as the 2024 Cencora and 2020 Dr. Reddy\u0026rsquo;s breaches, have intensified focus on healthcare cybersecurity.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] Emerging technologies, including Blockchain and AI, offer both opportunities and risks. Yet, gaps remain in understanding global research patterns. This study aims to map publication trends, key contributors, collaboration networks, thematic evolution, and ethical considerations to guide future strategies for protecting healthcare data.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePreliminary-Planning\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSearch queries were pinpointed and organised in the preliminary planning stage, as illustrated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. These queries were divided into two categories\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary search terms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary search terms-Combinations of terms related to the medical data breach.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe primary search terms encompassed \"data breach \", and the secondary search terms included \" Combinations of terms related to medical. A subset of crucial search queries and their combinations was chosen based on their relevance to medical data breach research. Combinations of key search terms related to medical data breaches were encompassed in the broadened literature review. Moreover, specific research questions, outlined in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, were formulated to provide a comprehensive overview of the knowledge structure and the bibliometric and statistical methods used to evaluate medical data breach research from 2002 to 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Keywords used\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"1\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( \"data breach\" ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ( \"Electronic Health Records breach\" ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ( \"data breach type\" ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ( \"health information exchange\" ) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY ( healthcare ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ( medical ) ) AND PUBYEAR\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1999 AND PUBYEAR\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2025 AND PUBYEAR\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2001 AND PUBYEAR\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2025 AND ( LIMIT-TO ( SRCTYPE, \"j\" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( PUBSTAGE, \"final\" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE, \"ar\" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE, \"re\" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, \"English\" ) )\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMapping of Research questions with knowledge structure, bibliometric and statistical techniques\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSl.No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch Questions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKnowledge Structure Covered\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBibliometric Techniques\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat are the publishing trends of the research publication in Medical data breach ?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntellectual\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003estructure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnnual Scientific Production.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWho are the most contributing authors,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ejournals, organisations, funding agencies and countries and cited papers in Medical data breach research?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntellectual\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003estructure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThree field plots, Most relevant\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthors, Organisations, journal, funding agencies, Co-citation of author, journal and references\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat are the publication patterns and\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003emost frequently used keywords of the\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003earticles published in Medical data breach research?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConceptual\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003estructure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNetwork Analysis, Thematic mapping, and Thematic evolution and trending topics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat are the collaboration networks in\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedical data breach research?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial structure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthors collaboration network, Institution collaboration network, and Country Collaboration network\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat are the thematic trends of the\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eApplication of Medical data breach research?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConceptual\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003estructure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThematic mapping, Thematic\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvolution.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat are the main open areas of\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003echallenges and the corresponding\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003esolutions for future research work in Medical data breach research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConceptual\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003estructure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThematic mapping, Thematic\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eevolution, and Factorial\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eanalysis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the data collection phase, we systematically searched academic articles in the SCOPUS core collection from January 1, 2002, to December 31, 2024, focusing on Medical data breach research. The keywords employed for data retrieval are listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Additionally, English-language research articles and review papers were included in the study. This search yielded 2234 academic publications from SCOPUS for analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScopus was chosen for this bibliometric analysis due to its extensive coverage of peer-reviewed literature, interdisciplinary scope, and robust citation tracking. It provides a reliable dataset for evaluating publication trends, co-authorship networks, and thematic evolution. Additionally, Scopus offers built-in bibliometric analysis tools, making it a preferred choice for systematic literature reviews and trend assessments in academic research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData refinement\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the data refinement stage,2208 publications were obtained from Scopus after properly screening the documents. Books, editorials, letters, conference papers, and non-English academic works were excluded from the systematic bibliometric review, resulting in 2157 documents. After this initial filtering, 17 non-relevant article duplicates were removed from the remaining list of 2157 publications, resulting in a final total of 2144 articles. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData extraction\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMetadata from Scopus was extracted in the form of a CSV bibliographic information file. The exported data included: (a) authors/editors, (b) full names of authors, (c) titles, (d) sources, (e) authors\u0026rsquo; keywords, (f) keywords plus, (g) abstracts, (h) authors' affiliations, (i) corresponding authors' affiliations, (j) cited references, (k) total citations, (l) highly cited papers, (m) usage counts, (n) publication years, (o) DOIs, (p) subject categories, (q) author identifiers, (r) languages, and (s) funding agencies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBibliometric analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBibliometric analysis serves as an objective method for researchers to catalogue, access, and evaluate extensive collections of publications, offering a detailed overview of recent trends in scientific literature within a specific field or research area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this research, we conduct a bibliometric analysis of publications concerning medical data breach research from 2002 to 2024, addressing the six primary questions presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Different software tools and packages were utilized to analyse the retrieved data. \u003cb\u003eBiblioshiny (R package for Bibliometrics)\u003c/b\u003e \u0026ndash; Used for conducting bibliometric analysis and thematic mapping, making three field plots, Bradford law, and keyword analysis. \u003cb\u003eVOSviewer\u003c/b\u003e \u0026ndash; Employed to visualise co-authorship networks, keyword co-occurrence, and co-citation analysis to identify research clusters. \u003cb\u003eMicrosoft Excel\u003c/b\u003e was used for data cleaning, refining search results, and structuring extracted bibliographic records. These tools collectively facilitated a comprehensive assessment of the knowledge structure, research collaborations, and thematic evolution in medical data breach research. Furthermore, we aim to statistically investigate and evaluate the scientific knowledge structure through this bibliometric analysis. The fundamental knowledge framework of a research field comprises three components:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eConceptual structure: Central themes and trends in the literature of a specific research area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntellectual structure: The impact of an author's work within the scientific community.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial structure: Interactions among authors, institutions, and countries.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInitially, the conceptual structure is examined statistically using thematic mapping and co-occurrence networks. Subsequently, the intellectual knowledge structure is evaluated through co-citation network analysis. Lastly, the social knowledge structure is scrutinised based on the collaboration network and collaboration world map. By analysing these conceptual, intellectual, and social structures, we aim to comprehend the knowledge framework of medical data breach research over the past decades. This analysis will highlight current achievements and identify future challenges in medical data breach research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eA. Fundamental Bibliometric Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnnual publications trends\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe annual publication trends (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) show a steady rise in research on medical data breaches from 2002 to 2024. Early years (2002\u0026ndash;2009) saw minimal publications (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;40 annually), followed by gradual growth until 2015 due to the growing digitalization of healthcare. A sharp surge peaked in 2015 (176 publications), likely driven by high-profile breaches. Since 2016, publication numbers have remained consistently above 140, with a slight increase in 2024, reflecting ongoing academic interest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalysis of the Subject Area\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the subject area illustrates the distribution of research on medical data breaches across various subject areas. Medicine constitutes the largest share, accounting for 49.1% of the publications, emphasizing its prominence in this field. Computer Science follows with 14%, reflecting the critical role of technology and cybersecurity in addressing data breaches.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalysis of the most relevant authors\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 7430 authors participated in medical data breach-related studies, with 10 authors contributing 16 or more papers each. The top 10 prolific authors collectively produced 307 publications, accounting for 14% of total submissions. Among them, Vest, J.R. from Regenstrief Institute Inc, Indianapolis, United States, was the most productive, publishing 55 papers. The research work by Adler-Milstein, J., from the UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, United States and colleagues had the highest citation count, with 1779 citations. All of the top 10 authors were primarily based in the United Kingdom.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalysis of the Organisations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study analysed contributions from 5832 distinct organisations, with the top 10 institutions contributing 621 publications. The analysis of institutional contributions to medical data breaches shows that Regenstrief Institute Inc. leads the field with the highest number of publications (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;110), followed by Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;99) and Weill Cornell Medicine (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;71).. The top 10 organisations contributed 28.9% of total publications. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e uses a three-field plot diagram to illustrate the pattern of authors\u0026rsquo; publications in different related topics and journals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalysis of Country Scientific Production\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of country-specific scientific production in medical data breach research highlights the leading contributors to this field. The United States (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1206) leads by a significant margin, with the highest number of publications, reflecting its dominant role in advancing medical data breach research. India (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;134) ranks second in scientific output, followed by the United Kingdom (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;113), China (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;106), and Canada (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90), indicating robust research activity in these countries.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMost preferred Journal\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 744 academic journals have published articles on Medical data breach research. The ten most active journals accounted for 581 out of 2144 papers, contributing 27% of the total publications. Journal Of The American Medical Informatics Association led with 118 articles, followed by Journal Of Medical Systems (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;104), International Journal Of Medical Informatics (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;76), Journal Of Medical Internet Research (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;73) and AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings AMIA Symposium AMIA Symposium (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;56). Other significant contributors were Applied Clinical Informatics (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39), American Journal of Managed Care (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33), Health Affairs (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30), Journal of Biomedical Informatics (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27), and BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnalysis of the Highly Cited Research Publications.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ten most frequently cited research publications in the field of Medical data breach research, specifically within the analysed collection and published between 2002 and 2024, are listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. For instance, Kuo et al. authored an article titled \u0026ldquo;Blockchain distributed ledger technologies for biomedical and health care applications, the highest locally cited publication with 925 total citations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] as depicted in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHighly cited research publications on diabetes care in primary care.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTitle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSource Title\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCited By\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDOI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlockchain distributed ledger technologies for biomedical and health care applications\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJournal of the American Medical Informatics Association\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e925\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1093/jamia/ocx068\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1093/jamia/ocx068\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrivacy in the age of medical big data\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNature Medicine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e709\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1038/s41591-018-0272-7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/s41591-018-0272-7\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAncile: Privacy-preserving framework for access control and interoperability of electronic health records using Blockchain technology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSustainable Cities and Society\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e679\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.scs.2018.02.014\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.scs.2018.02.014\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBenefits and drawbacks of electronic health record systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRisk Management and Healthcare Policy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e556\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan 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targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eApplications of Blockchain technology in medicine and healthcare: Challenges and future perspectives\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCryptography\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e363\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3390/cryptography3010003\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/cryptography3010003\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlockchain-Based Medical Records Secure Storage and Medical Service Framework\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJournal of Medical Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e359\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1007/s10916-018-1121-4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10916-018-1121-4\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLegal and Ethical Consideration in Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Who Takes Responsibility?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrontiers in Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e336\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3389/fsurg.2022.862322\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/fsurg.2022.862322\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn exhaustive survey on security and privacy issues in Healthcare 4.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComputer Communications\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e327\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.comcom.2020.02.018\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.comcom.2020.02.018\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe use of health information technology in seven nations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternational Journal of Medical Informatics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e315\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2008.06.007\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2008.06.007\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eActive Funding Agencies\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOf the 2144 articles reviewed, 669 were funded by the top 10 organisations. The analysis of funding agencies supporting Medical data breach research reveals that the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States is the most prominent funding sponsor, contributing 202 publications. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;175) and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;62) also play significant roles in financing research in this field. Other notable contributors include the U.S. National Library of Medicine (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;53), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40), the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;37) and the National Cancer Institute (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28). Additionally, the National Institute on Aging (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27), the U.S. Public Health Service (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25), and the National Science Foundation (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20) further illustrate the global and diverse nature of funding sources for medical data breach research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eB. Conceptual knowledge structure analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalysis of the Keywords\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this part of the study, keyword and co-occurrence analyses were employed to explore the latest research trends in medical data breach research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Research gaps and future directions in this domain are aimed to be pinpointed. The primary keywords are illustrated as \u0026ldquo;health information exchange\u0026rdquo; (484 Occurrences), \u0026ldquo;electronic health records\u0026rdquo; (155 Occurrences), \u0026ldquo;health information technology\u0026rdquo; (106 Occurrences), \u0026ldquo;Interoperability\u0026rdquo; (88 Occurrences), \u0026ldquo;Blockchain\u0026rdquo; (78 Occurrences), \u0026ldquo;electronic health record\u0026rdquo; (74 Occurrences), \u0026ldquo;Privacy\u0026rdquo; (73 Occurrences), \u0026ldquo;Security\u0026rdquo; (58 Occurrences), \u0026ldquo;Healthcare\u0026rdquo; (57 Occurrences), \u0026ldquo;medical informatics\u0026rdquo; (53 Occurrences), \u0026ldquo;electronic medical records\u0026rdquo; (40 Occurrences), \u0026ldquo;data breach\u0026rdquo; (39 Occurrences), \u0026ldquo;covid-19\u0026rdquo; (32 Occurrences). The relationship between Medical data breach research is also depicted using the cumulative occurrence graph in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. This graph shows a progressive increase in the annual occurrence of the author\u0026rsquo;s keywords related to Medical data breach research. Authors\u0026rsquo; keywords such as Health information exchange, Electronic health records, Health information technology Interoperability, Blockchain, Electronic health record, Privacy, Security, Healthcare, Medical informatics have exhibited more dynamic growth compared to others.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe comparison between the author\u0026rsquo;s main keyword cumulative occurrence since the year 2002 and 2024 ( Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) shows that the main author keywords have increased significantly, indicating trending or popular research topics in the field, growing interest or emerging trends in that topic. The graph highlights the shifts in research focus. Furthermore, we analysed the co-occurrence of authors\u0026rsquo; keywords using Vos Viewer. The co-occurrence network helps understand the thematic areas of the research field and identify the most critical and current issues.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] It also provides insights into the evolution of these issues over time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe extracted 10 out of 3835 Authors\u0026rsquo; Keywords with a frequency of 42 or more for co-occurrence analysis in Vos viewer to explore trends and hotspots in the field of research (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The results of the co-occurrence network analysis are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The visual representations classify keywords into five clusters, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; keywords and their occurrences.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthors keyword\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth information exchange\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e484\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eElectronic health records\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth information technology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInteroperability\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlockchain\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eElectronic health record\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrivacy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecurity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthcare\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedical informatics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDetails of keywords in different clusters of network co-occurrence of authors\u0026rsquo; keywords and key theme.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster Number /No Of Item /Colour\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKeyword Of The Clusters\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKey Theme\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 1 (8 Items)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Electronic Health records\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Health information Exchange\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Health information technology\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Interoperability\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Medical informatics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealthcare data systems and their integration\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 2 (5 Items)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Blockchain\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Electronic health records\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Healthcare\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Privacy\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; security\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTechnological Innovations and Privacy in Healthcare Data Security\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eThematic Map\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe thematic development of keywords from 2002 to 2012 and 2013\u0026ndash;2024 is examined using the keyword thematic map and Sankey diagram presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. Upper-Right Quadrant (Motor Themes): These themes exhibit both high centrality and high density, indicating they are well-developed and play a pivotal role in shaping the research field. In this case, the themes include \"health information exchange,\" \"electronic health records,\" and \"health information technology\", which are core to the field and actively evolving as motor themes driving the research area forward. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eTrending Topics\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe focused on one keyword appearing at least five times each year to analyse the trending topics. Since 2006, approximately 13 keywords have shown notable increases in frequency. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the occurrence trends, highlighting keywords such as Electronic Medical Records, Interoperability, Digital Health, Blockchain, Cybersecurity, Ethereum,, gaining prominence in 2019-24. This suggests that these research areas are currently receiving considerable attention and may reflect emerging Medical data breach research trends.(Figure-9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC. Analysis of Intellectual knowledge structure.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of co-cited authors\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo-cited authors network analysis refers to examining relationships between authors based on how often they are cited together in the same documents. This visualisation or map shows the relationships between authors based on their co-citation frequency. Each author's publication is shown in a circle and denoted by the author\u0026rsquo;s name. The colour of a publication shows the cluster to which the author\u0026rsquo;s publication belongs. The size of each node in the graph represents the number of citations an author has received, with larger nodes corresponding to higher citation counts and greater influence (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Adler-Milstein, J. leads with 882 co-citations, followed by Bates, D.W., Vest, J.R., Kaushal, R., Jha, A.K. with 757, 649, 588 and 515 co-citations, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Of 7430 authors, using 132 as a minimum number of citations, 30 met the threshold. The top 10 co-cited authors amassed over 133 co-citations, underscoring their significant impact on Medical data breach research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 06\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop 10 Co-cited authors in the field of Medical data breach research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo-Citations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal Link Strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdler-Milstein, J.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e882\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15132\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBates, D.W.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e757\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13162\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVest, J.R.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e649\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13327\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKaushal, R.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e588\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12390\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJha, A.K.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e515\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10483\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePatel, V.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e402\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7336\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverhage, J.M.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e390\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6436\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJohnson, K.B.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e295\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6410\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlumenthal D.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e294\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrisse, M.E.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e238\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5517\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal Co citations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalysis of co-cited journals\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo-cited journal network analysis investigates the relationships between journals based on the frequency with which they are cited together in scholarly papers.. A higher number of co-citations indicates a stronger relationship between journals, represented in network visualizations by shorter node distances and thicker connecting lines (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] .Notably, four journals in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e have been co-cited over 500 times. Out of 744 sources, 28 met the threshold for inclusion, with a minimum of 150 citations per source. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e identifies the Four core journals in the field as Journal Of The American Health Information Management Association (H-index\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19), Health Affairs (Q1, H-index\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;212), JAMA (Q1, H-index\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;768) and Journal of Medical Systems (Q1, H-index\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;110). (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e )\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop 10 Co-cited journals in the field of Medical data breach research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo-Citations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal Link Strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuartile\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubject area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJournal Of the American Health Information Management Association\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1348\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14628\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot Assigned\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedicine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth Affairs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e594\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6269\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedicine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJAMA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e589\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5029\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedicine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJournal Of Medical Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e520\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1438\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedicine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJournal Of Medical Internet Research\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e495\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4636\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedicine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIEEE Access\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e474\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1612\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComputer Science\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternational Journal of Medical Informatics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e471\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6598\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedicine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe new England journal of Medicine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e456\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4660\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedicine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJournal Of the American Health Information Management Association\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e412\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3323\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot Assigned\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedicine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings AMIA Symposium AMIA Symposium\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e339\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4109\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedicine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalysis of co-cited references\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo-cited reference network analysis visualises a research field's intellectual structure by showing which references are frequently cited together, reflecting thematic relationships within the literature. In co-cited reference network analysis, nodes represent the references, and the links (edges) between them represent how frequently they are co-cited.. Highly co-cited references often indicate foundational or highly influential works in a particular research area. Our analysis reveals that these ten articles primarily focus on four main research themes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(1) Health Information Exchange (HIE): Challenges, Strategies, and Benefits\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(2) The Role of Clinical Information in Decision-Making and Care Outcomes\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(3) Security and Authentication in Medical Information Systems; and\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(4) System-Level Improvements and Frameworks in Healthcare (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTop 10 references in the field of Medical data breach research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSl.no\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCited Article\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo Citation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal Link Strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrossing the Quality Chasm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth information exchange: persistent challenges and new strategies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverview of the Medicare and Medicaid Programs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn Improved Lightweight User Authentication Scheme for the Internet of Medical Things\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsage and effect of health information exchange: a systematic review\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth-information exchange: why are we doing it, and what are we doing?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe benefits of health information exchange: an updated systematic review\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn efficient authentication scheme for telecare medicine information systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA randomized, controlled trial of clinical information shared from another institution\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe financial impact of health information exchange on emergency department care\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eD. Analysis of Social Knowledge Structure.\u003c/b\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; collaboration network analysis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVOS viewer software was employed to map and visualise the relationships between authors based on their co-authored publications. This type of analysis is valuable for identifying influential researchers, key collaboration networks, and potential gaps or opportunities for new collaborations in a specific field of study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Choosing 16 as a minimum number of documents, out of 7430 authors,9 met the threshold. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e highlight the co-authorship between them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDetails of Authors in different clusters of the co-authorship network.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster Number, Items and Colour\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 1,4 Items,Red\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdler-Milstein, J.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBates, D.W.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEverson, J.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePatel, V.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 2 ,3 Items,Green\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKaushal, R.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKern, L.M.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShapiro, J.S.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 3, 2 Items,Blue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDixon, B.E.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVest, J.R.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eInstitutional collaboration network analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eVOS viewer software was employed to visualise co-authorship between institutions, helping to identify collaborative networks and track their evolution over time. From the 5832 organisations, a minimum number of documents was chosen for 8. The 13 institutions that met the threshold and were included in the analysis. Instead of analysing individual authors, this approach aggregates data at the institutional level, focusing on how organisations collaborate with one another based on their authors\u0026rsquo; co-authored papers. The network shows organisations as nodes, with the connections (or edges) representing co-authorship ties. The more papers institutions co-author, the stronger the link between them in the network. The findings suggest that inter-institutional collaborations predominantly occur within national borders. Institutions with higher publication outputs tended to collaborate more frequently with others, indicating that fostering institutional partnerships could enhance the quality and quantity of research outputs.(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDetails of organisations in different clusters of institution collaboration network analysis clusters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster Number, Items and Colour\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrganisation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 1,5 Items, Red\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, USA\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Department of Paediatrics\u0026rsquo;, Weill Cornell Medicine, USA\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Department of Public Health, Weill Cornell Medicine,USA\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Health information technology evaluation collaborative (hitec),USA\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; New York Presbyterian Hospital, USA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 2 ,2 Items, Green\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Center for healthcare informatics and policy, Weill Cornell Medicine, USA\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Health information technology evaluation collaborative (hitec),USA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCountries Collaboration Network Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe visualization of international research collaboration, featuring countries with a minimum productivity of 25 publications, is presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e. Each node represents a country, with node size indicating its publication volume or contribution level. Links between nodes depict collaborative relationships, where thicker links denote stronger or more frequent partnerships. The map reveals 16 countries organized into three clusters, each distinguished by a unique colour [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. From the 149 Countries, a minimum number of 25 documents from countries was chosen for the threshold, and 16 countries that met the threshold were included in the analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe analysis underscores that the United States has the strongest collaborative network (link strength\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;168), followed by the United Kingdom (link strength\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;85), Canada (link strength\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;63), Germany (link strength\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;59), India (link strength\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;56), and Soudi Arabia (link strength\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;53). The line thickness between countries reflects the intensity of their collaboration. Countries within the same color cluster share closer research ties, as detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDetails of the country in different clusters of country collaboration network map\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster Number, Items and Colour\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 1 (8 items),Red\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAustralia\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrance\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGermany\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eItaly\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpain\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSwitzerland\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnited kingdom\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 2 (7 items),Green\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJapan\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSaudi arabia\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSouth korea\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaiwan\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnited states\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCluster 2 (7 items),Blue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCanada\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe objective of this study was to map the global research landscape on medical data breaches, examining publication trends, subject-area distribution, key authors and institutions, geographical patterns, and thematic evolution, while identifying gaps, ethical considerations, and future directions to guide policy and practice. This bibliometric analysis shows that research output on medical data breaches increased sharply from 2002\u0026ndash;2024, with a surge in 2013 and peak in 2015, coinciding with high-profile breaches; HIPAA-covered entities reported 29\u0026nbsp;million affected records from 2010\u0026ndash;2013 .[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] This suggests that real-world incidents act as catalysts for academic attention, with research responding quickly to emerging threats. Post-2016, publications stabilized at over 140 per year, but a modest 2024 rise links to new risks from technologies such as Blockchain and health information exchange.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] This reflects a field transitioning from crisis documentation to proactive technology-driven prevention.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlockchain has become a key focus for addressing privacy and security, exemplified by Khezr et al.\u0026rsquo;s biomedical applications.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] Its prominence indicates a shift towards decentralised, tamper-resistant data protection approaches. Medicine accounts for 49.1% of publications, showing the direct clinical impact. Notable pharmaceutical breaches \u0026mdash; the 2024 Cencora attack and 2020 Dr. Reddy\u0026rsquo;s incident illustrate sector vulnerabilities, often linked to IP theft or supply chain disruption.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] These cases demonstrate that breaches jeopardise both patient safety and innovation. Even perceived breaches can erode trust, as in pharmaceutical e-retailer studies.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] This highlights the role of perception and trust management in cybersecurity. Smaller supply chain actors often lack robust defences, making them easy targets; solutions include encryption, real-time detection, and strict oversight. This points to systemic weaknesses beyond major corporations.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e] Computer Science (14%) and Health Professions (9.6%) contribute significantly, but Nursing, Social Sciences, and Business remain underrepresented. Incorporating these perspectives could improve understanding of human, organisational, and economic aspects of breaches. A small group of authors produces 14% of publications; Adler-Milstein\u0026rsquo;s highly cited EHR/HIE research documented 949 breaches affecting 29.1\u0026nbsp;million records (2010\u0026ndash;2013), mostly theft (58%). This concentration of expertise shows the field\u0026rsquo;s reliance on a few thought leaders, which may limit the diversity of approaches.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] The U.S. leads globally (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1206), followed by India, the U.K., and China, with collaborations concentrated among the U.S., U.K., and Canada. Such concentration indicates that research capacity and funding are geographically clustered, underscoring the need for broader global engagement. Core themes include \u0026ldquo;health information exchange,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;electronic health records,\u0026rdquo; and emerging topics such as \u0026ldquo;cybersecurity,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;Blockchain,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;digital health\u0026rdquo;. This thematic evolution shows a balance between foundational privacy issues and newer, tech-enabled solutions.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] Ethical concerns, confidentiality, equity, and resource allocation remain central.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] Breaches can disproportionately harm vulnerable groups and strain healthcare budgets, forcing trade-offs between cybersecurity and clinical care. They also cause financial losses, service disruption, litigation, and reputational damage. Such impacts highlight the stakes for healthcare systems and the urgency of comprehensive prevention.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall, the field has matured from documenting incidents to developing multi-disciplinary, preventive strategies, with an emphasis on advanced security technologies, global collaboration, and socio-technical solutions to safeguard health data and maintain public trust.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe bibliometric analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of medical data breach research, emphasizing its interdisciplinary nature and the pivotal role of technological advancements in addressing data security challenges. 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J Med Internet Res 25:e51471. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.2196/51471\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.2196/51471\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Data breach, Cybersecurity, Blockchain, Digital health, Health data","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7611792/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7611792/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis bibliometric analysis reveals significant trends in medical data breach research, highlighting publication growth, subject-area distribution, leading authors and institutions, geographical contributions, and thematic evolution. From 2002 to 2024, research activity surged notably after 2013, peaking in 2015, coinciding with major healthcare data breaches that heightened academic and professional interest. While publication rates stabilized post-2016, a modest increase in 2024 suggests continued relevance due to evolving cybersecurity threats and emerging technologies like Blockchain. The research focus has shifted towards technological solutions such as Blockchain, as demonstrated by studies like Khezr et al., which explored distributed ledger technologies for healthcare applications. The interdisciplinary nature of this field is evident, with Medicine (49.1%) leading, followed by Computer Science (14%) and Health Professions (9.6%). High-profile breaches, such as the 2024 Cencora cyberattack and the 2020 Dr. Reddy's Laboratories breach, underscore the need for robust security frameworks. Business Management and Engineering perspectives offer valuable insights into risk mitigation and system vulnerabilities. A core group of prolific authors and institutions, such as the Regenstrief Institute and Weill Cornell Medicine, dominate research output. The United States leads global contributions (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1206), with significant engagement from India, the United Kingdom, and China. Keyword and co-citation analyses reveal a shift from foundational themes like electronic health records to emerging topics such as cybersecurity and digital health. The need for a multidisciplinary approach, integrating healthcare, engineering, and policy perspectives to enhance data security, is underscored by this study. Future research should explore emerging technologies, strengthen international collaborations, and address regulatory challenges to mitigate the impact of medical data breaches effectively.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Bibliometric analysis of global health data breaches over two decades","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-16 06:35:30","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7611792/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"290d1acd-34a3-4104-a8d7-58b75f97ab9e","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 16th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":54683072,"name":"Medical Informatics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-16T06:35:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-16 06:35:30","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7611792","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7611792","identity":"rs-7611792","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}