Atomistic Modeling of Liquid-Liquid Phase Equilibrium Explains Dependence of Critical Temperature on γ-Crystallin Sequence

Liquid-liquid phase separation of protein solutions has regained heightened attention for its biological importance and pathogenic relevance. Coarse-grained models are limited when explaining residue-level effects on phase equilibrium. Here we report phase diagrams for γ-crystallins using atomistic modeling. The calculations were made possible by combining our FMAP method for computing chemical potentials and Brownian dynamics simulations for configurational sampling of dense protein solutions, yielding the binodal and critic temperature ( T c ). We obtain a higher T c for a known high- T c γ-crystallin, γF, than for a low- T c paralog, γB. The difference in T c is corroborated by a gap in second virial coefficient. Decomposition of inter-protein interactions reveals one amino-acid substitution between γB and γF, from Ser to Trp at position 130, as the major contributor to the difference in T c . This type of analysis enables us to link phase equilibrium to amino-acid sequence and to design mutations for altering phase equilibrium.