Wind speed affects the rate and kinetics of stomatal conductance

Understanding the relationship between wind speed and gas exchange in plants is a longstanding challenge. Our aim was to investigate the impact of wind speed on maximum rates of gas exchange and the kinetics of stomatal responses. We conducted experiments using an infrared gas analyzer equipped with a controlled leaf fan, enabling precise control of the boundary layer conductance. We first showed that the chamber was adequately mixed even at extremely low fan speeds (down to 200 rpm, equivalent to a wind speed of 0.0005 m s -1 ) and evaluated the link between fan speed, wind speed, and boundary layer conductance. We observed that higher wind speeds led to increased gas exchange of both water vapor and CO 2 in Arabidopsis, presumably due to its effect on transpiration and the consequential reduction in epidermal pressure that led to stomatal opening. We documented that stomatal opening in response to light was three times faster at a fan speed of 10000 rpm (wind speed of 2 m s -1 ) compared with 500 rpm (0.25 m s -1 ) in Vicia faba , while the latter exhibited an opening rate that was similar to those of epidermal peels. The increase of stomatal conductance under high wind was observed in four species under field conditions. Our findings demonstrate the importance of the size of the boundary layer on determining maximum rates of gas exchange and the kinetics of gas exchange responses to environmental changes.