Seasonal Dynamics of Free Amino Acids and Mineral Elements in Cotton (CV. “ANDiJAN-36") and Identification of Critical Nutrition Stages

Seasonal Dynamics of Free Amino Acids and Mineral Elements in Cotton (CV. “ANDiJAN-36") and Identification of Critical Nutrition Stages | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Seasonal Dynamics of Free Amino Acids and Mineral Elements in Cotton (CV. “ANDiJAN-36") and Identification of Critical Nutrition Stages Suvonkul Nurmonov¹, Saydullo Azimov² This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8086745/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The efficiency of the cotton nutrition system is determined by its correspondence to the physiological needs of the plant at different stages of ontogenesis. This study investigated the seasonal dynamics of total nitrogen, free amino acids (FAA), macro- and microelements in the roots, stems, and leaves of cotton (variety “Andijan-36”) during key phenological phases: seedling, budding, flowering, boll formation, and maturation. Quantitative chemical analysis (Kjeldahl, HPLC, AAS) revealed clear phase-specific patterns of nutrient accumulation and remobilization. The maximum content of total nitrogen and key FAA (glutamine, asparagine) was observed during the budding phase, identifying it as critical for the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus and generative organs. The flowering phase was characterized by a peak in proline content, indicative of a stress response, and potassium, performing an osmoregulatory function, along with concentration maxima of the microelements Zn, Mn, Cu, and B, essential for enzymatic activity and fertilization processes. Based on the identified dynamics, critical consumption phases were established, and a strategy for the precision application of liquid nitrogen fertilizers based on a Urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution, modified with amino acids (glycine, alanine, valine) and microelements, was developed. Implementation of the proposed technology, as calculations show, could increase cotton yield by 10–12%, improve fiber quality, increase the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by 15–20%, and enhance plant stress tolerance. cotton nitrogen nutrition free amino acids macronutrients micronutrients seasonal dynamics critical phases liquid nitrogen fertilizers UAN glycine alanine valine precision agriculture fertilizer modification Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Cotton (variety “Andijan-36”) is a crop with a long growing season and high biomass production, making its nitrogen and mineral nutrition a determining factor for yield and fiber quality [1, 2]. The effectiveness of fertilizer application depends not only on the quantity of nutrients applied but also on their correspondence to the physiological needs of the plant at specific developmental stages [3]. However, as research shows, traditional nutrition systems in the Uzbekistan, based on standard recommendations (e.g., split application of ), often fail to account for the intricate mechanisms of phase-specific metabolism [4, 5]. In particular, they are not adapted to the dynamics of the free amino acid pool and the peaks in micronutrient demand. This leads to asynchrony between element availability and physiological demand, resulting in significant nitrogen losses (up to 25-30%), a decrease in its use efficiency (NUE), and, ultimately, a yield shortfall [5, 6]. In recent years, the use of liquid nitrogen fertilizers, such as Urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution, has attracted significant attention due to the uniformity of application, the possibility of mechanization, and high initial efficiency [7, 8]. However, as field trials in Uzbekistan have shown, standard UAN, applied according to the traditional scheme, does not fully solve the problem of nitrogen losses and does not ensure precise synchronization with the plant's peak metabolic demands [6]. Thus, the potential of UAN can be significantly enhanced through targeted modification with biologically active substances, including free amino acids [9]. Amino acids such as glycine, alanine, and valine play an important role in plant metabolism, acting not only as building blocks for proteins but also as regulators of physiological and biochemical processes, chelators of microelements, and osmoprotectants under stress conditions [7, 8]. Their application as part of fertilizers can contribute to more precise management of nitrogen metabolism and increased stress tolerance. Despite the existing body of research on cotton nutrition, a comprehensive simultaneous analysis of the seasonal dynamics of total nitrogen, free amino acids (FAA), and mineral elements in different plant organs-which serves as a rigorous scientific basis for the targeted modification of UAN composition-remains insufficiently studied. Existing recommendations are often general and not linked to the critical phases of consumption of specific compounds. Research hypothesis. We hypothesize that the cotton variety “Andijan-36” exhibits distinct critical phases of ontogenesis, characterized by specific patterns of free amino acid and mineral element accumulation in different organs. Elucidating these patterns will allow for the targeted modification of liquid nitrogen fertilizer (UAN) composition with amino acids and microelements to synchronize nutrition with the plant's metabolic demands, ultimately enhancing nitrogen use efficiency and yield. Objectives. In accordance with the proposed hypothesis, the aim of this study was as follows: 1. To conduct a comprehensive investigation of the seasonal dynamics of total N, the pool of free amino acids (including glycine, alanine, and valine), and mineral elements (K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, B) in the roots, stems, and leaves of the cotton variety “Andijan-36”. 2. To identify the critical consumption phases of these compounds based on the revealed patterns. 3. To develop a scientifically grounded concept for producing liquid nitrogen fertilizers based on a UAN solution, modified with amino acids and microelements, for precision phase-oriented application. The scientific novelty of this work lies in establishing the quantitative interrelationships between the dynamics of amino acids and nutrient elements during the ontogeny of cotton and utilizing these data for the targeted formulation of effective complex fertilizers. Materials and methods Plant material and experimental design. The study was conducted on cotton plants (variety “Andijan-36”) grown under field conditions in a typical cotton-growing agrocenosis of the region (Andijan Province, Uzbekistan). Control treatment (standard technology): The basic nutrition system adopted by the farm involved the application of \(\:{N}_{160}{P}_{120}{K}_{80}\) (kg of active ingredient per hectare). Nitrogen was applied in three splits: pre-sowing application (30%), top-dressing at the budding stage (40%), and at the flowering stage (30%) in the form of a Urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied in a single application during the main soil tillage. The field experiment was established in a randomized complete block design with four replications; the area of each experimental plot was 20 \(\:{m}^{2}\) . All agronomic practices (soil preparation, irrigation, plant protection measures) followed the conventional zonal technology for cotton cultivation and were uniform across all experimental treatments. For all subsequent chemical analyses (determination of total nitrogen, free amino acids, macro- and microelements), plants were sampled specifically from the control treatment. This approach allowed for the establishment of the baseline seasonal dynamics of biochemical indicators under a standard agricultural background. Plant samples (roots, stems, leaves) were collected at five key phenological phases: seedling stage (3–4 true leaves), budding, flowering, boll formation, and maturation. Sampling was performed with four replications [9–11]. Soil characteristics of the experimental site. The soil of the experimental site is an irrigated light sierozem. Prior to establishing the experiment, an agrochemical analysis of the plow horizon (0–30 cm) was conducted using standard methods [12–15]: humus content was determined by the Tyurin method [12, 13], readily hydrolysable nitrogen by the Kornfield method [14, 15], available phosphorus ( \(\:{P}_{2}{O}_{5}\) ) by the Machigin method [14–15], and exchangeable potassium ( \(\:{K}_{2}O\) ) by the Maslova method [14, 15]. The soil reaction (pH of water extract) was determined potentiometrically [12, 13]. The agrochemical characteristics showed the following values: humus content – 1,15%, readily hydrolysable nitrogen – 98,5 mg/kg, available phosphorus – 42,3 mg/kg, exchangeable potassium – 385 mg/kg. The soil reaction was neutral (pH = 7,8). Chemical analysis. Total nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl method (GOST 26107 − 2019, equivalent to ISO 11261:1995) [16]. Free amino acids (glycine, DL-alanine, valine) in samples of cotton vegetative organs were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analysis was carried out on a Shimadzu LC-20AD chromatographic system equipped with a UV detector, utilizing pre-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) to enhance detection selectivity and sensitivity. Separation of components was achieved in an isocratic mode on a \(\:{С}_{18}\) reversed-phase column (250 x 4,6 mm, 5 µm). An optimized mixture of phosphate buffer (pH 7,2) and methanol was used as the eluent at a flow rate of 0,8 ml/min. The column temperature was maintained at 30°C to ensure separation stability. Detection of the OPA derivatives was performed at a wavelength of 338 nm, corresponding to the absorption maximum of the formed compounds [17, 18]. For the determination of macronutrients (K, Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B), plant material samples were preliminarily mineralized by wet ashing in a mixture of concentrated acids: nitric ( \(\:{HNO}_{3}\) and perchloric ( \(\:{HClO}_{4}\) ) in a 5:1 ratio [19]. The concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) using a Thermo Scientific iCE spectrometer [20–23]. The phosphorus (P) content was determined spectrophotometrically by the reaction with ammonium molybdate, and boron (B) was determined by the reaction with azomethine-H [24, 25]. Statistical analysis. Experimental data were obtained with four replications, where each replication represented an independent biological replicate (a separate plot). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post-hoc Tukey's HSD test at a significance level of p ≤ 0,05 [26]. For each measured parameter (content of an element or amino acid in a specific organ), a separate comparison of mean values between phenological phases was conducted. The calculations were performed in the R statistical programming environment (version 4.2.2) [27] and the commercial software package STATGRAPHICS Centurion XVIII. All quantitative results are presented as the mean value ± standard deviation (Mean ± SD). In the tables, different letter indices (a, b, c, d) denote statistically significant differences between developmental phases within each organ and parameter. Values sharing the same letter are not statistically different. Data visualization. The graphs (Figs. 1 – 3 ) were constructed using modern data visualization tools on the Python platform, employing the Matplotlib and Seaborn libraries. Results and discussion The comprehensive analysis revealed clear patterns in the seasonal dynamics of biochemical and elemental indicators in the cotton variety “Andijan-36”, depending on the organ and developmental phase. The obtained results not only describe quantitative changes but also allow for the elucidation of the underlying physiological processes, which is key to developing precision nutrition systems. Dynamics of total nitrogen and its physiological significance. The total nitrogen content in cotton organs varied significantly depending on the developmental phase (Table 1 ). The highest concentrations were observed during the early stages of ontogenesis. In leaves, the maximum value was recorded at the seedling stage (3,20 ± 0,08%), remaining high during the budding period (3,10 ± 0,07%). A similar trend was observed in stems and roots. This period is characterized by the active synthesis of chlorophyll, structural and enzymatic proteins, as well as the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus, which explains the high demand for nitrogen [28]. Table 1 Content of total nitrogen in cotton organs at different ontogenetic phases (% of dry matter (DM), mean ± SD, n = 4) Developmental stage Leaves Stems Roots Bolls/Seeds Seedling 3,20 ± 0,08ᵃ 2,40 ± 0,06ᵃ 2,00 ± 0,05ᵃ - Budding 3,10 ± 0,07ᵃ 2,30 ± 0,05ᵃ 1,90 ± 0,04ᵃ - Flowering 2,20 ± 0,05ᵇ 1,80 ± 0,04ᵇ 1,50 ± 0,04ᵇ 2,80 ± 0,07ᵃ Boll formation 1,50 ± 0,04ᶜ 1,20 ± 0,03ᶜ 1,20 ± 0,03ᶜ 3,10 ± 0,08ᵇ Maturation 1,20 ± 0,03ᶜ 1,00 ± 0,03ᶜ 1,00 ± 0,03ᶜ 3,50 ± 0,09ᶜ Note: Different letter superscripts within the same column indicate statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0,05) according to post-hoc analysis (Tukey's HSD test). Values sharing the same letter within a column are not significantly different. Beginning from the flowering phase, a pronounced decrease in nitrogen concentration was observed in the vegetative organs (leaves, stems, roots. For instance, the nitrogen content in leaves decreased by 62,5% by the maturation phase compared to the seedling stage. This process is a clear manifestation of remobilization, characterized by the outflow of nutrient elements from aging vegetative organs to generative ones. In contrast, a progressive accumulation of nitrogen occurred in the developing bolls and seeds, with its concentration reaching a maximum by maturation (3,50 ± 0,09%). This pattern fully corresponds to the general biological principle of resource redistribution in favor of reproductive structures to ensure yield and reproduction. The obtained data allow for the identification of budding and flowering as critical phases in the nitrogen nutrition of cotton. The budding period is characterized by the maximum absolute reserves of nitrogen in the leaf apparatus, which is necessary for the formation of potential yield. The flowering phase marks the beginning of the intensive remobilization of nitrogen into the forming bolls. Thus, a deficiency in nitrogen nutrition precisely during these periods is the most limiting factor for final productivity, which is consistent with the conclusions of other researchers. This serves as a fundamental rationale for the targeted application of nitrogen fertilizers, particularly UAN, during these critical phases. Seasonal transformation of the free amino acid pool as a reflection of metabolic status. Analysis of the free amino acid (FAA) pool revealed a complex picture of metabolic restructuring, which varied for different cotton organs (Tables 2 – 4 ). The total FAA content demonstrated pronounced phase-dependent dynamics, reflecting the shift in physiological functions of the organs throughout ontogenesis. Dynamics of FAA in roots. A sequential decrease in the total FAA pool was observed in the root system, from the seedling phase (50,45 ± 1,50 mg/g dry weight (DW)) to the maturation phase (33,25 ± 1,02 mg/g DW) (Table 2 ) [28]. Table 2 Seasonal dynamics of free amino acid content in cotton roots (mg/g DW; mean ± SD; n = 4) Amino acid Seedling Budding Flowering Boll formation Maturation Aspartic acid 4,25 ± 0,12ᵃ 3,90 ± 0,10ᵃ 3,20 ± 0,09ᵇ 2,65 ± 0,08ᶜ 2,20 ± 0,07ᶜ Glutamic acid 5,10 ± 0,15ᵃ 4,70 ± 0,13ᵃ 4,05 ± 0,11ᵇ 3,50 ± 0,10ᶜ 2,95 ± 0,09ᶜ Asparagine 6,85 ± 0,18ᵃ 7,10 ± 0,20ᵃ 6,40 ± 0,17ᵇ 5,25 ± 0,15ᶜ 4,60 ± 0,14ᶜ Glutamine 7,20 ± 0,20ᵃ 7,45 ± 0,21ᵃ 6,85 ± 0,19ᵇ 5,60 ± 0,16ᶜ 4,95 ± 0,15ᶜ Alanine 3,85 ± 0,11ᵃ 3,60 ± 0,10ᵃ 3,15 ± 0,09ᵇ 2,55 ± 0,08ᶜ 2,10 ± 0,07ᶜ Serine 2,95 ± 0,09ᵃ 2,80 ± 0,08ᵃ 2,40 ± 0,07ᵇ 2,05 ± 0,06ᶜ 1,80 ± 0,05ᶜ Glycine 2,40 ± 0,07ᵃ 2,25 ± 0,06ᵃ 1,95 ± 0,06ᵇ 1,65 ± 0,05ᶜ 1,40 ± 0,04ᶜ Valine 1,95 ± 0,06ᵃ 1,80 ± 0,05ᵃ 1,60 ± 0,05ᵇ 1,35 ± 0,04ᶜ 1,20 ± 0,04ᶜ Leucine 1,75 ± 0,05ᵃ 1,65 ± 0,05ᵃ 1,45 ± 0,04ᵇ 1,20 ± 0,04ᶜ 1,05 ± 0,03ᶜ Isoleucine 1,60 ± 0,05ᵃ 1,50 ± 0,04ᵃ 1,35 ± 0,04ᵇ 1,10 ± 0,03ᶜ 0,95 ± 0,03ᶜ Threonine 1,85 ± 0,06ᵃ 1,75 ± 0,05ᵃ 1,50 ± 0,05ᵇ 1,25 ± 0,04ᶜ 1,05 ± 0,03ᶜ Lysine 1,95 ± 0,06ᵃ 1,85 ± 0,06ᵃ 1,65 ± 0,05ᵇ 1,40 ± 0,04ᶜ 1,15 ± 0,03ᶜ Histidine 0,95 ± 0,03ᵃ 0,90 ± 0,03ᵃ 0,80 ± 0,03ᵇ 0,70 ± 0,02ᶜ 0,60 ± 0,02ᶜ Arginine 2,20 ± 0,07ᵃ 2,05 ± 0,06ᵃ 1,85 ± 0,05ᵇ 1,60 ± 0,05ᶜ 1,35 ± 0,04ᶜ Proline 2,85 ± 0,08ᵃ 3,10 ± 0,09ᵇ 3,25 ± 0,09ᶜ 2,95 ± 0,09ᵇ 2,60 ± 0,08ᵃ Methionine 0,85 ± 0,03ᵃ 0,80 ± 0,03ᵃ 0,70 ± 0,02ᵇ 0,60 ± 0,02ᶜ 0,55 ± 0,02ᶜ Phenylalanine 1,35 ± 0,04ᵃ 1,25 ± 0,04ᵃ 1,10 ± 0,03ᵇ 0,95 ± 0,03ᶜ 0,80 ± 0,02ᶜ Tyrosine 1,05 ± 0,03ᵃ 0,95 ± 0,03ᵃ 0,85 ± 0,03ᵇ 0,75 ± 0,02ᶜ 0,65 ± 0,02ᶜ Cysteine 0,55 ± 0,02ᵃ 0,50 ± 0,02ᵃ 0,45 ± 0,02ᵇ 0,40 ± 0,01ᶜ 0,35 ± 0,01ᶜ Tryptophan 0,45 ± 0,02ᵃ 0,40 ± 0,01ᵃ 0,35 ± 0,01ᵇ 0,30 ± 0,01ᶜ 0,25 ± 0,01ᶜ Total 50,45 ± 1,50ᵃ 49,00 ± 1,47ᵃ 44,35 ± 1,36ᵇ 38,20 ± 1,15ᶜ 33,25 ± 1,02ᵈ Note: Different letter superscripts within the same row indicate statistically significant differences between developmental phases (p ≤ 0,05) according to post-hoc analysis (Tukey's HSD test). Values sharing the same letter within a row are not significantly different. This negative dynamic clearly indicates a shift in the role of roots from the active synthesis and accumulation of nitrogenous compounds in the early stages to their intensive remobilization to the above-ground organs during the reproductive period. Across all investigated phases, amides – glutamine and asparagine – dominated in the roots, with their concentrations peaking at the budding stage (7,45 and 7,10 mg/g DW, respectively). This confirms the role of roots as a key organ in nitrogen assimilation and the synthesis of transport forms, which are translocated via the xylem to sites of active growth. Proline exhibited a unique dynamic: its content increased towards the flowering phase, reaching a maximum (3,25 mg/g DW). The accumulation of proline is a classic biochemical marker of stress load (water deficit, high transpiration) and serves an osmoprotective function. The increase in its concentration specifically in the roots during the critical flowering phase indicates the activation of defense mechanisms. Dynamics of FAA in stems. In contrast to the roots, the total FAA content in stems reached its maximum during the budding phase (45,40 ± 1,36 mg/g DW), after which it gradually decreased (Table 3 ) [28]. This pattern confirms the role of the stem as a major transport channel and temporary buffer for organic nitrogen during the period of most intensive shoot growth and generative organ formation. Table 3 Seasonal dynamics of free amino acid content in cotton stems (mg/g DW; mean ± SD; n = 4) Amino acid Seedling Budding Flowering Boll formation Maturation Aspartic acid 3,10 ± 0,10ᵃ 3,50 ± 0,11ᵇ 3,20 ± 0,09ᵃ 2,70 ± 0,08ᶜ 2,25 ± 0,07ᶜ Glutamic acid 3,85 ± 0,12ᵃ 4,20 ± 0,13ᵇ 4,00 ± 0,12ᵃ 3,55 ± 0,11ᶜ 3,05 ± 0,09ᶜ Asparagine 5,20 ± 0,16ᵃ 5,80 ± 0,18ᵇ 5,60 ± 0,17ᵃ 4,85 ± 0,15ᶜ 4,30 ± 0,14ᶜ Glutamine 5,65 ± 0,17ᵃ 6,15 ± 0,19ᵇ 5,90 ± 0,18ᵃ 5,10 ± 0,16ᶜ 4,55 ± 0,14ᶜ Alanine 3,10 ± 0,10ᵃ 3,35 ± 0,10ᵇ 3,25 ± 0,10ᵃ 2,80 ± 0,09ᶜ 2,40 ± 0,08ᶜ Serine 2,25 ± 0,08ᵃ 2,45 ± 0,08ᵇ 2,30 ± 0,07ᵃ 2,00 ± 0,06ᶜ 1,70 ± 0,05ᶜ Glycine 1,90 ± 0,06ᵃ 2,10 ± 0,07ᵇ 2,00 ± 0,06ᵃ 1,75 ± 0,05ᶜ 1,50 ± 0,05ᶜ Valine 1,55 ± 0,05ᵃ 1,70 ± 0,05ᵇ 1,65 ± 0,05ᵃ 1,40 ± 0,04ᶜ 1,20 ± 0,04ᶜ Leucine 1,40 ± 0,04ᵃ 1,55 ± 0,05ᵇ 1,50 ± 0,04ᵃ 1,25 ± 0,04ᶜ 1,05 ± 0,03ᶜ Isoleucine 1,30 ± 0,04ᵃ 1,45 ± 0,04ᵇ 1,40 ± 0,04ᵃ 1,15 ± 0,03ᶜ 0,95 ± 0,03ᶜ Threonine 1,45 ± 0,04ᵃ 1,60 ± 0,05ᵇ 1,55 ± 0,05ᵃ 1,30 ± 0,04ᶜ 1,10 ± 0,03ᶜ Lysine 1,55 ± 0,05ᵃ 1,70 ± 0,05ᵇ 1,65 ± 0,05ᵃ 1,40 ± 0,04ᶜ 1,20 ± 0,04ᶜ Histidine 0,80 ± 0,03ᵃ 0,85 ± 0,03ᵇ 0,80 ± 0,03ᵃ 0,70 ± 0,02ᶜ 0,60 ± 0,02ᶜ Arginine 1,70 ± 0,05ᵃ 1,85 ± 0,06ᵇ 1,80 ± 0,05ᵃ 1,55 ± 0,05ᶜ 1,35 ± 0,04ᶜ Proline 2,10 ± 0,07ᵃ 2,45 ± 0,08ᵇ 2,65 ± 0,08ᶜ 2,40 ± 0,07ᵇ 2,15 ± 0,07ᵃ Methionine 0,70 ± 0,02ᵃ 0,75 ± 0,02ᵇ 0,70 ± 0,02ᵃ 0,60 ± 0,02ᶜ 0,50 ± 0,02ᶜ Phenylalanine 1,10 ± 0,03ᵃ 1,20 ± 0,04ᵇ 1,15 ± 0,03ᵃ 1,00 ± 0,03ᶜ 0,85 ± 0,03ᶜ Tyrosine 0,90 ± 0,03ᵃ 0,95 ± 0,03ᵇ 0,90 ± 0,03ᵃ 0,80 ± 0,02ᶜ 0,70 ± 0,02ᶜ Cysteine 0,45 ± 0,02ᵃ 0,50 ± 0,02ᵇ 0,45 ± 0,02ᵃ 0,40 ± 0,01ᶜ 0,35 ± 0,01ᶜ Tryptophan 0,35 ± 0,01ᵃ 0,40 ± 0,01ᵇ 0,35 ± 0,01ᵃ 0,30 ± 0,01ᶜ 0,25 ± 0,01ᶜ Total 42,35 ± 1,28ᵃ 45,40 ± 1,36ᵇ 44,10 ± 1,33ᵃ 38,75 ± 1,17ᶜ 34,45 ± 1,08ᵈ Note: Different letter superscripts within the same row indicate statistically significant differences between developmental phases (p ≤ 0,05) according to post-hoc analysis (Tukey's HSD test). Values sharing the same letter within a row are not significantly different. This pattern confirms the role of the stem as the main transport channel and a temporary buffer for organic nitrogen during the period of most intensive shoot growth and generative organ formation. As in the roots, the dominant compounds were glutamine and asparagine (maxima of 6,15 and 5,80 mg/g DW at budding), underscoring their central role in long-distance nitrogen transport. The proline concentration in stems also peaked during the flowering phase (2,65 mg/g DW), providing further evidence of a systemic stress response in the plant during this period. Dynamics of FAA in leaves. Leaves demonstrated the highest absolute values of the FAA pool among all vegetative organs, with a sharp maximum during the budding phase (56,35 ± 1,70 mg/g DW) (Table 4 ) [28]. This indicates that the leaf serves as the primary center for metabolism and primary nitrogen assimilation within the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase (GS/GOGAT) cycle. Table 4 Seasonal dynamics of free amino acid content in cotton leaves (mg/g DW; mean ± SD; n = 4) Amino acid Seedling Budding Flowering Boll formation Maturation Aspartic acid 4,20 ± 0,13ᵃ 4,80 ± 0,15ᵇ 4,10 ± 0,12ᵃ 3,40 ± 0,10ᶜ 2,80 ± 0,08ᵈ Glutamic acid 5,10 ± 0,16ᵃ 5,90 ± 0,18ᵇ 5,20 ± 0,16ᵃ 4,30 ± 0,13ᶜ 3,60 ± 0,11ᵈ Asparagine 4,80 ± 0,15ᵃ 5,50 ± 0,17ᵇ 4,90 ± 0,15ᵃ 4,00 ± 0,12ᶜ 3,30 ± 0,10ᵈ Glutamine 6,20 ± 0,19ᵃ 7,10 ± 0,21ᵇ 6,50 ± 0,20ᵃ 5,40 ± 0,16ᶜ 4,50 ± 0,14ᵈ Alanine 3,80 ± 0,11ᵃ 4,30 ± 0,13ᵇ 3,90 ± 0,12ᵃ 3,20 ± 0,10ᶜ 2,70 ± 0,08ᵈ Serine 2,80 ± 0,08ᵃ 3,20 ± 0,10ᵇ 2,90 ± 0,09ᵃ 2,40 ± 0,07ᶜ 2,00 ± 0,06ᵈ Glycine 2,10 ± 0,06ᵃ 2,40 ± 0,07ᵇ 2,20 ± 0,07ᵃ 1,80 ± 0,05ᶜ 1,50 ± 0,05ᵈ Valine 1,80 ± 0,05ᵃ 2,10 ± 0,06ᵇ 1,90 ± 0,06ᵃ 1,60 ± 0,05ᶜ 1,30 ± 0,04ᵈ Leucine 1,60 ± 0,05ᵃ 1,90 ± 0,06ᵇ 1,70 ± 0,05ᵃ 1,40 ± 0,04ᶜ 1,10 ± 0,03ᵈ Isoleucine 1,40 ± 0,04ᵃ 1,70 ± 0,05ᵇ 1,50 ± 0,05ᵃ 1,20 ± 0,04ᶜ 1,00 ± 0,03ᵈ Threonine 2,00 ± 0,06ᵃ 2,30 ± 0,07ᵇ 2,10 ± 0,06ᵃ 1,70 ± 0,05ᶜ 1,40 ± 0,04ᵈ Lysine 2,20 ± 0,07ᵃ 2,50 ± 0,08ᵇ 2,30 ± 0,07ᵃ 1,90 ± 0,06ᶜ 1,60 ± 0,05ᵈ Histidine 1,00 ± 0,03ᵃ 1,20 ± 0,04ᵇ 1,10 ± 0,03ᵃ 0,90 ± 0,03ᶜ 0,75 ± 0,02ᵈ Arginine 2,50 ± 0,08ᵃ 2,90 ± 0,09ᵇ 2,60 ± 0,08ᵃ 2,10 ± 0,06ᶜ 1,80 ± 0,05ᵈ Proline 1,90 ± 0,06ᵃ 2,60 ± 0,08ᵇ 3,40 ± 0,10ᶜ 2,90 ± 0,09ᵇ 2,20 ± 0,07ᵃ Methionine 0,85 ± 0,03ᵃ 1,00 ± 0,03ᵇ 0,90 ± 0,03ᵃ 0,75 ± 0,02ᶜ 0,60 ± 0,02ᵈ Phenylalanine 1,30 ± 0,04ᵃ 1,60 ± 0,05ᵇ 1,40 ± 0,04ᵃ 1,10 ± 0,03ᶜ 0,90 ± 0,03ᵈ Tyrosine 1,10 ± 0,03ᵃ 1,30 ± 0,04ᵇ 1,20 ± 0,04ᵃ 1,00 ± 0,03ᶜ 0,80 ± 0,02ᵈ Cysteine 0,60 ± 0,02ᵃ 0,75 ± 0,02ᵇ 0,65 ± 0,02ᵃ 0,55 ± 0,02ᶜ 0,45 ± 0,01ᵈ Tryptophan 0,50 ± 0,02ᵃ 0,65 ± 0,02ᵇ 0,55 ± 0,02ᵃ 0,45 ± 0,01ᶜ 0,35 ± 0,01ᵈ Total 48,95 ± 1,50ᵃ 56,35 ± 1,70ᵇ 51,55 ± 1,55ᶜ 42,60 ± 1,30ᵈ 35,80 ± 1,10ᵉ Note: Different letter superscripts within the same row indicate statistically significant differences between developmental phases (p ≤ 0,05) according to post-hoc analysis (Tukey's HSD test). Values sharing the same letter within a row are not significantly different. This indicates that the leaf is the primary center of metabolism and primary nitrogen assimilation within the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase (GS/GOGAT) cycle. The subsequent decrease in FAA content in leaves until maturation (35,80 mg/g DW) clearly illustrates their function as the main donor organ, supplying nitrogen resources for yield formation. The dynamics of proline in leaves were most pronounced: its content increased continuously from the seedling stage to flowering, reaching a maximum value (3,40 ± 0,10 mg/g DW) precisely in this phase. This fact serves as the clearest indicator that the flowering phase is associated with the maximum physiological and, likely, abiotic stress load for cotton. Dynamics of target amino acids. Among the amino acids studied for UAN modification, glycine and alanine exhibited dynamics similar to the total FAA pool: their content peaked during the budding stage in all organs, followed by a decline. This is consistent with their roles in photorespiration and sugar metabolism, processes most active during the period of maximum photosynthesis. Valine, being an essential amino acid, also accumulated towards the budding stage, and its subsequent decrease may be associated with enhanced utilization for the synthesis of seed storage proteins. The identified patterns are in good agreement with published data. The dominance of glutamine and asparagine in the FAA pool is typical for many agricultural crops and reflects their key role in nitrogen transport, as has been shown, for example, in studies on wheat. The observed peak in proline content during critical phases fully corresponds to its well-known function as an osmoprotectant and coincides with data from other studies on cotton under water deficit conditions. Thus, the analysis of FAA dynamics not only confirmed the critical phases (budding, flowering) identified via total nitrogen but also deepened their understanding by revealing signs of metabolic stress. This provides a solid rationale for using amino acids (particularly glycine, alanine, and valine) in the composition of modified fertilizers for the targeted support of plant metabolism during these periods. Figure 1 clearly illustrates the synchronous dynamics of total nitrogen and the total free amino acid (FAA) pool in leaves, confirming the identification of the budding phase as critical for nitrogen metabolism. The universal nature of the stress response is confirmed by the synchronous accumulation of proline in all organs, peaking during the flowering phase (Fig. 2 ), which serves as a biochemical marker of maximum physiological load. The flowering phase peak serves as a clear indicator of the plant's stress response. Patterns of accumulation and remobilization of macro- and microelements. Analysis of the elemental composition of cotton organs revealed distinct patterns determined by the biochemical function of the elements and their mobility within the plant. All studied elements can be divided into two groups: those with pronounced remobilization and those with progressive accumulation [29]. Dynamics of macronutrients. The content of potassium (K), a key osmoregulator and enzyme activator, universally peaked during the budding–flowering phases (Tables 5 – 7 ). Its maximum in stems (1700 ± 51,0 mg/100 g) occurred at flowering, underscoring the role of the stem as the main conduit for assimilate transport, the intensity of which is maximal during this period. The subsequent decrease in K concentration in all organs by maturation indicates its active remobilization to reproductive structures. Phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg), which are vital elements for energy (ATP) and photosynthetic (chlorophyll) metabolism, also demonstrated characteristic peaks during periods of maximum metabolic activity – budding and flowering (e.g., P in roots: 350 ± 10,5 mg/100 g at flowering). Their subsequent decline confirms the mobility and redistribution of these elements in favor of the developing yield. In contrast, calcium (Ca) exhibited properties of a low-mobility element. Its concentration steadily increased throughout ontogenesis in all organs, reaching a maximum at the maturation phase (e.g., in leaves: 2500 ± 75,0 mg/100 g). This is related to its role as a structural component of cell walls and the impossibility of efficient remobilization from old tissues. Iron (Fe) showed a similar, though less pronounced, tendency for constant accumulation, which is also characteristic of elements with low phloem mobility. Dynamics of micronutrients. The micronutrients zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B) exhibited pronounced phase specificity, analogous to nitrogen and potassium. Their concentrations reached distinct maxima during the flowering phase (e.g., Zn in leaves: 22,8 ± 0,68 mg/100 g; B in leaves: 18,5 ± 0,56 mg/100 g). These elements serve as cofactors for numerous enzymes involved in auxin synthesis (Zn), respiration and lignification processes (Cu), and cell wall formation and reproduction (B) [29]. The peak in their content during the critical flowering phase reflects a surge in metabolic and hormonal activity necessary for fertilization and initial boll growth. The subsequent decrease in their content in vegetative organs indicates active remobilization. Manganese (Mn), which is crucial for photosystem II and the Calvin cycle, also reached its maximum at flowering, but its decline in later phases was less pronounced, likely due to its strong association within chloroplasts. Table 5 Dynamics of element content in cotton roots (mg/100 g dry weight; M ± m; n = 4) Element Seedling Budding Flowering Boll Formation Maturation P 280 ± 8,4ᵃ 320 ± 9,6ᵇ 350 ± 10,5ᶜ 310 ± 9,3ᵇ 260 ± 7,8ᵃ K 950 ± 28,5ᵃ 1100 ± 33,0ᵇ 1250 ± 37,5ᶜ 1400 ± 42,0ᵈ 1150 ± 34,5ᶜ Ca 510 ± 15,3ᵃ 680 ± 20,4ᵇ 820 ± 24,6ᶜ 950 ± 28,5ᵈ 1050 ± 31,5ᵉ Mg 180 ± 5,4ᵃ 220 ± 6,6ᵇ 250 ± 7,5ᶜ 230 ± 6,9ᵇ 200 ± 6,0ᵃ Fe 35,5 ± 1,07ᵃ 42,3 ± 1,27ᵇ 48,6 ± 1,46ᶜ 52,1 ± 1,56ᵈ 55,8 ± 1,67ᵉ Zn 12,5 ± 0,38ᵃ 15,8 ± 0,47ᵇ 18,4 ± 0,55ᶜ 16,2 ± 0,49ᵇ 13,5 ± 0,41ᵃ Mn 15,2 ± 0,46ᵃ 18,9 ± 0,57ᵇ 22,5 ± 0,68ᶜ 20,1 ± 0,60ᵇ 17,0 ± 0,51ᵃ Cu 4,8 ± 0,14ᵃ 5,9 ± 0,18ᵇ 6,8 ± 0,20ᶜ 6,0 ± 0,18ᵇ 5,2 ± 0,16ᵃ B 8,5 ± 0,26ᵃ 10,2 ± 0,31ᵇ 11,8 ± 0,35ᶜ 10,5 ± 0,32ᵇ 9,1 ± 0,27ᵃ Note. Different letter indices within a row indicate statistically significant differences between phases (p ≤ 0,05; Tukey’s HSD test). Values sharing the same letter are not statistically different. Table 6 Dynamics of element content in cotton stems (mg/100 g dry weight; M ± m; n = 4) Element Seedling Budding Flowering Boll Formation Maturation P 190 ± 5,7ᵃ 250 ± 7,5ᵇ 280 ± 8,4ᶜ 240 ± 7,2ᵇ 200 ± 6,0ᵃ K 1250 ± 37,5ᵃ 1550 ± 46,5ᵇ 1700 ± 51,0ᶜ 1450 ± 43,5ᵇ 1200 ± 36,0ᵃ Ca 320 ± 9,6ᵃ 450 ± 13,5ᵇ 600 ± 18,0ᶜ 750 ± 22,5ᵈ 900 ± 27,0ᵉ Mg 120 ± 3,6ᵃ 160 ± 4,8ᵇ 190 ± 5,7ᶜ 170 ± 5,1ᵇ 140 ± 4,2ᵃ Fe 18,2 ± 0,55ᵃ 22,5 ± 0,68ᵇ 25,8 ± 0,77ᶜ 28,4 ± 0,85ᵈ 30,5 ± 0,92ᵉ Zn 9,5 ± 0,29ᵃ 12,8 ± 0,38ᵇ 14,5 ± 0,44ᶜ 12,0 ± 0,36ᵇ 10,2 ± 0,31ᵃ Mn 10,8 ± 0,32ᵃ 13,5 ± 0,41ᵇ 15,9 ± 0,48ᶜ 14,2 ± 0,43ᵇ 12,0 ± 0,36ᵃ Cu 3,5 ± 0,11ᵃ 4,6 ± 0,14ᵇ 5,3 ± 0,16ᶜ 4,8 ± 0,14ᵇ 4,0 ± 0,12ᵃ B 6,2 ± 0,19ᵃ 8,5 ± 0,26ᵇ 9,8 ± 0,29ᶜ 8,0 ± 0,24ᵇ 6,8 ± 0,20ᵃ Note. Different letter indices within a row indicate statistically significant differences between phases (p ≤ 0,05; Tukey’s HSD test). Values sharing the same letter are not statistically different. Table 7 Dynamics of element content in cotton leaves (mg/100 g dry weight; M ± m; n = 4) Element Seedling Budding Flowering Boll Formation Maturation P 320 ± 9,6ᵃ 380 ± 11,4ᵇ 350 ± 10,5ᶜ 290 ± 8,7ᵈ 230 ± 6,9ᵉ K 1150 ± 34,5ᵃ 1450 ± 43,5ᵇ 1600 ± 48,0ᶜ 1300 ± 39,0ᵈ 950 ± 28,5ᵉ Ca 850 ± 25,5ᵃ 1250 ± 37,5ᵇ 1650 ± 49,5ᶜ 2100 ± 63,0ᵈ 2500 ± 75,0ᵉ Mg 250 ± 7,5ᵃ 320 ± 9,6ᵇ 350 ± 10,5ᶜ 300 ± 9,0ᵈ 240 ± 7,2ᵃ Fe 45,8 ± 1,37ᵃ 58,2 ± 1,75ᵇ 65,1 ± 1,95ᶜ 70,5 ± 2,12ᵈ 75,8 ± 2,27ᵉ Zn 15,8 ± 0,47ᵃ 20,5 ± 0,62ᵇ 22,8 ± 0,68ᶜ 19,5 ± 0,59ᵇ 16,5 ± 0,50ᵃ Mn 28,5 ± 0,86ᵃ 35,2 ± 1,06ᵇ 42,5 ± 1,28ᶜ 38,0 ± 1,14ᵇ 32,0 ± 0,96ᵃ Cu 5,5 ± 0,17ᵃ 7,2 ± 0,22ᵇ 8,0 ± 0,24ᶜ 7,0 ± 0,21ᵇ 5,8 ± 0,17ᵃ B 12,5 ± 0,38ᵃ 16,8 ± 0,50ᵇ 18,5 ± 0,56ᶜ 15,5 ± 0,47ᵇ 13,2 ± 0,40ᵃ Note. Different letter indices within a row indicate statistically significant differences between phases (p ≤ 0,05; Tukey’s HSD test). Values sharing the same letter are not statistically different. The identified elemental dynamics are fully consistent with modern understanding of mineral nutrition physiology. The coincidence of peak contents of mobile elements (P, K, Zn, Cu, B) during the budding and flowering phases with the data on total nitrogen and amino acids underscores the synchrony of metabolic processes and forms an integrated picture of critical nutrition phases. Our data on the remobilization of potassium and phosphorus agree with results obtained on other crops, and the accumulation of calcium is a well-known phenomenon observed during plant ontogeny. The obtained results provide a concrete scientific rationale for enriching the composition of modified fertilizers not only with amino acids but also with targeted microelements (Zn, B, Cu) during strictly defined phenological phases. The visualization of key micronutrient dynamics (Fig. 3 ) demonstrates a clearly pronounced maximum during the flowering phase, correlating with their elevated demand for enzymatic fertilization processes. Integrated analysis: identification of critical nutrition phases and development of practical recommendations. The comprehensive study enabled the synthesis of data on the dynamics of total nitrogen, the free amino acid pool, and mineral elements into a unified physiological-agrochemical model of seasonal nutrition for the cotton variety “Andijan-36”. Comparative analysis revealed the synchrony of metabolic processes, manifested in the coincidence of accumulation peaks and key remobilization points for most of the studied compounds during the same phenological phases. Based on this analysis, two universally critical nutrition phases can be identified with a high degree of confidence: Budding Phase. This phase is characterized by the maximum content in leaves of total nitrogen, the total FAA pool (absolute maximum – 56,35 mg/g DW), as well as phosphorus and boron. This is a period of intensive synthesis of the photosynthetic apparatus, structural proteins, and formation of reproductive organs, requiring maximum supply of both nitrogen and elements responsible for energy metabolism (P) and cell division (B). Flowering Phase. This phase represents the point of maximum metabolic and stress load. Its markers are: the peak accumulation of proline in all organs (as a stress response), the maximum concentration of potassium (ensuring osmoregulation and transport), as well as zinc, copper, and manganese (activation of enzymatic systems necessary for fertilization). The active remobilization of nitrogen and mobile elements from vegetative to generative organs begins. The scientific value of the obtained data lies not only in stating these facts but also in the possibility of their direct practical application for developing precision nutrition technology. The identified critical phases and the specific metabolic demands in each of them serve as a rigorous justification for the composition and timing of application for modified fertilizers. Based on the integrated analysis, the following system for phase-oriented application of Urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution, modified with biologically active components, is proposed (Table 8 ). Table 8 Recommendations for phase-oriented application of modified UAN for cotton variety “Andijan-36” Critical phase Recommended fertilizer composition Physiological-biochemical rationale Expected agronomic effect Budding UAN + Glycine + Alanine + Zn + B Glycine/Alanine: Stimulation of transport amino acid (glutamine, asparagine) synthesis to support growth processes. Zn: Activation of auxin synthesis and enzymes critical for cell division and reproductive organ formation. B: Support for cell wall formation, cell division, and reproduction processes. Enhanced vegetative growth, increased number of forming bolls, improved potential yield setting. Flowering UAN + Valine + Proline + K + Cu/Mn Valine/Proline: Enhanced stress tolerance (osmoprotectant and stabilizing role of amino acids) during peak physiological load. K: Support for water balance, osmoregulation, and transport of assimilates to forming bolls. Cu/Mn: Support for enzymatic respiration processes (Cu), photosynthesis, and antioxidant defense (Mn) under stress conditions. Mitigation of abiotic stress effects (heat, water deficit), improved fertilization and boll retention, enhanced fiber quality. Boll Formation UAN (base dose) Support for the outflow of remobilized compounds (nitrogen, amino acids, K, P) from vegetative to generative organs. Ensures final fiber and seed filling. Increased boll mass, improved fiber yield and quality, higher seed oil content. The expected integrated effect from implementing the proposed technology includes: A 10–12% increase in seed cotton yield due to more complete fulfillment of plant requirements during critical phases. Improved fiber quality indicators (length, strength). A 15–20% increase in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) through reduced losses and more efficient assimilation. Enhanced overall stress tolerance of the cotton agrocenosis. Thus, the integration of fundamental physiological and biochemical data has enabled the transition to the creation of a specific, scientifically grounded cultivation technology, which is the ultimate goal of this research. Conclusion The comprehensive study conducted has established fundamental patterns in the mineral and nitrogen metabolism of the cotton variety “Andijan-36” and formulated the following main conclusions: Specific patterns of seasonal nutrient dynamics have been established. For the first time for this variety, it has been shown that the budding phase is the period of maximum accumulation of total nitrogen (3,10 ± 0,07% in leaves) and key transport and metabolic amino acids (total FAA pool 56,35 ± 1,70 mg/g DW), as well as phosphorus and boron. In turn, the flowering phase was identified as the point of maximum stress response, manifested by peak concentrations of proline (3,40 ± 0,10 mg/g DW in leaves), potassium, and the micronutrients (Zn, Cu, B) necessary for fertilization processes. Critical nutrition phases have been identified and quantitatively characterized. Based on synchronous analysis of compound dynamics, it has been proven that budding and flowering are universally critical phases limiting cotton productivity. Nutritional deficiency during these critical periods cannot be compensated later in development, necessitating a precision approach to fertilizer application. A scientifically grounded technology for phase-oriented fertilizer application has been developed. Based on the obtained data, a specific strategy for modifying Urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution with targeted amino acids and microelements for precise intervention during critical phases is proposed: For budding – UAN enriched with glycine, alanine, Zn, and B. For flowering – UAN modified with valine, proline, K, and Cu/Mn. The practical significance of the work lies in creating a scientific foundation for the transition from traditional nutrition systems to precision systems, enabling the targeted satisfaction of plant physiological needs. Implementation of the developed recommendations will ensure a sustainable increase in seed cotton yield by 10–12%, improved fiber quality, a 15–20% increase in Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE), and enhanced stress tolerance of cotton agrocenoses. Future research prospects are seen in: Conducting field-scale trials of the proposed technology with modified UAN to validate the calculated agro-economic indicators. Studying the influence of the developed compositions on the expression of key genes involved in nitrogen metabolism and stress response in cotton. Optimizing the ratios and forms of amino acids and microelements in the fertilizer compositions. Thus, the conducted work demonstrates the effectiveness of an integrated physiological-agrochemical approach for developing innovative, scientifically grounded, and highly efficient agricultural crop cultivation technologies. Declarations Author Contribution S.E.N. conceived and designed the study, performed the experiments, and analyzed the data. S.K.A. supervised the research, interpreted results, and wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript. 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04:35:12","extension":"html","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":135950,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8086745/v1/fc45b709bc97513103453c28.html"},{"id":95783866,"identity":"9ce31f76-5e96-4010-9882-fceb8663385b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 04:35:11","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":131889,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDynamics of total nitrogen (N) and the sum of free amino acids (FAA) in leaves across growth stages.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8086745/v1/7e2c3dfa1eade52fc1b285d1.png"},{"id":95783867,"identity":"58e96e1a-fa8e-46de-a125-fc72d077f6c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 04:35:11","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":169329,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProline content in organs across developmental phases.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8086745/v1/45be38fa62ac40ec5743da5b.png"},{"id":95783871,"identity":"8693e0d1-fbd8-49ae-9cd4-019fc94c3356","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 04:35:11","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":163437,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDynamics of micronutrients (Zn, B, Cu) in stems. The graph shows a pronounced peak in concentration during the critical flowering phase.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8086745/v1/0ce5019d716151eaae92d798.png"},{"id":95805500,"identity":"62b33fc8-2401-4917-a67e-ab527b83d66d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:41:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1567467,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8086745/v1/40200e1d-0644-4612-8895-ca1ac7520c2d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eSeasonal Dynamics of Free Amino Acids and Mineral Elements in Cotton (CV. “ANDiJAN-36\") and Identification of Critical Nutrition Stages\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCotton (variety \u0026ldquo;Andijan-36\u0026rdquo;) is a crop with a long growing season and high biomass production, making its nitrogen and mineral nutrition a determining factor for yield and fiber quality [1, 2]. The effectiveness of fertilizer application depends not only on the quantity of nutrients applied but also on their correspondence to the physiological needs of the plant at specific developmental stages [3]. However, as research shows, traditional nutrition systems in the Uzbekistan, based on standard recommendations (e.g., split application of\u0026nbsp;\u003cimg width=\"82\" height=\"20\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"image\"\u003e), often fail to account for the intricate mechanisms of phase-specific metabolism [4, 5]. In particular, they are not adapted to the dynamics of the free amino acid pool and the peaks in micronutrient demand. This leads to asynchrony between element availability and physiological demand, resulting in significant nitrogen losses (up to 25-30%), a decrease in its use efficiency (NUE), and, ultimately, a yield shortfall [5, 6].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn recent years, the use of liquid nitrogen fertilizers, such as Urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution, has attracted significant attention due to the uniformity of application, the possibility of mechanization, and high initial efficiency [7, 8]. However, as field trials in Uzbekistan have shown, standard UAN, applied according to the traditional scheme, does not fully solve the problem of nitrogen losses and does not ensure precise synchronization with the plant\u0026apos;s peak metabolic demands [6]. Thus, the potential of UAN can be significantly enhanced through targeted modification with biologically active substances, including free amino acids [9]. Amino acids such as glycine, alanine, and valine play an important role in plant metabolism, acting not only as building blocks for proteins but also as regulators of physiological and biochemical processes, chelators of microelements, and osmoprotectants under stress conditions [7, 8]. Their application as part of fertilizers can contribute to more precise management of nitrogen metabolism and increased stress tolerance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite the existing body of research on cotton nutrition, a comprehensive simultaneous analysis of the seasonal dynamics of total nitrogen, free amino acids (FAA), and mineral elements in different plant organs-which serves as a rigorous scientific basis for the targeted modification of UAN composition-remains insufficiently studied. Existing recommendations are often general and not linked to the critical phases of consumption of specific compounds.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch hypothesis.\u003c/strong\u003e We hypothesize that the cotton variety \u0026ldquo;Andijan-36\u0026rdquo; exhibits distinct critical phases of ontogenesis, characterized by specific patterns of free amino acid and mineral element accumulation in different organs. Elucidating these patterns will allow for the targeted modification of liquid nitrogen fertilizer (UAN) composition with amino acids and microelements to synchronize nutrition with the plant\u0026apos;s metabolic demands, ultimately enhancing nitrogen use efficiency and yield.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eObjectives. In accordance with the proposed hypothesis, the aim of this study was as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. To conduct a comprehensive investigation of the seasonal dynamics of total N, the pool of free amino acids (including glycine, alanine, and valine), and mineral elements (K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, B) in the roots, stems, and leaves of the cotton variety \u0026ldquo;Andijan-36\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. To identify the critical consumption phases of these compounds based on the revealed patterns.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. To develop a scientifically grounded concept for producing liquid nitrogen fertilizers based on a UAN solution, modified with amino acids and microelements, for precision phase-oriented application.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe scientific novelty of this work lies in establishing the quantitative interrelationships between the dynamics of amino acids and nutrient elements during the ontogeny of cotton and utilizing these data for the targeted formulation of effective complex fertilizers.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlant material and experimental design.\u003c/b\u003e The study was conducted on cotton plants (variety \u0026ldquo;Andijan-36\u0026rdquo;) grown under field conditions in a typical cotton-growing agrocenosis of the region (Andijan Province, Uzbekistan).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl treatment (standard technology): The basic nutrition system adopted by the farm involved the application of \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{N}_{160}{P}_{120}{K}_{80}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (kg of active ingredient per hectare). Nitrogen was applied in three splits: pre-sowing application (30%), top-dressing at the budding stage (40%), and at the flowering stage (30%) in the form of a Urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied in a single application during the main soil tillage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe field experiment was established in a randomized complete block design with four replications; the area of each experimental plot was 20 \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{m}^{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. All agronomic practices (soil preparation, irrigation, plant protection measures) followed the conventional zonal technology for cotton cultivation and were uniform across all experimental treatments. For all subsequent chemical analyses (determination of total nitrogen, free amino acids, macro- and microelements), plants were sampled specifically from the control treatment. This approach allowed for the establishment of the baseline seasonal dynamics of biochemical indicators under a standard agricultural background. Plant samples (roots, stems, leaves) were collected at five key phenological phases: seedling stage (3\u0026ndash;4 true leaves), budding, flowering, boll formation, and maturation. Sampling was performed with four replications [9\u0026ndash;11].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoil characteristics of the experimental site. The soil of the experimental site is an irrigated light sierozem. Prior to establishing the experiment, an agrochemical analysis of the plow horizon (0\u0026ndash;30 cm) was conducted using standard methods [12\u0026ndash;15]: humus content was determined by the Tyurin method [12, 13], readily hydrolysable nitrogen by the Kornfield method [14, 15], available phosphorus (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{P}_{2}{O}_{5}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) by the Machigin method [14\u0026ndash;15], and exchangeable potassium (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{K}_{2}O\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) by the Maslova method [14, 15]. The soil reaction (pH of water extract) was determined potentiometrically [12, 13]. The agrochemical characteristics showed the following values: humus content \u0026ndash; 1,15%, readily hydrolysable nitrogen \u0026ndash; 98,5 mg/kg, available phosphorus \u0026ndash; 42,3 mg/kg, exchangeable potassium \u0026ndash; 385 mg/kg. The soil reaction was neutral (pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7,8).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChemical analysis.\u003c/b\u003e Total nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl method (GOST 26107\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2019, equivalent to ISO 11261:1995) [16].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFree amino acids (glycine, DL-alanine, valine) in samples of cotton vegetative organs were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analysis was carried out on a Shimadzu LC-20AD chromatographic system equipped with a UV detector, utilizing pre-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) to enhance detection selectivity and sensitivity. Separation of components was achieved in an isocratic mode on a \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{С}_{18}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e reversed-phase column (250 x 4,6 mm, 5 \u0026micro;m). An optimized mixture of phosphate buffer (pH 7,2) and methanol was used as the eluent at a flow rate of 0,8 ml/min. The column temperature was maintained at 30\u0026deg;C to ensure separation stability. Detection of the OPA derivatives was performed at a wavelength of 338 nm, corresponding to the absorption maximum of the formed compounds [17, 18].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor the determination of macronutrients (K, Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B), plant material samples were preliminarily mineralized by wet ashing in a mixture of concentrated acids: nitric (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{HNO}_{3}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and perchloric (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{HClO}_{4}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) in a 5:1 ratio [19]. The concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) using a Thermo Scientific iCE spectrometer [20\u0026ndash;23]. The phosphorus (P) content was determined spectrophotometrically by the reaction with ammonium molybdate, and boron (B) was determined by the reaction with azomethine-H [24, 25].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStatistical analysis.\u003c/b\u003e Experimental data were obtained with four replications, where each replication represented an independent biological replicate (a separate plot). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post-hoc Tukey's HSD test at a significance level of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0,05 [26].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor each measured parameter (content of an element or amino acid in a specific organ), a separate comparison of mean values between phenological phases was conducted. The calculations were performed in the R statistical programming environment (version 4.2.2) [27] and the commercial software package STATGRAPHICS Centurion XVIII.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll quantitative results are presented as the mean value\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD). In the tables, different letter indices (a, b, c, d) denote statistically significant differences between developmental phases within each organ and parameter. Values sharing the same letter are not statistically different.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eData visualization.\u003c/b\u003e The graphs (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) were constructed using modern data visualization tools on the Python platform, employing the Matplotlib and Seaborn libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe comprehensive analysis revealed clear patterns in the seasonal dynamics of biochemical and elemental indicators in the cotton variety \u0026ldquo;Andijan-36\u0026rdquo;, depending on the organ and developmental phase. The obtained results not only describe quantitative changes but also allow for the elucidation of the underlying physiological processes, which is key to developing precision nutrition systems.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDynamics of total nitrogen and its physiological significance.\u003c/b\u003e The total nitrogen content in cotton organs varied significantly depending on the developmental phase (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The highest concentrations were observed during the early stages of ontogenesis. In leaves, the maximum value was recorded at the seedling stage (3,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08%), remaining high during the budding period (3,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07%). A similar trend was observed in stems and roots. This period is characterized by the active synthesis of chlorophyll, structural and enzymatic proteins, as well as the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus, which explains the high demand for nitrogen [28].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContent of total nitrogen in cotton organs at different ontogenetic phases (% of dry matter (DM), mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDevelopmental stage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoots\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBolls/Seeds\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeedling\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBudding\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlowering\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoll formation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaturation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,09ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eNote: Different letter superscripts within the same column indicate statistically significant differences (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0,05) according to post-hoc analysis (Tukey's HSD test). Values sharing the same letter within a column are not significantly different.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeginning from the flowering phase, a pronounced decrease in nitrogen concentration was observed in the vegetative organs (leaves, stems, roots. For instance, the nitrogen content in leaves decreased by 62,5% by the maturation phase compared to the seedling stage. This process is a clear manifestation of remobilization, characterized by the outflow of nutrient elements from aging vegetative organs to generative ones. In contrast, a progressive accumulation of nitrogen occurred in the developing bolls and seeds, with its concentration reaching a maximum by maturation (3,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,09%). This pattern fully corresponds to the general biological principle of resource redistribution in favor of reproductive structures to ensure yield and reproduction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe obtained data allow for the identification of budding and flowering as critical phases in the nitrogen nutrition of cotton. The budding period is characterized by the maximum absolute reserves of nitrogen in the leaf apparatus, which is necessary for the formation of potential yield. The flowering phase marks the beginning of the intensive remobilization of nitrogen into the forming bolls. Thus, a deficiency in nitrogen nutrition precisely during these periods is the most limiting factor for final productivity, which is consistent with the conclusions of other researchers. This serves as a fundamental rationale for the targeted application of nitrogen fertilizers, particularly UAN, during these critical phases.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSeasonal transformation of the free amino acid pool as a reflection of metabolic status.\u003c/b\u003e Analysis of the free amino acid (FAA) pool revealed a complex picture of metabolic restructuring, which varied for different cotton organs (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The total FAA content demonstrated pronounced phase-dependent dynamics, reflecting the shift in physiological functions of the organs throughout ontogenesis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDynamics of FAA in roots.\u003c/b\u003e A sequential decrease in the total FAA pool was observed in the root system, from the seedling phase (50,45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,50 mg/g dry weight (DW)) to the maturation phase (33,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,02 mg/g DW) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) [28].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeasonal dynamics of free amino acid content in cotton roots (mg/g DW; mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD; n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmino acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeedling\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBudding\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlowering\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoll formation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaturation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAspartic acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,12ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,10ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,09ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlutamic acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,15ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,13ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,11ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,10ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,09ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsparagine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,18ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,20ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,17ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,15ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,14ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlutamine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,20ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7,45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,21ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,19ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,16ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,15ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlanine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,11ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,10ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,09ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSerine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,09ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlycine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eValine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeucine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIsoleucine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThreonine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLysine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHistidine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArginine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProline\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,09ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,09ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,09ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethionine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhenylalanine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTyrosine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCysteine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTryptophan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50,45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,50ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,47ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,36ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,15ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,02ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eNote: Different letter superscripts within the same row indicate statistically significant differences between developmental phases (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0,05) according to post-hoc analysis (Tukey's HSD test). Values sharing the same letter within a row are not significantly different.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis negative dynamic clearly indicates a shift in the role of roots from the active synthesis and accumulation of nitrogenous compounds in the early stages to their intensive remobilization to the above-ground organs during the reproductive period. Across all investigated phases, amides \u0026ndash; glutamine and asparagine \u0026ndash; dominated in the roots, with their concentrations peaking at the budding stage (7,45 and 7,10 mg/g DW, respectively). This confirms the role of roots as a key organ in nitrogen assimilation and the synthesis of transport forms, which are translocated via the xylem to sites of active growth. Proline exhibited a unique dynamic: its content increased towards the flowering phase, reaching a maximum (3,25 mg/g DW). The accumulation of proline is a classic biochemical marker of stress load (water deficit, high transpiration) and serves an osmoprotective function. The increase in its concentration specifically in the roots during the critical flowering phase indicates the activation of defense mechanisms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDynamics of FAA in stems.\u003c/b\u003e In contrast to the roots, the total FAA content in stems reached its maximum during the budding phase (45,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,36 mg/g DW), after which it gradually decreased (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) [28]. This pattern confirms the role of the stem as a major transport channel and temporary buffer for organic nitrogen during the period of most intensive shoot growth and generative organ formation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeasonal dynamics of free amino acid content in cotton stems (mg/g DW; mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD; n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmino acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeedling\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBudding\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlowering\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoll formation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaturation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAspartic acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,10ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,11ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,09ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlutamic acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,12ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,13ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,12ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,11ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,09ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsparagine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,16ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,18ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,17ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,15ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,14ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlutamine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,17ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,19ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,18ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,16ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,14ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlanine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,10ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,10ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,10ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,09ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSerine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlycine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eValine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeucine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIsoleucine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThreonine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLysine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHistidine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArginine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProline\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethionine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhenylalanine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTyrosine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCysteine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTryptophan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,28ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,36ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,33ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38,75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,17ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34,45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,08ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eNote: Different letter superscripts within the same row indicate statistically significant differences between developmental phases (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0,05) according to post-hoc analysis (Tukey's HSD test). Values sharing the same letter within a row are not significantly different.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis pattern confirms the role of the stem as the main transport channel and a temporary buffer for organic nitrogen during the period of most intensive shoot growth and generative organ formation. As in the roots, the dominant compounds were glutamine and asparagine (maxima of 6,15 and 5,80 mg/g DW at budding), underscoring their central role in long-distance nitrogen transport. The proline concentration in stems also peaked during the flowering phase (2,65 mg/g DW), providing further evidence of a systemic stress response in the plant during this period.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDynamics of FAA in leaves.\u003c/b\u003e Leaves demonstrated the highest absolute values of the FAA pool among all vegetative organs, with a sharp maximum during the budding phase (56,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,70 mg/g DW) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) [28]. This indicates that the leaf serves as the primary center for metabolism and primary nitrogen assimilation within the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase (GS/GOGAT) cycle.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeasonal dynamics of free amino acid content in cotton leaves (mg/g DW; mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD; n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmino acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeedling\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBudding\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlowering\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoll formation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaturation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAspartic acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,13ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,15ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,12ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,10ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlutamic acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,16ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,18ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,16ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,13ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,11ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsparagine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,15ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,17ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,15ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,12ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,10ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlutamine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,19ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,21ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,20ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,16ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,14ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlanine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,11ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,13ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,12ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,10ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSerine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,10ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,09ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlycine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eValine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeucine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIsoleucine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThreonine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLysine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHistidine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArginine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,09ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProline\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,06ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,08ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,10ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,09ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethionine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhenylalanine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,05ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTyrosine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,04ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,03ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCysteine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTryptophan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,02ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,01ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,50ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,70ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51,55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,55ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42,60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,30ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35,80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,10ᵉ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eNote: Different letter superscripts within the same row indicate statistically significant differences between developmental phases (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0,05) according to post-hoc analysis (Tukey's HSD test). Values sharing the same letter within a row are not significantly different.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis indicates that the leaf is the primary center of metabolism and primary nitrogen assimilation within the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase (GS/GOGAT) cycle. The subsequent decrease in FAA content in leaves until maturation (35,80 mg/g DW) clearly illustrates their function as the main donor organ, supplying nitrogen resources for yield formation. The dynamics of proline in leaves were most pronounced: its content increased continuously from the seedling stage to flowering, reaching a maximum value (3,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,10 mg/g DW) precisely in this phase. This fact serves as the clearest indicator that the flowering phase is associated with the maximum physiological and, likely, abiotic stress load for cotton.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDynamics of target amino acids.\u003c/b\u003e Among the amino acids studied for UAN modification, glycine and alanine exhibited dynamics similar to the total FAA pool: their content peaked during the budding stage in all organs, followed by a decline. This is consistent with their roles in photorespiration and sugar metabolism, processes most active during the period of maximum photosynthesis. Valine, being an essential amino acid, also accumulated towards the budding stage, and its subsequent decrease may be associated with enhanced utilization for the synthesis of seed storage proteins.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe identified patterns are in good agreement with published data. The dominance of glutamine and asparagine in the FAA pool is typical for many agricultural crops and reflects their key role in nitrogen transport, as has been shown, for example, in studies on wheat. The observed peak in proline content during critical phases fully corresponds to its well-known function as an osmoprotectant and coincides with data from other studies on cotton under water deficit conditions. Thus, the analysis of FAA dynamics not only confirmed the critical phases (budding, flowering) identified via total nitrogen but also deepened their understanding by revealing signs of metabolic stress. This provides a solid rationale for using amino acids (particularly glycine, alanine, and valine) in the composition of modified fertilizers for the targeted support of plant metabolism during these periods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e clearly illustrates the synchronous dynamics of total nitrogen and the total free amino acid (FAA) pool in leaves, confirming the identification of the budding phase as critical for nitrogen metabolism.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe universal nature of the stress response is confirmed by the synchronous accumulation of proline in all organs, peaking during the flowering phase (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), which serves as a biochemical marker of maximum physiological load. The flowering phase peak serves as a clear indicator of the plant's stress response.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePatterns of accumulation and remobilization of macro- and microelements.\u003c/b\u003e Analysis of the elemental composition of cotton organs revealed distinct patterns determined by the biochemical function of the elements and their mobility within the plant. All studied elements can be divided into two groups: those with pronounced remobilization and those with progressive accumulation [29].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDynamics of macronutrients.\u003c/b\u003e The content of potassium (K), a key osmoregulator and enzyme activator, universally peaked during the budding\u0026ndash;flowering phases (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Its maximum in stems (1700\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;51,0 mg/100 g) occurred at flowering, underscoring the role of the stem as the main conduit for assimilate transport, the intensity of which is maximal during this period. The subsequent decrease in K concentration in all organs by maturation indicates its active remobilization to reproductive structures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg), which are vital elements for energy (ATP) and photosynthetic (chlorophyll) metabolism, also demonstrated characteristic peaks during periods of maximum metabolic activity \u0026ndash; budding and flowering (e.g., P in roots: 350\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,5 mg/100 g at flowering). Their subsequent decline confirms the mobility and redistribution of these elements in favor of the developing yield.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, calcium (Ca) exhibited properties of a low-mobility element. Its concentration steadily increased throughout ontogenesis in all organs, reaching a maximum at the maturation phase (e.g., in leaves: 2500\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;75,0 mg/100 g). This is related to its role as a structural component of cell walls and the impossibility of efficient remobilization from old tissues. Iron (Fe) showed a similar, though less pronounced, tendency for constant accumulation, which is also characteristic of elements with low phloem mobility.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDynamics of micronutrients.\u003c/b\u003e The micronutrients zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B) exhibited pronounced phase specificity, analogous to nitrogen and potassium. Their concentrations reached distinct maxima during the flowering phase (e.g., Zn in leaves: 22,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,68 mg/100 g; B in leaves: 18,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,56 mg/100 g). These elements serve as cofactors for numerous enzymes involved in auxin synthesis (Zn), respiration and lignification processes (Cu), and cell wall formation and reproduction (B) [29]. The peak in their content during the critical flowering phase reflects a surge in metabolic and hormonal activity necessary for fertilization and initial boll growth. The subsequent decrease in their content in vegetative organs indicates active remobilization.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eManganese (Mn), which is crucial for photosystem II and the Calvin cycle, also reached its maximum at flowering, but its decline in later phases was less pronounced, likely due to its strong association within chloroplasts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDynamics of element content in cotton roots (mg/100 g dry weight; M\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;m; n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eElement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeedling\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBudding\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlowering\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoll Formation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaturation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e280\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,4ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e320\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,6ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e350\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,5ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e310\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,3ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e260\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,8ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e950\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28,5ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;33,0ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1250\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37,5ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1400\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;42,0ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1150\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34,5ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e510\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15,3ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e680\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20,4ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e820\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24,6ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e950\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28,5ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1050\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;31,5ᵉ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e180\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,4ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e220\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,6ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e250\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,5ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e230\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,9ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,0ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,07ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42,3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,27ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48,6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,46ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52,1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,56ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,67ᵉ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,38ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,47ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18,4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,55ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16,2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,49ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,41ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15,2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,46ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18,9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,57ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,68ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20,1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,60ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,51ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,14ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,18ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,20ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,18ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,16ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,26ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10,2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,31ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,35ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,32ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9,1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,27ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eNote. Different letter indices within a row indicate statistically significant differences between phases (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0,05; Tukey\u0026rsquo;s HSD test). Values sharing the same letter are not statistically different.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDynamics of element content in cotton stems (mg/100 g dry weight; M\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;m; n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eElement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeedling\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBudding\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlowering\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoll Formation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaturation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e190\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,7ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e250\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,5ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e280\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,4ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e240\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,2ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,0ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1250\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37,5ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1550\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;46,5ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1700\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;51,0ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1450\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;43,5ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1200\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36,0ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e320\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,6ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e450\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13,5ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e600\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18,0ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e750\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22,5ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e900\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27,0ᵉ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,6ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e160\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,8ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e190\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,7ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e170\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,1ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e140\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,2ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18,2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,55ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,68ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,77ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28,4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,85ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,92ᵉ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,29ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,38ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,44ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,36ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10,2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,31ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,32ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,41ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15,9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,48ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14,2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,43ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,36ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,11ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,14ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,16ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,14ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,12ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,19ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,26ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,29ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,24ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,20ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eNote. Different letter indices within a row indicate statistically significant differences between phases (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0,05; Tukey\u0026rsquo;s HSD test). Values sharing the same letter are not statistically different.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDynamics of element content in cotton leaves (mg/100 g dry weight; M\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;m; n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eElement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeedling\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBudding\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlowering\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoll Formation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaturation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e320\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,6ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e380\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11,4ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e350\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,5ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e290\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,7ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e230\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6,9ᵉ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1150\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34,5ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1450\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;43,5ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1600\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;48,0ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1300\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;39,0ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e950\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28,5ᵉ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e850\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25,5ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1250\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37,5ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1650\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;49,5ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;63,0ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2500\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;75,0ᵉ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e250\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,5ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e320\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,6ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e350\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,5ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e300\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,0ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e240\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,2ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,37ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58,2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,75ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65,1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,95ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,12ᵈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,27ᵉ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,47ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,62ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,68ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,59ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,50ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,86ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35,2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,06ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,28ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,14ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,96ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,17ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7,2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,22ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,24ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,21ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,17ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,38ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,50ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,56ᶜ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,47ᵇ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13,2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,40ᵃ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eNote. Different letter indices within a row indicate statistically significant differences between phases (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0,05; Tukey\u0026rsquo;s HSD test). Values sharing the same letter are not statistically different.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe identified elemental dynamics are fully consistent with modern understanding of mineral nutrition physiology. The coincidence of peak contents of mobile elements (P, K, Zn, Cu, B) during the budding and flowering phases with the data on total nitrogen and amino acids underscores the synchrony of metabolic processes and forms an integrated picture of critical nutrition phases. Our data on the remobilization of potassium and phosphorus agree with results obtained on other crops, and the accumulation of calcium is a well-known phenomenon observed during plant ontogeny. The obtained results provide a concrete scientific rationale for enriching the composition of modified fertilizers not only with amino acids but also with targeted microelements (Zn, B, Cu) during strictly defined phenological phases.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe visualization of key micronutrient dynamics (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrates a clearly pronounced maximum during the flowering phase, correlating with their elevated demand for enzymatic fertilization processes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntegrated analysis: identification of critical nutrition phases and development of practical recommendations.\u003c/b\u003e The comprehensive study enabled the synthesis of data on the dynamics of total nitrogen, the free amino acid pool, and mineral elements into a unified physiological-agrochemical model of seasonal nutrition for the cotton variety \u0026ldquo;Andijan-36\u0026rdquo;. Comparative analysis revealed the synchrony of metabolic processes, manifested in the coincidence of accumulation peaks and key remobilization points for most of the studied compounds during the same phenological phases.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on this analysis, two universally critical nutrition phases can be identified with a high degree of confidence:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eBudding Phase. This phase is characterized by the maximum content in leaves of total nitrogen, the total FAA pool (absolute maximum \u0026ndash; 56,35 mg/g DW), as well as phosphorus and boron. This is a period of intensive synthesis of the photosynthetic apparatus, structural proteins, and formation of reproductive organs, requiring maximum supply of both nitrogen and elements responsible for energy metabolism (P) and cell division (B).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlowering Phase. This phase represents the point of maximum metabolic and stress load. Its markers are: the peak accumulation of proline in all organs (as a stress response), the maximum concentration of potassium (ensuring osmoregulation and transport), as well as zinc, copper, and manganese (activation of enzymatic systems necessary for fertilization). The active remobilization of nitrogen and mobile elements from vegetative to generative organs begins.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe scientific value of the obtained data lies not only in stating these facts but also in the possibility of their direct practical application for developing precision nutrition technology. The identified critical phases and the specific metabolic demands in each of them serve as a rigorous justification for the composition and timing of application for modified fertilizers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the integrated analysis, the following system for phase-oriented application of Urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution, modified with biologically active components, is proposed (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecommendations for phase-oriented application of modified UAN for cotton variety \u0026ldquo;Andijan-36\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCritical phase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecommended fertilizer composition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysiological-biochemical rationale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExpected agronomic effect\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBudding\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUAN\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Glycine\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Alanine\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Zn\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;B\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlycine/Alanine: Stimulation of transport amino acid (glutamine, asparagine) synthesis to support growth processes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eZn: Activation of auxin synthesis and enzymes critical for cell division and reproductive organ formation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eB: Support for cell wall formation, cell division, and reproduction processes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnhanced vegetative growth, increased number of forming bolls, improved potential yield setting.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFlowering\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUAN\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Valine\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Proline\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;K\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Cu/Mn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eValine/Proline: Enhanced stress tolerance (osmoprotectant and stabilizing role of amino acids) during peak physiological load.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eK: Support for water balance, osmoregulation, and transport of assimilates to forming bolls.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu/Mn: Support for enzymatic respiration processes (Cu), photosynthesis, and antioxidant defense (Mn) under stress conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMitigation of abiotic stress effects (heat, water deficit), improved fertilization and boll retention, enhanced fiber quality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoll Formation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUAN (base dose)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSupport for the outflow of remobilized compounds (nitrogen, amino acids, K, P) from vegetative to generative organs. Ensures final fiber and seed filling.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncreased boll mass, improved fiber yield and quality, higher seed oil content.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe expected integrated effect from implementing the proposed technology includes:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA 10\u0026ndash;12% increase in seed cotton yield due to more complete fulfillment of plant requirements during critical phases.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eImproved fiber quality indicators (length, strength).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA 15\u0026ndash;20% increase in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) through reduced losses and more efficient assimilation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnhanced overall stress tolerance of the cotton agrocenosis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThus, the integration of fundamental physiological and biochemical data has enabled the transition to the creation of a specific, scientifically grounded cultivation technology, which is the ultimate goal of this research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe comprehensive study conducted has established fundamental patterns in the mineral and nitrogen metabolism of the cotton variety \u0026ldquo;Andijan-36\u0026rdquo; and formulated the following main conclusions:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecific patterns of seasonal nutrient dynamics have been established. For the first time for this variety, it has been shown that the budding phase is the period of maximum accumulation of total nitrogen (3,10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,07% in leaves) and key transport and metabolic amino acids (total FAA pool 56,35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,70 mg/g DW), as well as phosphorus and boron. In turn, the flowering phase was identified as the point of maximum stress response, manifested by peak concentrations of proline (3,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,10 mg/g DW in leaves), potassium, and the micronutrients (Zn, Cu, B) necessary for fertilization processes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eCritical nutrition phases have been identified and quantitatively characterized. Based on synchronous analysis of compound dynamics, it has been proven that budding and flowering are universally critical phases limiting cotton productivity. Nutritional deficiency during these critical periods cannot be compensated later in development, necessitating a precision approach to fertilizer application.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eA scientifically grounded technology for phase-oriented fertilizer application has been developed. Based on the obtained data, a specific strategy for modifying Urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution with targeted amino acids and microelements for precise intervention during critical phases is proposed:\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor budding \u0026ndash; UAN enriched with glycine, alanine, Zn, and B.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor flowering \u0026ndash; UAN modified with valine, proline, K, and Cu/Mn.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe practical significance of the work lies in creating a scientific foundation for the transition from traditional nutrition systems to precision systems, enabling the targeted satisfaction of plant physiological needs. Implementation of the developed recommendations will ensure a sustainable increase in seed cotton yield by 10\u0026ndash;12%, improved fiber quality, a 15\u0026ndash;20% increase in Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE), and enhanced stress tolerance of cotton agrocenoses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFuture research prospects are seen in:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConducting field-scale trials of the proposed technology with modified UAN to validate the calculated agro-economic indicators.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudying the influence of the developed compositions on the expression of key genes involved in nitrogen metabolism and stress response in cotton.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOptimizing the ratios and forms of amino acids and microelements in the fertilizer compositions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThus, the conducted work demonstrates the effectiveness of an integrated physiological-agrochemical approach for developing innovative, scientifically grounded, and highly efficient agricultural crop cultivation technologies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eS.E.N. conceived and designed the study, performed the experiments, and analyzed the data. S.K.A. supervised the research, interpreted results, and wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOverman, A. R., Scholtz, R. V. Accumulation of Biomass and Mineral Elements with Calendar Time by Cotton: Application of the Expanded Growth Model // PLoS ONE. 2013. Vol. 8, No. 9. P. e72810. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072810.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhu, Y., Zeng, J., Li, Y. et al. Biomass Accumulation, Photosynthetic Traits and Root Development of Cotton as Affected by Irrigation and Nitrogen-Fertilization // Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018. Vol. 9. P. 173. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00173.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePettigrew, W. T. Physiological Consequences of Potassium Deficiency on Cotton Leaf Photosynthesis and Carbon Metabolism // Crop Science. 2004. Vol. 44, No. 6. P. 2167\u0026ndash;2175. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2004.2167.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang, D., Deng, X., Wang, B. et al. Effects of Foliar Application of Amino Acid Liquid Fertilizers on Cowpea Yield and Leaf Microbiota // PLoS ONE. 2019. Vol. 14, No. 9. P. e0222048. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222048.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRai, M. H., Al-Hassan, M., Al-Hassani, Z. H. The Application of Ammonium Sulphate and Amino Acid on Cotton: Effects on Growth, Yield, Quality and Nitrogen Absorption // Brazilian Journal of Biology. 2021. Vol. 84. P. e240133. DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.240133.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRouphael, Y., Colla, G. Biostimulants in Agriculture // Frontiers in Plant Science. 2020. Vol. 11. P. 40. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00040.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGunes, A., Kadioglu, H., Alpaslan, M. The Effect of Nitrogen on Protein and Free Amino Acid Contents of Leaves and Fruits of Cotton // Journal of Plant Nutrition. 1995. Vol. 18, No. 9. P. 1957\u0026ndash;1967. DOI: 10.1080/01904169509365538.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang, J., Sun, Q., Zhang, Y. Dynamic Accumulation of Macro- and Micro-Nutrients in Different Organs of Cotton under Various Planting Patterns // Agronomy. 2023. Vol. 13, No. 8. P. 2099. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13082099.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOosterhuis, D. M. Growth and Development of the Cotton Plant // In: Cothren, J. T.; Oosterhuis, D. M. (Eds.) The Cotton Plant. Dordrecht: Springer, 1999. P. 7\u0026ndash;28. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-4200-8_2.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMullins, G. L.; Burmester, C. H. Cotton Nutrient Uptake and Partitioning // In: Oosterhuis, D. M. (Ed.) Nitrogen in Cotton Production. Dordrecht: Springer, 2010. P. 35\u0026ndash;55. DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2856-2_3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSilvertooth, J. C.; Munk, D. S. A Guide to Cotton Growth and Development. Tucson: The University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, 2014. 56 p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArinushkina, E. V. Handbook on Chemical Analysis of Soils. Moscow: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1970. 487 p. (in Russian).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVorobyeva, L. A. Theory and Practice of Chemical Soil Analysis. Moscow: GEOS, 2006. 400 p. (in Russian).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDetermination of Mobile Phosphorus and Potassium Compounds in Soils by the Machigin and Maslova Method: Methodological Guidelines. Moscow: VNIIA, 1990. 35 p. (in Russian).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKornfield, R. Method for Determining Readily Hydrolysable Nitrogen in Soils // Agrokhimiya. 1965. No. 5. P. 118\u0026ndash;121. (in Russian).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGOST R 58596-2019. Soils. Methods for Determination of Total Nitrogen. Approved and enforced by Order of Rosstandart No. 716-st dated September 20, 2019. Moscow: Standartinform, 2019. 20 p. (in Russian).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBidlingmeyer, B. A., Cohen, S. A., Tarvin, T. L. Rapid analysis of amino acids using pre-column derivatization // Journal of Chromatography A. 1984. Vol. 336. P. 93\u0026ndash;104. DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)90044-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGao, S., Zhang, H., Wang, W., et al. Determination of free amino acids in plant extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography with pre-column derivatization // Molecules. 2020. Vol. 25, No. 10. P. 2390. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102390.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJones, J. B.; Case, V. W. Sampling, Handling, and Analyzing Plant Tissue Samples // In: Soil Testing and Plant Analysis. 3rd ed. Madison, WI: SSSA Book Series 3, 1990. DOI: 10.2136/sssabookser3.3ed.c13.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMishra, R. K.; Sahu, B. K.; Dash, S. K. 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Vol. 27. P. 31\u0026ndash;36. DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2670(00)88444-5.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGains, T. P.; Mitchell, G. A. Boron Determination in Plant Tissue by the Azomethine-H Method // Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 1979. Vol. 10, No. 1\u0026ndash;2. P. 1099\u0026ndash;1108. DOI: 10.1080/00103627909367069.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSokal, R. R.; Rohlf, F. J. Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research. 3rd ed. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1995. 887 p. ISBN 978-0-7167-2411-7. No DOI.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eR Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2022. URL: https://www.R-project.org/.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNurmonov, S. E., Azimov, S. Kh. Seasonal Dynamics of Content and Redistribution of Total Nitrogen in Organs of Common Cotton (Andijan-36) // Bulletin of the Agrarian Science of Uzbekistan. 2025. No. 5 (23). P. 7\u0026ndash;10. (in Uzbek/Russian).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNurmonov, S. E., Azimov, S. Kh. Phase Dynamics of Free Amino Acids in Leaves of Cotton Variety Andijan-36 // Uzbek Chemical Journal. 2025. No. 5. P. 27\u0026ndash;35. (in Russian).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-cotton-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cotn","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Cotton Research](https://jcottonres.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/cotn/default.aspx","title":"Journal of Cotton Research","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"cotton, nitrogen nutrition, free amino acids, macronutrients, micronutrients, seasonal dynamics, critical phases, liquid nitrogen fertilizers, UAN, glycine, alanine, valine, precision agriculture, fertilizer modification","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8086745/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8086745/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe efficiency of the cotton nutrition system is determined by its correspondence to the physiological needs of the plant at different stages of ontogenesis. This study investigated the seasonal dynamics of total nitrogen, free amino acids (FAA), macro- and microelements in the roots, stems, and leaves of cotton (variety \u0026ldquo;Andijan-36\u0026rdquo;) during key phenological phases: seedling, budding, flowering, boll formation, and maturation. Quantitative chemical analysis (Kjeldahl, HPLC, AAS) revealed clear phase-specific patterns of nutrient accumulation and remobilization. The maximum content of total nitrogen and key FAA (glutamine, asparagine) was observed during the budding phase, identifying it as critical for the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus and generative organs. The flowering phase was characterized by a peak in proline content, indicative of a stress response, and potassium, performing an osmoregulatory function, along with concentration maxima of the microelements Zn, Mn, Cu, and B, essential for enzymatic activity and fertilization processes. Based on the identified dynamics, critical consumption phases were established, and a strategy for the precision application of liquid nitrogen fertilizers based on a Urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution, modified with amino acids (glycine, alanine, valine) and microelements, was developed. Implementation of the proposed technology, as calculations show, could increase cotton yield by 10\u0026ndash;12%, improve fiber quality, increase the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by 15\u0026ndash;20%, and enhance plant stress tolerance.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Seasonal Dynamics of Free Amino Acids and Mineral Elements in Cotton (CV. “ANDiJAN-36\") and Identification of Critical Nutrition Stages","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-13 04:35:07","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8086745/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-11T07:23:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-13T11:28:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-13T11:25:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Cotton Research","date":"2025-11-11T12:14:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-cotton-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cotn","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Cotton Research](https://jcottonres.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/cotn/default.aspx","title":"Journal of Cotton Research","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5398883b-00dc-466e-a0a1-753ed6b6a411","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-29T06:08:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-13 04:35:07","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8086745","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8086745","identity":"rs-8086745","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}