The Long-Term Impact of COVID-19 on the Physical Activity, Motor Fitness, and HRmax Values of Female University Students

The Long-Term Impact of COVID-19 on the Physical Activity, Motor Fitness, and HRmax Values of Female University Students | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Long-Term Impact of COVID-19 on the Physical Activity, Motor Fitness, and HR max Values of Female University Students Robert Podstawski, Krzysztof Borysławski, Jadwiga Snarska, Attila Szabo, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6786530/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background The long-term relationships between COVID-19 and anthropometric and physiological characteristics as indicators of health status have not been extensively studied to date. Aim The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between COVID-19 and the HR max values achieved by female university students during maximal physical effort, the participants’ physical activity (PA) levels and anthropometric and physiological characteristics ten months after the end of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The study involved 82 female university students aged 19.0–28.0 years. Half of the study population had a history of COVID-19. The participants’ body composition was evaluated in a bioelectrical impedance analysis. The students’ PA levels were assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and their HR max values were measured during the 12-minute Cooper test on a rowing ergometer (12-MCTRE). Results Healthy students (G1) were characterized by the highest PA levels. Physical activity levels were lower in students who had a history of COVID-19 but had not been hospitalized (G2), and lowest in students who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 (G3). Healthy controls were also characterized by significantly lower body mass, the body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, and visceral fat levels, as well as lower values of body fat mass, fat free mass, and skeletal muscle mass (p < 0.001). The highest HR max (175 bpm) was noted in group G1 students, and it significantly exceeded the values in groups G2 (by 7 bpm) and G3 (by 15 bpm). Conclusions Ten months after the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, female students who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 were characterized by significantly lower levels of PA and motor fitness, as well as less favorable body composition parameters (class 1 obesity). These observations may explain the lower HR max values in group G3 women than in healthy controls physical activity motor abilities physiological parameters young women pandemic 1. Introduction The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and spread rapidly across the world, becoming the deadliest pandemic of the decade [ 1 , 2 ]. The virus led to several million infections and caused nearly five million deaths worldwide by October 2021 [ 3 ]. The overall number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in 216 countries reached 125,704,789 [ 4 ]. A total of 2,776 COVID-19 deaths were reported last month (World, 28 days to 2 March, 2025) [ 5 ] According to a definition proposed by U.S. experts, COVID-19 is a chronic condition that is triggered by a virus that causes the disease. In medical terms, COVID-19 belongs to a group of infection-associated chronic conditions. There is evidence to indicate that health services have been significantly disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in countries with limited resources [ 6 ]. While global healthcare systems were overburdened by the direct effects of the pandemic, other systems were indirectly stretched beyond their capability. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the weakness of healthcare systems around the world [ 7 ]. The pandemic exerted a profound influence on societies, the global economy, and – from a health perspective – the quality of people’s daily lives. Physical activity (PA) can contribute to improvements in mental, social, physical well-being, and it is one of the key factors that can enhance the quality of life [ 8 ]. Researchers have argued that PA activity can effectively boost immunity and alleviate the negative outcomes of social isolation [ 9 ]. Research has shown that many coaches experience growing levels of depression, anxiety, and weight gain in periods of physical inactivity and social isolation [ 10 , 11 ]. The results of meta-analyses clearly indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to a decrease in the PA levels of university and college students (UCS) around the world [ 12 – 15 ]. The only exception was Sweden, where lockdown measures were not implemented. As a result, a minor improvement in the lifestyle behaviors of Swedish university students was reported in the first six months of COVID-19 relative to the pre-pandemic period [ 16 ]. Research studies examining differences in the PA levels of men and women during the pandemic produced discrepant results. For example, Goicochea et al. [ 17 ] concluded that women were more physically active than men based on the self-reported decrease in PA levels in the group of male participants. In turn, a study of Malaysian university students revealed no significant differences between the PA levels of men and women during the pandemic [ 18 ]. Studies analyzing changes in the PA levels and motor fitness of USC are particularly informative and valuable. For example, Podstawski et al. [ 19 ] found that in both male and female Polish university students showed a simultaneous decline in PA levels and strength-endurance abilities. The impact of COVID-19 on the physical and mental well-being of young adults was examined in a study of university students from Macau. The study revealed that the participants’ motor fitness (flexibility, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, and muscular endurance) declined during the pandemic, regardless of whether they had been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus [ 20 ]. Some individuals with a history of COVID-19 have continued to experience health problems long after the pandemic. Lingering or recurring symptoms of the disease are known as long COVID or the post-COVID-19 syndrome. These symptoms are also collectively referred to as long-haul COVID or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC). Systematic reviews and meta-analyses demonstrated that in 80% of individuals (95% CI 65–92) who had been diagnosed with COVID-19, at least one overall effect persisted for more than two weeks after an acute infection [ 21 ]. A total of 55 effects, including symptoms, signs, and laboratory parameters, have been identified in persons with a history of COVID-19. The most common effects were fatigue [ 22 – 24 ], anosmia [ 25 ], lung dysfunction [ 26 ], abnormal chest X-ray/CT scan [ 27 ], and neurological disorders [ 28 ]. Fatigue (58%), headache (44%), attention disorder (27%), hair loss (25%), and dyspnea (24%) were most frequently reported [ 29 ]. These meta-analyses revealed that long COVID affects people who had been infected with SARS-CoV-2, including those who had not experienced symptoms of COVID-19. These symptoms can surface weeks or even months after apparent recovery. In a study conducted at the end of the pandemic (May 2023), Podstawski et al. [ 30 ] compared the health markers (PA, anthropometric and physiological characteristics) of Polish male university students with and without a history of COVID-19. They found that men who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 had significantly lower levels of PA and motor fitness (including lower values of HRmax) and less desirable body composition parameters (in particular higher body fat mass which was within the upper overweight range). However, selected health markers (PA and anthropometric and physiological characteristics) have never been compared in university/college students with and without a history of COVID-19 one year after the end of the pandemic. In Poland, the end of the public health emergency caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2 was officially declared on 1 July 2023 [ 31 ]. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationships between COVID-19 history, PA levels, and the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of female university students ten months after the end of the public health emergency in Poland. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Statement The research methodology used in this study has been applied in previous studies investigating the effect of COVID-19 on the physiological characteristics of young men, conducted by the authors, whose results have already been published [ 30 ]. Furthermore, a highly similar research methodology has been employed by us in numerous other publications [e.g., 19, 32, 33]. According to the reviewers, the adopted methods are reliable and the obtained results are objective. Therefore, the research methodology and the presentation of results in this study are similar to those in previous articles by the authors who assume full responsibility for the content and structure of this manuscript. 2.2. Participants The study was conducted from May 1 to May 30, 2024 (summer semester) in the Human Research Wellness Laboratory at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (UWM), and it involved 82 female students aged 19.0 − 28.0 years (21.23 ± 1.57). Each of the women surveyed was of legal age. Women who were competitive athletes were excluded from the study to ensure that highly trained individuals with high motor abilities do not distort the overall results of the study population. As a result, the female students who participated in the study followed the same curriculum of fitness classes as their peers who were not recruited for the study. Menstruating participants were also excluded from the study because this condition could negatively affect their performance and the results of the experiment. The study involved women only because most students enrolled in the program were female. In addition, the researchers faced a number of logistic constraints – the study had to be carried out within the shortest possible time and under similar laboratory conditions. The control group (G1) comprised 40 women (49% of all subjects) without a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 symptoms. Twenty-nine students had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 but had not been hospitalized (G2–35%), whereas 13 participants had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 (G3–16%). Potential participants were informed about the purpose of the study during obligatory physiology and anthropometrics classes as well as functional training classes at the UWM. A total of 86 female students agreed to participate in the study, and they were notified by e-mail and text message whether they had met the inclusion criteria and were provided with the date of the final recruitment. Four students were excluded from the study because they were unable to present a medical certificate confirming their history of COVID-19. Ultimately, 82 female university students (42 COVID-19 patients and 40 healthy controls) meeting the inclusion criteria were recruited for the study. Students who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 symptoms were asked to present a medical certificate from the hospital in which they had been examined and/or treated. The physical pre-test involved a physician who verified that the subjects had not been taking any medications or dietary supplements, were in good health, and had no history of blood diseases or other diseases affecting biochemical and biomechanical markers. None of the evaluated participants had respiratory or circulatory disorders. For the needs of the quantitative analysis, the participants’ PA levels were evaluated using the Polish short version of the standardized and validated International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) [ 34 ]. Before the study, the participants were asked to indicate the average time (in minutes) spent on PA per week (minimum of 10 min). The energy expenditure associated with the declared weekly PA levels was expressed in metabolic equivalent of task (MET) minutes per week [ 35 ]. The MET is the ratio of the metabolic rate during exercise to the resting metabolic rate, and 1 MET denotes the amount of oxygen consumed in 1 min, which is estimated at 3.5 mL/kg/min. Based on the declared frequency, intensity, and duration of PA (“how often, how much, how long”), the respondents were classified into groups with low PA (< 600 MET-min/week), moderate PA (600 to 1500 METs per week), and high PA levels (≥ 1500 MET-min/week). 2.3. Ethical statement The research was conducted in accordance with the guidelines and policies of the Health Science Council and the Declaration of Helsinki, and it was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (37/2011). Each participant was provided with detailed information about the purpose of the study, potential risks, and the research protocol. The protocol included detailed information on measurement procedures and motor fitness testing techniques that could be practiced during training sessions immediately prior to the study. All female students gave their voluntary and informed consent to participate in the study by signing an informed consent form. 2.4. Procedures, Data Collection, and Equipment Before the study, the participants received detailed instructions on how to perform the maximal symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test (12-minute Cooper test on a rowing ergometer, 12-MCTRE). They were asked to drink at least 1 L of water on the day of the test and 0.5 L of water 2 h before the trial. The participants did not consume any foods or other fluids until the final body measurements at the end of the experiment. Anthropometric measurements were taken before motor tests. The students were asked to refrain from strenuous exercise the day before the trial, and they assisted the authors in taking the measurements. 2.4.1. Anthropometric Measurements and Body Composition Analysis Body height was measured to the nearest 1 mm with a calibrated InLab S50 stadiometer (InBody Co., Seoul, Republic of Korea) in accordance with the relevant guidelines. Body mass (measured to the nearest 0.1 kg), the body mass index (BMI), and body composition parameters, including body fat percentage (BFP) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM), were determined by bioelectrical impedance with an InBody 270 Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer (BIA) (Biospace Co., Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea). This foot-to-foot, hand-to-hand, and hand-to-foot device features two stainless steel footpad electrodes mounted on a platform scale and a tetrapolar 8-point tactile electrode system with two stainless steel handles. Previous research has shown that bioelectrical impedance analysis is a viable tool for measuring body composition and is as effective as other measurement methods, such as DXA [36,37]. The platform scale uses a single load cell to measure body mass (and stature) and calculate the BMI. The BFP is calculated by summing the results of the segmental lean analysis to determine total lean body mass, fat mass, and the proportion of fat mass to total body mass. Muscle mass percentage (M%) is calculated by evaluating water content in different segments of the body using the provided equations. The visceral fat level (VFL) is estimated using the provided regression equations which, according to the manufacturer, had been derived by comparing visceral fat in computerized tomography scans and impedance scans of the torso region in a segmental lean analysis. 2.4.2. 12-Minute Cooper Test on Rowing Ergometer The 12-MCTRE was performed on a Concept 2 PM5 standardized rowing ergometer (PH Markus, Szczecin, Poland), which is widely used to measure strength endurance (SE) in athletes [31]. The following parameters were measured during the 12-MCTRE: maximum, average, and minimum heart rate (HR max, avg, min ), total distance covered in 12 min, total power generated [W], mean time-to-500 m, calories burned per hour [kcal], and strokes per minute [SPM, stroke/min]. Each participant wore a Polar H10 heart rate sensor (Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland) on a chest strap. The ergometer was programmed and paired with the ErgData app (https://www.concept2.com/support/ergdata, accessed on 1 February 2024) and the HR sensor. The test was initiated by a verbal start cue. The test was conducted based on the procedures that had been programmed by Podstawski et al. [30] and used in a study of male university students. The system is activated automatically when the participant engages the handle. It is deactivated automatically after 12 min, and data are logged in the app. The data from the ErgData app were recorded in an Excel spreadsheet. Before the test, the participants were instructed on how to correctly perform the 12-MCTRE, and they were allowed some time to practice. The test was preceded by an active warm-up (10 min). The warm-up routine included 5 min of rowing and stretching exercises [39]. The physiological parameters measured during the warm-up routine on a rowing ergometer are presented in Table 1. Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the participants’ physiological parameters during the 5-minute warm-up routine on a rowing ergometer Characteristic Mean SD Min Max As Distance [m] 1187.77 211.74 635.0 1508.0 -0.592 Power [W] 110.04 51.63 15.0 206.0 -0.087 Energy expenditure [Kcal] 66.66 17.58 33.0 100.0 -0.073 SPM [stroke/min] 24.81 4.33 15.0 35.0 0.444 Pace per 500 m [s] 154.83 34.22 113.0 283.0 1.691 HR avg [bpm] 154.02 16.63 97.0 183.0 -1.213 HR max [bpm] 168.57 16.25 105.0 196.0 -1.601 Notes. SPM – strokes per minute, HR – heart rate, HR avg – heart rate everage, HR max – heart rate maximum. Correct 12-MCTRE Technique The participants’ SE was evaluated based on the distance (in m) covered during the 12-MCTRE. The row stroke is divided into two phases according to the technique presented by Podstawski et al. [19]. Phase I (pulling the bar): from a starting position with the knees bent, arms straight, and the back arched forward (a), the lower limbs are gradually straightened (b), the torso is abducted backward to a maximum of 45° (c), and the bar is pulled towards the chest (d). Phase II (reversal): from a position with the legs straight and the torso abducted and pulled back (d), the arms are extended, the torso is bent forward (c), the knees are bent as much as possible, with the torso bent forward and the arms straight (a). The participants were expected to complete the distance within 12 minutes. When the bar is pulled, the movement begins with the legs extended and the torso abducted backward, and it ends with the arms (elbows) flexed and the bar pulled to the chest (between the nipples and the xiphoid process). During bar inversion, the movement begins with the arms straight and the torso bent forward, and it ends with the knees bent (and the heels as close to the buttocks as possible). 12-MCTRE Procedure for Assessing HR max The participants were characterized by varying PA levels (refer to Table 2 in subsection 3.2); therefore, their SE was also expected to differ. The following protocol was used to assess HR max values during the test [30]: • All subjects rowed at a damper setting of 10; • During the first 6 min, the subjects modulated exercise intensity at own discretion to avoid excessive effort; • Six minutes in, the subjects started to reduce their time-to-500 m by 5 s per minute, up to the 10-min mark; • During the last 2 min, the subjects rowed at maximum intensity to achieve the highest possible HR displayed on the PM5 monitor. 2.5. Statistical analysis Basic descriptive statistics (mean, SD, and range of variation) were calculated for each parameter. The normality of data distribution was verified with the Shapiro–Wilk test (skewness (As) was also examined). The values of all tested parameters were normally distributed. The examined variables were analyzed in three groups: 1) participants without a history of COVID-19 (n = 40), 2) participants who had a history of COVID-19 but had not been hospitalized (n = 23), and 3) participants who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 (n = 19). The arithmetic means in groups were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). If significant differences between group means were identified by ANOVA, pairwise differences were evaluated using Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test in the post-hoc analysis. Data were processed in the Statistica 13 program at a significance level of α = 0.05. 3. Results The participants’ performance in the 12-MCTRE, including their PA levels, as well as their anthropometric and physiological characteristics are presented in Table 2. Physical Activity and Anthropometric Characteristics of the Study Population The average number of METs achieved during the test (1648 METs) suggests that the participants engaged in high-intensity exercise. However, moderate-intensity activity was noted in the vast majority of cases, and the students’ PA level was regarded as average. The mean BMI was within the normal range (23.1 kg/m2); BFP was determined at 29.2%; BFM was 20.0 kg or higher, and fat-free mass (FFM) reached 45.5 kg. Based on these values, it was recommended that the participants should lose 3.3 kg to attain a target weight of 62.2 kg, but with an associated 5.8 kg decrease in BFM and a 2.4 kg increase in FFM. The mean waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) reached 0.9, which could be indicative of early gynoid obesity (WHR > 0.8). Physiological Characteristics of the Study Population The average distance covered during the 12-MCTRE was 2049.1 m. The average generated power was 66.8 W, and the participants burned 104.5 kcal on average. The average (HRavg) and maximum (HR max ) heart rate values were 152.4 and 170.6 bpm, respectively. An analysis of training intensity distribution revealed that the participants spent most of their exercise time (205.7 s on average) in heart rate (intensity) zone 3 (108-124 bpm) and somewhat less time (196.6 s) in zone 4 (124-143 bpm) (Tab. 2). Table 2. Descriptive statistics of the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of the study population. Parameter Mean SD Min. Max. As PA and anthropometric characteristics Age [years] 21.23 1.57 19.0 28.0 2.373 PA [METs/min/week] 1648.29 560.20 570.0 2950.0 -0.193 Body height [cm] 167.93 6.03 155.0 183.0 0.376 Body mass [kg] 65.49 13.98 40.8 107.4 1.205 Total body water [kg] 33.27 4.21 26.1 48.6 0.790 Proteins [kg] 8.93 1.15 7.0 13.1 0.774 Minerals [kg] 3.28 0.48 2.4 5.1 0.930 BFM [kg] 20.02 9.65 4.2 48.4 1.350 FFM [kg] 45.48 5.81 35.5 66.8 0.755 SMM [kg] 24.94 3.45 19.0 37.5 0.779 BMI [kg/m 2 ] 23.14 4.29 14.8 37.7 1.271 BFM% [%] 29.23 7.88 10.2 50.1 0.381 In Body Score 71.63 6.89 52.0 87.0 -0.892 Target weight [kg] 62.17 5.67 51.7 86.7 1.277 Weight control [kg] -3.33 10.33 -34.0 18.5 -1.020 BFM control [kg] -5.76 8.96 -34.0 9.5 -1.323 FFM control [kg] 2.43 2.47 0.0 10.5 0.863 Basal metabolic rate [Kcal] 1352.33 125.47 1137.0 1812.0 0.797 WHR 0.87 0.07 0.7 1.1 1.166 VFL 8.27 4.98 2.0 23.0 1.478 Physiological characteristics Distance [m] 2049.81 227.85 1664.0 2588.0 0.592 Power [W] 66.83 22.83 35.0 130.0 0.955 Energy expenditure [Kcal] 104.51 15.92 82.0 147.0 0.902 SPM [strokes/min] 25.73 3.93 20.0 42.0 1.687 Pace per 500 m [s] 174.10 23.09 115.0 216.0 -0.597 HR avg [bpm] 152.42 19.13 97.0 193.0 -0.478 HR max [bpm] 170.61 18.43 136.0 203.0 -0.274 Intensity of effort [s] Zone 1: < 90 [bpm] 45.31 115.19 0.0 714.0 3.767 Zone 2: 90 – 108 [bpm] 122.71 164.42 0.0 705.0 2.065 Zone 3: 108 – 124 [bpm] 205.65 180.05 0.0 660.0 0.963 Zone 4: 125 – 143 [bpm] 196.56 176.65 0.0 621.0 0.651 Zone 5: 144 – 162 [bpm] 134.31 186.22 0.0 617.0 1.294 Zone 6: > 162 [bmp] 15.48 30.63 0.0 197.0 4.135 Notes. PA – physical activity, BFM – body fat mass, FFM – fat free mass, SMM – skeletal muscle mass, BFM% – Body fat mass percent, WHR – waist-hip ratio, VFL – visceral fat level. The PA levels and the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of the study population (groups G1-G3) are presented in Table 3. Most of the examined parameters differed significantly across groups. Physical Activity and Anthropometric Characteristics in Groups Healthy controls (G1) as well as students who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 but had not been hospitalized (G2) were characterized by significantly (p < 0.001) higher PA levels than hospitalized COVID-19 patients (G3 - moderate). In addition, group G1 students had significantly (p<0.001) higher PA levels (2085 METs/min/week) than group G2 subjects (1439 METs/min/week). Furthermore, the following parameters were significantly (p <0.001) lower in groups G1 and G2: body mass, total body water (TBW), proteins, minerals, BFM, FFM, SMM, BMI, BFP, target weight, weight control, BFM control, FFM control (G1 only, p = 0.018), basal metabolic rate (BMR), WHR, and VFL. Body height was the only parameter that did not differ significantly between groups (Tab. 3). Physiological Characteristics in Groups Healthy controls covered significantly (p < 0.001) longer distances in the 12-MCTRE than the remaining participants (groups G2 and G3). In turn, group G2 subjects covered significantly (p < 0.001) longer distances than group G3 participants. In addition, the following parameters were significantly (p<0.001) higher in group G1: power generated (p<0.001), energy expenditure (p<0.001), SPM (p=0.032), and pace per 500 m (p<0.001). HR avg and HR max values were significantly higher in healthy controls (G1) than in students who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 (G3). The HRmax peaked in the healthy control group (G1—175 bpm), and it was 7 bpm higher than in group G2 and 15 bpm higher than in group G3. No significant differences in physiological parameters were observed between group G2 and group G3 participants. In addition, group G3 students remained in heart rate zone 1 over a significantly longer period of time than group G2 females (132.2 and 11.5 s, respectively). No significant differences were noted in the times spent in the remaining heart rate zones (zone 2 to zone 6) (Table 3). Table 3. Descriptive statistics of the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of the study population. Characteristic Group * Difference G 1 (n=40) G 2 (n=29) G 3 (n=13) Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD F p PA and anthropometric characteristics PA [METs/min/week] 2085.13 2.3 312.13 1439.66 1.3 293.33 769.62 1.2 152.51 115.26 <0.001 Body height [cm] 167.44 5.15 167.43 5.96 170.54 8.09 2.11 ns Body mass [kg] 59.99 3 5.56 63.16 3 9.47 87.65 1.2 18.01 37.93 <0.001 TBW [kg] 32.17 3 3.47 32.97 3 3.50 37.28 1.2 5.49 8.76 <0.001 Proteins [kg] 8.65 3 0.96 8.83 3 0.94 9.98 1.2 1.51 7.97 <0.001 Minerals [kg] 3.14 3 0.34 3.25 3 0.41 3.77 1.2 0.65 10.59 <0.001 BFM [kg] 16.02 3 3.50 18.10 3 6.09 36.61 1.2 11.90 53.15 <0.001 FFM [kg] 43.97 3 4.75 45.06 3 4.84 51.05 1.2 7.64 8.83 <0.001 SMM [kg] 24.07 3 2.87 24.69 3 2.83 28.18 1.2 4.55 8.35 <0.001 BMI [kg/m 2 ] 21.37 3 1.92 22.48 3 2.76 30.06 1.2 5.60 17.69 <0.001 BFP [%] 26.56 3 4.27 27.98 3 6.66 40.23 1.2 9.89 24.07 <0.001 In Body Score 74.53 3 4.55 72.66 3 3.89 60.46 1.2 7.24 42.16 <0.001 Target weight [kg] 61.07 3 4.21 61.24 3 4.78 67.62 1.2 8.25 8.47 <0.001 Weight control [kg] 1.09 3 4.56 -1.92 3 6.79 -20.03 1.2 13.15 42.21 <0.001 BFM control [kg] -2.04 3 3.36 -4.04 3 5.71 -21.05 1.2 11.08 51.48 <0.001 FFM control [kg] 3.13 3 2.62 2.11 1.93 1.02 1 2.48 4.26 0.018 BMR [Kcal] 1319.80 3 102.59 1343.35 3 104.61 1472.46 1.2 164.82 8.80 <0.001 WHR 0.85 3 0.04 0.85 3 0.05 0.97 1.2 0.10 26.76 <0.001 VFL 6.13 3 1.68 7.24 3 3.09 17.15 1.2 5.73 63.53 <0.001 Physiological characteristics Distance [m] 2226.95 2.3 184.33 1928.69 1.3 73.40 1774.92 1.2 74.41 68.19 <0.001 Power [W] 84.10 2.3 20.39 54.10 1 6.27 42.08 1 5.25 55.06 <0.001 Calories [Kcal] 116.73 2.3 13.90 95.38 1 4.39 87.31 1 4.27 58.25 <0.001 S/M [strokes/min] 26.85 2.3 4.63 24.93 1 2.56 24.08 1 3.25 3.59 0.032 Pace per 500 m [s] 156.93 2.3 18.59 186.52 1 7.15 199.23 1 17.82 51.66 <0.001 HR avg [bpm] 157.85 3 19.45 150.79 13.86 139.31 1 22.38 5.27 0.007 HR max [bpm] 175.35 3 17.35 168.24 17.72 160.77 1 19.58 3.75 0.028 Intensity of effort [s] Zone 1: <90 [bpm] 41.58 96.17 11.52 3 16.39 132.15 2 218.89 5.52 0.006 Zone 2: 90 – 108 [bpm] 85.20 108.83 162.28 216.06 149.85 160.61 2.11 ns Zone 3: 108 – 124 [bpm] 183.25 157.48 231.76 209.95 216.31 178.68 0.63 ns Zone 4: 125 – 143 [bpm] 218.23 178.93 185.72 182.59 154.08 158.03 0.73 ns Zone 5: 144 – 162 [bpm] 169.05 202.22 118.76 181.86 62.08 117.33 1.18 ns Zone 6: > 162 [bmp] 22.70 40.73 9.97 13.49 5.54 12.65 2.34 ns Notes. *) G1 – women without a history of COVID-19; G2 – women with a history of COVID-19 who had not been hospitalized; G3 – women who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19, ns – not significant 4. Discussion This study was undertaken to examine the relationships between COVID-19, PA levels, and the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of female university students ten months after the end of the pandemic in Poland. The students’ performance was assessed during the 12-MCTRE, and special attention was paid to HR max values during peak effort. In the study population, the maximum heart rate (HR max = 171 bpm) was 49 bpm below the normal value calculated using the following formula: HR max = 220 – age [40]. This parameter was also 16 bmp lower than that found in male university students (HR max = 187 bpm) immediately after the end of the pandemic [30]. The observed decrease in HRmax values probably could not result from the reduced PA levels of young women (1948 METs), compared with the PA levels of young men tested in the previous study (1975 METs), because the difference between these groups (27 METs) was not significant. A more detailed analysis of group results revealed that students who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 were characterized by the lowest values of HRmax (161 bpm), which were significantly (p=0.028) lower than in healthy controls (by 15 bpm) and in subjects who had contracted COVID-19 but had not been hospitalized (by 7 bpm). The differences between groups (G1-G3) shed more light on the relationships between COVID-19 and PA levels, physiological and anthropometric characteristics, and HRmax. For example, the PA levels of the study population approximated the lower limit of moderate intensity exercise (770 METs) in women who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 (G3) and the upper limit of moderate intensity exercise (1440 METs) in group G2 students, whereas group G1 participants were characterized by high PA levels (2090 METs). A systematic review of cross-sectional studies conducted by Oliveira et al. [41] revealed that the autonomic control of cardiac function is significantly correlated with PA and cardiorespiratory fitness. In general, both older [42] and more recent research [43] demonstrated that similarly aged and athletically trained individuals with high levels of motor fitness achieve slightly but significantly lower values of HRmax than untrained individuals in various modes of exercise. In contrast, in the present study, the lowest HRmax values were noted in the least physically active women who were also characterized by the lowest SE and the least desirable anthropometric parameters. This discrepancy may be attributed to the fact that healthy controls were compared with COVID-19 patients. In this case, the group of COVID-19 patients comprised not only women who had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 and/or hospitalized, but also students whose body composition parameters could be indicative of poor health. These parameters include BMI, and women with a history of COVID-19 and/or hospitalization had very high BMI values (>30kg/m2) indicative of class 1 obesity. In group G3 students, obesity was confirmed by the highest values of BFP (>40%), VFL (17.2), and WHR (0.97). Obesity is not only a medical risk factor [44], and since 1998, it has been regarded as a serious disease that requires treatment [45]. Class 1 obesity induces changes in respiratory, cardiovascular, and renal physiology [46, 47], thereby considerably limiting exercise capacity [48, 49]. Individuals with class 1 obesity are not able to achieve the HRmax values consistent with those of healthy persons [30, 50, 51]. Reduced physical fitness is negatively correlated with greater susceptibility to infection, including COVID-19 [52].In summary, the study revealed significant correlations between COVID-19 and negative outcomes such as overweight/obesity, reduced PA and motor fitness levels, which persist for a longer period of time (approximately 10 months) after the end of the pandemic [52, 53]. 5. Strengths and Limitations The most important limitation of the study was the lack of comparative pre-pandemic data. Therefore, the results do not conclusively demonstrate that the reduction in PA levels and negative changes in body composition and physiological parameters can be attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The only conclusion that can be drawn from the study is that the compared variables were related. However, the present findings indicate that the new 12-MCTRE is an effective tool for measuring HR max in less physically active young women, not only athletes, which is a strength of the study. The rowing ergometer test is also highly suitable for analyzing the performance of overweight or obese women. In this group of subjects, SE should not be measured with the use of running tests. 6. Conclusion The factors that exacerbated the negative impact of COVID-19 on young women’s health and persisted nearly one year after the end of the pandemic were identified in the present study. The group of factors that were significantly correlated with a history of COVID-19 and severe complications (requiring hospitalization) included low PA levels, low motor fitness, and high values of BMI, WHR, VFL, and BFP. Female university students who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 met the above criteria around 10 months after the pandemic and were characterized by lower HRmax values than women without a history of COVID-19. The study underscores the need for longitudinal studies involving measurements of body composition and motor fitness, and in-depth analyses of HRmax values in university students. Abbraviations 12-MCTRE - 12-Minute Cooper Test on Rowing Ergometer BFM - Body Fat Mass BIA - Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer BMI – Body Mass Index Body Fat Percent , target weight, weight control, BFM control, FFM control (G1 only, p = 0.018), BMR - Basal Metabolic Rate COVID-19 - Coronavirus Disease 2019 DXA - Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry FFM - Fat Free Mass HR - Heart Rate IPAQ - International Physical Activity Questionnaire MET - Metabolic Equivalent of Task PA – Physical Activity SARS-CoV-2 - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 SMM – Skeletal Muscle Mass SPM – Strokes per Minute TBW – Total Body Water VFL – Visceral Fat Level WHR – weist to hip ratio Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The research was conducted in accordance with the guidelines and policies of the Health Science Council and the Declaration of Helsinki, and it was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (37/2011). All female students gave their voluntary and informed consent to participate in the study by signing an informed consent form. Consent for publication Consent was obtained from each participant for the publication of survey data. Availability of data and materials The access to Excel data generated during this study has been restricted by the Ethics Committee of the UWM in Olsztyn to protect the participants’ privacy. Researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data can submit a data request by email to [email protected] Competing Interests The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Funding This research received no external funding. Authors’ Contribution Conceptualization: RP; Data curation: RP; Formal analysis: KB; Funding acquisition: RP; Investigation: RP, JS, PJ; Methodology: RP, FI; Validation: KB, RP; Project administration: RP; Software: KB; Supervision: RP; Writing - original draft: RP, KB, AS, FI; Writing – review & editing: RP, KrB, AS; Visualization: RP; Resources: RP; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their gratitude to the female students participated in the study. References Arshad SA, Baloch M, Ahmed N, Arshad AA, Iqbal A. The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)—An emerging global health threat. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13:644–6. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.02.033. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497–506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. Worldometer, author. Coronavirus. 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The long-term effects of COVID-19 on pulmonary status and quality of life. PeerJ. 2023 Dec 21;11:e16694. doi: 10.7717/peerj.16694. Rogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, Pollak TA, McGuire P, Fusar-Poli P, et al. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(7):611–27. Baldini T, Asioli GM, Romoli M, Carvalho Dias M, Schulte EC, Hauer L, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis and SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol. 2021. Alwan NA. Track. COVID-19 sickness, not just positive tests and deaths. Nature. 2020;584(7820):170 Podstawski R, Borysławski K, Wąsik J. COVID-19 as a Factor Influencing Maximal Heart Rates among Male University Students. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(14):6146. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146146 Alföldi Z, Borysławski K, Ihasz, F, Soos I. Podstawski, R.S. Differences in the anthropometric and physiological profiles of Hungarian male rowers of various age categories. Rankings and career lengths: Selection problems. Front. Physiol. 2021, 12, e747781. Podstawski R, Bukowska JM, Borysławski K. et al. Anthropometric but not motor characteristics of young volleyball players were improved after a one-week-long intense training sports camp. Sci Rep 15, 2835 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-85441-0 Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 14 czerwca 2023 r. W sprawie odwołania na obszarze Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej stanu zagrożenia epidemicznego. Warszawa, dnia 16 czerwca 2023 r. Poz. 1118. Pobrano 13.02.2025, z: https://www.gov.pl/web/rpp/koniec-stanu-zagrozenia-epidemicznego. Biernat E, Stupnicki R, Gajewski AK. International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)—Polish version. Phys. Educ. Sport 2007, 51, 47–54. Podstawski, R, Boryslawski, K.; Hinca, B.; Finn, K.; Dziełak, A. Effect of repeated alternative thermal stress on the physiological and body composition characteristics of young women sporadically using sauna. Phys. Act. Rev. 2023, 11, 49–59. Aandstad A, Holtberget K, Hageberg R, Holme I, Anderssen SA. Validity and reliability of bioelectrical impedance analysis and skinfold thickness in predicting body fat in military personnel. Mil Med. 2014 Feb;179(2):208-17. doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-12-00545. Gibson AL, Holmes JC, Desautels RL, Edmonds LB, Nuudi L. Ability of new octapolar bioimpedance spectroscopy analyzers to predict 4-componentmodel percentage body fat in Hispanic. black. and white adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 332–338 Shellock FG, Prentice WE. Warming-up and stretching for improved physical performance and prevention of sports-related injuries. Sports Med. 1985 Jul-Aug;2(4):267-78. doi: 10.2165/00007256-198502040-00004. Fox, S.M., III; Naughton, J.P.; Haskell, W.L. Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease. Ann. Clin. Res. 1971, 3, 404–432. Oliveira, R.S.; Barker, A.R.; Wilkinson, K.M.; Abbott, R.A.; Williams, C.A. Is Cardiac Autonomic Function Associated with Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents? A Systematic Review of Cross-Sectional Studies. Int. J. Cardiol. 2017, 236, 113–122. Lester, M.; Sheffield, L.T.; Trammell, P.; Reeves, T.J. The effect of age and athletic training on the maximal heart rate during muscular exercise. Am. Heart J. 1968, 76, 370–376. Whyte GP, George K, Shave R, Middleton N, Nevill AM. Training Induced Changes in Maximum Heart Rate. Int J Sports Med 2008; 29(2): 129-133. DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-965783 Pi-Sunyer X. The medical risks of obesity. Postgrad Med. 2009;121(6):21-33. doi: 10.3810/pgm.2009.11.2074. Rosen H. Is Obesity A Disease or A Behavior Abnormality? Did the AMA Get It Right? Mo Med. 2014 Mar-Apr;111(2):104-108. PMID: 30323513; PMCID: PMC6179496. Shashaty MG, Stapleton RD. Physiological and management implications of obesity in critical illness. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014 Oct;11(8):1286-97. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201404-159FR. Head GA. Cardiovascular and metabolic consequences of obesity. Frontiers in Physiology, 2015; 6: 32. 10.3389/fphys.2015.00032 Gaul D, Mat A, O'Shea D, Issartel J. Impaired Visual Motor Coordination in Obese Adults. J Obes. 2016;2016:6178575. doi: 10.1155/2016/6178575. Epub 2016 Nov 22. Erratum in: J Obes. 2018 Feb 21;2018:1820890. doi: 10.1155/2018/1820890. Wang Ch, Chan JSY, Ren L, Yan JH. Obesity Reduces Cognitive and Motor Functionsacross the Lifespan. Neural Plasticity 2016, Article ID 2473081, 13 pages; http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2473081 Oja P, Tuxworth B. Eurofit for Adults: Assessment of Health-Related Fitness; Council of Europe Publishing: Tampere, Finland, 1995. [Google Scholar] Tanaka H, Monahan KD, Seals DR. Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2001, 37, 153–156. Larrateguy S, Vinagre J, Londero F, Dabin J, Ricciardi E, Jeanpaul S, Torres-Castro R, Núñez-Cortés R, Sánchez-Ramírez D, Gimeno-Santos E, Blanco I. Clinical Variables Related to Functional Capacity and Exertional Desaturation in Patients with COVID-19. Biomedicines. 2023 Jul 20;11(7):2051. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11072051. Vélez-Santamaría R, Fernández-Solana J, Méndez-López F. et al. Functionality, physical activity, fatigue and quality of life in patients with acute COVID-19 and Long COVID infection. Sci Rep 13, 19907 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-47218-1 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and spread rapidly across the world, becoming the deadliest pandemic of the decade [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The virus led to several million infections and caused nearly five million deaths worldwide by October 2021 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. The overall number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in 216 countries reached 125,704,789 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. A total of 2,776 COVID-19 deaths were reported last month (World, 28 days to 2 March, 2025) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to a definition proposed by U.S. experts, COVID-19 is a chronic condition that is triggered by a virus that causes the disease. In medical terms, COVID-19 belongs to a group of infection-associated chronic conditions. There is evidence to indicate that health services have been significantly disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in countries with limited resources [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. While global healthcare systems were overburdened by the direct effects of the pandemic, other systems were indirectly stretched beyond their capability. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the weakness of healthcare systems around the world [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pandemic exerted a profound influence on societies, the global economy, and \u0026ndash; from a health perspective \u0026ndash; the quality of people\u0026rsquo;s daily lives. Physical activity (PA) can contribute to improvements in mental, social, physical well-being, and it is one of the key factors that can enhance the quality of life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Researchers have argued that PA activity can effectively boost immunity and alleviate the negative outcomes of social isolation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Research has shown that many coaches experience growing levels of depression, anxiety, and weight gain in periods of physical inactivity and social isolation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. The results of meta-analyses clearly indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to a decrease in the PA levels of university and college students (UCS) around the world [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13 CR14\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The only exception was Sweden, where lockdown measures were not implemented. As a result, a minor improvement in the lifestyle behaviors of Swedish university students was reported in the first six months of COVID-19 relative to the pre-pandemic period [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Research studies examining differences in the PA levels of men and women during the pandemic produced discrepant results. For example, Goicochea et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] concluded that women were more physically active than men based on the self-reported decrease in PA levels in the group of male participants. In turn, a study of Malaysian university students revealed no significant differences between the PA levels of men and women during the pandemic [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies analyzing changes in the PA levels and motor fitness of USC are particularly informative and valuable. For example, Podstawski et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] found that in both male and female Polish university students showed a simultaneous decline in PA levels and strength-endurance abilities. The impact of COVID-19 on the physical and mental well-being of young adults was examined in a study of university students from Macau. The study revealed that the participants\u0026rsquo; motor fitness (flexibility, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, and muscular endurance) declined during the pandemic, regardless of whether they had been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome individuals with a history of COVID-19 have continued to experience health problems long after the pandemic. Lingering or recurring symptoms of the disease are known as long COVID or the post-COVID-19 syndrome. These symptoms are also collectively referred to as long-haul COVID or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC). Systematic reviews and meta-analyses demonstrated that in 80% of individuals (95% CI 65\u0026ndash;92) who had been diagnosed with COVID-19, at least one overall effect persisted for more than two weeks after an acute infection [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. A total of 55 effects, including symptoms, signs, and laboratory parameters, have been identified in persons with a history of COVID-19. The most common effects were fatigue [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR23\" citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], anosmia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e], lung dysfunction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], abnormal chest X-ray/CT scan [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], and neurological disorders [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Fatigue (58%), headache (44%), attention disorder (27%), hair loss (25%), and dyspnea (24%) were most frequently reported [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. These meta-analyses revealed that long COVID affects people who had been infected with SARS-CoV-2, including those who had not experienced symptoms of COVID-19. These symptoms can surface weeks or even months after apparent recovery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a study conducted at the end of the pandemic (May 2023), Podstawski et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] compared the health markers (PA, anthropometric and physiological characteristics) of Polish male university students with and without a history of COVID-19. They found that men who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 had significantly lower levels of PA and motor fitness (including lower values of HRmax) and less desirable body composition parameters (in particular higher body fat mass which was within the upper overweight range). However, selected health markers (PA and anthropometric and physiological characteristics) have never been compared in university/college students with and without a history of COVID-19 one year after the end of the pandemic. In Poland, the end of the public health emergency caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2 was officially declared on 1 July 2023 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationships between COVID-19 history, PA levels, and the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of female university students ten months after the end of the public health emergency in Poland.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Statement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research methodology used in this study has been applied in previous studies investigating the effect of COVID-19 on the physiological characteristics of young men, conducted by the authors, whose results have already been published [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, a highly similar research methodology has been employed by us in numerous other publications [e.g., 19, 32, 33]. According to the reviewers, the adopted methods are reliable and the obtained results are objective. Therefore, the research methodology and the presentation of results in this study are similar to those in previous articles by the authors who assume full responsibility for the content and structure of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted from May 1 to May 30, 2024 (summer semester) in the Human Research Wellness Laboratory at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (UWM), and it involved 82 female students aged 19.0 \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;28.0 years (21.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.57). Each of the women surveyed was of legal age. Women who were competitive athletes were excluded from the study to ensure that highly trained individuals with high motor abilities do not distort the overall results of the study population. As a result, the female students who participated in the study followed the same curriculum of fitness classes as their peers who were not recruited for the study. Menstruating participants were also excluded from the study because this condition could negatively affect their performance and the results of the experiment. The study involved women only because most students enrolled in the program were female. In addition, the researchers faced a number of logistic constraints \u0026ndash; the study had to be carried out within the shortest possible time and under similar laboratory conditions. The control group (G1) comprised 40 women (49% of all subjects) without a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 symptoms. Twenty-nine students had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 but had not been hospitalized (G2\u0026ndash;35%), whereas 13 participants had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 (G3\u0026ndash;16%). Potential participants were informed about the purpose of the study during obligatory physiology and anthropometrics classes as well as functional training classes at the UWM. A total of 86 female students agreed to participate in the study, and they were notified by e-mail and text message whether they had met the inclusion criteria and were provided with the date of the final recruitment. Four students were excluded from the study because they were unable to present a medical certificate confirming their history of COVID-19. Ultimately, 82 female university students (42 COVID-19 patients and 40 healthy controls) meeting the inclusion criteria were recruited for the study. Students who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 symptoms were asked to present a medical certificate from the hospital in which they had been examined and/or treated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe physical pre-test involved a physician who verified that the subjects had not been taking any medications or dietary supplements, were in good health, and had no history of blood diseases or other diseases affecting biochemical and biomechanical markers. None of the evaluated participants had respiratory or circulatory disorders. For the needs of the quantitative analysis, the participants\u0026rsquo; PA levels were evaluated using the Polish short version of the standardized and validated International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Before the study, the participants were asked to indicate the average time (in minutes) spent on PA per week (minimum of 10 min). The energy expenditure associated with the declared weekly PA levels was expressed in metabolic equivalent of task (MET) minutes per week [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. The MET is the ratio of the metabolic rate during exercise to the resting metabolic rate, and 1 MET denotes the amount of oxygen consumed in 1 min, which is estimated at 3.5 mL/kg/min. Based on the declared frequency, intensity, and duration of PA (\u0026ldquo;how often, how much, how long\u0026rdquo;), the respondents were classified into groups with low PA (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;600 MET-min/week), moderate PA (600 to 1500 METs per week), and high PA levels (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1500 MET-min/week).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Ethical statement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research was conducted in accordance with the guidelines and policies of the Health Science Council and the Declaration of Helsinki, and it was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (37/2011). Each participant was provided with detailed information about the purpose of the study, potential risks, and the research protocol. The protocol included detailed information on measurement procedures and motor fitness testing techniques that could be practiced during training sessions immediately prior to the study. All female students gave their voluntary and informed consent to participate in the study by signing an informed consent form.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.4. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Procedures, Data Collection, and Equipment\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBefore the study, the participants received detailed instructions on how to perform the maximal symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test (12-minute Cooper test on a rowing ergometer, 12-MCTRE). They were asked to drink at least 1 L of water on the day of the test and 0.5 L of water 2 h before the trial. The participants did not consume any foods or other fluids until the final body measurements at the end of the experiment. Anthropometric measurements were taken before motor tests. The students were asked to refrain from strenuous exercise the day before the trial, and they assisted the authors in taking the measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4.1. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Anthropometric Measurements and Body Composition Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBody height was measured to the nearest 1 mm with a calibrated InLab S50 stadiometer (InBody Co., Seoul, Republic of Korea) in accordance with the relevant guidelines. Body mass (measured to the nearest 0.1 kg), the body mass index (BMI), and body composition parameters, including body fat percentage (BFP) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM), were determined by bioelectrical impedance with an InBody 270 Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer (BIA) (Biospace Co., Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea). This foot-to-foot, hand-to-hand, and hand-to-foot device features two stainless steel footpad electrodes mounted on a platform scale and a tetrapolar 8-point tactile electrode system with two stainless steel handles. Previous research has shown that bioelectrical impedance analysis is a viable tool for measuring body composition and is as effective as other measurement methods, such as DXA [36,37]. The platform scale uses a single load cell to measure body mass (and stature) and calculate the BMI. The BFP is calculated by summing the results of the segmental lean analysis to determine total lean body mass, fat mass, and the proportion of fat mass to total body mass. Muscle mass percentage (M%) is calculated by evaluating water content in different segments of the body using the provided equations. The visceral fat level (VFL) is estimated using the provided regression equations which, according to the manufacturer, had been derived by comparing visceral fat in computerized tomography scans and impedance scans of the torso region in a segmental lean analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4.2. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 12-Minute Cooper Test on Rowing Ergometer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 12-MCTRE was performed on a Concept 2 PM5 standardized rowing ergometer (PH Markus, Szczecin, Poland), which is widely used to measure strength endurance (SE) in athletes [31]. The following parameters were measured during the 12-MCTRE: maximum, average, and minimum heart rate (HR\u003csub\u003emax, avg, min\u003c/sub\u003e), total distance covered in 12 min, total power generated [W], mean time-to-500 m, calories burned per hour [kcal], and strokes per minute [SPM, stroke/min].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach participant wore a Polar H10 heart rate sensor (Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland) on a chest strap. The ergometer was programmed and paired with the ErgData app (https://www.concept2.com/support/ergdata, accessed on 1 February 2024) and the HR sensor. The test was initiated by a verbal start cue. The test was conducted based on the procedures that had been programmed by Podstawski et al. [30] and used in a study of male university students. The system is activated automatically when the participant engages the handle. It is deactivated automatically after 12 min, and data are logged in the app. The data from the ErgData app were recorded in an Excel spreadsheet. Before the test, the participants were instructed on how to correctly perform the 12-MCTRE, and they were allowed some time to practice. The test was preceded by an active warm-up (10 min). The warm-up routine included 5 min of rowing and stretching exercises [39]. The physiological parameters measured during the warm-up routine on a rowing ergometer are presented in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Descriptive statistics of the participants\u0026rsquo; physiological parameters during the 5-minute warm-up routine on a rowing ergometer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.0427%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMax\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.0427%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistance [m]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1187.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e635.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1508.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.592\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.0427%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePower [W]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e206.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.087\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.0427%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnergy expenditure [Kcal]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.0427%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSPM [stroke/min]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.0427%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePace per 500 m [s]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e283.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.691\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.0427%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHR \u003csub\u003eavg\u003c/sub\u003e [bpm]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.0427%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHR \u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e [bpm]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.9915%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.601\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes.\u003c/em\u003e SPM \u0026ndash; strokes per minute, HR \u0026ndash; heart rate, HR\u003csub\u003eavg\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; heart rate everage, HR\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; heart rate maximum.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrect 12-MCTRE Technique\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe participants\u0026rsquo; SE was evaluated based on the distance (in m) covered during the 12-MCTRE. The row stroke is divided into two phases according to the technique presented by Podstawski et al. [19].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhase I (pulling the bar): from a starting position with the knees bent, arms straight, and the back arched forward (a), the lower limbs are gradually straightened (b), the torso is abducted backward to a maximum of 45\u0026deg; (c), and the bar is pulled towards the chest (d).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhase II (reversal): from a position with the legs straight and the torso abducted and pulled back (d), the arms are extended, the torso is bent forward (c), the knees are bent as much as possible, with the torso bent forward and the arms straight (a).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe participants were expected to complete the distance within 12 minutes. When the bar is pulled, the movement begins with the legs extended and the torso abducted backward, and it ends with the arms (elbows) flexed and the bar pulled to the chest (between the nipples and the xiphoid process). During bar inversion, the movement begins with the arms straight and the torso bent forward, and it ends with the knees bent (and the heels as close to the buttocks as possible).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12-MCTRE Procedure for Assessing HR\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe participants were characterized by varying PA levels (refer to Table 2 in subsection 3.2); therefore, their SE was also expected to differ. The following protocol was used to assess HR\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e values during the test [30]:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;All subjects rowed at a damper setting of 10;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;During the first 6 min, the subjects modulated exercise intensity at own discretion to avoid excessive effort;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Six minutes in, the subjects started to reduce their time-to-500 m by 5 s per minute, up to the 10-min mark;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;During the last 2 min, the subjects rowed at maximum intensity to achieve the highest possible HR displayed on the PM5 monitor.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.5. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBasic descriptive statistics (mean, SD, and range of variation) were calculated for each parameter. The normality of data distribution was verified with the Shapiro\u0026ndash;Wilk test (skewness (As) was also examined). The values of all tested parameters were normally distributed. The examined variables were analyzed in three groups: 1) participants without a history of COVID-19 (n = 40), 2) participants who had a history of COVID-19 but had not been hospitalized (n = 23), and 3) participants who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 (n = 19). The arithmetic means in groups were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). If significant differences between group means were identified by ANOVA, pairwise differences were evaluated using Tukey\u0026rsquo;s Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test in the post-hoc analysis. Data were processed in the Statistica 13 program at a significance level of \u0026alpha; = 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3.\tResults","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe participants\u0026rsquo; performance in the 12-MCTRE, including their PA levels, as well as their anthropometric and physiological characteristics are presented in Table 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical Activity and Anthropometric Characteristics of the Study Population\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe average number of METs achieved during the test (1648 METs) suggests that the participants engaged in high-intensity exercise. However, moderate-intensity activity was noted in the vast majority of cases, and the students\u0026rsquo; PA level was regarded as average. The mean BMI was within the normal range (23.1 kg/m2); BFP was determined at 29.2%; BFM was 20.0 kg or higher, and fat-free mass (FFM) reached 45.5 kg. Based on these values, it was recommended that the participants should lose 3.3 kg to attain a target weight of 62.2 kg, but with an associated 5.8 kg decrease in BFM and a 2.4 kg increase in FFM. The mean waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) reached 0.9, which could be indicative of early gynoid obesity (WHR \u0026gt; 0.8).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysiological Characteristics of the Study Population\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe average distance covered during the 12-MCTRE was 2049.1 m. The average generated power was 66.8 W, and the participants burned 104.5 kcal on average. The average (HRavg) and maximum (HR\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e) heart rate values were 152.4 and 170.6 bpm, respectively. An analysis of training intensity distribution revealed that the participants spent most of their exercise time (205.7 s on average) in heart rate (intensity) zone 3 (108-124 bpm) and somewhat less time (196.6 s) in zone 4 (124-143 bpm) (Tab. 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. Descriptive statistics of the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of the study population.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameter\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMin.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMax.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 576px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePA and anthropometric characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge [years]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.373\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePA [METs/min/week]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1648.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e560.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e570.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2950.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody height [cm]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.376\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody mass [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal body water [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.790\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProteins [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.774\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMinerals [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.930\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBFM [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.350\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFFM [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.755\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSMM [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.779\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI [kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.271\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBFM% [%]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.381\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn Body Score\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.892\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTarget weight [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.277\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeight control [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-34.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBFM control [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-34.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.323\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFFM control [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.863\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasal metabolic rate [Kcal]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1352.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1137.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1812.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.797\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWHR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVFL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 576px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysiological characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistance [m]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2049.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1664.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2588.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.592\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePower [W]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.955\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnergy expenditure [Kcal]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.902\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSPM [strokes/min]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.687\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePace per 500 m [s]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e174.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.597\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHR \u003csub\u003eavg\u003c/sub\u003e [bpm]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e193.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHR \u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e [bpm]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e203.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.274\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 576px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntensity of effort [s]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZone 1: \u0026lt; 90 [bpm]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e714.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.767\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZone 2: 90 \u0026ndash; 108 [bpm]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e705.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.065\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZone 3: 108 \u0026ndash; 124 [bpm]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e660.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.963\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZone 4: 125 \u0026ndash; 143 [bpm]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e621.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.651\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZone 5: 144 \u0026ndash; 162 [bpm]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e617.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.294\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZone 6: \u0026gt; 162 [bmp]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes.\u003c/em\u003e PA \u0026ndash; physical activity, BFM \u0026ndash; body fat mass, FFM \u0026ndash; fat free mass, SMM \u0026ndash; skeletal muscle mass, BFM% \u0026ndash; Body fat mass percent, WHR \u0026ndash; waist-hip ratio, VFL \u0026ndash; visceral fat level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PA levels and the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of the study population (groups G1-G3) are presented in Table 3. Most of the examined parameters differed significantly across groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical Activity and Anthropometric Characteristics in Groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHealthy controls (G1) as well as students who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 but had not been hospitalized (G2) were characterized by significantly (p \u0026lt; 0.001) higher PA levels than hospitalized COVID-19 patients (G3 - moderate). In addition, group G1 students had significantly (p\u0026lt;0.001) higher PA levels (2085 METs/min/week) than group G2 subjects (1439 METs/min/week). Furthermore, the following parameters were significantly (p \u0026lt;0.001) lower in groups G1 and G2: body mass, total body water (TBW), proteins, minerals, BFM, FFM, SMM, BMI, BFP, target weight, weight control, BFM control, FFM control (G1 only, p = 0.018), basal metabolic rate (BMR), WHR, and VFL. Body height was the only parameter that did not differ significantly between groups (Tab. 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysiological Characteristics in Groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHealthy controls covered significantly (p \u0026lt; 0.001) longer distances in the 12-MCTRE than the remaining participants (groups G2 and G3). In turn, group G2 subjects covered significantly (p \u0026lt; 0.001) longer distances than group G3 participants. In addition, the following parameters were significantly (p\u0026lt;0.001) higher in group G1: power generated (p\u0026lt;0.001), energy expenditure (p\u0026lt;0.001), SPM (p=0.032), and pace per 500 m (p\u0026lt;0.001). HR\u003csub\u003eavg\u003c/sub\u003e and HR\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e values were significantly higher in healthy controls (G1) than in students who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 (G3). The HRmax peaked in the healthy control group (G1\u0026mdash;175 bpm), and it was 7 bpm higher than in group G2 and 15 bpm higher than in group G3. No significant differences in physiological parameters were observed between group G2 and group G3 participants. In addition, group G3 students remained in heart rate zone 1 over a significantly longer period of time than group G2 females (132.2 and 11.5 s, respectively). No significant differences were noted in the times spent in the remaining heart rate zones (zone 2 to zone 6) (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. Descriptive statistics of the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of the study population.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"633\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 350px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup *\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifference\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (n=40)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (n=29)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (n=13)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePA and anthropometric characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePA [METs/min/week]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2085.13 \u003csup\u003e2.3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e312.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1439.66 \u003csup\u003e1.3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e293.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e769.62 \u003csup\u003e1.2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody height [cm]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody mass [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.99 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.16 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.65 \u003csup\u003e1.2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTBW [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.17 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.97 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.28 \u003csup\u003e1.2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProteins [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.65 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.83 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.98 \u003csup\u003e1.2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMinerals [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.14 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.77 \u003csup\u003e1.2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBFM [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.02 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.10 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.61 \u003csup\u003e1.2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFFM [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.97 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.06 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.05 \u003csup\u003e1.2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSMM [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.07 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.69 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.18 \u003csup\u003e1.2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI [kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.37 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.48 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.06 \u003csup\u003e1.2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBFP [%]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.56\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.98 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.23 \u003csup\u003e1.2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn Body Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.53 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.66 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.46 \u003csup\u003e1.2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTarget weight [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.07 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.24 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.62 \u003csup\u003e1.2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeight control [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.92 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-20.03 \u003csup\u003e1.2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBFM control [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.04 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.04 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-21.05 \u003csup\u003e1.2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFFM control [kg]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.13 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02 \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMR [Kcal]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1319.80 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1343.35 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1472.46 \u003csup\u003e1.2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWHR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97 \u003csup\u003e1.2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVFL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.13 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.24 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.15 \u003csup\u003e1.2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysiological characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistance [m]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2226.95 \u003csup\u003e2.3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1928.69 \u003csup\u003e1.3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1774.92 \u003csup\u003e1.2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePower [W]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.10 \u003csup\u003e2.3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.10 \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.08 \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCalories [Kcal]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116.73 \u003csup\u003e2.3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.38 \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.31 \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS/M [strokes/min]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.85\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;2.3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.93 \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.08 \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePace per 500 m [s]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156.93 \u003csup\u003e2.3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186.52 \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e199.23 \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHR \u003csub\u003eavg\u003c/sub\u003e [bpm]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157.85 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150.79\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139.31 \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHR \u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e [bpm]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175.35 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160.77 \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntensity of effort [s]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZone 1: \u0026lt;90 [bpm]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.52 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132.15 \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e218.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZone 2: 90 \u0026ndash; 108 [bpm]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.20\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162.28\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZone 3: 108 \u0026ndash; 124 [bpm]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e231.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e209.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZone 4: 125 \u0026ndash; 143 [bpm]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e218.23\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e185.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154.08\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZone 5: 144 \u0026ndash; 162 [bpm]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169.05\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e181.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.08\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZone 6: \u0026gt; 162 [bmp]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e*) G1 \u0026ndash; women without a history of COVID-19; G2 \u0026ndash; women with a history of COVID-19 who had not been hospitalized; G3 \u0026ndash; women who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19, ns \u0026ndash; not significant\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was undertaken to examine the relationships between COVID-19, PA levels, and the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of female university students ten months after the end of the pandemic in Poland. The students\u0026rsquo; performance was assessed during the 12-MCTRE, and special attention was paid to HR\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e values during peak effort.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the study population, the maximum heart rate (HR\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e = 171 bpm) was 49 bpm below the normal value calculated using the following formula: HR\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e = 220 \u0026ndash; age [40]. This parameter was also 16 bmp lower than that found in male university students (HR\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e = 187 bpm) immediately after the end of the pandemic [30]. The observed decrease in HRmax values probably could not result from the reduced PA levels of young women (1948 METs), compared with the PA levels of young men tested in the previous study (1975 METs), because the difference between these groups (27 METs) was not significant. A more detailed analysis of group results revealed that students who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 were characterized by the lowest values of HRmax (161 bpm), which were significantly (p=0.028) lower than in healthy controls (by 15 bpm) and in subjects who had contracted COVID-19 but had not been hospitalized (by 7 bpm).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe differences between groups (G1-G3) shed more light on the relationships between COVID-19 and PA levels, physiological and anthropometric characteristics, and HRmax. For example, the PA levels of the study population approximated the lower limit of moderate intensity exercise (770 METs) in women who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 (G3) and the upper limit of moderate intensity exercise (1440 METs) in group G2 students, whereas group G1 participants were characterized by high PA levels (2090 METs). A systematic review of cross-sectional studies conducted by Oliveira et al. [41] revealed that the autonomic control of cardiac function is significantly correlated with PA and cardiorespiratory fitness. In general, both older [42] and more recent research [43] demonstrated that similarly aged and athletically trained individuals with high levels of motor fitness achieve slightly but significantly lower values of HRmax than untrained individuals in various modes of exercise. In contrast, in the present study, the lowest HRmax values were noted in the least physically active women who were also characterized by the lowest SE and the least desirable anthropometric parameters. This discrepancy may be attributed to the fact that healthy controls were compared with COVID-19 patients. In this case, the group of COVID-19 patients comprised not only women who had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 and/or hospitalized, but also students whose body composition parameters could be indicative of poor health. These parameters include BMI, and women with a history of COVID-19 and/or hospitalization had very high BMI values (\u0026gt;30kg/m2) indicative of class 1 obesity. In group G3 students, obesity was confirmed by the highest values of BFP (\u0026gt;40%), VFL (17.2), and WHR (0.97). Obesity is not only a medical risk factor [44], and since 1998, it has been regarded as a serious disease that requires treatment [45]. Class 1 obesity induces changes in respiratory, cardiovascular, and renal physiology [46, 47], thereby considerably limiting exercise capacity [48, 49]. Individuals with class 1 obesity are not able to achieve the HRmax values consistent with those of healthy persons [30, 50, 51]. Reduced physical fitness is negatively correlated with greater susceptibility to infection, including COVID-19 [52].In summary, the study revealed significant correlations between COVID-19 and negative outcomes such as overweight/obesity, reduced PA and motor fitness levels, which persist for a longer period of time (approximately 10 months) after the end of the pandemic [52, 53].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Strengths and Limitations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe most important limitation of the study was the lack of comparative pre-pandemic data. Therefore, the results do not conclusively demonstrate that the reduction in PA levels and negative changes in body composition and physiological parameters can be attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The only conclusion that can be drawn from the study is that the compared variables were related. However, the present findings indicate that the new 12-MCTRE is an effective tool for measuring HR\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e in less physically active young women, not only athletes, which is a strength of the study. The rowing ergometer test is also highly suitable for analyzing the performance of overweight or obese women. In this group of subjects, SE should not be measured with the use of running tests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe factors that exacerbated the negative impact of COVID-19 on young women\u0026rsquo;s health and persisted nearly one year after the end of the pandemic were identified in the present study. The group of factors that were significantly correlated with a history of COVID-19 and severe complications (requiring hospitalization) included low PA levels, low motor fitness, and high values of BMI, WHR, VFL, and BFP. Female university students who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 met the above criteria around 10 months after the pandemic and were characterized by lower HRmax values than women without a history of COVID-19. The study underscores the need for longitudinal studies involving measurements of body composition and motor fitness, and in-depth analyses of HRmax values in university students.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbraviations","content":"\u003cp\u003e12-MCTRE - 12-Minute Cooper Test on Rowing Ergometer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBFM - Body Fat Mass\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBIA - Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBMI \u0026ndash; Body Mass Index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBody Fat Percent , target weight, weight control, BFM control, FFM control (G1 only, p = 0.018), BMR - Basal Metabolic Rate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCOVID-19 - Coronavirus Disease 2019\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDXA - Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFFM - Fat Free Mass\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHR - Heart Rate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIPAQ - International Physical Activity Questionnaire\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMET - Metabolic Equivalent of Task\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePA \u0026ndash; Physical Activity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSARS-CoV-2 - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSMM \u0026ndash; Skeletal Muscle Mass\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSPM \u0026ndash; Strokes per Minute\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTBW \u0026ndash; Total Body Water\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVFL \u0026ndash; Visceral Fat Level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHR \u0026ndash; weist to hip ratio\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research was conducted in accordance with the guidelines and policies of the Health Science Council and the Declaration of Helsinki, and it was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (37/2011). All female students gave their voluntary and informed consent to participate in the study by signing an informed consent form.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent was obtained from each participant for the publication of survey data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe access to Excel data generated during this study has been restricted by the Ethics Committee of the UWM in Olsztyn to protect the participants\u0026rsquo; privacy. Researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data can submit a data request by email to [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no external funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; Contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization: RP; Data curation: RP; Formal analysis: KB; Funding acquisition: RP; Investigation: RP, JS, PJ; Methodology: RP, FI; Validation: KB, RP; Project administration: RP; Software: KB; Supervision: RP; Writing - original draft: RP, KB, AS, FI; Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing: RP, KrB, AS; Visualization: RP; Resources: RP; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to express their gratitude to the female students participated in the study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArshad SA, Baloch M, Ahmed N, Arshad AA, Iqbal A. 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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgpopen20X101143.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNeufeld KJ, Leoutsakos JS, Yan H, Lin S, Zabinski JS, Dinglas VD, et al. Fatigue Symptoms During the First Year Following ARDS. Chest. 2020;158(3):999\u0026ndash;1007.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaury A, Lyoubi A, Peiffer-Smadja N, de Broucker T, Meppiel E. Neurological manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses: A narrative review for clinicians. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlahmari A, Krishna G, Jose AM, Qoutah R, Hejazi A, Abumossabeh H, Atef F, Almutiri A, Homoud M, Algarni S, AlAhmari M, Alghamdi S, Alotaibi T, Alwadeai K, Alhammad S, Alahmari M. The long-term effects of COVID-19 on pulmonary status and quality of life. PeerJ. 2023 Dec 21;11:e16694. doi: 10.7717/peerj.16694.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, Pollak TA, McGuire P, Fusar-Poli P, et al. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(7):611\u0026ndash;27.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaldini T, Asioli GM, Romoli M, Carvalho Dias M, Schulte EC, Hauer L, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis and SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol. 2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlwan NA. Track. COVID-19 sickness, not just positive tests and deaths. Nature. 2020;584(7820):170\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePodstawski R, Borysławski K, Wąsik J. COVID-19 as a Factor Influencing Maximal Heart Rates among Male University Students. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(14):6146. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146146\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlf\u0026ouml;ldi Z, Borysławski K, Ihasz, F, Soos I. Podstawski, R.S. Differences in the anthropometric and physiological profiles of Hungarian male rowers of various age categories. Rankings and career lengths: Selection problems. Front. Physiol. 2021, 12, e747781.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePodstawski R, Bukowska JM, Borysławski K. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Anthropometric but not motor characteristics of young volleyball players were improved after a one-week-long intense training sports camp. \u003cem\u003eSci Rep\u003c/em\u003e 15, 2835 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-85441-0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 14 czerwca 2023 r. W sprawie odwołania na obszarze Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej stanu zagrożenia epidemicznego. Warszawa, dnia 16 czerwca 2023 r. Poz. 1118. Pobrano 13.02.2025, z: https://www.gov.pl/web/rpp/koniec-stanu-zagrozenia-epidemicznego.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiernat E, Stupnicki R, Gajewski AK. International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)\u0026mdash;Polish version. 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Epub 2016 Nov 22. Erratum in: J Obes. 2018 Feb 21;2018:1820890. doi: 10.1155/2018/1820890.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang Ch, Chan JSY, Ren L, Yan JH. Obesity Reduces Cognitive and Motor Functionsacross the Lifespan. Neural Plasticity 2016, Article ID 2473081, 13 pages; http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2473081\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOja P, Tuxworth B. Eurofit for Adults: Assessment of Health-Related Fitness; Council of Europe Publishing: Tampere, Finland, 1995. [Google Scholar]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTanaka H, Monahan KD, Seals DR. Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2001, 37, 153\u0026ndash;156.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLarrateguy S, Vinagre J, Londero F, Dabin J, Ricciardi E, Jeanpaul S, Torres-Castro R, N\u0026uacute;\u0026ntilde;ez-Cort\u0026eacute;s R, S\u0026aacute;nchez-Ram\u0026iacute;rez D, Gimeno-Santos E, Blanco I. Clinical Variables Related to Functional Capacity and Exertional Desaturation in Patients with COVID-19. Biomedicines. 2023 Jul 20;11(7):2051. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11072051.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eV\u0026eacute;lez-Santamar\u0026iacute;a R, Fern\u0026aacute;ndez-Solana J, M\u0026eacute;ndez-L\u0026oacute;pez F. et al. Functionality, physical activity, fatigue and quality of life in patients with acute COVID-19 and Long COVID infection. Sci Rep 13, 19907 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-47218-1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"physical activity, motor abilities, physiological parameters, young women, pandemic","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6786530/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6786530/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe long-term relationships between COVID-19 and anthropometric and physiological characteristics as indicators of health status have not been extensively studied to date.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAim\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study was to examine the relationships between COVID-19 and the HR\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e values achieved by female university students during maximal physical effort, the participants’ physical activity (PA) levels and anthropometric and physiological characteristics ten months after the end of the COVID-19 pandemic.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study involved 82 female university students aged 19.0–28.0 years. Half of the study population had a history of COVID-19. The participants’ body composition was evaluated in a bioelectrical impedance analysis. The students’ PA levels were assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and their HR\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e values were measured during the 12-minute Cooper test on a rowing ergometer (12-MCTRE).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHealthy students (G1) were characterized by the highest PA levels. Physical activity levels were lower in students who had a history of COVID-19 but had not been hospitalized (G2), and lowest in students who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 (G3). Healthy controls were also characterized by significantly lower body mass, the body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, and visceral fat levels, as well as lower values of body fat mass, fat free mass, and skeletal muscle mass (p \u0026lt; 0.001). The highest HR\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e (175 bpm) was noted in group G1 students, and it significantly exceeded the values in groups G2 (by 7 bpm) and G3 (by 15 bpm).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTen months after the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, female students who had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 were characterized by significantly lower levels of PA and motor fitness, as well as less favorable body composition parameters (class 1 obesity). These observations may explain the lower HR\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e values in group G3 women than in healthy controls\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Long-Term Impact of COVID-19 on the Physical Activity, Motor Fitness, and HRmax Values of Female University Students","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-02 09:31:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6786530/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"52500b00-f7e0-45a7-8eef-a7e5160fa56e","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 2nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-15T07:54:37+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-02 09:31:04","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6786530","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6786530","identity":"rs-6786530","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}