Renoprotective Properties of the Root Aqueous Extract of the Plant on Cholesterol Induced Renocholesterol in Wistar Rat

Renoprotective Properties of the Root Aqueous Extract of the Plant on Cholesterol Induced Renocholesterol in Wistar Rat | Authorea try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'G-8VDV14Y67G']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); Skip to main content Preprints Collections Wiley Open Research IET Open Research Ecological Society of Japan All Collections About About Authorea FAQs Contact Us Quick Search anywhere Search for preprint articles, keywords, etc. Search Search ADVANCED SEARCH SCROLL This is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 15 August 2025 V1 Latest version Share on Renoprotective Properties of the Root Aqueous Extract of the Plant on Cholesterol Induced Renocholesterol in Wistar Rat Authors : Temioluwa J.Abiodun , Marvellous Uwamusi 0009-0002-4587-8848 , Susan Ibekwe , and Gabriel Benjamin [email protected] Authors Info & Affiliations https://doi.org/10.22541/au.175525429.97743461/v1 131 views 64 downloads Contents Abstract 2.1Materials Used 2.2. Plant Collection 2.3.Plant Preparation 2.4. Experimental Animals 2.5. Preparation/Induction of Obesity 2.6. Treatment protocol 2.7 Data analysis Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract Background: Medicinal plants have been integral to healthcare from antiquity to the present, particularly in regions with limited access to conventional medicine, owing to their affordability and cultural acceptance. Their therapeutic effects are often attributed to bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and glycosides, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Obesity, characterized by excessive fat accumulation due to an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, increases the risk of kidney disease and exacerbates existing renal conditions. Objective: This study evaluated the renoprotective potential of the aqueous root extract of Irvingia gabonensis in cholesterol-induced lipidemia in Wistar rats. Methods: Roots of I. gabonensis were collected, authenticated, and processed into aqueous extracts. Twenty-five Wistar rats of both sexes were induced with cholesterol to develop obesity and randomly assigned to five groups: negative control (cholesterol only), positive control (Atorvastatin 10 mg/kg), and three treatment groups receiving 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg of the extract orally for 21 days. Stool samples were monitored daily for fat deposits, and kidney indices were assessed post-treatment. Results: The extract produced dose-dependent reductions in obesity-related parameters and improvements in renal function indices compared with the negative control. These effects were comparable, in some cases, to those observed with Atorvastatin treatment. Conclusion: The aqueous root extract of I. gabonensis exhibits significant inhibitory effects on obesity and kidney dysfunction in cholesterol-induced Wistar rats, supporting its traditional use as a renoprotective agent. These findings provide a scientific basis for its ethnomedicinal application and warrant further investigation into its mechanisms and clinical potential. Renoprotective Properties of the Root Aqueous Extract of the Plant on Cholesterol Induced Renocholesterol in Wistar Rat Temioluwa J.Abiodun 1* , Marvellous O.Uwamusi 1 , Susan Ibekwe, 2 Gabriel Benjamin 3 Department of Biomedical Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Sciences Laboratory Technology, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria Co-author Email: [email protected] , [email protected] Abstract Background: Medicinal plants have been integral to healthcare from antiquity to the present, particularly in regions with limited access to conventional medicine, owing to their affordability and cultural acceptance. Their therapeutic effects are often attributed to bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and glycosides, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Obesity, characterized by excessive fat accumulation due to an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, increases the risk of kidney disease and exacerbates existing renal conditions. Objective: This study evaluated the renoprotective potential of the aqueous root extract of Irvingia gabonensis in cholesterol-induced lipidemia in Wistar rats. Methods: Roots of I. gabonensis were collected, authenticated, and processed into aqueous extracts. Twenty-five Wistar rats of both sexes were induced with cholesterol to develop obesity and randomly assigned to five groups: negative control (cholesterol only), positive control (Atorvastatin 10 mg/kg), and three treatment groups receiving 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg of the extract orally for 21 days. Stool samples were monitored daily for fat deposits, and kidney indices were assessed post-treatment. Results: The extract produced dose-dependent reductions in obesity-related parameters and improvements in renal function indices compared with the negative control. These effects were comparable, in some cases, to those observed with Atorvastatin treatment. Conclusion: The aqueous root extract of I. gabonensis exhibits significant inhibitory effects on obesity and kidney dysfunction in cholesterol-induced Wistar rats, supporting its traditional use as a renoprotective agent. These findings provide a scientific basis for its ethnomedicinal application and warrant further investigation into its mechanisms and clinical potential. Keywords: Renoprotective; Aqueous extract; Medicinal plant; Renocholesterol, Hypercholesterolemi Introduction Medicinal plants have been integral to healthcare systems globally for millennia. From ancient civilizations to modern times, these plants have been used to address a variety of health conditions. Despite the development of modern pharmaceuticals, plant-based remedies remain a key component of healthcare in many regions, particularly where access to conventional medicine is limited. Mosihuzzaman emphasizes the ongoing importance of herbal medicine, noting its widespread use in traditional healthcare systems due to its affordability and cultural acceptance, [1], [2] . The medicinal value of plants is often attributed to bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and glycosides, which provide various therapeutic benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects [3] An interest in natural and holistic healthcare approaches grows, the potential of medicinal plants is being increasingly explored by modern scientists.[4] highlights that many modern drugs have roots in traditional plant-based medicines, demonstrating how ancient knowledge can inform contemporary medical practices. Nevertheless, the lack of standardization in the use of medicinal plants presents significant challenges. Variability in plant composition, preparation methods, and dosages can lead to inconsistent therapeutic outcomes. The scientific community recognizes the need for a more structured approach to harnessing the potential of medicinal plants while ensuring their safe and effective use in modern healthcare settings. There is currently a demand for medicinal herbs, and there is a gradual increase in their acceptance. Plants are unquestionably vital because they sustain ecosystems by delivering necessary services. Humans and other living things cannot exist as they should without plants. In any case, herbs, particularly medicinal ones, have consistently served as a general indicator of the health of the ecosystem [5]. Without a doubt, people have thought about medicinal herbs since ancient times. One could argue that before recorded history began, early humans became somewhat aware of the characteristics of the plants they encountered and used for food, clothing, shelter, and fuel. China, Greece, Egypt, and India are among the nations where the oldest sciences have incorporated the study of medicinal plants. Irvingia gabonensis, commonly known as African mango or wild mango, is a tropical fruit tree native to West and Central Africa. This species has attracted considerable attention due to its nutritional benefits and potential health properties, particularly concerning weight management and metabolic health. Traditionally, the fruit and seeds of Irvingia gabonensis have played a vital role in the diets and medicinal practices of various African -communities. [6]. The seeds are rich in dietary fiber, essential fatty acids, and vitamins, making them valuable for both nutrition and health applications [7]. Recent scientific studies have begun to support these traditional uses, suggesting that Irvingia gabonensis may aid in addressing obesity, diabetes, and other related metabolic conditions [8]. The rising popularity of African mango in global health markets is primarily due to its reputation as a natural supplement for weight loss and blood sugar management. This interest has led to research into its phytochemical components, which include flavonoids and terpenoids known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects [9]. These bioactive compounds are believed to help combat oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby enhancing the health benefits associated with the seeds and extracts of I. gabonensis . In addition to its health benefits, the cultivation of I. gabonensis presents economic opportunities for rural communities. The tree is well-suited to local agroecological conditions and can provide a sustainable source of income through the harvesting of its fruits and seeds [10]. However, concerns about habitat degradation and over harvesting highlight the importance of implementing sustainable management practices to safeguard this valuable species. Irvingia gabonensis represents a unique blend of nutritional value, traditional medicinal applications, and potential for sustainable development. Ongoing research into its health benefits and economic potential underscores the need to focus on conservation efforts that ensure its continued availability and contribution to both health and livelihoods. Plate 1: Irvingia gabonensis (plant) 2.0 Material and Methods 2.1Materials Used The apparatus reagents and equipment used for this study includes; Absolute Chloroform, glassware, needle and syringes, disposable gloves, cotton wool, plain-tubes, IndiaMart digital weighing balance, organ bottles, EDTA bottles, dissecting sets, Branded Atorvastatin, Filter paper, distilled water, centrifuge, an oral gastric tube, universal bottles, Cholesterol, Irvingia gabonensis roots, bedding materials, micropipettes, British milling machine. 2.2. Plant Collection The roots of Irvingia gabonensis was obtained in July, from Uhumwonde Local Government Area, Edo State. The plant was identified by Dr. O. Timothy in the Herbarium unit of the Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Life Sciences, University of Benin, Nigeria. The plant was authenticated by Dr. H. A. Akinnibosun in the Herbarium Unit of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Life Sciences, University of Benin, Nigeria. 2.3.Plant Preparation Freshly prepared Irvingia gabonensis root was rinsed, shade dried in a clean and organized environment. The plant sample was further dried in a regulated oven (40 °C) for 10 min and was pulverized using a British mechanical grinder (2 HP electric motor London). Four thousand grams (4000 g) of the pulverized leaf was extracted using 10,000 ml of n -hexane in a Soxhlet extractor (Bionics Scientific, China). The filtrate was then concentrated into semi-solid (HH-S Water Bath; Search Tech Instruments USA) regulated at standard temperature (45 °C). Percentage yield was calculated via the formula (% Yield=extract weight/powder sample weight×100/1). 2.4. Experimental Animals Twenty (20) adult male Wistar rats weighed 180–250 g were used from the inbreeds colony animals, housed in wooden cages under standard laboratory conditions. The animals were fed with standard Bendel pelleted grower chew and water ad libitum. The rats were acclimatized for 14 days before the start of the experiment. All procedures involving the proper handling and use of a laboratory animal followed the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee regulations inerted by the Committee for Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA). Also adhered to the approval of the Life Sciences Institutional Animal Ethical Committee, University of Benin. 2.5. Preparation/Induction of Obesity Cholesterol was freshly prepared for induction and 2ml was administered orally to the animals equally. The rats were fasted for 24hours with distilled water intake, after which they were given a 14days oral regimen of cholesterol supplement which was administered orally. During the duration of the administration of the cholesterol supplement some observations were made such as increased body weight in some of the animals while some had decreased body weight other observations include loss of appetite, partial stroke in some of the animals, decreased physical activity and mobility, signs of lethargy or fatigue. 2.6. Treatment protocol The wistar rats had been selected into five (5) groups. Group 1, 2 and 3 were administered graded doses of the root aqueous extract at (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) and the refrence group were administard (10 mg/kg of Atorvastatin) which is a standard drug and group 5 which is the last group (control group) were administered 1ml of distilled water orally. The treatment lasted for 28 days and during this period the animals were closely observed for any improvements. After the completion of the 28days, the animals were then fasted overnight and their weights were obtained and recorded. The animals were the anaesthetized by placing them in a properly sealed container that has been prefilled with cotton wool soaked with chloroform. They were then sacrificed by opening the abdominal region with a midline incision. The blood sample was then collected via the abdominal aorta with a 5mL sterile syringe and needle and then transferred to plain bottles (without anticoagulants). The blood samples were then allowed to clot and the serum was obtained after centrifuging at 3000 revolutions per minutes (rpm) for 10 minutes. The clear serum was carefully transferred with a Pasteur pipette to another plain bottle. The serum was used for kidney function test. 2.7 Data analysis Results were analysed with graph pad prism version 6. Data obtained were presented as mean ±SEM (standard error of mean) and statistical significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s test where P ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. 3.0. RESULTS As shown in Table 1, the plant extract of Irvingia gabonensis has a significant decrease in urea level when compared with control. The extract at dose 50 mg/kg recorded a slight increase compared to Atorvastatin and the extract at 25 and 100 mg/kg. Table 1 : Effects of Irvingia gabonensis root extract on urea level in rats Treatment Dose (mg/kg) Urea mg/dl Control DW 49.00 ± 2.00 a Atorvastatin 10 33.00 ± 1.53 b Extract 25 35.00 ± 2.08 b Extract 50 40.33 ± 2.85 b Extract 100 36.33 ± 0.88 b P-value > superscript a = 0.05, b = 0.01, c =0.001, d = 0.0001 showed the level, DW-distilled water. The bar chart illustrated no significant effect of root extract of Irvingia gabonensis across the graded doses (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) and Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg) on the level of creatine when compared with the untreated control. (P > 0.05)., Data were reported as mean± S.E.M, n=5. As shown in Figure 1 Figure 1 : Effects of Irvingia gabonensis root extract on creatinine level in rats. As shown in Table 2, the plant extract of Irvingia gabonensis has a significant decrease in sodium level when compared with control. Table 2 : Effects of Irvingia gabonensis root extract on sodium level in rats Treatment Dose (mg/kg) Sodium (mg/dl) Control DW 144.00 ± 0.58 a Atorvastatin 10 139.30 ± 0.88 b Extract 25 138.00 ± 1.16 b Extract 50 139.00 ± 1.00 b Extract 100 137.00 ± 1.53 b P-value > superscript a = 0.05, b = 0.01, c =0.001, d = 0.0001 showed the level, DW—- distilled water. The bar chart illustrated no significant effect of root extract of Irvingia gabonensis across the graded doses (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) and Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg) on the level of potassium when compared with the untreated control. (P > 0.05)., Data were reported as mean± S.E.M n=5. As shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 : Effects of Irvingia gabonensis root extract on potassium level in rats. As shown in Table 3, the plant extract of Irvingia gabonensis has a significant decrease in bicarbonate level when compared with control. Table 3 : Effects of Irvingia gabonensis root extract on bicarbonate level in rats Treatment Dose (mg/kg) Bicarbonate (mg/dl) Control DW 19.00 ± 0.00 a Atorvastatin 10 17.00 ± 0.58 b Extract 25 17.67 ± 0.88 b Extract 50 17.67 ± 0.88 b Extract 100 17.67 ± 0.88 b P-value > superscript a = 0.05, b = 0.01, c =0.001, d = 0.0001 showed the level, DW—- distilled water. The bar chart illustrated no significant effect of root extract of Irvingia gabonensis across the graded doses (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) and Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg) on the level of chloride when compared with the untreated control. (P > 0.05)., Data were reported as mean± S.E.M, n=5. As shown in Figure 3 Figure 3 : Effects of Irvingia gabonensis root extract on chloride level in rats. 4. Discussion Obesity is a widespread health issue and a significant risk factor for various chronic conditions, especially kidney disease. The interplay between obesity and kidney function is influenced by multiple factors, including metabolic disruptions, systemic inflammation, and other comorbidities, such as hypertension and diabetes, which are commonly associated with obesity. Research have provided a comprehensive overview of strategies for managing weight, pointing out that obesity exacerbates Chronic Kidney Diseases by promoting metabolic changes that put excessive strain on the kidneys. [11] Research also demonstrated that obesity directly contributes to kidney dysfunction, further solidifying the link between excess body weight and renal disease [12]. The regulation of urea levels in the body is essential for metabolic homeostasis, as abnormal urea levels either increased or decreased can have serious health consequences. The result of this study showed that, a significant reduction in the treated group (Atorvastatin 10 mg/kg) and graded doses of irvingia gabonensis aqueous root extract (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) as shown in Table 1. These findings align with the previous studies carried out by [13], which reported a notable decrease in urea levels after administering aqueous root extract of Irvingia gabonensis at (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) in cholesterol induced obsesed rats. When urea levels in the blood-stream rise abnormally, it can lead to a condition known as uremia. Elevated urea levels are also linked to cardiovascular issues, including an increased risk of heart-related complications, which is common in chronic kidney diseases patients. This finding is in line with the previous studies described by [14], in their studies on the relationship between urea levels and cardiovascular diseases. Low urea levels may disrupt the body nitrogen balance, leading to protein metabolism issues and the potential accumulation of toxic substances like ammonia in the blood. This can result in conditions such as hepatic encephalopathy, which manifests as confusion and impaired brain function. These findings align with [15] report on the effects of low urea levels in the body. The result of this study showed a significant reduction in the treated groups (Atorvastatin 10 mg/kg) and graded doses of Irvingia gabonensis aqueous root extract (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) as shown in Table 2. These findings align with the work carried out by Bernal et al. (2023) that demonstrated a significant decrease in sodium levels, indicating the renoprotective effects of the aqueous root extract of Irvingia gabonensis. Hyponatremia and hypernatremia can cause serious health issues. These findings align with previous research described by [16] on the effects of reduced level of sodium in the body and its possible causes. The result showed that 10 mg/kg of Atorvastatin and graded doses of Irvingia gabonensis aqueous root extract (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) showed a significant reduction in bicarbonate level when compare with the untreate control. These findings concurred with the work of [17] that demonstrated a significant decrease in bicarbonate levels, indicating the renoprotective effects of the aqueous root extract of Irvingia gabonensis. Bicarbonate is essential for body acid-base balance, neutralizing excess acids. A reduction in bicarbonate indicate metabolic acidosis, where the body produces too much acid or the kidneys cannot remove it effectively, leading to symptoms like fatigue, confusion, and shortness of breath. These findings is in line with the report of [18][19] on their study on the effects of reduced level of bicarbonate in the body and its causes. This metabolic alkalloisis imbalance can result to prolonged vomiting or diuretic use, with symptoms such as muscle weakness and nausea [20] 5. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study showed that the plant extract had possible remediating effect in lowering kidney problems and subsequently enhancing the reduction of Lipidemia. Hence, the need for further study to validate the forkloric reports and gives room for other studies. Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflicts of interest Funding N/A Acknowledgment We wish to thank the Department of Biomedical Science Laboratory Technology staff for making available the needed equipment and assistance used in undergoing this current study of research. REFERENCES 1. Wu, H., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Y. and Liu, X. (2022) ‘Gallic acid: Pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation-related diseases’, Frontiers in Pharmacology 13: p. 832123 2. Van Wyk, B. E. and Wink, M. (2018). Medicinal plants of the world . 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Information & Authors Information Version history V1 Version 1 15 August 2025 Copyright This work is licensed under a Non Exclusive No Reuse License. Authors Affiliations Temioluwa J.Abiodun University of Benin View all articles by this author Marvellous Uwamusi 0009-0002-4587-8848 University of Benin View all articles by this author Susan Ibekwe University of Benin View all articles by this author Gabriel Benjamin [email protected] University of Benin View all articles by this author Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 131 views 64 downloads .FvxKWukQNSOunydq8rnd { width: 100px; } Citations Download citation Temioluwa J.Abiodun, Marvellous Uwamusi, Susan Ibekwe, et al. Renoprotective Properties of the Root Aqueous Extract of the Plant on Cholesterol Induced Renocholesterol in Wistar Rat. Authorea . 15 August 2025. 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