Indigenous Knowledge in Crop Production and Use of Locally Grown Crops by Tharu Farmersof Triyuga Municipality, Nepal

Indigenous Knowledge in Crop Production and Use of Locally Grown Crops by Tharu Farmersof Triyuga Municipality, Nepal | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Indigenous Knowledge in Crop Production and Use of Locally Grown Crops by Tharu Farmersof Triyuga Municipality, Nepal Amit Chaudhary, Ram Hari Timilsina, Udit Prakash Sigdel, Pankaj Raj Dhital, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6950701/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose: A research was carried out to assess the indigenous knowledge used in crop production cycle and local crops utilized by Tharu community farmers of Triyuga municipality, Udayapur district in 2020. Design/methodology/approach: A purposive random sampling with proportional allocation method was used to select 170 households and structured schedule was used to collect data from respondents. Descriptive statistics along with multiple response analysis, Chi square test, Pearson correlation, probit regression model and 5-point Likert scaling technique were used for data analysis. Findings: The study revealed that per capita income and year of schooling had significant and negative relation with Indigenous Knowledge (IK) use. Sex, resident nearby forest and field work disturb by flood showed significant positive relationship with IK use. Factor, road disturb by flood had significantly affected the IK use. Use of IK in the crop production cycle showed non-significant relationship with local crop utility. Survey revealed ensure good health, poor crop yield and positive change in IK related act and policies found to be a must important merit, demerit and solution of IK use. Whereas, chemical free organic foods, lower crop yield and technical support to farmers were found to be the most important merit, demerit and solution related to local crop utility. Practical implications: The findings of this research can be utilized to reform the policies related to conservation, promotion and improvement of indigenous knowledge and technologies to improve the whole agriculture system. Theoretical implications: Indigenous knowledge related to crop production cycle practiced by Tharu farmers that are undervalued yet will be recognized by every reader. This research will be very helpful to develop the new curriculum of schools and universities including important IKs of different ethnic groups giving them proper credit and recognition. Originality/value: Despite of few research papers related to agricultural indigenous knowledge of particular ethnic groups of Nepal found, this study will be a better initiation and reference to explore such IKs in different ethnic communities at national and inter-nations. Conservation Food Practice Traditional Technology Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Indigenous Knowledge (IK) refers to any information, practices, technologies that belong to any particular group, community or tribes which have been utilized by them and transferred from generation to generation and represents their original identity (Tharakan, 2015). Indigenous Knowledge can differ from culture to culture and place to place (Jaiswal & Williams, 2016). The term ‘Indigenous Knowledge’ and ‘Traditional Knowledge’ are commonly used either separately or interchangeably. However, traditional knowledge may not be Indigenous Knowledge but all Indigenous Knowledge are traditional knowledge. Indigenous Knowledge is closely related to the culture and belief system of indigenous people who have been living at a particular location from ancient periods of time. Tharus are considered as the original and oldest indigenous community of Terai region in Nepal (Chaudhari, 2017). This research aimed to know about important Indigenous Knowledge used in crop production cycle by Tharu farmers of Triyuga Municipality, Udayapur. Factors like socioeconomic, institutional, geographical and political factors related to local farmers of study area affecting use of Indigenous Knowledge in crop production have been well understood. This research aims to help other researchers to conduct similar kinds of research with new dimensions. Likewise, the government can be suggested with adequate policies related to agricultural Indigenous Knowledge beneficial to Indigenous farmers. However, this research couldn't cover the other parts of agriculture and non- agriculture sectors besides the crop production including post-harvest activities and got limited to the Tharu community. Theoretical base for research System theory explains system as an integrated form of different elements interacting with each other within a system or outside the system based on some particular logics of the system. System have capacity to reproduce or regenerate its elements, contains dynamic processes, boundary and also have relationship with other system or environment. Society as a system includes different subsystems like political system, Research and Development system, Science and Technology system, Economic system and Education or knowledge system (Campbell, 2001; Lundvall, 1992; Ashby, 1965; as cited in Carayannis et al., 2016). System when linked to knowledge then it is called ‘knowledge system’. Knowledge system is itself a multilevel system including innovation, Science and technology, Research and Development associated more or less with research and/or education sector depending on the existing scenario of the society (Bomberg and Stubb, 2003; Hooghe and Marks, 2001; as cited in Carayannis et al., 2016). The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use Technology (UTAUT) consists of four constructs, Performance expectancy, Effort expectancy, Social influence and Facilitating condition. It also contains moderating factors like age, gender, experience and voluntariness. Thong and Xu in 2012 also have proposed UTAUT-2 that consists of new constructs hedonic, motivation, price value and habit (Thong and Xu, 2012; as cited in Liu et al., 2019; Venkatesh et al., 2016). This theory is related to this research in the sense that local farmers those who have been using indigenous knowledge in agriculture and producing local crops from very long time will only accept any modern technology after they get convinced of getting above mentioned four benefits better than existing indigenous technologies. Indigenous knowledge used by farmers are easy and very useful to run their daily life which they have good experience of using it received from previous generation. Intervention of any modern technology may or may not be more useful and/or easier to use as compared to existing technologies. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) model proposed by Fred Davis in 1989 (Charness and Boot, 2016) describes perceived usefulness and ease of use of any technology. The theory of reasoned action given by (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980; as cited in Mimiaga, et al., 2009) suggests that anyone’s behavior is determined by his own intention as well attitude to practice. Therefore, utilization of indigenous or modern or integrated form of agricultural technology depends upon the intention and attitude of local farmer that determines their habit of using indigenous technology or local crop (Mimiaga, et al., 2009). Theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985, 1987, 1991; as cited in Mimiaga, et al., 2009) is derived from ‘theory of reasoned action’ suggests that anyone’s intention, decision making process, action or behavior is determined by his perception, beliefs or principles. So, doing awareness campaigns, promotions, advertisements etc. could bring some change in use of any kind of traditional or modern technology (Mimiaga et al., 2009). Research questions 1. What are the Indigenous Knowledge used in crop production cycle existing and practiced by Tharu Community of Triyuga Municipality, Udayapur? 2. How local crop are utilized by local Tharu farmers of Triyuga Municipality, Udayapur? 3. Which and why mentioned factors significantly affect the use of Indigenous Knowledge used in crop production cycle in study area? 4. How is the relationship existing between use of IK used in crop production cycle and Utility of local crop? 5. How is the condition of local crop contribution in food sufficiency of Triyuga municipality Tharu farmers? Hypothesis Hypothesis 1 H0: Socioeconomic factors show no significant effect on use of IK used in crop production cycle H1: Socioeconomic factors show significant effect on use of IK used in crop production cycle Hypothesis 2 H0: Institutional factors show no significant effect on use of IK used in crop production cycle H1: Institutional factors show significant effect on use of IK used in crop production cycle Hypothesis 3 H0: Geographical factors show no significant effect on use of IK used in crop production cycle H1: Geographical factors show significant effect on use of IK used in crop production cycle Hypothesis 4 H0: Political factors show no significant effect on use of IK used in crop production cycle H1: Political factors show significant effect on use of IK used in crop production cycle Materials and Methods This study was carried to study about Indigenous Knowledge practiced during Crop Production cycle utilized by Tharu farmers of Triyuga municipality of Udayapur district (Figure 2). Altogether 14 wards except ward no. 15 and 16 were purposely selected because highest population of 13,712 Tharu people including 2632 households live in Triyuga municipality and are indigenous community tribes with long history and rich in indigenous knowledge and technologies. Tharu people have been living in the vicinity of Triyuga River at lower altitude of Udayapur district cultivating their field crops along the riverside from ancient period of time. Moreover, Triyuga is also very rich in biodiversity, climate, language, ethnic distribution etc. (TMO, Udayapur, Nepal, 2018). Data Collection Study area was selected by purposive sampling method in such a way that all the people of Tharu ethnic group of all 14 wards get properly included in research population size. After that total households belonging to selected wards considered as total population size for sampling. The detail of required household data of each wards was obtained from Triyuga Municipality office. Proportionate allocation method was used to get sample size using Cochron's formula (Cochron, 1977; Cited in Sarmah et al., 2013; Sarmah & Hazarika, 2012) of Tharu population. Respondents were choosen by using simple random sampling (lottery) method. Since, cost per unit of population were not taken in consideration because overall cost for all unit of population will be used more or less same. Population variance was also unknown without doing pilot survey, so considering the limited time, labour and money, for the convenience, proportionate allocation method (Bowley, 1926; Cited in Sarmah et al., 2013) was used to estimate actual sample size of each wards of Tiyuga municipality. . For estimation of accurate sample size for this study, 95% of level of confidence, 5% level of precision (significance), and maximum population variability 0.5 was considered. Secondary data were collected from local level government offices, provincial level offices, Non-governmental organizations, International non-governmental organizations, published periodical reports, reviewing published research articles and other national or international reports. Demographical information, socio-economic status, geographical, climatological, agricultural, administrative situation etc. were also accessed from relevant resources. Particularly, ward level Geographic Information (GIS) data was brought from Department of Hydrology and Meterology, Kathmandu, Nepal. To access the information about factors (personal, socio-economic, geographic and administrative factors) effecting use of Indigenous Knowledge and local crops, respondents were personally interviewed by using structured questionnaire. Likewise, for accessing all the information about existing situation, problems, opportunities, challenges, possible mitigation strategies about use of Indigenous Knowledge and local crops, qualitative methods were used. For efficient use of limited financial source, time and ensure validity of information, Rapid Rural Appraisal technique (RRA) was preferred along with Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques like Transect walk, Resource mapping, seasonal calendar, pair wise ranking, Key Informant Interview (KII), Focused Group Discussion (FGD) with semi-structured questionnaire having open ended questions. Data Analysis Collected data were classified and tabulated according to the variables and its categories. Before the analysis of data, normality and variance test were done. After that, Information that were analyzed by descriptive method have been presented in tabular or graphical form. MS-Excel software has been preferred for descriptive analysis. Data about factors responsible to influence use of Indigenous Knowledge use were input and analyzed by using STATA/SE 12.1 and SPSS 16.0 software. To know the relation between dependent and independent factors, probit regression model analysis method has been used. The main advantage of using Probit regression model over Linear Probability Model (LPM) is that all the vectors of unknown variables or regression coefficient is expressed in probability term which limits the probability value of dependent variables to range between 0 to 1. Whereas in LPM model though dependent variable are dummy (binary type), the regression coefficient are expressed in unit term but not in probability term. It leads to bring change in probability value of dependent variables less than 0 or more than 1 which is meaningless making no sense because range of probability is between 0 to 1. Moreover, probit model represents more accurate error term of unexplained independent variables and probability of change in dependent variable caused by change in each independent variables. Probit regression model is mainly preferable for normally distributed data following cumulative normal probability distribution (Nagler, 1994; as cited in Sebopetji, & Belete, 2009). Likewise, target farmer’s perception about identifying challenges, opportunities, problem and solutions, likert scale analysis method has been be used. Likert scale method being farmer friendly (Thakur et al. 2017), 5 points of decision between agreement and disagreement including Strongly Disagree (1), Disagree (2), Undecided (3), Agree (4) and Strongly Agree (5). It is believed that quality of data and results will be better if we can increase the points to 7 point scale or more even points scale but for the convenience of analysis 5 point scale is widely used by several researchers of social science. Likert scale simply helps to convert the intensity of sense of attitude about any statements or constructs into ordinal or interval data that is calculated statistically (McLeod, 2019). Results and Observation Table 1. Frequency distribution of respondent farmers using indigenous knowledge in crop production cycle of Triyuga Municipality in 2020 S.N. IK use Frequency (N=170) 1 Indigenous seed priming and germination test technique 1.1 Water priming of seeds 116 (68.2) 1.2 Seed germination test done in utensils 84 (49.4) 1.3 Wheat seed germination test done in banana stem 84 (49.4) 2 Indigenous seed treatment technique 2.1 wood ash seed treatment 45 (26.5) 2.2 Saltwater seed treatment 58 (34.1) 2.3 Leguminous seed dried in sunlight for one day before sowing 110 (64.7) 3 Indigenous irrigation technique 3.1 Flooding method using traditional channel 170 (100.0) 3.2 Periodic irrigation in special time of crop 170 (100.0) 4 Indigenous land preparation and soil management technique 4.1 Use local plough and handmade tools 169 (99.4) 4.2 Levelling of land 167 (98.2) 4.3 Use FYM and manure 169 (99.4) 4.4 Alley cropping with fodder tree 131 (77.1) 4.5 crop-rotation 165 (97.1) 4.6 Use burnt material 155 (91.2) 4.7 Manage bund 4.7.1. Make bund and terraces manually 4.7.2. Plant grass &/or shrubs on bund or terraces 4.7.3 Put stone or plant debris as barrier of bund or terraces 170 (100.0) 170 (100.0) 170 (100.0) 4.8 Use green manure 69 (40.6) 4.9 Plough and incorporate previous crop remaining 170 (100.0) 4.10 Use mixed or multiple cropping system 170 (100.0) 5 Indigenous fallow and barren marginal land management technique 5.1 Shift cultivation ( Khoriya system) 170 (100.0) 5.2 Fallow till next season 170 (100.0) 5.3 Plant trees, shrubs in marginal land, bunds, field periphery 170 (100.0) 6 Indigenous weeding technique 6.1 Hand weeding 170 (100.0) 6.2 Irrigate scheduling to control weeds 170 (100.0) 6.3 Use manual harrow 170 (100.0) 6.4 Use natural mulch 168 (98.8) 7 Indigenous weather prediction techniques 7.1 Observe moon 136 (80.0) 7.2 Observe cloud fragments 113 (66.5) 7.3 Listen frog sound 121 (71.2) 7.4 Observe cloud above mountain 127 (74.7) 7.5 Feel too hot day 122 (71.8) 8 Indigenous crop disease management practices 8.1 Use disease resistant tolerant local cultivar 4 (2.4) 8.2 Forecast disease by weather prediction 137 (80.6) 8.3 Use cattle urine 36 (21.2) 8.4 Apply ash 148 (87.1) 8.5 Use neem solution 22 (12.9) 9 Indigenous crop insect-pest management technique 9.1 Beat utensil 62 (36.5) 9.2 Use local made gun 16 (9.4) 9.3 Use homemade trap 58 (34.1) 9.4 Use dummy 158 (92.9) 9.5 Use fire 60 (35.3) 9.6 Use maize, banana, java plum stem 146 (85.9) 10 Indigenous field crop harvesting technique 10.1 Use sickle 170 (100.0) 11 Indigenous crop seed and grain drying technique 11.1 Sun drying 170 (100.0) 11.2 Smoke drying 78 (45.9) 12 Indigenous crop grain and/or seed threshing technique 12.1 Hand threshing 154 (90.6) 12.2 Thresh with stick 157 (92.4) 12.3 Animal trampling method 108 (63.5) 13 Indigenous crop grain or seed winnowing technique 13.1 Winnow using bamboo tray 170 (100.0) 13.2 Winnow using natural wind blow 170 (100.0) 14 Indigenous grain and/or seed storage technique 14.1 Use ash 114 (67.1) 14.2 Use mud bins 62 (36.5) 14.3 Use bamboo bins 151 (88.8) 14.4 Mix salt with seed 5 (2.9) 14.5 Use turmeric and garlic 2 (1.2) 14.6 Use neem powder or leaves 37 (21.8) 14.7 Use homemade jute or hand weaven cloth bags, fiber pots ( Dhamni ) 49 (28.8) 14.8 Use basil 9 (5.3) 14.9 Use mustard oil 3 (1.8) 14.10 Use wooden box 18 (10.6) 14.11 Use earthern pots 26 (15.3) 15 Indigenous crop grain milling techniques 15.1 Milling by Jaato 113 (66.5) 15.2 Milling by wood okhal 49 (28.8) 15.3 Milling by dheku 97 (57.1) 16 Indigenous crop transportation and distribution technique 16.1 Use bullock cart 34 (20.0) 16.2 Carry own self on head using Bira 162 (95.3) Note: Figures in percentage are present in the parenthesis Indigenous seed treatment technique includes wood ash seed treatment (Anyan, 2017), salt water treatment (Mathad et al., 2013) and leguminous seed dried in sunlight for one day before sowing (Table 1). Previous research has concluded that wood ash treatment is beneficial for plant because it is the rich source of several plant nutrient elements like potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and micronutrient as well (Nabeela et al., 2015). Salt treatment helps farmers to separate unhealthy seeds by floating them on the water surface due to lesser density (Xu et al., 2019). It also helps to increase the pace of physiological process that improves the germination rate of crop seeds if stored in a warm pit covered by wood dust and sheep manure overnight and dried before sowing (Mathad et al., 2013; Gashaw & Michelsen, 2002). However, previous studies conclude salt stress dicreases the germination percentage of seeds (Kaymakanova, 2009) by reducing the amount of Absissic Acid (ABA), Gibberrelic acid (GA), damaging seed membrane and normal water flow mechanism of seeds (Ucarli, 2020). Whereas, Respondent farmers of studied area only uses this technique to separate the healthy seeds and ensure higer germination percentage. Likewise, legume seeds found to be sun dried for one to two days before placing in crop field by respondent farmers of Triyuga municipality. They believe that doing so will accelerate the germination rate and percentage. It could be because many cereal and legumes crops are orthodox seeds produces Late Embryogenic Abundant (LEA) heat resistant protein (Galau et al., 1986; as cited in Banful et al., 2011) resulting increase in level of Abscisic acid (ABA) production improving germination of seeds (Kermonde, 1990; as cited in Banful et al., 2011) by sun drying of seeds up to 3 days prior to sowing (Banful et al., 2011). Respondent farmers found to be using both earthen type of water canals and concrete made canals provided by governmental irrigation projects along the Triyuga River. Earthern canals were constructed by preceeders many decades ago using naturally available resources which is still in good condition to use. However, its proper management, upgrading, reconstruction or replacement by modern canals are necessary to make irrigation and drainage system sustainable in study area (Ashour et al., 2024; Mehari et al., 2005). Moreover, respondent farmers try to apply irrigation compulsorily for younger seedlings after sowing, during critical stages including flowering, fruiting and other stages of crops to ensure better plant growth and final yield leaving other days with no irrigation in case of scarcity of water. Particularly they anyhow ensure their rice field to be sub-merged with plenty of water level during early stage of growing seedlings after transplantation and avoid irrigation during harvesting stage of any crop. Previous studies shows proper timing of irrigation effectively control weed population and crop insect-pest (Irangani and Shiratake, 2013). Furthermore, drought stress, especially during critical stage of plant development increases production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) damaging protein structure, lipid structure of cell membrane, nucleic acid structure resulting overall cellular damage inhibiting proper plat growth (Mittler, 2002). So, indigenous knowledge of respondent farmers to identify critical stages and irrigate them timely have been sustaining the existing crop production system. According to respondent farmers, in past years they used to irrigate their crop field extracting underground water from wood made well ( Dong Kupaa ). Local farmers used to bring a large cylindrical shaped trunk of Shorea robusta, make cylindrical hole using iron tool. They used to place those wooden cylindrical structure piling one above another upto end-depth of well to store clean underground water. This practice has already been extinct these days because of use of modern water pumps and changing life style. Indigenous land preparation and soil management practices are targeted to improve fertility and productivity of soil by local farmers (Mishra & Rai, 2013). Local 'Halo or har' , " Juwa ' and ' Chauki ' (wooden leveler) are used for tillage operations. Hand tools like Serrated curved kife ( Haansu ), Curved iron knife ( Khukuri ) are manually made by ironsmith and used by respondent farmers especially for crop harvesting and during field operations. These are common indigenous tools made and used by local farmers (Kumar and Chander, 2017). At present, they are gradually replaced by heavy tractors and mould board plough.Teak tree ( Tectona grandis L.f.), sisoo trees ( Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.), Bakaino trees ( Melia azedarach L.), Mango ( Mangifera indica L.), West Indian Pea or Agasthi ( Sesbania grandiflora L. Poiret) and other fodder trees are done alley cropping with field crops. Generally, Large Litchi ( Litchi chinensis Sonn.) and Mango orchards covered by Ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) and/or Turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.) are owned by some of the respondent farmers which consist of both new and old trees. While Bamboo trees ( Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C.Wendl.) are grown in clusters at the side of crop fields. Respondent farmers found to be using Rice – Wheat or Linseed + Grass pea or Rapeseed – Maize or Fallow as crop rotation in lowland. Other cereal, vegetables, legume, oilseed crops etc are also cultivated rotating crops. Besides commercial vegetable farmers, others found to grow vegetabe and horticultural crops in home and kitchen gardens. Green gram and Black gram are grown on the bunds of rice field. Likewise, legumes mixing with maize are also practiced by respondent farmers. Some farmers substitute Grass pea by Lentil and Linseed during winter season. Crop field bund are raised to separate the land area and they are made or repaired using soil, stone and pebbles. Bunds along the irrigation canals are made stronger using bamboo barrier which prevens the damage during heavy rainfall days. Perrenial shrubs or trees are also grown along the bunds to get additional benefits. Few respondents having upland areas have made small terraces for farming which help to resore plant nutrient, prevent soil erosion and landslides (Mishra & Rai, 2013). Some respondent farmes found to be growing and using Dhaincha ( Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W.Wight) as green maure for field fertilization. Use of legumes as manure or multicropping system help to create symbiotic relationship with crop and stores more nitrogen by nitrogen fixation process (Mus et al., 2016; Dent & Cocking, 2017; Mishra & Rai, 2013). Besides that farm yard manure including cattle dung, goat dung, poultry manure, plant debris etc. are used for managing the soil fertility. These manures improves the moisture content, temperature and nutrient status of soil (Rankoana, 2016). Gradually all these indigenous practices are substituted by easily available inorganic fertilizers. Some of the respondent farmers lives at the vicinity of jungle area. They had practiced shifting cultivation in past years. Terminating the Kipat system or communal land system in 1964 A.D. (Dhakal, 2000) and introducing community forest system through National forest plan1 1976 under Conventional forest act 1977 ammendment and forest act 1993 limited the ownership of land area by each individual (Bhattarai, 2016). Marginal and barren lands found to be covered by fodder trees, trees for timber like Sisoo, Teak tree, Eucalyptus tree ( Eucalyptus oblique L.), bamboo, mango, litchi, jackfruit, shrubs like Sajiwan ( Jatropha curcas L.), Pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) etc. in Triyuga municipality. Use of straw or fodder debris as natural mulch to cover Potato and vegetable nursery beds found to be practiced by respondent farmers. It helps to conserve improve plant growth, gas flow in leaf, amount of chlorophyll in leaves (Fini & Ferrini, 2011) soil moisture, provide additional nutrient and prevents soil erosion (Telkar et al., 2017). Respondent farmers do hand weeding in crop fields without using any weedicide till present. Proper scheduling of irrigation helps to control weeds in field crops (Irangani and Shiratake, 2013). Flooding irrigation during young seedling stage in lowland rice field helps to effectively control weeds by reducing the dissolved oxygen suffocating weed to die inside the water depth without effecting rice because it develops arenchymatous tissue (Joshi and Kumar, 2012). Whereas, it may not control aquatic weeds but in lowland condition this cultural method is effective one (Monaco et al., 1983). Respondent farmers found to be predicting rainfall pattern observing halo around moon ( Mari ) as an indigenous method. They have popular saying " Lag mari door paain, Door mari lag paain " Respondent farmers believed that if there appears round halo ( Mari ) surrounding the moon at farther distance then it will rain heavily soon. If the hallow appears at near distance around the moon then it will rain less and late. Previous study done in Tanzania also found that local farmers have been rainfall by observing the appearance of halow around the moon made up of moonlight or clouds in night time (Elia et al., 2014). Those Tanzanian believed that such halo is full of rainfall water which should fall down to earth soon. Similarly, Tharu farmers of Triyuga Municipality, Udayapur, Nepal also believes that it is the divinal sign of occurring late or early rainfall depending on halo present at near or far distance from moon surrounding by halo itself. Initially, there exist thin layer of cirrus clouds made up of ice crystal around the moon. As it goes closer to moon it become thicker, heavier and get lower in the sky. As the light from sun is reflected then halo appears. Rainbow colour may appears if refraction occurs. Later on those crystals falls on erath surface in form of rainfall (Galindo, 2020; Watts, 2020; Anju & Bonny, 2019; Ahrens, 2011; Varshneya et al., 2009). So halo around the moon could be a good indigenous predictor of rainfall occurrence. Still the relation between halo formation phenomenon and rainfall occurence should be studied in detail to confirm the reliability and consistency of this indigenous weather prediction technique. Respondent farmers also believe that if there are fragmented clouds in the sky, listen frog sound, and observe dark cloud above mountain and hot day then rainfall will occur soon. dark cloud above mountains forms after the the ice crystals and water droplets in cloud gather together and become more heavier and denser clouds that causes rainfall (Ahrens, 2011; Sivanarayana, 1993). Fragment clouds are Altocumulus clouds which are formed at height of 6500-2000 feet as mid-level of clouds which can produce very little rainfall or mostly don’t occur (Bureau of Meteorology, Australian Government [BoM, AG], 2021; Met Office, UK Government [MO, UKG], 2021). Previous study shows that mid-level clouds (Altocumulus and other types) and high level clouds don’t have clear and regular type of correlation with precipitation occurrence (Changnon & Huff, 1957). Regarding the croaking of frogs, Einem and Ober (1956) mentioned that frog produces during their breeding season as breeding call done by male frogs which also indicates the chances of heavy rainfall. Still, its scientific explanation seems unclear. Hence, the scientific explanation of these phenomenon and relation with rainfall should be critically studied. Respondent farmers believe that local crop cultivars have better tolerance capacity to crop disease and insect infestation than hybrid varieties. All the new crop diseases and insect infestation have been occurred more after the replacement of indigenous crop cultivar by modern hybrid varieties of crop seeds. Respondent farmers believe that local maize can give satisfactory yield if grown by conventional method and also can be stored safely for longer period of time. However, disease and insect pests present in hybrid crop field attack local crop field occurring huge loss that has already caused extinction of many potential crop cultivars in past few years. Previous study showed that Ethiopian farmers have been strongly believing in their own local cultivars and using them which are more tolerant to rusts and powdery mildew diseases (Kiros-Meles & Abang, 2008). Similary, respondent farmers of Triyuga municipality also believe in their own local cultivars about disease tolerancy. However, all the local cultivars may not have such potential and related studies haven’t been done yet. So disease resistency and tolerancy of all the remaining cultivars in community should be studied in detail before its genetic purity get polluted by hybridization, mixing with foreign seeds or get extinct by ignorance of farmers in upcoming future. Respondent farmers found to be using cattle urine to control whitening of rice leaves problem. Likewise, they also apply ash, neem solution mainly on onion, garlic and other vegetables to control both disease and insect-pests. They also forecast disease incidence by weather prediction. Farmers believe that dense frost during winter season seriously damages the potato. They belive that excessive humidity, rain or drought make plant prone to diseases. Previous study shows cow urine can effectively suppress the growth of Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae (Basak et al., 2002). It has also been proved that cow urine has well anti-fungal and antimicrobial properties beneficial to manage crop diseases (Randhawa & Sharma. 2015). Moreover, Hoh and Dhanashree (2017) found that cow's urine can effectively control Candida species growth. However, actual mechanism about how cow's urine control fungal growth need to be studied in detail. Then only we can scientifically justify the indigenous knowledge of using cow dung for crop insect control practiced by respondent farmers of Triuga Municipality and others too. Likewise, practice of application of ash in crop field also seems to be an effective indigenous technology. Khan and Singh (2001) have concluded that application of ash in soil of crop field have effectively controlled fusarium wilt disease of Tomato. Evidiences shows that ash is enriched with chloride, carbonates etc. (Khan & Khan, 1996). Macronutrients like Potassium, phosphorus are also present in Ash (Elseewi et al., 1981). Ash is enriched of micronutrients like Mn, Ni etc. (Wadge & Hutton, 1987). It also contains dibenzofuran, dibenzo-p-dioxine (Helder et al., 1982; Sawyer et al., 1983) that suppress fungal growth. Respondent farmers found to be using neem solution to control both crop diseases and insect pest in wholesome. According to the previous literature, Neem ( Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) extract which mainly contains Azadirachtin poses antifungal properties and have shown effective control over fungal pathogen living inside the soil near root surface and outside the soil surface of crop plant (Nasem & Lanjewar, 1990; Ghewande, 1989; Muthusamy et al., 1988; Sinha and Saxena, 1987; Krisha et al., 1986; Prakash et al., 1985; Singh et al., 1984; Singh & Vyas, 1984; Dath, 1982; Jain & Agrawal, 1978; Singh, 1968; Singh & Pandey, 1966; Cited in Van et al., 2004). Furthermore, Neem can be used as biopesticide substituting the chemical pesticide as effective measure of insect control. Its additional properties are antifeeding, insect repellent properties and also can cause infertility in insects. As insects are good vector of crop pathogens if controlled early, we can prevent the possible enormous loss caused by disease infection in future. Neem has been a better alternative for this purpose (Chaudhary et al., 2017). It clarifies that indigenous technique of applying neem solution used by Tharu farmers can control crop diseases both directly or indirectly by controlling crop insect pests. During survey, an old farmer mentioned that he has been practicing a unique technique to control diseases of vine type of vegetables like Cucurbits. He has been using Bhalaayo or Bhela ( Semecarpus anacardium ) seed latex in the root region of vegetable vines which he believes that it control common diseases of vegetables. Previous research concluded that oil extracted from Semecarpus anacardium L. seed using organic solvent like n-hexane, petroleum etc. contains good amount of flavonoids, saponoids, tannins etc. that can control both crop insect-pest and diseases (Srinivasan et al., 2016). Common plant disease causing fungi like Fusarium oxysporium , Rhizoctonia solanii , Alternaria spp . and Sclerotium rolfsii are effectively controlled by seed oil of Semecarpus anacardium L. (Jain et al., 2014). However, truth about mechanism and effectiveness of applying seed oil inside the root cut of vegetable vines is still need to be find out. Then only we can verify the existing indigenous knowledge of respondent farmer to be viable. Respondent farmers of triyuga municipality found to be using an indigenous practice ( Tona Taapar ) for naturally controlling the crop insect-pest and disease incidence. For this they placepsuedostem of Banana, Maize stalk, Chinese chaste tree or Simali branches ( Vitex negudo L.) and place them at side of bund, on bund or on the different part of crop field. They also swipe the Simali stem part over rice field believing that it can reduce both insect and disease occurence. Specifically, respondent farmers do this practices on particular days like Saturday, Sunday, and Monday that differs according to the locality belief. This steps have been practiced as indigenous method by local farmers from ancient period of time. Researches related to Tona taapar practices haven’t been found till present. Likewise, evidences of crop disease controlled by just placing banan pseudostem, Chinese chastetree and maize stalk in the field are not found yet. However during transect walk and crop field visit, it was observed that those plant stem parts were utilized by birds to rest and hunt the insect present inside crop field. Resting stem or branches becomes an attractive place to stand and watch insect at close distance. Attracting the birds to eat puffed rice thrown in crop field where they also find large number of insects to eat have been effectively practiced by farmers of Karnataka, India (Shambulingappa and and Mansur, 2018). Likewise, all those plant parts acted as insect trap crop which were also eaten by birds sitting on branches. All those pathogen transmitting vector insects like Aphids, flies, and other insects became easier to manage using birds and trap crops. Likewise, birds after getting chance to eat plenty of insect in crop field tends to eats less crop grains simultaneously. Indigenous concept of Tonaa Taapar controlling crop insect-pest and disease directly and/or indirectly may be a false belief. Still the scientific reliability and mechanism of this technique need to be verified through detailed researches. Respondent farmers of villages which are located at the vicinity of Churiya forest area in Triyuga municipality have been facing crop damage done by wild animals and birds. They mainly face problem of Monkey, Elephant, Wild boar etc. eating their crop. Respondent farmers have seen tigers also in past years but they are not seen at present. They also stay overnight during peak period of crop cycle so that they can monitor movement of animals, birds or any other pests and use suitable methods in emergency. They have been using indigenous technique like firing local made gun, chasing them showing burning fire, marking large sound by beating metallic utensils. Local farmers of Surkhet district, Nepal used indigenous technique of beating utensils to chase locust swarm during but it was hard to control only using this technique (Sah et al., 2020). However, modern form of sound emitting devices are used to chase crop eating birds like gas cannons, whistlers, gun fires, distress calls, ultrasonic sounds etc. (Suleiman, 2019; Rivadeneira et al., 2018). Whereas the problem occurs if birds get familiar with sound and don’t stop damaging the crops becoming fearless (Bishop et al., 2003; Cited in Suleiman, 2019). Local farmers of Ghana have also been using similar kind of techniques like making loud noise by theself, local made pipe bombs operated by gunpowder, showing fire or simply guarding staying under shade hut (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO/UN], 2008). Likewise, locally made iron trap, wooden trap, hole traps or gummy sticks madeup of Jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) latex are used to catch the wild animals or birds to manage the crop pests by respondent farmers. Previous study also shows that local farmers of Himachal Pradesh, India uses similar kind of iron trap to control crop pests ( Kaddaki ). Similarly, dummy or scarecrow ( Putla ) are also made up of local materials and placed at the bunds of crop field by which birds and animals get scared and stay far from crop field. Similar indigenous practices have been observed to be used by indigenous farmers in previous study done in India (Rautaray, 2002). Respondent farmers found to be using indigenous iron made serrated knife or sickle ( Haansoo/Hasiya ) to manually harvest the field crops. Similarly, they use Curved iron knife ( Khukuri ), Axe ( Kurhaair ) to harvest shrubs yield and do agricultural activities. All these tools are mainly locally made by blacksmith of nearby villages rather than buying readymade tools from market area. Pasa (2017a) and (Kumar & Chander, 2017) have also mentioned similar tools used for harvest by indigenous farmers in their research. A research done in Madhya Pradesh, India concluded that improved type of sickle performed significantly higher than local sickle improving harvest efficiency, more easiness felt by farmers and also reduced time and cost (Khadatkar et al., 2018). It indicates that we can benefit the farmers by improving the local technology. However we are still unable to do such kind of researches yet. Modern harvesters also haven’t been brought in practice till date by Tharu farmers of Triyuga municipality. Previous studies also show that local farmers use sun drying (Abass et al., 2014; Kiruba et al., 2008; Chua & Chou, 2003) and smoke drying (Zhang et al., 2014; Sarangi et al., 2009; Kaliyan et al., 2007; Jakobsen and Bertelsen, 2002; Kandel & Wagley; 1999) techniques for storage purpose. Sunlight can exposure can kill different type of bacterias (Rogers, 1920; Garrod, 1944). Ultraviolet rays coming from sun damages the original structure of nucleic acid present in viruses that leads to reduction in its infection (Rauth, 1965; Setlow, 1960). Drying of crop grains either by open sun drying method or using solar cabinet dryers or solar bubble dryer significantly reduces the number of insect infestation and increase storage time interval (Asemu et al., 2020). Sun drying helps to reduce grain moisture lesser than 12% that avoids the problem of fungal growth responsible to produce mycotoxin lethal to consumers and we can safely store grains for long time either in modern bags and/or indigenous storage chambers (Likhayo et al., 2018). Similarly, indigenous practice of drying Areca nut fruit ( Areca catechu L.) found to be commonly practiced by respondent farmers. Smoke drying can be used as effective method of post-harvest technology. It is so because carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) gas coming out of smoke enters into food products and reduce the microbial damage in meat as mentioned by (Jakobsen & Bertelsen, 2002), meat and other food products (Kaliyan et al., 2007), CO 2 and carbon monoxide (CO) reduce insect-pest attack in seeds (Gyawali, 1993; as cited in Kandel & Wagley, 1999) still the use of CO for drying and storage. Previous studies show that local farmers of different part of world have been using hand threshing (Ramos et al., 2015), animal trampling using oxen or male buffaloes (Hobbs et al., 1996). Respondent farmers found to be using stick threshing mainly for detaching pods or seeds from legume stem. Likewise, cereal crop grains are still threshed using oxs or male buffaloes tied in a common rope and walked around a bamboo made axis so that their foot step pressure detaches the grain from panicle. Likewise, especially rice grains are threshed using own hand striking bundles of harvested rice plant to detach grains on the cleaned floor. However, with changing time, farmers expect to get some mechanized technology to ease their threshing work which should be both effective, efficient, affordable and socially acceptable also (Devkota et al., 2020). Field study of Triyuga municipality commonly used mechanical thresher are gradually substituting the indigenous technique of threshing but farmers feel expensive to afford. So, technology should be improved to make it easily affordable even by marginal farmers. Respondent farmers found to be using bamboo made winnower ( Suppa or nanglo ) to sort out good type of grains and remove unwanted ones. Similar kind of winnowing tools used by local farmers have been recorded in previous studies (Palikhey et al., 2016; Schmidt, 2007). Farmers using the grain or seed winnowing tray from ancient period of time that can help farmers to separate the grains having different size and density. Separation occurs due to the angular velocity gain by grains due to circular motion created in tray by hands. Grains cover different distances according to its size and density which let the separation occurs (Munir et al., 2018). Likewise, local farmers of Pategi, Kwara state, Nigeria recorded to be using natural wind method for winnowing the grains. Still the limitations they have been experience of skin itch, rashes and heavy particles are hardly separated by natural wind blow (John, 2012). Force generated by blowing wind, after it get strong enough to lift up the light weight dust or chaffed particles, it will move those particles to a certain distance flowing with the air, also called as 'Saltation' process (Kok et al., 2012). Indigenous grain and/or seed storage technique included use of ash, use of mud bins, use of bamboo bins, mix seed with salt, use turmeric and garlic, use homemade jute or cloth bags, pots ( Dhamni ), use of basil, seed mixed with mustard oil, use wooden box ( Sanduk ) and use of earthern pots ( Ghailaa ) practiced by respondent Tharu farmers of triyuga municipality. Previous studies shows local farmers of Nigeria and India have been using different indigenous techniques to store seed or grains using earthen pot (Fuseini, 2003; Ofor, 2011; as cited in Mobolade et al., 2019), common salt (Jeeva et al., 2006), wooden frame (FAO, 1998; David, 1998; Ofor, 2011; as cited in Mobolade et al., 2019), mud container (Adejumo, 2013), mud rhombus or dome shaped container (Mahai et al., 2015), obeh or bamboo woven container (Rajashekar et al., 2012) similar with practice of Tharu respondent farmers of Triyuga Municipality. Ash contains dibenzofuran, dibenzo-p-dioxine (Helder et al., 1982; Sawyer et al., 1983) helps to reduce growth of fungus that damages the stored seed or grains (Oguntade & Adekunle, 2010). Ash treatment also help to reduce storage insect-pest infestation in seed or grains (Hakbijl, 2002). Ash works as insect repellent (Jaganathan et al., 2018), clogs the tiny pores of seed and prevent insect entering inside the seeds (Golob, 1997). It also helps to reduce egg layering activity done by insect after it covers the pores (Apuuli & Villet, 1996). Likewise, ash dehydrate the insects by absorbing waxy layer of outer skin and kill them (Golob, 1997). Mud bins ( Koith ) are strongly build by mixing clay with rice grain husk and giving rectangular shape of chamber. Respondent farmers believes that they can properly protect seed or grains from storage insect-pest attack and pathogen infection too. Similarly bamboo made chamber ( Dhoksho ) are also used as indigenous storage chambers. Likewise, wood made chamber ( Sanduk ) are also used to store seeds or grains. However Sanduk is have multipurpose use storing other home stuffs besides crop seeds or grains. Indigenous seed or grain storage chambers are quite effective to store maintaining the quality and seed health for long period of time. These are also non-polluting, cost-effective, and have no harmful effect on consumer or farmers. Its performance can be highly improved if only slight upgrade are done (Mobolade et al., 2019). However, building modern concrete houses and using of metal containers are gradually vanishing these structures in Triyuga municipality. Originality and knowledge related making and use of these kind of indigenous storage chambers need to preserved and promoted. Respondent farmers mix salt or mustard oil with legume seeds and store them for next cropping season. Salt creates a rough surface where insect skin get badly rubbed and they don’t try to insert inside the seed (Karthikeyan et al., 2009). Previous study shows that use of different plant originated oils including mustard oil ( Brassica juncea L.) at dose of 1 ml per 100 g seeds (v/w) showed effective reduction of Callasobruchus maculatus (Fab.) population in stored green gram ( Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) grains (Gupta & Apte, 2015). It was also mentioned that coating the mustard oil over the green gram grain surface prevented grain weight and egg laying of pulse beetle and other insects inside it. Ar-turmerone (Aromatic turmerone) is a naturally occurring compound present in rhizomes of Curcuma longa (turmeric) showed insecticidal effect on cabbage looper; Trichoplusia ni (Tavares et al, 2016). It has been previously found that using turmeric extract significantly dicreases amylase, invertase, carbohydrate and protein content as well its activity in the body of housefly ( Musca domestica ) larvae which resembles that turmeric can be used as an effective pesticide (Pawar, 2013). Botanical oil extracted from Neem have also shown effective control of mango hopper ( Idioscopus clypealis ) population (Adnan et al., 2014). Azadiractin present in neem works as antifungal agent (Nasem & Lanjewar, 1990; Ghewande, 1989; Muthuswamy et al., 1988; Sinha and Saxena, 1987; Krisha et al., 1986; Prakash et al., 1985; Singh et al., 1984; Singh & Vyas, 1984; Dath, 1982; Jain & Agrawal, 1978; Singh, 1968; singh & Pandey, 1966; Cited in Van et al., 2004). Likewise, it also functions as antifeedant, insect repellent and creates infertility in insects (Chaudhary et al., 2017). Garlic ( Allium sativum ) produces allicin (diallylthiosulphinate) when its tissuses are break down by any ways. Allicin have been found to be anti-fungal compound effectively controlling Phytopthera infestants, Arabidopsis/Hyaloperonospora parasitica and Magnaporthe oryzae that are responsible to cause major plant diseases (Slusarenko et al., 2008). It has been recorded that Allicin have anti-microbial properties along with anti-fungal and effectively controls oomycetes growth that causes many major plant diseases (Curtis et al., 2004). It has also been already found that garlic oil consists of naturally occurring insecticidal compounds like dimethyl trisulfide, diallyl disulfide, diallyl sulfide, diallyl tetrasulfide and 3-vinyl-[4H]-1,2-dithiin in major proportion effectively controlled mealworm beetle ( Tenebrio molitor L.). Gonzalez et. al. (2019) have found that holy basil ( Ocium basilicum ) have insecticidal property and have effectively control bean weevil ( Acanthoscelides obtectus ). Basil oil consists of naturally occurring Estragol and Terpene including Linalool (Alcohol group) that act as insect repelling agent which kills them (Rozman et al., 2007). Basil or garlic or neem are simply crushed to mix with seed before storage by respondent farmers. However, their methodology can be improved more if they are given proper training and awareness about it. Likewise, finding the most effective option among botanicals for seed storage need to be studied in detail to improve seed or grain storage done by farmers. Traditionally, cotton or jute or woolen bags or fiber pots or tray or basket (Small Dhamni, Large Dhamma ) made up of Sabai grass ( Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C.E. Hubb.) or cloth or plastic wastes are also used to store small amount of grains or seeds. However, non-vaccum polythene bag have shown better performance in seed storage compared to cloth bags (Jaiswal et al., 2018). Presence of several air spaces in cloth bags compared to non-vaccumed and vaccumed polythene bags could have caused higher rate of oxidation process due to higher Reactive Oxygen Species (peroxide, superoxide aninon, O 3 etc.) degrading seeds fasters than in polythene bags (Sanjeev & Ramesh, 2006). So, the indigenous practice of using cloth bags by respondent farmers in this study may not be so efficient to use which should be improved for the upgrade of existing indigenous technology. Likewise, effectiveness of Dhamni for grain and seed storage need to be critically studied. It is so because farmers believe that it give good protection to stored seeds than bags. Likewise it could be a source of income if they can also sell those items in market doing proper marketing and promotion (Satpathy & Sahu, 2010). Seed stored in earthern pots maintaining lower moisture (12%) helps to enhance the germination percentage in next cropping season (Marahatta, 2021). Higher the moisture content, higher will be the prevalence of fungal, storage insects and other microorganism growth with increase in humidity of air (Sauer et al., 1984). Accelerated growth of fungus, other microbes and seed will respirate more to increase the temperature around the storage area. This will influence the growth of more microorganisms and worse the condition. Embryo structure damaged by microorganism infection will deteriorate the seed viability (Harrington, 1970; as cited in Nasreen, 2000). In past years, respondent farmers used to use straw made storage chamber named " Moir ' (Figure 3). They mainly used to store rice and potato seeds inside it. Respondent farmers believes that Moir used to be very good storage technique because it could maintain suitable temperature, humidity and air required by crop seeds. Its capacity used to vary from 40 kg to 100 kg as per quantity of rice straw material used. It used to be made spherical in shape and tightly closed to prevent any pathogen or insect-pest attack stored in cool and dry room. However, this practice has been already gone extinct because it requires quite experience, time and dedication to build. Nowadays, there have been many modern options for it and everyone have forgotten about this technique which are only known by few old age respondent farmers. Jaato are used to grind grain to make flour rolloing upper circular stone over lower stone using a wooden handle rolling over and over. Likewise, in Okhal, a big handle is striked over the wooden vessel repeatedly with hand force to crush the crop grains. Whereas Dheku is operated using leg force. All these indigenous technologies used by respondent farmers have been declining and gradually replaced by modern mills. However, respondent farmers believe that using these indigenous tools produces good quality flours than modern mills and can be used during different indigenous rituals but need more time and effort. Similar kind of indigenous techniques have also been recorded to be used by farmers of Nepal (Kandel & Wagley, 1999) and Nigeria (Emmanuel, 2019). Gautam et. al. (2018) have already done a research in Nepal through which they modified the traditional Aamako jaato (Manual stone made grain crusher) into automatic and also operated using Wi-Fi internet. This kind of upgrading of indigenous technology can reduce the work load and make the local machines to be more powerful, efficient and effective to use by modern farmers. Respondent farmers of some villages within Triyuga municipality still uses bullock cart for carrying crop grains, harvested crops or for other crop field operations. They uses one pair of oxen or male buffalo as animal power to draw the cart. Similar indigenous transport practices used by local farmers have been recorded in previous studies (Braimah et al., 2013). Likewise, respondent farmers also carry harvested crops or grains on their head to transport their commodities to home from field or to sell in the market. Same practice have been recorded to be done by Nigerian farmers in previous study (Emmanuel, 2019). It needs good knowledge, experience, effort, resource and time to build bullock cart of own by farmers. Likewise, to carry heavy load on the head is laborious and tedious job. So modern farmers mainly prefer modern machines or vehicles for transportation with the rapid development of farm mechanization at present. Increasing trend of using mechanical power, scarcity of labour, expensive wages etc. are the reasons of reducing use of indigenous transport methods in Nepal (Shrestha, 2013). Likewise, electric or fuel operated transport vehicles have very high power (Horsepower) compared to human or animal power (Elamin, 1981). So farmer prefer to use modern machine rather than rearing animals for farm work with changing time. However, improving the traditional bullock cart by using modern science can help to both conserve the indigenous technology and ease the farm work at commercial level. Probit estimates for factors influencing use of IK in crop production cycle Probit regression model outputs are represented in the term of co-efficient, standard error value, calculated probability value and marginal effects (Table 2). Probit regression analysis done in STATA MP 16.0 software does the log likelihood test of LR Chi Square test comparing full model and intercept model without including predicting dependent variables to know about the goodness of fit of tested model (UCLA, 2021). Reported log likelihood value -55.5984, corrected prediction 84.71% with LR chi square test value 66.93 with calculated probability P<0.001 at degree of freedom (df) = 15 represents that there is significant difference between LR Chi 2 test value of full model and intercept model. Though likelihood of model ranges between 0 to 1 and never get equal to 1, log of likelihood tends to get near to zero but remains negative. So log likelihood value -55.5984 with significant different LR Chi 2 66.93 represents full probit model to have good fit to do analysis. Likewise, estimated corrected prediction value represents that changes in level of IK use value by explained factors is contributed by 84.71% and only 15.29% of contribution of changes are due to unexplained factors representing good prediction of model. Since, probit model are tested using likelihood ratio test comparing two models (full and intercept) rather than single model, R 2 (Coefficient of determination) used in Ordinary Linear Regression (OLS) is not used. Instead of this, pseudo R-squared value is used. Used statistical software, STATA MP 16.0 uses McFadden's pseudo R 2 value for regression analysis. We must not consider this value identical to OLS R 2 value because they do not show same characteristics and their interpretation are also different. McFadden's pseudo R 2 value ranging between 0.2 to 0.4 represents best goodness of fit of model (McFadden, 1977). Model estimate of present study showed pseudo R-squared value of 0.3758 which lies between 0.2 to 0.4 representing the tested model to have excellent goodness of fit. Table (2) shows factor variables years of schooling, per capita income (per annum), participation in training, membership in farmer's group, resident nearby forest and flood disturb field work of respondent farmers have significant relationship with use of indigenous knowledge in crop production cycle with regression coefficient of -0.128, -0.0000073, 0.000, 0.903, 1.011 and 1.487 respectively. Among them, per capita income showed significant effect on level of IK use in case of 10% of level of significance only. Likewise, average marginal effect value can be used to understand the change in probability of level of using technology influenced by dependent factors (Uzunoz & Akcay, 2012). In the present study, average marginal effect value indicates that with increase in years of schooling reduced the probability of using indigenous knowledge in crop production cycle by 2.3%. Likewise, resident being nearer to forest and increase in disturbance of field work by flood increased probability of using IK in crop production cycle by 19.3 and 25.1% respectively. There found to be small increasement in probability of level of using IK as gender of respondent farmers tends more towards to be male than female represented by marginal effect value 16.1% (Table 24). Table (2) shows that there is no significant relationship between age of respondents and level of IK use. However, negative regression coefficient (-0.038) represents that respondents of older age tends to use non-significantly lower level of IK in crop production cycle. Demerits of IK use (Table 56), use of social media, knowledge disseminated by trainers, extension agents, globalization, industrialization etc. (Piniero, 2016) could be responsible older people being discouraged to use IK and relatively prefer modern technologies. Relationship between gender and level of IK use found to be significant with regression coefficient of 0.903 at 5% of level of significance (Table 2). Previous researchers also found significant relationship between gender of respondents and use of indigenous technology (Anyan, 2016; Paniagua-Zambrana et al., 2014). Mostly male respondent farmers being household head appeared to be majority during survey. Female farmers found to be engaged more in household work compared to male farmers rather than giving interview and some of them felt shy to speak with interviewer. Furthermore, it could be due to male farmer had more knowledge compared to female about existing IK in crop production cycle (Paniagua-Zambrana et al., 2014). Likewise, significant relationship between resident nearby forest, flood disturb field work and level of IK have been found with regression coefficient of 1.011 and 1.487 at 1% of level of significance. Survey revealed 81.08% of respondents have been highly using IK compared to 18.92% of respondents which represents that those who lives near to the forest they know more about IK uses (Al-subaiee, 2015) and also prefer them to practice in their field. But it may also bring detrimental effect by depletion of natural resources due to overexploitation process. So if market facility integration with farmers (Silva et al., 2019) and natural resource management (Al-subaiee, 2015) done properly, we can conserve and promote sustainable use if indigenous knowledge for crop production. Table 2. Probit estimates for factors influencing use of IK in crop production cycle Variables Coefficient Standard Error P>|z| Average narginal effect Significance Age (In years) -0.038 0.025 0.126 -0.007 Years of Schooling -0.128 0.055 0.020 -0.023 ** Total family size (Number) -0.016 0.082 0.849 -0.003 Years of farming 0.006 0.027 0.826 0.001 Farm size (In kattha) 0.018 0.014 0.179 0.003 Per capita income (Per annum) -0.0000073 0.000 0.085 0.000 * Sex 0.903 0.360 0.012 0.161 ** Farmers' Participation in training 0.226 0.717 0.752 0.042 Farmers' membership in group 0.288 0.296 0.331 0.051 Use internet 0.639 0.566 0.258 0.117 Resident nearby forest 1.011 0.351 0.004 0.193 *** Flood disturb field work 1.487 0.487 0.002 0.251 *** Know policy 1.264 1.038 0.224 0.026 Benefitted by budget 0.655 0.757 0.387 0.127 Easy to trade outside districts 1.131 0.745 0.129 0.225 Constants -0.751 1.175 0.523 Pseudo R-Squared = 0.3758 Log Likelihood = -55.5984 LR Chi-Squared (15)= 66.93 (0.0001) Correct Predictions = 84.71% Observations = 170 Note: ***, **, * represents level of significance below 1%, 5% and 10% respectively, and level of significane is enclosed in parenthesis. Wild, domestic indigenous and underutilized crops consumed by Tharu farmers of Triyuga municipality Wild mushroom, bamboo young shoot, fiddlehead fern, wild ginger, drumstick and orchid tree are young leaves are eaten as fried or cooked vegetable (Table 3). Whereas, neem and Indian bael are used as medicinal plant. Wild mushroom, fiddlehead fern, Wild aloe and wild ginger are collected from forest area and its vicinity. Farmers believes to be delicious, nutritious but need good knowledge and experience to separate from poisonous plant species. Commonly found wild mushrooms species including Phutki and Chaati chyau in the forests of Nepal are rich in nutrients (Prasad & Pokhrel, 2017) so they can be eaten as healthy indigenous diet. Fiddleheads harvested from edible fern species are rich in antioxidants, omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to common vegetables (Dvorakova et al., 2021). Tender basal portion of Wild ginger ( Jangali sostha saag) stem is separated and cooked as vegetable for consumption as practiced by respondent Tharu farmers. They also informed during survey that they have frequently visited to forest during lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic for finding wild foods to mitigate possible food crisis in locality. Yob et. al. (2011) mentions that wild ginger have medicinal properties like healing wound, controlling diarrhea, worm growth, painful diseases etc. in humans. Yellow inflorescence of wild aloe are harvested and cooked as vegetable by respondent farmers. Wild Aloe plant including its inflorescence is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, proteins, essential amino acids etc. (Hes et al., 2019) being nutritionally and medicinally important crop. Likewise, young bamboo shoot ( Taama ) are harvested from bamboo root region and consumed as cooked, fried vegetable or as pickle by respondent farmers. Only young shoots are edible otherwise it turns into hard fibrous bamboo tree which are used for construction and forages by local farmers of studied area. Young bamboo shoots are also considered nutritionally rich food including calcium, copper, sodium, zinc, iron, potassium, vitamin E, vitamin C, fibers, fat, carbohydrate, protein and amino acids compared to the common vegetable crops (Nongdam & Tikendra, 2014; Chongtham et al., 2011). Moreover, previous evidences also show that Bauhinia variegata contains biochemicals like flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides etc. that makes it to have anti-cancer, anti-microbial, antidiabetic properties etc. (Naeem & Ugur, 2019). However, respondent Tharu farmers have been consuming young tender leaflets as fried vegetables. Neem branches are used as natural brush by respondent Tharu farmers. Its leaves are also used during seed storage and used as ethnomedicine. Alzohairy (2016) mentioned that neem have anticancer, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial properties etc. that resembles neem to be an important indigenous underutilized crops. Likewise, Indian bael is also used for curing health problems like stomachache and diarrhea by respondent farmers of studied area. Pathirana et. al. (2020) mentions that Indian bael contains naturally occurring chemicals like coumarin, xanthotoxol etc. that makes it to have antidiabetic, anticancerous, insecticidal, antimicrobial properties etc. Moreover, it also contains 12-hydroxyoctadec – cis – 9 – enoic acid or ricinolenic acid that can be utilized to make biodiesel but local community of respondent area don’t have such kind of technical knowledge. Local government also haven’t brought adequate programs that can support promotion, conservation and utilization of such indigenous and underutilized crops found in Triyuga municipality. Table 3. Tabular representation of wild, domestic indigenous and underutilized crops produced and used by Tharu farmers of Triyuga Municicpality in 2020 S.N. Local Name English Name Scientific Name Family Plant parts used Local use (Mode of use) Responses N (%) Percent of Cases (N=169) 1. A. Patko Chyau/Phutki Chyau B. Chaati Chyau Wild button mushroom Wild Oyster mushroom Scleroderma texense Berk. Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P.Kumm. Incertae sedis Pleurotaceae Fruiting body Fruiting body Eaten as fried and cooked vegetable Eaten as fried and cooked vegetable 156 (16.20) (92.31) 2. Taama baans Bamboo young shoot Bambusa vulgaris (L.) Poaceae Young emerging shoot Eaten as fried and cooked vegetable, as pickle 162 (16.82) (95.86) 3. Niguro/Dhakiya saag Fiddlehead Fern Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod. Onocleaceae Young furled fronds of a young fern Eaten as fried or cooked vegetable 143 (14.85) (84.62) 4. Jangali sostha saag Wild Ginger Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith Zingiberaceae Young shoot Eaten as cooked vegetable 119 (12.36) (70.41) 5. Munga saag Drumstick Moringa oleifera (L.) Moringaceae Young fruit Eaten as fried or cooked vegetable 150 (15.58) (88.76) 6. Daanti saag Wild Aloe Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. Asphodelaceae Yellow inflorescence Eaten as cooked vegetable 66 (6.85) (39.05) 7. Neem Neem Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae Leaf, tender branch Used as ethno medicine, storage of grains, bio pesticides, natural teeth brush 110 (11.42) (65.09) 8. Bel Indian Bael Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Rutaceae Fruit Eaten to cure stomachache, diarrhea 56 (5.82) (33.14) 9. Koilaar Orchid tree Bauhinia variegata (L.) Benth Fabaceae Tender leaves Eaten as cooked or fried vegetable 1 (0.10) (0.59) Total 963 (100.00) (569.82) Indigenous food items prepared and consumed by Tharu farmers of Triyuga Municipality Bagiya is an indigenous food item expecially made on the occasion of Tihar festival after the day of Laxmi Puja to celebrate the moment. It is made up of rice flour that is mold properly in different shapes like birds, animals, etc. It is cooked by steaming method and eaten with meat curry or lentil. Respondent farmers considers Bagiya as the indigenous, unique and important food item for Tharu people in Tihar festival. Oil fried pan cake ( Telpo roti) is an indigenous circular shaped pan cake made by Tharu people to celebrate the new year of Nepali calendar (1 st day of Baisakh month in Bikram Samwat ) as Jur sital festival. Telpo roti is fried in rapeseed oil over heat that gives delicious taste and aroma while eating. Homemade doughnut ( Ghurmaalo ) is the food item made up of rice or wheat flour which is ring like in shape fried in rapeseed oil and consumed along with Bagiya during tihar festival. This food item is common among other local communities too and used for several festivals and ceremonies too. Lai murhi and til ko laddu is the indigenous sweet item made by blending hot jaggery with with puffed rice ( muri / bhuja ), beaten rice ( chiura ) and sesame ( til ). It is especially made during the 1 st day of Magh month according to Nepali calendar ( Bikram Samwat ) to celebrate Maghe Sankranti festival by Tharu people. Home made popcorn ( Phuthaa ) is made by frying bajra or maize grain in hot sand. Especially local maize or bajra cultivar gives good quality of popcorn. The fried corn is also crushed in mill to get fine flour ( saato ) which is used as local energy provider consumed by Tharu farmers. Maize flour is enriched of vitamin B, β carotene, protein, fat, fibre, magnesium, zinc, phosphorus, antioxidants, copper etc. and used toprepare processed foods like corn flakes, popcorns etc. that helps to ensure nutritional balance in children. So, maize food item also plays crucial role to fulfil nutritional requirement of community people in studied area. Adauri is made by merging black gram grains in water overnight, peeling off its outer cover, crushed in stone crusher (jaato) and mixed again with fresh water to form spherical shape balls. Those grain balls are sundried properly. Likewsie, Biriyaa is made up by mixing lathyrus young leaf with gram paste and sundried as done for Adauri . They are later on cooked as vegetable, mixed with other vegetables or consumed fried. Respondent farmers have been consuming these food items during the days of less availability of fresh vegetables in market. Broaddus-Shea et. al. (2018) have concluded that amount of consumption of nutritious food differs according to the season and agroecological zone of Nepal. So, to maintain the nutrient requirement of people, indigenous food item like Adauri , Biriyaa etc. plays vital importance. Lathyrus found to be rich in unsaturated fatty acid, ascorbic acid, glutathione, folic acid etc. that makes it to be nutritionally beneficial. However, seeds of Lathyrus species also contains a neurotoxin, Oxalyldiaminopropionic acid (ODAP) that can cause a kind of paralysis disease, Lathyrism (Tamburino et al., 2012). So, consuming leaves more than seeds seems to be better practice of consuming Lathyrus product. Water snail ( Ghongi ) and Oyster shell ( Situwa ) are found in swampy places or water resource areas. These are aquatic animals that are nutritious and delicious to consume but needs good skill and experience of cooking. These are rinsed, boiled, cleaned repeatedly with clean water to remove dust particles and cooked properly. Ghongi and Situwaa meat are consumed as gravy or soup. Gradually these food items are also eaten by other communities. However, many people still don’t like it due to its dirty appearance and lack of indigenous knowledge about its benefits. Moreover, Fresh water crab ( Gangata/Konkhraa ) are also consumed as Chutney, fried or soup collected from rice field, pond or riverside areas while fishing wild fishes. Wild fishes are also catched in ponds or river areas using fishing net or needle hook. Respondent farmers believes that wild fishes are tastier and healthier than commercially produced carps. Moniruzzaman et. al. (2021) concluded that fresh water mollusk species like Oyster, Freshwater snail etc. contains high protein content, omega-3- fatty acid, omega-6-fatty acid and lesser amount of saturated fatty acid that makes these to be highly nutritious diet scientifically. Desirable amount of unsaturated fatty acid like omega-3 and ome-6 fatty acids, essential amino acids, protein, sodium-potassium ratio etc. are present in wild fishes too as found in commercially domesticated fishes (Islam et al., 2021). Respondent farmers consume them fresh as fried or soup or they also sun dry them and make Sukuti or also crushed and compressed over heavy load for one week mixing with taro leaves to make Sidhra (fermented crushed fish item) consumed in less food availability days. Dhindo is made up of finger millet or maize flour mixed with boiled water. It is common among Tharu community people as well as other local communities. Respondent farmers especially liked to eat Dhindo with meat item. They also use to consume pancakes made up of finger millet in past years but now they don’t eat anymore because their food has already been changed and they prefer rice and wheat pancake rather than finger millet roti . Likewise, Gundruk/Sidhraa/sinki made by crushing and fermenting green leafy vegetables using wooden crusher. The crushed vegetables are compressed placing stone vegetables placed in any bucket. They usually consume Gundruk soup with Dhindo, especially in cold winter to experience warmth from food. Dhindo made up of Buckwheat and millet cooked on firewood contains high amount of dietary fiber, low carbohydrate and reducing sugar. This makes Dhindo to be healthy diet suitable to consume for diabetic patient too (Sharma et al., 2020). Similarly Gundruk also contains desirable amount of calcium, iron and crude fiber that makes it nutritionally important indigenous food item (Shrestha et al., 2012). Local alcoholic beverage ( Jaad ) is prepared by doing fermentation and distillation of fermented rice, finger millet or wheat grains. They use Atani (Indigenous alcohol making utensil) to make Jaad. According to respondent farmer, Rabi Lal Chaudhary, "Hathiya Chitraa chit marwaabe, gharbaithal grihat agraabe; kothiya chaurke chimairke maach, dhaknaale bhansiyaa naach" Here, “ hathiyaa chitra ” means heavy rainfall, “ kothiyaa ” means mud bin, “ Dhaknaa ” means wooden cover cork of alcohol bottle. It says that people use to eat rice, fish and alcohol as celebration during heavy rainfall days in past enjoying themselves finishing the heavy field work. This shows that consumption of wild fish is closely related with Jaand consumption done by Tharu farmers of Triyuga municipality. Thekuwa is made by mixing flour with water, sugar and spicy ingredients. Artistic form is given pressing under wooden frame before frying in cooking oil. This indigenous food item is prepared during different festivals and occasions for celebration. Likewise, sweets ( Mithai ) are made by frying different crop flours in cooking oil and merged in melted sugar to give sweeter taste. Some indigenous sweets like khaaja, buniya, rasbari etc. are prepared using flour or milk products. Tharu people have indigenous practice of hunting, gathering and cooking wild animals, birds, rabbit and mouse. However, eating mouse is nomore consider to be hygenic and only 2.94% respondents found to be still consuming it (Table 4). Otherwise, remaining respondents feel disgusting to eat mouse as meat item and hate practicing in recent years. Rodents are the active vector to transfer zoonotic disease pathogens like bacteria, virus, and parasites etc. that are life threatening to humans and farm animals (Beckhans & Fellstrom, 2012). So, its good practice not to consume rodents for meat. They enjoy to hunt and kill rabbits that visits frequently to their crop field and try to damage it. Likewise, they also hunt wild boars that sometime devastate the whole crop field if it's present at the vicinity of Churiya forest. However, respondent farmers hardly hunt wild animals and birds because such hunting practices considered to be illegal and punishable offence by government rule (Nepal Law Commission [NLC], 1973). Indigenous food items like pork meat, mutton, eggs, fish, alcohol ( jaad/rakshi/daru ), chicken, Ghongi etc. are commonly consumed by Tharu community people of Nepal to celebrate several happy festivals, occasions and ceremonies (Khadka, 2016). Overall, indigenous food items being nutritious, healthier to consume can be utilized to earn additional income if promoted and conserved adequately by Tharu community people of Triyuga municipality. Table 4. Frequency distribution of Identified indigenous food items prepared and consumed by Tharu farmers of Triyuga Municipality in 2020 Indigenous food items Responses N (%) Percent of Cases (N=170) Steamed flour cake ( Bagiya ) 170 (7.27) 100.00 Oil fried pancake ( Telpo roti ) 170 (7.27) 100.00 Home made doughnut ( Ghurmaalo ) 167 (7.14) 98.24 Puffed beaten rice sweet ( Lai murhi and til ko laddu ) 170 (7.27) 100.00 Popcorn ( Phuthaa ) 170 (7.27) 100.00 Adauri Sun dried Lathyrus ( Biriyaa ) 169 (7.23) 99.41 Water snail ( Ghongi ) 167 (7.14) 98.24 Oyster shell ( Situwaa ) 163 (6.97) 95.88 Fresh water crab ( Gangata/Kaukhra ) 165 (7.05) 97.06 Boiled fingermillet flour ( Dhindoo ) 77 (3.29) 45.29 Fermented and compressed vegetable ( Gundruk ) 166 (7.10) 97.65 Local alchoholic beverage ( Jaand ) 38 (1.62) 22.35 Flur made sweet pancake ( Thekuwa ) 165 (7.05) 97.06 Sweets ( Mithai ) 166 (7.10) 97.65 Wild fish ( Maachaa ) 167 (7.14) 98.24 Mouse ( Mushaa ) 5 (0.21) 2.94 Rabbit ( Kharaayo ) 23 (0.98) 13.53 Wild bird 15 (0.64) 8.82 Wild animal 6 (0.26) 3.53 Total 2339 (100.00) ( 1375.88 ) Ranking of indigenous knowledge used during crop production cycle Among the defined advantages, the most significant advantage found to be 'Ensure good health' with total score of 64, highest mean 3.77 and 0.991 standard deviation (Table 5). It is followed by other major advantages like well experience of using IK, cost effective technology, faithful technology, give good quality with better price of products, well adopted by local community, conserve IK for future generation and advantage of multi-cropping respectively. Result indicates respondent farmers believes that ensuring the good health of farmers using IK in crop production cycle is most important advantage of it. So, we need to conserve, improve and promote IK. Since practicing indigenous knowledge in crop production involves natural methods rather than using hazardous chemicals being environment friendly so it ensures good health of both farmers and commodity consumers (Das et al., 2020). After obtaining good health of consumers, we can also earn good income by producing and selling good quality products in market. As the crop commodities are organic and of good quality than commercially produced crops using indigenous practices, farmers can receive higher revenue with better customer's satisfaction (Pawlewicz, 2020). As respondent farmers have been practicing the IK through generations to generations they have good experience and better knows how and why to utilize it properly. Likewise, using of such IKs have been their indigenous culture and belief. Local farmers feel more confident and convenient using indigenous technology rather than using modern technologies because such technologies have been a part of their living and ignoring those knowledges make them feel hard to do agriculture (Waithaka, 2011). The same knowledge will also be helpful for new generations for sustaining their daily life and mitigate the possible disasters in future days. Not only that multi-cropping practice will also help to maintain and improve agro-biodiversity that ensures the food security and make local farmers to be self-reliant (Kotschi & Lossau, 2011). Table 5. Distribution of respondents regarding their perception about merits or advantages of using indigenous knowledge during crop production cycle Merits/Advantages of using IK in crop production cycle Rank Total Score Ranking Mean Standard Error of Mean Standard Deviation Not important (1) Less important (2) Neutral (3) Important (4) Most important (5) No % No % No % No % No % Cost effective technology 0 0 11 6.5 79 46.5 34 20 46 27.1 170 625 III 3.68 ± 0.07 0.946 Well experience of using IK 0 0 10 5.9 62 36.5 60 35.3 38 22.4 170 636 II 3.74 ± 0.07 0.872 Ensure good health 0 0 25 14.7 32 18.8 70 41.2 43 25.3 170 641 I 3.77 ± 0.08 0.991 Conserve IK for future generation 1 0.6 31 18.2 48 28.2 65 38.2 25 14.7 170 592 VII 3.48 ± 0.08 0.974 Faithful technology 0 0 30 17.6 41 24.1 63 37.1 36 21.2 170 615 IV 3.62 ± 0.08 1.009 Give good quality with better price products 1 0.6 36 21.2 40 23.5 56 32.9 37 21.8 170 602 V 3.54 ± 0.08 1.072 Well adopted by local community 5 2.9 35 20.6 35 20.6 59 34.7 36 21.2 170 596 VI 3.51 ± 0.09 1.127 Advantage of multi-cropping 8 4.7 38 22.4 37 21.8 54 31.8 33 19.4 170 576 VIII 3.39 ± 1.17 1.168 Indigenous knowledge used in crop production cycle also have some key demerits or disadvantages despite of many merits or advantages as listed above (Table 6). From Likert scale analysis, Poor crop yield has been found to be the most important disadvantage of using IK in crop production cycle with score 588, mean value 3.46 and standard deviation 0.992 followed by hard to control plant diseases, insect-pests, scientifically unproven technologies, poor field management, modernization of agricultural technologies, time and labour intensive and gradual loss of existing IK respectively. Crop yield found to be better if modern crop cultivation technologies are used than compared to conventional farming method due to higher efficiency and wiser production cost management (Sangari, 1991). Likewise, only using the old technologies, it is hard to efficiently and effectively control the crop diseases, insect-pests, so farmers in modern time prefer chemical based disease controller, insecticides and pesticides. However due to lack of adequate knowledge and awareness about using chemicals and its possible hazards, these have been randomly used. So, farmer's capacity building must be done in order to utilize indigenous and modern technologies harmonically (Bhandari, 2019). There are many indigenous knowledges used by indigenous farmers which haven’t been studied in detail. It is also not necessary that all indigenous knowledge should be effective and efficient. In order to differentiate and improve the existing technologies, adequate researches should be followed up after exploration of such IKs in different communities (Nelson, 2015). Poor field management and being more time and labour intensive, indigenous knowledge have been less efficient due to labour scarcity caused by increasing trend of outmigration of manpower at present context (Aryal, 2023). With changing time, people are preferring modern technologies and due to carelessness or any other possibly causes the existing old technologies are vanishing out of record (Gaskin, 2016) which need to be documented before its complete extinction. Table 6 . Distribution of respondents regarding their perception about demerits or disadvantages of using indigenous knowledge during crop production cycle Demerits/Disadvantages/Constraints of using IK in crop production cycle Rank Total Score Mean Ranking Standard Error of Mean Standard Deviation Not important (1) Less important (2) Neutral (3) Important (4) Most Important (5) No % No % No % No % No % Poor crop yield 1 0.6 34 20 46 27.1 64 37.6 25 14.7 170 588 3.46 I 0.076 0.992 Time and labour intensive 8 4.7 39 22.9 39 22.9 58 34.1 26 15.3 170 565 3.32 VI 0.087 1.128 Modernization of agricultural technologies 3 1.8 41 24.1 41 24.1 60 35.3 25 14.7 170 573 3.37 V 0.081 1.059 Gradual loss of existing IK 7 4.1 42 24.7 41 24.1 53 31.2 27 15.9 170 561 3.30 VII 0.087 1.13 Hard to control disease-pests 7 4.1 35 20.6 40 23.5 54 31.8 34 20 170 583 3.43 II 0.088 1.145 Poor field management 8 4.7 34 20 39 22.9 60 35.3 29 17.1 170 578 3.40 IV 0.086 1.127 Scientifically unproven technologies 12 7.1 34 20 28 16.5 64 37.6 32 18.8 170 580 3.41 III 0.092 1.204 For improving the IKs and its use in crop production cycle, major solutions have been found out through the study as mentioned above (Table 7). The most important solution found to be positive changes in act and policies related to IK with score 624, mean value 3.67 and standard deviation 1.013 followed by transfer IK to new generation in home, formal registration of IK, adequate training facility to farmers, develop compatible combined technologies, conduct awareness program, competition and entrepreneurship development and include IK information in formal education respectively. Adequate provision of conserving, promoting and utilizing existing agricultural indigenous knowledge in Tharu as well other communities still absent in Nepal. So those IKs are prone to be pirated or exploited by internal as well external forces of community. To mitigate this vulnerable situation suitable laws, policies, strategies and action plan need to be promulgated and implemented that can help to identify, protect, upgrade and earn benefit from it by indigenous farmer people. Provision of copyright, patent, trademark etc. should be formed and must be brought in practice (Australian Human Right Commission [AHRC], 2008) which definitely helps to improve status of IK used in crop production cycle of indigenous farmers like Tharu farmers of Triyuga municipality. As the parents are consider to be prime teacher for small children, they can could be given practical knowledge about using of indigenous knowledge in crop production cycle in their home so that they can utilize them in correct manner to live life and transfer the learned lessons to the next generations. They get chance to identify themselves, their specialty and uniqueness belonging to Tharu community and respect their culture (Romero-Little, 2010). More children and youths are getting chance to have formal education going to the school, college and universities from Tharu community of Triyuga municipality. The negative impact in level of IK use in crop production cycle is that school going children and youth lacks of knowledge and awareness about using those technologies and believe more in modern technologies because such old technologies haven’t been adequately taken in consideration while making education curriculum. Government of Nepal have initiated to include the information about indigenous knowledge used in crop production cycle and whole agriculture in course book of school children at present context (Ministry of Education, Science and Technology [MoEST], 2020; MoEST, 2018). However, there still lacks systematic presentation and course module that really can emphasize significance of IK in formal curriculum which need to be improved by government side. Table 7 . Distribution of respondents regarding their perception about solution of improving the use of indigenous knowledge during crop production cycle Solutions to improve IK use in crop production cycle Rank Total Score Mean Ranking Standard Error of Mean Standard Deviation Not important (1) Less important (2) Neutral (3) Important (4) Most important (5) No % No % No % No % No % Adequate training facility to farmers 3 1.8 36 21.2 32 18.8 71 41.8 28 16.5 170 595 3.50 IV 0.081 1.056 Transfer IK to new generation in home 2 1.2 29 17.1 37 21.8 59 34.7 43 25.3 170 622 3.66 II 0.082 1.072 Formal registration of IK 2 1.2 31 18.2 43 25.3 53 31.2 41 24.1 170 610 3.59 III 0.083 1.08 Positive changes in act and policies related to IK 2 1.2 23 13.5 43 25.3 63 37.1 39 22.9 170 624 3.67 I 0.078 1.013 Develop compatible combined technologies 8 4.7 35 20.6 30 17.6 68 40 29 17.1 170 585 3.44 V 0.087 1.136 Include IK information in curriculum of formal education 9 5.3 42 24.7 30 17.6 57 33.5 32 18.8 170 571 3.36 VIII 0.092 1.194 Conduct awareness program about using IK in agriculture 8 4.7 34 20 39 22.9 60 35.3 29 17.1 170 578 3.40 VI 0.086 1.127 Competition and Entrepreneurship development among farmers 9 5.3 32 18.8 43 25.3 56 32.9 30 17.6 170 576 3.39 VII 0.087 1.137 CONCLUSION Present research revealed the relationship between some of the the socio-economic, institutional, geographical and political factors and level of use of indigenous knowledge related to crop production cycle. Research also indicated that local Tharu farmers of study area have been very rich in their own indigenous knowledge used in their crop production cycle. Changing scenario of agricultural system, life style and many other factors, people are preferring modern over indigenous technologies for agriculture. Due to this, several common as well unique and valuable indigenous knowledge and technologies that were recorded found to be in stage of prior to extinct or already got extinct. They also have been producing several local food crops in their field. They like to consume own produce rather than buying from markets. They still follow their agriculture profession and plays important role in their family economy. They uses local crops in versatile manner including their cultural rituals, ethno-medicinal use, feeding of livestock etc. apart from just feeding themselves only. Moreover, they persue good knowledge of utilizing wild and underutilized crops as well which make them survive during isolated conditions of global crisis, famine, pandemic or economic downfall. But it doesn’t mean that their IK is absolute. They too have some disadvantages and/or limitations. Study revealed that ensure good health as most important merit, poor crop yield as demerit and positive change in IK related act and policies as most important solution to improve IK use. Whereas, chemical free organic foods, lower crop yield and technical support to farmers found to be most important merit, demerits and solution related to local crop utility respectively. Subsistence agriculture, farming experience, and farmer's belief were the factors responsible to conserve the IKs. Establishment of community level seed banks, field gene banks, agro ecotourism, registration of local cultivars, subject matter in academic curriculum and promotion of indigenous food are important to conserve IK and local crops. Moreover, improvement of existing indigenous technologies combining with compatible modern technologies, giving good technical support to needy farmers can support existing crop production system of local farmers in sustainable way. Recommendation for future research Present research could only describe the major Indigenous Knowledge and technologies related to crop production cycle known and utilized by Tharu farmers of study area. This research is unable to account for the IK related to livestock production system due to time and resource constraints. Likewise, it could not cover all the indigenous community groups of people of Udayapur district or whole country Nepal including every geographical area as well which could have discovered the wide range of important and viable IK related to agriculture. Therefore, future research should be focused on including study of every indigenous community to record the available IKs and locally grown crop with scenario of its uses. So that we can do comparative study of theirs. Indigenous Knowledge either related to agriculture or used in non-agricultural purposes should also be identified. Detailed scientific verification research should be followed up so that we could know the actual viability of any existing old knowledge and truthful reasons behind using them. Research involving modification, upgrading or improvement of existing technologies could cope with the present and future problems of farmers with more efficiency and effectiveness. Wild and underutilized domestic locally grown crops would also be recorded properly. New methods of value addition, coping with dreadful situations using IK and locally grown crops in future should be found to promote them for the welfare of our own community and society. Declarations Acknowledgement The authors express warm gratitude to Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Nepal, Survey Department, Government of Nepal (GoN), governmental offices and respondents for their invaluable support and information required for this research. Funding Declaration: The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work. Clinical trial number : It is not applicable in this research work. Ethics declaration I, the undersigned, on behalf of all co-authors, hereby declare the following with respect to the submitted manuscript: Originality and Authorship This manuscript is an original work and has not been published or submitted elsewhere, in whole or in part. All individuals listed as authors have significantly contributed to the conception, design, execution, analysis, or interpretation of the research and have approved the final version of the manuscript. Plagiarism The content of this manuscript is free from plagiarism. All sources, references, and prior research have been duly cited and acknowledged. Ethical Research Practices All research involving farmers, extension workers, communities, or other human participants was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and their privacy and confidentiality were respected. The study was approved by the appropriate institutional or departmental ethics committee, where applicable. Conflict of Interest There is no conflict of interest—financial, personal, or professional—that could have influenced the results or interpretations of this research. Any potential conflict has been clearly disclosed. Data Integrity and Transparency All data presented in the article are accurate, complete, and derived from reliable sources. No data have been fabricated, falsified, or misrepresented. The required data analyzing software were provided by University for free of cost. Funding and Acknowledgment All sources of funding or institutional support have been fully disclosed in the manuscript. Any assistance from organizations, individuals, or institutions has been properly acknowledged. We have done this research on our financial effort without taking any research fund from others. Responsibility and Accountability I/we accept full responsibility for the content of the article and agree to cooperate with the editorial board should any questions or concerns arise regarding the ethical integrity of the work. Explicit committee statement "All research involving farmers, extension workers, communities, or other human participants was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and their privacy and confidentiality were respected. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Committee of the Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology, Agriculture and Forestry University, Nepal." Consent Statement Statement of No Participation of Individuals Below Age 16 The authors hereby declare that no individuals under the age of 16 were included as participants in the research study. All data collected and analyzed in this study involved participants who were aged 16 years or older, in accordance with ethical standards and institutional guidelines for research involving human subjects. Consent to Publish declaration: I/We all authors show consent to publish this research article without any hesitation. Data Availability Section Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. All datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study have been stored securely and can be provided in accordance with ethical guidelines and data-sharing policies. No restrictions apply to the availability of anonymized data used in this research. References Abass, A.B., Ndunguru, G., Mamiro, P., Alenkhe, B., Mlingi, N., & Bekunda, M. (2014). Post-harvest food losses in a maize-based farming system of semi-arid savannah area of Tanzania. Journal of stored products research, 57 , 49-57. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022474X1300101X Adejumo, B.A. (2013). Development of a 350kg double-walled insulated metallic silo for tropical climate. Greener Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research, 3 (6), 195-204. https://gjournals.org/GJSETR/gjsetr-archive/vol-36june-2013/adejumo.html Adnan, S.M., Uddin, M.M., Alam, M.J., Islam, M.S., Kashem, M.A., Rafii, M.Y., & Latiff, M.A. (2014). Management of mango hopper, idioscopus clypealis, using chemical insecticides and neem oil. The Scientific World Journal, Article ID 709614. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264940775_Management_of_Mango_Ho pper_Idioscopus_clypealis_Using_Chemical_Insecticides_and_Neem_Oil AHRC. (2008). The protection of Indigenous Knowledge: Native title report 2008 . Australian Human Rights Commission. https://humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/social_justice/nt_report/ntreport08/pdf/chap7.pdf Ahrens, C.D. (2011). Essentials of meteorology: An invitation to the atmosphere , 6 th Edition. Cengage Learning Publishers. Boston, United States. https://www.amazon.com/Essentials-Meteorology-Invitation-Donald-Ahrens/dp/0840049331 Al-Subaiee, F.S. (2015). Socioeconomic factors affecting the conservation of natural woodlands in central Riyadh area-Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences , 23 (3), 319-326. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1319562X 1500056X Alzohairy, M.A. (2016). Therapeutics role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and their active constituents in disease prevention and treatment. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Evidence – Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016 , Article ID 7382506. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27034694/ Anju, R., & Bonny, B.P. (2019). Indigenous Knowledge based abiotic indicators used in weather prediction by farmers of Wayanad, Kerala, India. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 18 (3), 565-572. https://core.ac.uk/reader/298003174 Anyan, F.Y. (2016). Farmer's perceptions and attitudes towards the use of agricultural Indigenous Knowledge in farming. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) , 7 (7), 604-608. https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v7i7/ART20183731.pdf Anyan, F.Y. (2017). Assessment of Indigenous Knowledge usage among small scale farmers in Kpando municipality, Ghana. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), 6 (3), 103-108. https://www.ijeat.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/v6i3/C4843026317.pdf Apuuli, J.K.K., & Villet, M.H. (1996). The use of wood ash for the protection of stored cowpea seed ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) against Bruchidae (Coleoptera). African Entomology, 4 (1), 97-99. https://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/72812 Aryal, G.R. (2023). Overseas labour migration of Nepal: Trends and patterns. Journal of Population and Development, 4 (1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.3126/jpd.v4i1.64235 Asemu, A.M., Habtu, N.G., Subramanyam, B., Delele, M.A., Kalsa, K,K., and S. Alavi. (2020). Effects of grain drying methods on post-harvest insect infestation and physicochemical characteristics of maize grain. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 43 , e13423. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jfpe.13423 Ashour, M. A., Abdel Nasser, M. S., & Abu-Zaid, T. S. (2024). Evaluation of the effects of improving tertiary earthen canals on water savings, conveyance efficiency, and agricultural productivity. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 15(8). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2024.102850 Banful, B., Adjei P.Y., & Achiaa, N.K. (2011). Effect of seed drying on germination behavior and seedling growth of Sweetsop ( Annona squamosa ). Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 5 (4), 443-447. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264894313_ Effect_of_Seed_Drying_on_ Germination_Behavior_and_Seedling_Growth_of_Sweetsop_Annona_squamosa Basak, A.B., Lee, M.W., & Lee, T.S. (2002). In Vitro Inhibitory activity of cow urine and dung to Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae . Mycobiology, 30 (1), 51-54. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264849912_In_Vitro_Inhibitory_Activity_of_Cow_Urine_and_Dung_to_Fusarium_solani_f_sp_cucurbitae Beckhans, A., & Fellstrom, C. (2012). Rodents on pig and chicken farms-A potential threat to human and animal health. Infection Ecology and Epidemiology, 2 , 17093. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426328/ Bhandari, L.R. (2019). Increasing trend of pesticides' use in vegetable farming and its impact for human health. Nepal Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2 (3), 50-67. https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/njmr/article/download/26975/22340 Bhattarai, B. (2016). Community forest and forest management in Nepal. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 4 (3), 79-91. http://pubs.sciepub.com/env/4/3/3/#:~:text=The%20Forest%20Act%20was%20ena cted,the%20forestry%20programs%20for%20Nepal.&text=The%20regulations%2 0allowed%20local%20people,District%20Forest%20Office%20(DFO). BoM, AG. (2021). Cloud types and precipitation. Bureau of Meteorology, Australian Government . assessed on August 31, 2021. http://www.bom.gov.au/weather- services/about/cloud/cloud-types.shtml Braimah, M. M., Abdul-Rahaman, I., & Oppong-Sekyere, D. (2013). Donkey-Cart Transport, a Source of Livelihood for Farmers in the Kassena Nankana Municipality in Upper East Region of Ghana. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare. 3 (17). 127-137. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234659493.pdf Broaddus-Shea, E.T., Thorne-Lyman, A.L., Manmohan, S., Nonyane, B.A.S., Winch, P.J., & West, Jr., K.P. (2018). Seasonality of consumption of non staple nutritious foods among young children from Nepal's 3 agroecological zones. Current Developments in Nutrition, 2 , nzy058. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6121130/ Carayannis, E.G., Campbell, D.F.J., & Rehamn, S.S. (2016). Mode 3 knowledge production: Systems and systems theory, clusters and networks. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship , 5 , 17. https://innovation-entrepreneurship.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13731-016-0045-9 Changnon, S.A., & Huff, F.A. (1957). Cloud distribution and correlation with precipitation in Illinois . State Water Survey Division. Urbana, Illinois. https://www.isws.illinois.edu/pubdoc/RI/ISWSRI-33.pdf Charness, N., & Boot, W.R. (2016). Technology, gaming and social networking. In K. W. Schaie & S. L. Willis (Eds.), Handbook of the Psychology of Aging , Eight Edition (pp 389-407). Academic Press. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ B9780124114692000200 Chaudhari, L. (2017). The Landless Sharecroppers of Dumraha Village: A Case Study on Food Sufficiency among Tharu Community. Nepalese Journal of Development and Rural Studies , 14 (1-2), 36-42. https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/njdrs/ article/view/19646 Chaudhary, S., Kanwar, R.K., Sehgal, A., Cahill, D.M., Barrow, C.J., Sehgal, R., & Kanwar, J.R. (2017). Progress on Azadirachta indica based biopesticides in replacing synthetic toxic pesticides. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5420583/ Chongtham, N., Bisht, M.S., & Haorongbam, S. (2011). Nutritional properties of bamboo shoots: Potential and prospects for utilization as a health food. Comprehensive reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 10 , 153-169. https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00147.x Chua, K.J., & Chou, S.K. (2003). Low-cost drying methods for developing countries. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 14 , 519-528. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924224403001626 Curtis, H., Noll, U., Stormann, J., & Slusarenko, A.J. (2004). Broad-spectrum activity of the volatile phytoanticipin allicin in extracts of garlic ( Allium sativum L.) against plant pathogenic bacteria, fungi and Oomycetes. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 65 , 79-89. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222202291_Broad-spectrum_ activity_of_the_volatile_phytoanticipin_allicin_in_extracts_of_garlic_Allium_sativ um_L_against_plant_pathogenic_bacteria_fungi_and_Oomycetes Das, S., Chatterjee, A., & Pal, T.K. (2020). Organic farming in India: A vision towards a healthy nation. Food Quality and Safety, 4 (2), 69-76. https://academic.oup.com/fqs/article/4/2/69/5861338 Dent, D., & Cocking, E. (2017). Establishing symbiotic nitrogen fixation in cereals and other non-legume crops: The greener nitrogen revolution. Agriculture and Food Security, 6 , 7. https://agricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral. com/articles/10.1186/s40066-016-0084-2 Devkota, R., Pant, L.P., Gartaula, H.N., Patel, K., Gauchan, D., Odame, H.H., Thapa, B., & Raizada, M.N. (2020). Responsible agricultural mechanization innovation for the sustainable development of Nepal's hillside farming system. Sustainability, 12 , 374. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/1/374/pdf Dhakal, S. (2000). An anthropological perspective on shifting cultivation: A case study of khoriya cultivation in the Arun valley of Eastern Nepal. Occasional paper (pp 92- 111). Nepal Journals Online . https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/OPSA/ article/download/1104/1600 Dvorakova, M., Pumprova, K., Antoninova, Z., Rezek, J., Haisel, D. Ekrt, l., Vanek, T., & Langhansova, L. (2021). Nutritional and antioxidant potential of fiddleheads from European ferns. Foods, 10 , 460. https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/2/460/pdf Einem, G.E., & Ober, L.D. (1956). The seasonal behavior of certain Floridian Salienta. Herpetologica , 12 (3), 205-212. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3889772 Elamin, M.A. (1981). A comparative evaluation of electric and gasoline powered garden tractors [Master's dissertation, Iowa State University]. Ames, Iowa. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=15461&context=rtd Elia, E.F., Mutula, S., & Stilwell, C. (2014). Indigenous Knowledge use in seasonal weather forecasting in Tanzania: The case of semi-arid Central Tanzania . South African Journal of Libraries and Information Science, 80 (1), 18-27. https://sajlis.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/1395/1312 Elseewi, A.A., Grimm, S.R., Page, A.L., & Straughan, I.R. (1981). Boron enrichment of plants and soils treated with coal ash. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 3 (1-4), 409-427. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01904168109362848 Emmanuel, A.P. (2019). Women participation in post-harvest processing of maize using Indigenous technologies: A perspective of Kogi state, Nigeria. Maize production and use . Intech Open. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/69896 FAO/UN. (2008). In Y.O. Owusu and L. Bakker. (Eds.), Human-wildlife conflict: Elephant technical manual . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/ai576e/ai576e.pdf Fini, A., & Ferrini, F. (2011). Effects of mulching with compost on growth and physiology of Acer campestre L. and Carpinus betulus L. Advances in Horticultural Science, 25 (4), 232-238. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236593060_ Effects_of_mulching_ with_compost_on_growth_and_physiology_of_Acer_ campestre_L_and_Carpinus_betulus_L Galindo, S. (2020, January 16). Breakdown: Why the moon can have a halo around it. WMCAction News 5 . Memphis, Tennessee. https://www.actionnews5.com/2021/12/06/breakdown-why-sun-moon-can-have-halos-around-it/ Garrod, L.P. (1944). Hospital dust: Light as hygienic safeguard. British Medical Journal, 1 (4337), 245-247. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2283584/ Gashaw, M., & Michelsen, A. (2002). Influence of heat shock on seed germination of plants from regularly burnt Savanna woodlands and grasslands in Ethiopia. Plant Ecology, 159 (1), 83-93. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:10155 Gaskin, J.F. (2016). The role of hybridization in facilitating tree invasion. AoB Plants, 9 (1), plw 079. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28028055/ Gautam, B.P., Rokaha, B., & Bhattarai, K.P. (2018). Enhancement of traditional knowledge with modern mind: A case study of Aamako Janto, an eco friendly agro- device in IoOT (Internet of Old Things). International Conference on Trends in Multidisciplinary Business and Economic Research (TMBER) - 2018 . Full paper proceeding, 5, 82-89. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328304875_Enhancement_of_Traditional_Knowledge_with_ Modern_Mind_A_Case_Study_of_Aamako_Janto_an_Echo_Fr iendly_Agro-device_in_IoOT_Internet_of_old_Things Golob, P. (1997). Current status and future perspectives for inert dusts for control of stored product insects. Journal of Stored Products Research, 33 (1), 69-79. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022474X96000318 Gonzalez, A.R., Garcia, S.A., Lopez, O.G., Silva, F.D., & Casquero, P.A. (2019). Insecticidal properties of Ocimum basilicum and Cymbopogon winterianus against Acanthoscelides obtecutus , insect pest of the common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Insects, 10 (5), 151. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6572361/ Gupta, S., & Apte, S.D. (2015). Effect of botanicals (oils) on green gram ( Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) against Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.). European Journal of Experimental Biology, 5 (8), 31-33. https://www.primescholars.com/articles/effect-of-botanicals-oils-on-green-gram-ivigna-radiatai-l-wilczek-against-icallasobruchus-maculatusi-fab.pdf Hakbijl, T. (2002). The traditional, historical and prehistoric use of ashes as an insecticides, with an experimental study on the insecticidal efficacy of washed ash. Environmental Archaeology, 7 (1), 13-22. https://www.tandfonline.com /doi/abs/10.1179/env. 2002.7.1.13 Helder, T., Stutterheim, E., & Olie, K. (1982). The toxicity and toxic potential of fly ash from municipal incinerators assessed by means of a fish early stage test. Chemosphere, 11 (10), 965-972. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0045653582900686 Hes, M., Dziedzic, K., Gorecka, D., Golinska, A.J., & Gujska, E. (2019). Aloe vera (L.) Webb.: Natural sources of antioxidants: A review. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 74 , 255-265. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31209704/ Hobbs, P.R., Harrington, L.W., Adhikary, C., Giri, G.S., Upadhyay, S.R., & Adhikary, B. (1996). Wheat and rice in the Nepal terai: Farm resources and production practices in Rupandehi district . RARS, Rupandehi, Nepal. NARC and CIMMYT, Mexico. https://books.google.com.np/books?id=pjgevX6Gw5IC&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=animal+threshing+in+nepal&source=bl&ots=alEuZjA0-m&sig=ACfU3U3v EYzNXrzpU7E_13I43UZKAoxpFw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5x4THksvoA hWioekKHV49D2kQ6AEwDHoECAwQJw#v=onepage&q=animal%20threshing%20in%20nepal&f=false Hoh, J.M., & Dhanashree, B. (2017). Antifungal effect of cow's urine distillate on Candida species. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 8 (94), 233-237. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5747510/ Irangani, M.K.L., & Shiratake, Y. (2013). Indigenous techniques used in rice cultivation in Sri Lanka: An analysis from an agricultural history perspective. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 12 (4), 638-650. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287511532_Indigenous_techniques_ used_in_rice_cultivation_in_Sri_Lanka_An_ analysis_from_an_agricultural_history_perspective Islam, S., Bhowmik, S., Majumdar, P.R., Srzednicki, G., Rahman, M., & Hossain, M.A. (2021). Nutritional profile of wild, pond-, gher- and cage-cultured tilapia in Bangladesh. Heliyon, 7 (5), e06968. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844021010719 Jaganathan, G.K., Jiajin, L., Yashu, Y., & Baolin, L. (2018). Efficacy of ash in post-harvest seed storage of three species of cucurbitaceae. Journal of Plant Science and Research, 5 (2), 181. https://www.opensciencepublications.com/fulltextarticles/JPSR-2349-2805-5-181.pdf Jain, P., Singh, S.K., Sharma, H.P., & Basri, F. (2014). Phytochemical screening and anti- fungal activity of Semecarpus anacardium L. (An anti-cancer plant). International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 5 (5), 1884-1891. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272111539_PHYTOCHEMICAL_SCRE ENING_AND_ANTIFUNGAL_ACTIVITY_OF_SEMECARPUS_ANACARDIU M_L_AN_ANTI-CANCER_PLANT Jaiswal, A.K., Rai, P.K., & Ram, S. (2018). Studies on packaging materials, storage duration on seed viability and seed health in soybean ( Glycine max L.) seeds. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7 (1), 1092-1096. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2018/vol7issue1/PartO/7-1-173-226.pdf Jakobsen, M., & Bertelsen, G. (2002). The use of CO2 in packaging of fresh red meats and its effect on chemical quality changes in the meat: A review. Journal of Muscle Foods, 13 (2), 143-168. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229989543_ The_use_of_CO2_in_packaging_of_fresh_red_meats_and_its_effect_on_chemical_quality_changes_in_the_meat_A_review Jeeva, S., Laloo, R.C., & Mishra, B.P. (2006). Traditional agricultural practices in Meghalaya, North East India. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 5 (1), 7-18. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292729847_Traditional_agricultural_prac tices_in_Meghalaya_northeast_India John, F.T. (2012). Post-harvest handling of rice paddy and its effects on paddy quality: A case study of Olam Nigeria outgrowers in Pategi local government area of Kwara state, Nigeria [Master's Dissertation, University Putra Malaysia]. https://edepot.wur.nl/298425 Joshi, R., & Kumar, P. (2012). Lysigenous aerenchyma formation involves non-apoptotic programmed cell death in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) roots. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 18(1), 1-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23573035/ Kaliyan, N., Gayathri, P., Alagusundaram, K., Morey, R.V., & Wilcke, W.F. (2007). Applications of carbon dioxide in food and processing industries: Current status and future threats. Presented at the 2007 ASABE Annual International Meeting sponsored by ASABE. Minneapolis Convention Center. Minneapolis, Minnesota on 17-20 June 2007. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271432085_ Applications_of_Carbon_Dioxide_in_Food_and_Processing_Industries_Current_St atus_and_Future_Thrusts Kandel, D.D., & Wagley, M.P. (1999). Some salient Indigenous technology practices for watershed management in Nepal . PMWTA field document No. 19. Participatory Watershed Management Training in Asiahttps://lib.icimod.org/records/dzw5d-1w432 Karthikeyan, C., Veeraragavathatham, D., Karpagam, D., & Firdouse, S.A. (2009) Traditional storage practices. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 8 (4), 564-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228344463_Traditional_storage_practices Kaymakanova, M. (2009). Effect of salinity on germination and seed physiology in Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L. ). Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment, 23 (1), 326-329.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13102818.2009.10818430#:~:text=S alinity%20affects%20germination%20in%20two,be%20toxic%20to%20the%20em bryo. Khadatkar, A., Potdar, R.R., Wakudkar, H., Narwariya, B.S., & Dubey, U.C. (2018). Evaluation of improved sickle for paddy harvesting in Central India . Indian Journal of Extension Education, 54 (1), 104-107. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331989500_Evaluation_of_Improved_Sickle_for_Paddy_Harvesting_in_Central_India Khadka. , N. B. (2016). Tharu Barghar-Mukhiya Indigenous Model: A Case Study of Tharu Community of Nepal [Doctoral dissertation, Nova Southeastern University]. NSUWorks, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences – Department of Conflict Resolution Studies. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1046&context=shss_dcar_et Khan, M.R., & Khan, M.W. (1996). The effect of fly ash on plant growth and yield of tomato. Environmental Pollution, 92 (2), 105-111. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0269749195000984 Khan, M.R., & Singh, W. N. (2001). Effects of soil application of fly ash on the fusarium wilt on tomato landraces. International Journal of Pest management, 47 (4), 293-297. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/096708700110052059 Kiros-Meles, A., & Abang, M.M. (2008). Farmers’ knowledge of crop diseases and control strategies in the regional states of Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia: Implications for farmer-researcher collaboration in disease management. Agriculture and Human Values, 25 (3), 433-452.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226902675_Farmers'_knowledge_of_cro p_diseases_and_control_strategies_in_the_Regional_State_of_Tigrai_northern_Eth iopia_Implications_for_farmer-researcher_collaboration_in_disease_management Kiruba, S., Jeeva, S., Kanagappan, M., Stalin, S.I., & Das, S.S.M. (2008). Ethnic storage strategies adopted by farmers of Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu, Southern Peninsular India. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 4 (1), 1-10.http://www.thaiscience.info/journals/Article/IJAT/10843012.pdf Kok, J.F., Parteli, E.J.R., Michaels, T.I., and D.B. Karam. (2012). The physics of wind- blown sand and dust. Reports on Progress in Physics, 75 . 106901. https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1201/1201.4353.pdf Kotschi, J., & Lossau, A.V. (2011). Agrobiodiversity-The key to food security and adaptation to climate change . Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). On behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. Germany. https://wocatpedia.net/images/d/d4/Giz2011-en-agrobiodiv-food-security-a-climate-change.pdf Kumar, G., & Chander, H. (2017). Documentation of Indigenous agricultural implements, practices and other conservation techniques in subtropical climatic zone of Shivalik hills, North Western Himalaya. Journal of Biological and Chemical Chronicles, 3 (2), 15-23. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320685860_Documentation_of_Indigeno us_Agricultural_Implements_Practices_and_other_ Conservation_Techniques_in_S ubtropical_Climatic_Zone_of_Shivalik_Hills_North_Western_Himalaya Likhayo, P., Bruce, A.Y., Teferam T., & Mueke, J. (2018). Maize grain stored in hermetic bags: Effect of moisture and pest infestation on grain quality. Journal of Food Quality , Article ID 2515698. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328741574_Maize_Grain_Stored_in_Hermetic_Bags_Effect_of_Moisture_and_Pest_Infestation_on_Grain_Quality Liu, D., Maimaitijiang, R., Gu, J., Zhong, S., Zhou, M., Wu, Z., Luo, A., Lu, C., & Hao, Y. (2019). Using the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) to investigate the intention to use physical activity apps: Cross sectional survey. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth , 7 (9), e13127. https://mhealth.jmir.org/2019/9/e13127/#ref29 Mahai, S., Jamala, G.Y., Mada, D.A., & Medugu, I.A. (2015). Assessment of sorghum storage methods in Madagali and Ganye areas of Adamawa state. The International Journal of Engineering and Science, 4(10), 2319-1805.http://www.theijes.com/papers/v4-i10/Version-3/A041030106.pdf Marahatta, S. (2021). Assessment of the effectiveness of storage structures for maintaining the quality of maize seed stored at different moisture levels. Journal of Agriculture and Natural resources, 4 (1), 96-110. https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/ janr/article/view/33231/26146 Mathad, R.C., Vasudevan, S.N., Mathad, N.C., and Patil, S.B. (2013). Traditional seed treatment and storage methods of northeastern region of Karnataka. Asian Agri-History, 17 (3), 233-239. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286173748_Traditional_seed_treatment_and_storage_methods_of_Northeastern_region_of_Karnataka McFadden, D. (1977). Quantitative methods for analyzing travel behavior of individuals: Some recent developments . Cowles Foundation Discussion paper no. 474. Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University, New Haven, Connceticut. https://ideas.repec.org/p/cwl/cwldpp/474.html McLeod, S. A. (2019, August 3). Likert scale definition, examples and analysis. Simply Psychology . https://www.simplypsychology.org/likert-scale.html Mehari, A., Schultz, B., & Depeweg, H. (2005). Where Indigenous water management practices overcome failure of structures: The Wadi Laba spate irrigation system in Eritrea. Irrigation and Drainage, 54 , 1-14. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ird.151 Mimiaga, M.J., Reisner, S.L., Reilly, L., Soroudi, N., & Saffren. S.A. (2009). Individual interventions. HIV prevention (pp 203-239). https://sci-hub.se/tree/31/f9/31f9d9f1808cbd7a00c99f00717234e9.pdf Mishra, P.K., & Rai, S.C. (2013). Use of Indigenous soil and water conservation practices among farmers in Sikkim Himalaya. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 12 (3), 454-464. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286943918_ Use_of_Indigenous_soil_and_water_conservation_practices_among_farmers_in_Si kkim_Himalaya Mittler, R. (2002). Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends in Plant Science, 7 (9), 405-410. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12234732/ MO, UKG. (2021). Altocumulus clouds. Met Office, UK Government . United Kingdom. assessed on August 31, 2021. https://weather.metoffice.gov.uk/learn-about/weather/types-of-weather/clouds/mid-level-clouds/altocumulus Mobolade, A.J., Bunindro, N., Sahoo, D., & Rajashekar, Y. (2019). Traditional methods of food grains preservation and storage in Nigeria and India. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 64 (2), 196-205. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0570178319300375 MoEST. (2018). Chapter 15: Saamaanya sthaaniya prawidhiharu. Mero bigyaan, swasthya thathaa shaaririk sikshaa, Class 5, 3 rd Edition, (pp 79-82). Curriculum Development Center. Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. Bhaktapur, Nepal. MoEST. (2020). Unit 15: Prawidhi siksha (sthaaniya prawidhi) . Peshaa, wyawashaaya ra prawidhi, class 8 , 3 rd Edition, (pp 152-161). Curriculum Development Center. Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. Bhaktapur, Nepal. Monaco, T.J., Weller, S.C., & Ashton, F.M. 1983. Weed Science: Principles and Practices, 4 th Edition. http://base.dnsgb.com.ua/files/book/Agriculture/Weed/Weed-Science.pdf Moniruzzaman, M., Sku, S., Chowdhury, P., Tanu, M.B., Yeasmine, S., Hossen, M.N., Min, T., Bai, S.C., & Mahmud, Y. (2021). Nutritional evaluation of some economically important marine and freshwater mollusk species of Bangladesh. Heliyon, 7 , e07088. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S2405844021011919 Munir, R., Rahmayanti, H.D., Murniati, R., Rahman, D.Y., Viridi, S., & Abdullah, M. (2018). Experiment and modeling of rice winnowing: Granular segregation method in ancient traditions. Arxiv . https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.11076 Mus, F., Crook, M.B., Garcia, K., Costas, A.G., Geddes, B.A., Kouri, E.D., Parmasivan, P., Ryu, M.H., Oldroyd, G.E.D., Poole, P.S., Udvardi, M.K., Voigt, C.A., Ane, J.M., and Peters, J.W. (2016). Symbiotic nitrogen fixation and the challenges to its extension to non-legumes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 82 (13), 3698- 3710. https://aem.asm.org/content/82/13/3698.long#sec-8 Nabeela, F., Murad, W., Khan, I., Mian, I.A., Rehman, H., Adnan, M., & Azzullah, A. (2015). Effect of wood ash application on the morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters of Brassica napus L. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry , 95 , 15-25. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26163419 Naeem, M.Y., & Ugur, S. (2019). Nutritional and health consequences of Bauhinia variegata . Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 7 (3), 27-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338402465_Nutritional_and_Health_ Consequences_of_Bauhinia_variegata Nasreen, S.(2000). Effect of storage temperature, storage period and seed moisture content on seed viability of mash beans ( Vigna mungo ). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 3 , 513-514. https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=pjbs.2000.513.514&org=11 Nelson, H.E. (2015). Challenges of documenting and disseminating agricultural Indigenous Knowledge for sustainable food security in Soroti district [Master's Dissertation, Makerere University]. http://repository.ruforum.org/documents/challenges-documenting-and-disseminating-agricultural-indigenous-knowledge-sustainable NLC. (1973). National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2029 B.S. (1973) . Nepal Law Commission. https://csrcnepal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/National-Parks-and-Wildlife-Conservation-Act-2029-1973.pdf Nongdam, P., & Tikendra, L. (2014). The nutritional facts of bamboo shoots and their usage as important traditional foods of Northeast India. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Evidience based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014 , Article ID 679073. https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2014/679073.pdf Oguntade, T.O., & Adekunle, A.A. (2010). Preservation of seeds against fungi using wood ash of some tropical forest trees in Nigeria. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 4 (4), 279-288. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262692808_ Preservation_ of_seeds_against_fungi_using_wood-ash_of_some_tropical_forest_ trees_in_Nigeria Palikhey, e., Sthapit, S.R., Gautam, S., Gauchan, D., Bhandari, B., Joshi, B.K., & Sthapit,B.R. (2016). Baseline survey report III, Hanku, jumla. Integrating traditional crop genetic diversity into technology: Using a biodiversity portfolio approach to buffer against unpredictable environmental change in Nepal Himalayas . Li-BIRD, NARC and Biodiversity International, pokhara, Nepal. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333867800_BASELINE_SURVEY_REPORT_Integrating_Traditional_Crop_Genetic_Diversity_ into_Technology_Using_a_Biodiversity_Portfolio_Approach_to_Buffer_against_Unpredictable_Environmental_Change_in_Nepal_Himalayas_Do Paniagua-Zambrana, N.Y., Camara-Leret, R., Bussmannn, R.W., & Macia, M.J. (2014). The influence of socioeconomic factors on traditional knowledge: a cross scale comparison of palmuse in northwestern South America. Ecology and Society, 19 (4), 9. https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol19/iss4/art9/ Pathirana, C.K., Madhujith, T., & Eeswara, J. (2020). Bael ( Aegle marmelos L. Correa), a medicinal tree with immense economic potentials. Hindawi Advances in Agriculture, 2020 , Article ID 8814018. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2020/8814018 Pawar, R. (2013). Effect of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on biochemical aspects of housefly, Musa domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). International Journal of Scientific and research Publications, 3 (5), 1-3. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=e53c095f5f15bff219b912684b8cdbe6a8ca41f2 Pawlewicz. A. 2020. Change of price premium trend for organic food products: The example of the Polish egg market. Agriculture, 10 (35). https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/10/2/35 Piniero, M.C. (2016). Globalization and industrialization of agriculture: impacts on rural Chocontá, Colombia. Luna Azul, 43 , 468-496. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1909-24742016000200020 Prasad, D., & Pokhrel, B. (2017). Mushroom Diversity of Amrite Community Forest, Kapilvastu, Nepal. Himalayan Biodiversity, 5(1), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.3126/hebids.v5i1.36158 Rajashekar, Y., Bakthavatsalam, N., & Shivanandappa, T. (2012). Botanicals as grain protectants. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology , Volume 2012 , Article ID 646740. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/2012/646740/ Ramos, R.E.E., Gallibu, T.C., & Tindowen, D.J.C. (2015). Rice farming methods, tools and Indigenous practices and beliefs of Itwaes farmers of Tuguegarao city. Bannag: A Journal of Local Knowledge . University of Saint Louis. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319545023_RICE_FARMING_METHO DS_TOOLS_AND_INDIGENOUS_PRACTICES_AND_BELIEFS_OF_ITAWES_FARMERS_OF_TUGUEGARAO_CITY Randhawa, G.K., & Sharma, R. (2015). Chemotherapeutic potential of cow urine: A review. Journal of intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 4 (2), 180-186. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4566776/ Rankoana, S.A. (2016). The use of Indigenous Knowledge in subsistence farming: Implications for sustainable agricultural production in Dikgale community in Limpopo province, South Africa. Towards Sustainable Agriculture: Farming Practices and Water Use: Frontiers in Sustainability Series 1 (Volume 1, Issue 1, 63-74). https://www.mdpi.com/books/edition/820/article/828-the-use-of-indigenous-knowledge-in-subsistence-farming-implications-for-sustainable-agricultural Rautaray, S.K. (2002). Indigenous Knowledge and belief on rice farming in Eastern India. Indian Journal of Hill Farming, 15 (1), 44-49. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319273622_INDIGENOUS_KNOWLEDGE_AND_BELIEF_ON_RICE_FARMING_IN_EASTERN_INDIA Rauth, A.M. (1965). The physical state of viral nucleic acid and the sensitivity of viruses to ultraviolet light. Biophysical Journal, 5 (3), 257-273 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19431332/ Rivadeneira, P., Kross, S., Gonzalez, N.N., & Russel, M.J. (2018). In D.M. Woods. (Ed.). A review of birds deterrents used in agriculture. Proceedings of the 28 th vertebrate pest conference University of California, Davis https://escholarship.org/content/qt33s6p09d/qt33s6p09d_noSplash_04a6e950836409a43901695c86fff638.pdf?t=q2cyfv Rogers, J.B. (1920). Studies on the viability of the Tubercle bacillus . American Journal of Public Health, 10 (4), 345-347. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18010292/ Romero-Little, M.E. (2010). How should young Indigenous children be prepared for learning? A vision of early childhood education for Indigenous children. Journal of American Indian Education, 49 (1-2), 7-27. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43608587 Rozman, V., Kalinovic, I., & Korunic, Z. (2007). Toxicity of naturally occurring compounds of Lamiaceae and Lauraceae to three stored-product insects. Journal of Stored Products Research, 43 (4), 349-355. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022474X06000725 Sah, L.P., Lamichhaney, D., KC, H.B., Acharya, M.C., Humagain, S.P., Subedi, R.K., Rajbhandari, R.D., Bhandari, G., & Muniappan, R. (2020). Desert locust [ Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal)] (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Invasion and strategies for its management in Nepal. Journal of Plant Protection Society, 6 , 82-99. https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jpps/article/view/36474 Sangari, D.U. (1991). A comparative analysis of traditional and modern systems of irrigated agriculture in the Donga river basin, Gongola state [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Ibadan]. https://publication.codesria.org/index.php/pub/catalog/book/1501 Sanjeev, K., & Ramesh, M.N. (2006). Low oxygen and inert gas processing of foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 46 (5), 423-451. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16891213/ Sarangi, S.K., Singh, R., & Singh, K.A. (2009). Indigenous method of rat proof grain storage by Adi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 8 , 230-233. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228510894_Indigenous_method_of_Rat_proof_grain_storage_by_Adi_tribes_of_Arunachal_Pradesh Sarmah, H., & Hazarika, B.B. (2012). Importance of the size of sample and its determination in the context of data related to the schools of greater Guwahati. Bulletin of the Gauhati University Mathematics Association , 12, 55-76. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306099484_Importance_of_the_size_of_ Sample_and_its_determination_in_the_context_of_data_related_to_the_schools_of_greater_Guwahati Sarmah, H.K., Hazarika, B.B., & Choudhury, G. (2013). An investigation on the effect of bias on determination of sample size on the basis of data related to the students of Guwahati. International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistical Sciences (IJAMSS), 2 (1), 33-48.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303014899_AN_INVESTIGATION_ON_EFFECT_OF_BIAS_ON_DETERMINATION_OF_SAMPLE_SIZE_ON_THE_ BASIS_OF_DATA_RELATED_TO_THE_STUDENTS_OF_SCHOOLS_OF_GU WAHATI Satpathy, A.R., & Sahu, U.N. (2010). The role of sabai grass industry in the economic development of Mayurbhanj district of Orissa (India). International Journal of Applied Agricultural Research, 5 (2), 221-242. https://www.ripublication.com/IJAER/ijaarv5n2_11.pdf Sauer, D.B., Storey, C.L. & Walker , D.E. (1984). Fungal populations in U.S. farm-stored Sauer, D.B., Storey, C.L. & Walker , D.E. (1984). Fungal populations in U.S. farm-stored grain and their relationship to moisture, storage time, regions, and insect infestation. Phytopathology. 74 (9), 1052-1053. https://www.apsnet.org/publications/phytopathology/backissues/Documents/1984Articles/Phyto74n09_1050.PDF Sawyer, T., Bandiera, S., Safe, S., Hutzinger, O., & Olie, K. (1983). Bioanalysis of polychlorinated dibenzofuran and dibenzo-p-dioxin mixtures in fly ash. Chemosphere, 12 (4-5), 529-536. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0045653583902059 Schmidt, L.H. (2007). Tropical forest seed: Tropical forestry. Springer Science and Business Media.https://books.google.com.np/books?id=qvLzz8Gnzm8C&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117 &dq=traditional+winnowing+techniques+used+by+farmers&source=bl&ots=QFer CeD6G2&sig=ACfU3U2NDF6hPR2Q28dQas71OotxKk_MKg&hl=en&sa=X&ve d=2ahUKEwj0_M3tlsvoAhU0huYKHU-_Al4Q6AEwGHoECA0QJw#v= onepage&q=traditional%20winnowing%20techniques%20used%20by%20farmers &f=false Sebopetji, T.O., & Belete, A. (2009). An application of probit analysis to factors affecting small-scale farmers’ decision to take credit: a case study of the Greater Letaba Local Municipality in South Africa. African Journal of Agricultural Research , 4 (8), 718-723. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228716417_An_application_of_probit_analysis_to_factors_affecting_small-scale_farmers'_decision_to_take_credit_a_case_study_of_the_Greater_Letaba_Local_Municipality_in_South Setlow, R. (1960). The use of action spectra to determine the physical state of DNA in vivo. Biochimica et biophysica acta. 25 (39), 180-181. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14445189/ Shambulingappa, B.G., & Mansur, C.P. (2018). Traditional practices to overcome weeds, pests and diseases in agricultural crops: A study among farmers in Haveri district, Karnataka state, India. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 6 (6), 1578-1582. http://www.chemijournal.com/archives/2018/vol6issue6/PartAB/6-5-611-336.pdf Sharma, H., Pudasaini, P., Dhungana, S., Pokharel, M., Subedi, P., & Sharma, B. (2020). Evaluating the effect of flame for the determination of carbohydrate, protein and dietary fiber in Nepali Food Dhido- Novel food for diabetic. Hindawi. International Journal of Food Science, 2020 , Article ID 8832151.https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijfs/2020/8832151.pdf Shrestha, R., Bhattarai, R.R., & Katawal, S.B. (2012). Effect of different fermentation containers on the quality of Gundruk . International Journal of Current Research, 4 (11), 315-320. http://www.journalcra.com/sites/default/files/issue-pdf/2757.pdf Shrestha, S. (2013). Agricultural mechanization in Nepal [PowerPoint Slides]. The Ninth Session of the Technical Committee of the Centre for Sustainable Agricultural Mechanization (CSAM). https://un-csam.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/np.pdf Silva, T.L.L.D., Campos, J.L.D.A., Alves, A.G.C., & Albuquerque, U.P. (2019). Market integration does not affect traditional ecological knowledge but contributes additional pressure on plant resources. Acta Botanica Brasilica , 33 (2). 232-240. https://www.scielo.br/j/abb/a/YK4yrKpXBwpnfMt9tBvxTGd/?lang=en Sivanarayana, G. (1993). Indigenous Technical Knowledge and its Communication Pattern in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh [Doctoral dissertation, Banaras Hindu University]. Varanasi, India. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=LiFy-lUAAAAJ&citation_for_view=LiFy-lUAAAAJ:3fE2CSJIrl8C Slusarenko, A.J., Patel, A., & Partz, D. (2008). Control of plant diseases by natural products: Allicin from garlic as a case study. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 121 , 313-322. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-8780-6_10 Srinivasan, A., Babu, D.S., Senthilkumar, N., & Murugesan, S. (2016). Physicochemical properties and phytochemical constituents of Semecarpus anacardium L. seed oil. Advances in Applied Science Research, 7 (3), 151-154. https://www.primescholars.com/articles/physicochemical-properties-and-phytochemical-constituents-ofsemecarpus-anacardium-l-seed-oil.pdf Suleiman, I. (2019). Development of a bird repelling system for farm use [Doctoral dissertation]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338124207_DEVELOPMENT_OF_A_BI RD_REPELLING_SYSTEM_FOR_FARM_USE Tamburino, R., Guida, V., Pacifico, S., Rocco, M., Zarreli, A., Parente, A., & Maro, A.D. (2012). Nutritional values and radical scavenging capacities of grass pea ( Lathyrus sativus L.) seeds in Valle Agricola district, Italy. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 6 (1).https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267711822_Nutritional_values_and_radic al_scavenging_capacities_of_grass_pea_Lathyrus_sativus_L_seeds_in_Valle_Agri cola_district_Italy Tavares, W.D.S., Akhta, Y., Goncalves, G.L.P., Zanuncio, J.C., & Isman, M.B. (2016). Turmeric powder and its derivatives from Curcuma longa rhizomes: Insecticidal efects on cabbage looper and the role of synergists. Scientific Reports, 6 , 34093. https://www.nature.com/articles/srep34093.pdf Telkar, S.G., Kant, K., & Solanki, S.P.S. (2017). Effect of mulching on soil moisture conservation. Biomolecule Reports , ISSN: 2456-8759. https://www.researchgate. net/ publication/320356486_Effect_of_Mulching_on_Soil_Moisture_Conservation Thakur, D., Chander, M. & Sinha, S.K. (2017). A scale to measure the attitude of farmers towards social media use in Agricultural Extension. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education, 17 (3), 10-15. https://api.seea.org.in/uploads/pdf/1323-2402-1-SM.pdf Tharakan, J. (2015). Indigenous Knowledge systems: A rich appropriate technology resource. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development , 7(1), 52-57. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20421338.2014.987987?src=recsys TMO, Udayapur, Nepal. (2018). Triyuga Municipality Profile (Triyuga nagarpalikako bastugat bibaran 2075 B.S . Triyuga Municipality Office, Udayapur, Nepal. Ucarli, C. (2020). Effect of salinity on seed germination and early seedling stage. IntechOpen . https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73200 UCLA, (2021). Probit regression: Stata annoted output . University of California, Los Angeles. https://stats.idre.ucla.edu/stata/output/probit-regression/ Uzunoz, M., & Akcay, Y. (2012). A case study of probit model analysis of factors affecting consumption of packed and unpacked milk in Turkey. Economics Research International , Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Article ID 732583. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2012/732583 Van, S.G., Gopalakrishan, G., & Masilamani, S. (2004). Neem for plant pathogenic fungal control: The outlook in the new millennium. In O. Koul & S. Wahab (Eds.), Neem: Today and in the New Millenium . Springer, Dordecht. https://ia601301.us.archive.org/35/items/springer_10.1007-1-4020-2596-3/10.1007-1-4020-2596-3.pdf Varshneya, M.C., Kale, N., Vaidya, V.B., Kane, P.V., & Pandey, V. (2009). Forecasting and validation of rainfall for Barshi in Maharashtra based on astro-meteorological principle of rainfall conception. Asian Agri-History, 13(3), 189-196. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294265404_Forecasting_and_validation_ of_rainfall_for_barshi_in_Maharashtra_based_on_astro- meteorological_principle_of_rainfall_conception Venkatesh, V., Thong, J.Y.L., & Xu, X. (2016). Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. A synthesis and the road ahead. Journal of the Association for Information Systems , 17(5), 328-376. https://aisel.aisnet.org/jais/vol17/iss5/1/ Wadge, A., & Hutton, M. (1987). The leachability and chemical speciation of selected trace elements in fly ash from coal combustion and refuse incineration. Environmental Pollution, 48 (2), 85-99. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0269749187900893 Waithaka, M. 2011. The role of Indigenous Knowledge in sustainable food production: a case of post-harvest practices in maize preservation in Mua hill location, East Kenya [Masters Dissertation, Van Hal Larenstein University of Applied Sciences]. https://edepot.wur.nl/192610 Watts, B. (2020). Notice a ring around the moon? Here's what it means [News article]. Whsv 3 . Harrisonburg, Virginia. https://www.whsv.com/content/news/Notice-a-ring-around-the-moon-Heres-what-it-means-568525161.html Xu, S., Zhou, Y., Xu, S., Gu, R., yue, S., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, X. (2019). Seed selection and storage with nano-silver and copper as potential antibacterial agents for the seagrass Zostera marina : Implications for habitat restoration. Scientific Reports. 9 , 20249.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6934746/pdf/41598_2019_Article_56376.pdf Yob, N.J., Jofrry, M., Affandi, M.M.R.M.M., The, L.K., Salleh, M.Z., & Zakaria, Z.A. (2011). Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith: A review of its ethnomedicinal, chemical and pharmacological uses. Hindawi Publishing Corporation . Evidence based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011 , Article ID 543216. https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2011/543216.pdf Zhang, S., Li, Y., & Pei, F. (2014). Carbon monoxide fumigation improved the quality, nutrients and antioxidant activities of postharvest peach. International Journal of Food Science , Article ID 834150. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26904651/ Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files AdditionalInformation.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6950701","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":482813915,"identity":"a8940584-1c10-4090-9adb-e9a74df15bab","order_by":0,"name":"Amit Chaudhary","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgYQkmNjZj74AMjl4SNCS2MDUIsxPztbsgFICxtR1gC1JM7s5zGTAHEJauGfdrj9wc8dhxk3HOYxq/yaYyfDxsD88NENPFokbic2NvaeOcxscJit7LbstmSgw9iMjXPwWQPU0szYdpjN4DDzttuS25iBWnjYpPFpkYdq4TE4zGBWLLmtnrAWA6gWCclmFjPGj9sOE9ZiCNQys7ct3YCfmS1ZmnHbcR42ZgJ+kbud/uDDzzbr+jb+wwc//txWbc/P3vzwMV7vQ0AzmGTmAZOElYNAHZhk/EGc6lEwCkbBKBhhAAB7nkp5tEZTdwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Agriculture and Forestry University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amit","middleName":"","lastName":"Chaudhary","suffix":""},{"id":482813916,"identity":"a49bdb9c-afb7-4648-ad18-368f6df7f6e4","order_by":1,"name":"Ram Hari Timilsina","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Agriculture and Forestry University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ram","middleName":"Hari","lastName":"Timilsina","suffix":""},{"id":482813917,"identity":"3256a0ad-efe4-42a8-8691-3f7d9d13ddfe","order_by":2,"name":"Udit Prakash Sigdel","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Agriculture and Forestry University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Udit","middleName":"Prakash","lastName":"Sigdel","suffix":""},{"id":482813918,"identity":"2a51befd-3f49-4941-b1eb-42c7c9bf38d8","order_by":3,"name":"Pankaj Raj Dhital","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Agriculture and Forestry University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pankaj","middleName":"Raj","lastName":"Dhital","suffix":""},{"id":482813919,"identity":"ee3cb814-1e26-491f-8618-be729262a236","order_by":4,"name":"Rickeshan Ghimire","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tribhuvan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rickeshan","middleName":"","lastName":"Ghimire","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-22 16:53:08","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6950701/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6950701/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":86444450,"identity":"cc727e72-4235-4dab-bbb1-3b2d6ed8242d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-10 17:28:49","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":54189,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConceptual Framework of the research\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6950701/v1/5e29d595a07a5f7a1e07c623.png"},{"id":86444451,"identity":"1dd299ec-739c-4071-89b5-9cb7c630a6d9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-10 17:28:49","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":161984,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap showing location of study area Source: GIS mapping Source:(MoLMCPA, 2023)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6950701/v1/fca166a46372ea1db1a72056.png"},{"id":86445052,"identity":"6008e24a-2cec-43ee-9369-0306aaa68cb9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-10 17:36:49","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":108857,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe sketch diagram of 'Moir'\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6950701/v1/ae27f657dff114e6e72f819b.png"},{"id":93200022,"identity":"7a267491-35ab-4e5f-aaf3-1d8eb1d04b58","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-10 06:46:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3062334,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6950701/v1/64bf573f-253d-4ab2-87e7-02287e286deb.pdf"},{"id":86445733,"identity":"50b3b7bb-9684-4ee4-a5f5-92fc0874800d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-10 17:44:50","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":15718428,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AdditionalInformation.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6950701/v1/6afcf8c509e3d7ac63e87c96.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eIndigenous Knowledge in Crop Production and Use of Locally Grown Crops by Tharu Farmersof Triyuga Municipality, Nepal\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIndigenous Knowledge (IK) refers to any information, practices, technologies that belong to any particular group, community or tribes which have been utilized by them and transferred from generation to generation and represents their original identity (Tharakan, 2015). Indigenous Knowledge can differ from culture to culture and place to place (Jaiswal \u0026amp; Williams, 2016). The term ‘Indigenous Knowledge’ and ‘Traditional Knowledge’ are commonly used either separately or interchangeably. However, traditional knowledge may not be Indigenous Knowledge but all Indigenous Knowledge are traditional knowledge. Indigenous Knowledge is closely related to the culture and belief system of indigenous people who have been living at a particular location from ancient periods of time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTharus are considered as the original and oldest indigenous community of Terai region in Nepal (Chaudhari, 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research aimed to know about important Indigenous Knowledge used in crop production cycle by Tharu farmers of Triyuga Municipality, Udayapur. Factors like socioeconomic, institutional, geographical and political factors related to local farmers of study area affecting use of Indigenous Knowledge in crop production have been well understood. This research aims to help other researchers to conduct similar kinds of research with new dimensions. Likewise, the government can be suggested with adequate policies related to agricultural Indigenous Knowledge beneficial to Indigenous farmers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, this research couldn't cover the other parts of agriculture and non- agriculture sectors besides the crop production including post-harvest activities and got limited to the Tharu community.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Theoretical base for research","content":"\u003cp\u003eSystem theory explains system as an integrated form of different elements interacting with each other within a system or outside the system based on some particular logics of the system. System have capacity to reproduce or regenerate its elements, contains dynamic processes, boundary and also have relationship with other system or environment. Society as a system includes different subsystems like political system, Research and Development system, Science and Technology system, Economic system and Education or knowledge system (Campbell, 2001; Lundvall, 1992; Ashby, 1965; as cited in Carayannis et al., 2016). System when linked to knowledge then it is called \u0026lsquo;knowledge system\u0026rsquo;. Knowledge system is itself a multilevel system including innovation, Science and technology, Research and Development associated more or less with research and/or education sector depending on the existing scenario of the society (Bomberg and Stubb, 2003; Hooghe and Marks, 2001; as cited in Carayannis et al., 2016).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use Technology (UTAUT) consists of four constructs, Performance expectancy, Effort expectancy, Social influence and Facilitating condition. It also contains moderating factors like age, gender, experience and voluntariness. Thong and Xu in 2012 also have proposed UTAUT-2 that consists of new constructs hedonic, motivation, price value and habit (Thong and Xu, 2012; as cited in Liu et al., 2019; Venkatesh et al., 2016). This theory is related to this research in the sense that local farmers those who have been using indigenous knowledge in agriculture and producing local crops from very long time will only accept any modern technology after they get convinced of getting above mentioned four benefits better than existing indigenous technologies. Indigenous knowledge used by farmers are easy and very useful to run their daily life which they have good experience of using it received from previous generation. Intervention of any modern technology may or may not be more useful and/or easier to use as compared to existing technologies. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) model proposed by Fred Davis in 1989 (Charness and Boot, 2016) describes perceived usefulness and ease of use of any technology. The theory of reasoned action given by (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980; as cited in Mimiaga, et al., 2009) suggests that anyone\u0026rsquo;s behavior is determined by his own intention as well attitude to practice. Therefore, utilization of indigenous or modern or integrated form of agricultural technology depends upon the intention and attitude of local farmer that determines their habit of using indigenous technology or local crop (Mimiaga, et al., 2009). Theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985, 1987, 1991; as cited in Mimiaga, et al., 2009) is derived from \u0026lsquo;theory of reasoned action\u0026rsquo; suggests that anyone\u0026rsquo;s intention, decision making process, action or behavior is determined by his perception, beliefs or principles. So, doing awareness campaigns, promotions, advertisements etc. could bring some change in use of any kind of traditional or modern technology (Mimiaga et al., 2009).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch questions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;What are the Indigenous Knowledge used in crop production cycle existing and practiced by Tharu Community of Triyuga Municipality, Udayapur?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;How local crop are utilized by local Tharu farmers of Triyuga Municipality, Udayapur?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Which and why mentioned factors significantly affect the use of Indigenous Knowledge used in crop production cycle in study area?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;How is the relationship existing between use of IK used in crop production cycle and Utility of local crop?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;How is the condition of local crop contribution in food sufficiency of Triyuga municipality Tharu farmers?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH0: Socioeconomic factors show no significant effect on use of IK used in crop production cycle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH1: Socioeconomic factors show significant effect on use of IK used in crop production cycle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH0: Institutional factors show no significant effect on use of IK used in crop production cycle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH1: Institutional factors show significant effect on use of IK used in crop production cycle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH0: Geographical factors show no significant effect on use of IK used in crop production cycle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH1: Geographical factors show significant effect on use of IK used in crop production cycle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH0: Political factors show no significant effect on use of IK used in crop production cycle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH1: Political factors show significant effect on use of IK used in crop production cycle\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was carried to study about Indigenous Knowledge practiced during Crop Production cycle utilized by Tharu farmers of Triyuga municipality of Udayapur district (Figure 2). Altogether 14 wards except ward no. 15 and 16 were purposely selected because highest population of 13,712 Tharu people including 2632 households live in Triyuga municipality and are indigenous community tribes with long history and rich in indigenous knowledge and technologies. Tharu people have been living in the vicinity of Triyuga River at lower altitude of Udayapur district cultivating their field crops along the riverside from ancient period of time. Moreover, Triyuga is also very rich in biodiversity, climate, language, ethnic distribution etc. (TMO, Udayapur, Nepal, 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy area was selected by purposive sampling method in such a way that all the people of Tharu ethnic group of all 14 wards get properly included in research population size. After that total households belonging to selected wards considered as total population size for sampling. The detail of required household data of each wards was obtained from Triyuga Municipality office. Proportionate allocation method was used to get sample size using Cochron\u0026apos;s formula (Cochron, 1977; Cited in Sarmah et al., 2013; Sarmah \u0026amp; Hazarika, 2012) of Tharu population. Respondents were choosen by using simple random sampling (lottery) method. Since, cost per unit of population were not taken in consideration because overall cost for all unit of population will be used more or less same. Population variance was also unknown without doing pilot survey, so considering the limited time, labour and money, for the convenience, proportionate allocation method (Bowley, 1926; Cited in Sarmah et al., 2013) was used to estimate actual sample size of each wards of Tiyuga municipality. . For estimation of accurate sample size for this study, 95% of level of confidence, 5% level of precision (significance), and maximum population variability 0.5 was considered.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondary data were collected from local level government offices, provincial level offices, Non-governmental organizations, International non-governmental organizations, published periodical reports, reviewing published research articles and other national or international reports. Demographical information, socio-economic status, geographical, climatological, agricultural, administrative situation etc. were also accessed from relevant resources. Particularly, ward level Geographic Information (GIS) data was brought from Department of Hydrology and Meterology, Kathmandu, Nepal. To access the information about factors (personal, socio-economic, geographic and administrative factors) effecting use of Indigenous Knowledge and local crops, respondents were personally interviewed by using structured questionnaire. Likewise, for accessing all the information about existing situation, problems, opportunities, challenges, possible mitigation strategies about use of Indigenous Knowledge and local crops, qualitative methods were used. For efficient use of limited financial source, time and ensure validity of information, Rapid Rural Appraisal technique (RRA) was preferred along with Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques like Transect walk, Resource mapping, seasonal calendar, pair wise ranking, Key Informant Interview (KII), Focused Group Discussion (FGD) with semi-structured questionnaire having open ended questions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCollected data were classified and tabulated according to the variables and its categories. Before the analysis of data, normality and variance test were done. After that, Information that were analyzed by descriptive method have been presented in tabular or graphical form. MS-Excel software has been preferred for descriptive analysis. Data about factors responsible to influence use of Indigenous Knowledge use were input and analyzed by using STATA/SE 12.1 and SPSS 16.0 software. To know the relation between dependent and independent factors, probit regression model analysis method has been used. The main advantage of using Probit regression model over Linear Probability Model (LPM) is that all the vectors of unknown variables or regression coefficient is expressed in probability term which limits the probability value of dependent variables to range between 0 to 1. Whereas in LPM model though dependent variable are dummy (binary type), the regression coefficient are expressed in unit term but not in probability term. It leads to bring change in probability value of dependent variables less than 0 or more than 1 which is meaningless making no sense because range of probability is between 0 to 1. Moreover, probit model represents more accurate error term of unexplained independent variables and probability of change in dependent variable caused by change in each independent variables. Probit regression model is mainly preferable for normally distributed data following cumulative normal probability distribution (Nagler, 1994; as cited in Sebopetji, \u0026amp; Belete, 2009). Likewise, target farmer\u0026rsquo;s perception about identifying challenges, opportunities, problem and solutions, likert scale analysis method has been be used. Likert scale method being farmer friendly (Thakur et al. 2017), 5 points of decision between agreement and disagreement including Strongly Disagree (1), Disagree (2), Undecided (3), Agree (4) and Strongly Agree (5). It is believed that quality of data and results will be better if we can increase the points to 7 point scale or more even points scale but for the convenience of analysis 5 point scale is widely used by several researchers of social science. Likert scale simply helps to convert the intensity of sense of attitude about any statements or constructs into ordinal or interval data that is calculated statistically (McLeod, 2019).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":" Results and Observation","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Frequency distribution of respondent farmers using indigenous knowledge in crop production cycle of Triyuga Municipality in 2020\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.N.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIK use\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N=170)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndigenous seed priming and germination test technique\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater priming of seeds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116 (68.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeed germination test done in utensils\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84 (49.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWheat seed germination test done in banana stem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84 (49.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndigenous seed treatment technique\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewood ash seed treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (26.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaltwater seed treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (34.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeguminous seed dried in sunlight for one day before sowing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110 (64.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndigenous irrigation technique\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlooding method using traditional channel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeriodic irrigation in special time of crop\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndigenous land preparation and soil management technique\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse local plough and handmade tools\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169 (99.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevelling of land\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167 (98.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse FYM and manure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169 (99.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlley cropping with fodder tree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131 (77.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecrop-rotation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165 (97.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse burnt material\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155 (91.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManage bund\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7.1. Make bund and terraces manually\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7.2. Plant grass \u0026amp;/or shrubs on bund or terraces\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7.3 Put stone or plant debris as barrier of bund or terraces\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse green manure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69 (40.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlough and incorporate previous crop remaining\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse mixed or multiple cropping system\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndigenous fallow and barren marginal land management technique\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShift cultivation (\u003cem\u003eKhoriya\u003c/em\u003e system)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFallow till next season\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant trees, shrubs in marginal land, bunds, field periphery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndigenous weeding technique\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHand weeding\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIrrigate scheduling to control weeds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse manual harrow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse natural mulch\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168 (98.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndigenous weather prediction techniques\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObserve moon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136 (80.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObserve cloud fragments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113 (66.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eListen frog sound\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121 (71.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObserve cloud above mountain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127 (74.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeel too hot day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122 (71.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndigenous crop disease management practices\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse disease resistant tolerant local cultivar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForecast disease by weather prediction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137 (80.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse cattle urine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (21.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApply ash\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148 (87.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse neem solution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (12.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndigenous crop insect-pest management technique\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBeat utensil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (36.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse local made gun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (9.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse homemade trap\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (34.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse dummy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158 (92.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse fire\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 (35.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse maize, banana, java plum stem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146 (85.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndigenous field crop harvesting technique\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse sickle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndigenous crop seed and grain drying technique\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSun drying\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoke drying\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78 (45.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndigenous crop grain and/or seed threshing technique\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHand threshing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154 (90.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThresh with stick\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157 (92.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnimal trampling method\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;108 (63.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndigenous crop grain or seed winnowing technique\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWinnow using bamboo tray\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWinnow using natural wind blow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (100.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndigenous grain and/or seed storage technique\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse ash\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114 (67.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse mud bins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (36.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse bamboo bins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151 (88.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix salt with seed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse turmeric and garlic\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse neem powder or leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (21.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse homemade jute or hand weaven cloth bags, fiber pots (\u003cem\u003eDhamni\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (28.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse basil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse mustard oil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse wooden box\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (10.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse earthern pots\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (15.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndigenous crop grain milling techniques\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMilling by \u003cem\u003eJaato\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113 (66.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMilling by wood okhal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (28.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMilling by dheku\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndigenous crop transportation and distribution technique\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse bullock cart\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (20.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarry own self on head using \u003cem\u003eBira\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162 (95.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: Figures in percentage are present in the parenthesis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Indigenous seed treatment technique includes wood ash seed treatment (Anyan, 2017), salt water treatment (Mathad et al., 2013) and leguminous seed dried in sunlight for one day before sowing (Table 1). Previous research has concluded that wood ash treatment is beneficial for plant because it is the rich source of several plant nutrient elements like potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and micronutrient as well (Nabeela et al., 2015). Salt treatment helps farmers to separate unhealthy seeds by floating them on the water surface due to lesser density (Xu et al., 2019). It also helps to increase the pace of physiological process that improves the germination rate of crop seeds if stored in a warm pit covered by wood dust and sheep manure overnight and dried before sowing (Mathad et al., 2013; Gashaw \u0026amp; Michelsen, 2002). However, previous studies conclude salt stress dicreases the germination percentage of seeds (Kaymakanova, 2009) by reducing the amount of Absissic Acid (ABA), Gibberrelic acid (GA), damaging seed membrane and normal water flow mechanism of seeds (Ucarli, 2020). Whereas, Respondent farmers of studied area only uses this technique to separate the healthy seeds and ensure higer germination percentage. Likewise, legume seeds found to be sun dried for one to two days before placing in crop field by respondent farmers of Triyuga municipality. They believe that doing so will accelerate the germination rate and percentage. It could be because many cereal and legumes crops are orthodox seeds produces Late Embryogenic Abundant (LEA) heat resistant protein (Galau et al., 1986; as cited in Banful et al., 2011) resulting increase in level of Abscisic acid (ABA) production improving germination of seeds (Kermonde, 1990; as cited in Banful et al., 2011) by sun drying of seeds up to 3 days prior to sowing (Banful et al., 2011).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRespondent farmers found to be using both earthen type of water canals and concrete made canals provided by governmental irrigation projects along the Triyuga River. Earthern canals were constructed by preceeders many decades ago using naturally available resources which is still in good condition to use. However, its proper management, upgrading, reconstruction or replacement by modern canals are necessary to make irrigation and drainage system sustainable in study area (Ashour et al., 2024; Mehari et al., 2005). Moreover, respondent farmers try to apply irrigation compulsorily for younger seedlings after sowing, during critical stages including flowering, fruiting and other stages of crops to ensure better plant growth and final yield leaving other days with no irrigation in case of scarcity of water. Particularly they anyhow ensure their rice field to be sub-merged with plenty of water level during early stage of growing seedlings after transplantation and avoid irrigation during harvesting stage of any crop. Previous studies shows proper timing of irrigation effectively control weed population and crop insect-pest (Irangani and Shiratake, 2013). Furthermore, drought stress, especially during critical stage of plant development increases production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) damaging protein structure, lipid structure of cell membrane, nucleic acid structure resulting overall cellular damage inhibiting proper plat growth (Mittler, 2002). So, indigenous knowledge of respondent farmers to identify critical stages and irrigate them timely have been sustaining the existing crop production system.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to respondent farmers, in past years they used to irrigate their crop field extracting underground water from wood made well (\u003cem\u003eDong Kupaa\u003c/em\u003e). Local farmers used to bring a large cylindrical shaped trunk of \u003cem\u003eShorea robusta,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003emake cylindrical hole using iron tool. They used to place those wooden cylindrical structure piling one above another upto end-depth of well to store clean underground water. This practice has already been extinct these days because of use of modern water pumps and changing life style.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndigenous land preparation and soil management practices are targeted to improve fertility and productivity of soil by local farmers (Mishra \u0026amp; Rai, 2013). Local \u003cem\u003e\u0026apos;Halo or har\u0026apos;\u003c/em\u003e, \u0026quot;\u003cem\u003eJuwa\u003c/em\u003e\u0026apos; and \u0026apos;\u003cem\u003eChauki\u003c/em\u003e\u0026apos; (wooden leveler) are used for tillage operations. Hand tools like Serrated curved kife (\u003cem\u003eHaansu\u003c/em\u003e), Curved iron knife (\u003cem\u003eKhukuri\u003c/em\u003e) are manually made by ironsmith and used by respondent farmers especially for crop harvesting and during field operations. These are common indigenous tools made and used by local farmers (Kumar and Chander, 2017). At present, they are gradually replaced by heavy tractors and mould board plough.Teak tree (\u003cem\u003eTectona grandis\u003c/em\u003e L.f.), sisoo trees (\u003cem\u003eDalbergia sissoo\u003c/em\u003e Roxb.), Bakaino trees (\u003cem\u003eMelia azedarach\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.), Mango (\u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e L.), West Indian Pea or \u003cem\u003eAgasthi\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eSesbania grandiflora\u003c/em\u003e L. Poiret) and other fodder trees are done alley cropping with field crops. Generally, Large Litchi (\u003cem\u003eLitchi chinensis\u003c/em\u003e Sonn.) and Mango orchards covered by Ginger (\u003cem\u003eZingiber officinale\u003c/em\u003e Roscoe.) and/or Turmeric (\u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e L.) are owned by some of the respondent farmers which consist of both new and old trees. While Bamboo trees (\u003cem\u003eBambusa vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e Schrad. ex J.C.Wendl.) are grown in clusters at the side of crop fields. Respondent farmers found to be using Rice \u0026ndash; Wheat or Linseed + Grass pea or Rapeseed \u0026ndash; Maize or Fallow as crop rotation in lowland. Other cereal, vegetables, legume, oilseed crops etc are also cultivated rotating crops. Besides commercial vegetable farmers, others found to grow vegetabe and horticultural crops in home and kitchen gardens. Green gram and Black gram are grown on the bunds of rice field. Likewise, legumes mixing with maize are also practiced by respondent farmers. Some farmers substitute Grass pea by Lentil and Linseed during winter season. Crop field bund are raised to separate the land area and they are made or repaired using soil, stone and pebbles. Bunds along the irrigation canals are made stronger using bamboo barrier which prevens the damage during heavy rainfall days. Perrenial shrubs or trees are also grown along the bunds to get additional benefits. Few respondents having upland areas have made small terraces for farming which help to resore plant nutrient, prevent soil erosion and landslides (Mishra \u0026amp; Rai, 2013). Some respondent farmes found to be growing and using Dhaincha (\u003cem\u003eSesbania bispinosa\u003c/em\u003e (Jacq.) W.Wight) as green maure for field fertilization. Use of legumes as manure or multicropping system help to create symbiotic relationship with crop and stores more nitrogen by nitrogen fixation process (Mus et al., 2016; Dent \u0026amp; Cocking, 2017; Mishra \u0026amp; Rai, 2013). Besides that farm yard manure including cattle dung, goat dung, poultry manure, plant debris etc. are used for managing the soil fertility. These manures improves the moisture content, temperature and nutrient status of soil (Rankoana, 2016). Gradually all these indigenous practices are substituted by easily available inorganic fertilizers.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome of the respondent farmers lives at the vicinity of jungle area. They had practiced shifting cultivation in past years. Terminating the \u003cem\u003eKipat\u003c/em\u003e system or communal land system in 1964 A.D. (Dhakal, 2000) and introducing community forest system through National forest plan1 1976 under Conventional forest act 1977 ammendment and forest act 1993 limited the ownership of land area by each individual (Bhattarai, 2016). Marginal and barren lands found to be covered by fodder trees, trees for timber like Sisoo, Teak tree, Eucalyptus tree (\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus oblique\u003c/em\u003e L.), bamboo, mango, litchi, jackfruit, shrubs like \u003cem\u003eSajiwan\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eJatropha curcas\u003c/em\u003e L.), Pigeon pea (\u003cem\u003eCajanus cajan\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Millsp.) etc. in Triyuga municipality.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUse of straw or fodder debris as natural mulch to cover Potato and vegetable nursery beds found to be practiced by respondent farmers. It helps to conserve improve plant growth, gas flow in leaf, amount of chlorophyll in leaves (Fini \u0026amp; Ferrini, 2011) soil moisture, provide additional nutrient and prevents soil erosion (Telkar et al., 2017). Respondent farmers do hand weeding in crop fields without using any weedicide till present. Proper scheduling of irrigation helps to control weeds in field crops (Irangani and Shiratake, 2013). Flooding irrigation during young seedling stage in lowland rice field helps to effectively control weeds by reducing the dissolved oxygen suffocating weed to die inside the water depth without effecting rice because it develops arenchymatous tissue (Joshi and Kumar, 2012). Whereas, it may not control aquatic weeds but in lowland condition this cultural method is effective one (Monaco et al., 1983).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRespondent farmers found to be predicting rainfall pattern observing halo around moon (\u003cem\u003eMari\u003c/em\u003e) as an indigenous method. They have popular saying\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;\u003cem\u003eLag mari door paain, Door mari lag paain\u003c/em\u003e\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRespondent farmers believed that if there appears round halo (\u003cem\u003eMari\u003c/em\u003e) surrounding the moon at farther distance then it will rain heavily soon. If the hallow appears at near distance around the moon then it will rain less and late. Previous study done in Tanzania also found that local farmers have been rainfall by observing the appearance of halow around the moon made up of moonlight or clouds in night time (Elia et al., 2014). Those Tanzanian believed that such halo is full of rainfall water which should fall down to earth soon. Similarly, Tharu farmers of Triyuga Municipality, Udayapur, Nepal also believes that it is the divinal sign of occurring late or early rainfall depending on halo present at near or far distance from moon surrounding by halo itself. Initially, there exist thin layer of cirrus clouds made up of ice crystal around the moon. As it goes closer to moon it become thicker, heavier and get lower in the sky. As the light from sun is reflected then halo appears. Rainbow colour may appears if refraction occurs. Later on those crystals falls on erath surface in form of rainfall (Galindo, 2020; Watts, 2020; Anju \u0026amp; Bonny, 2019; Ahrens, 2011; Varshneya et al., 2009). So halo around the moon could be a good indigenous predictor of rainfall occurrence. Still the relation between halo formation phenomenon and rainfall occurence should be studied in detail to confirm the reliability and consistency of this indigenous weather prediction technique. Respondent farmers also believe that if there are fragmented clouds in the sky, listen frog sound, and observe dark cloud above mountain and hot day then rainfall will occur soon. dark cloud above mountains forms after the the ice crystals and water droplets in cloud gather together and become more heavier and denser clouds that causes rainfall (Ahrens, 2011; Sivanarayana, 1993). Fragment clouds are Altocumulus clouds which are formed at height of 6500-2000 feet as mid-level of clouds which can produce very little rainfall or mostly don\u0026rsquo;t occur (Bureau of Meteorology, Australian Government [BoM, AG], 2021; Met Office, UK Government [MO, UKG], 2021). Previous study shows that mid-level clouds (Altocumulus and other types) and high level clouds don\u0026rsquo;t have clear and regular type of correlation with precipitation occurrence (Changnon \u0026amp; Huff, 1957). Regarding the croaking of frogs, Einem and Ober (1956) mentioned that frog produces during their breeding season as breeding call done by male frogs which also indicates the chances of heavy rainfall. Still, its scientific explanation seems unclear. Hence, the scientific explanation of these phenomenon and relation with rainfall should be critically studied.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRespondent farmers believe that local crop cultivars have better tolerance capacity to crop disease and insect infestation than hybrid varieties. All the new crop diseases and insect infestation have been occurred more after the replacement of indigenous crop cultivar by modern hybrid varieties of crop seeds. Respondent farmers believe that local maize can give satisfactory yield if grown by conventional method and also can be stored safely for longer period of time. However, disease and insect pests present in hybrid crop field attack local crop field occurring huge loss that has already caused extinction of many potential crop cultivars in past few years.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevious study showed that Ethiopian farmers have been strongly believing in their own local cultivars and using them which are more tolerant to rusts and powdery mildew diseases (Kiros-Meles \u0026amp; Abang, 2008). Similary, respondent farmers of Triyuga municipality also believe in their own local cultivars about disease tolerancy. However, all the local cultivars may not have such potential and related studies haven\u0026rsquo;t been done yet. So disease resistency and tolerancy of all the remaining cultivars in community should be studied in detail before its genetic purity get polluted by hybridization, mixing with foreign seeds or get extinct by ignorance of farmers in upcoming future.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRespondent farmers found to be using cattle urine to control whitening of rice leaves problem. Likewise, they also apply ash, neem solution mainly on onion, garlic and other vegetables to control both disease and insect-pests. They also forecast disease incidence by weather prediction. Farmers believe that dense frost during winter season seriously damages the potato. They belive that excessive humidity, rain or drought make plant prone to diseases.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevious study shows cow urine can effectively suppress the growth of \u003cem\u003eFusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae\u003c/em\u003e (Basak et al., 2002). It has also been proved that cow urine has well anti-fungal and antimicrobial properties beneficial to manage crop diseases (Randhawa \u0026amp; Sharma. 2015). Moreover, Hoh and Dhanashree (2017) found that cow\u0026apos;s urine can effectively control \u003cem\u003eCandida\u003c/em\u003e species growth. However, actual mechanism about how cow\u0026apos;s urine control fungal growth need to be studied in detail. Then only we can scientifically justify the indigenous knowledge of using cow dung for crop insect control practiced by respondent farmers of Triuga Municipality and others too.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLikewise, practice of application of ash in crop field also seems to be an effective indigenous technology. Khan and Singh (2001) have concluded that application of ash in soil of crop field have effectively controlled fusarium wilt disease of Tomato. Evidiences shows that ash is enriched with chloride, carbonates etc. (Khan \u0026amp; Khan, 1996). Macronutrients like Potassium, phosphorus are also present in Ash (Elseewi et al., 1981). Ash is enriched of micronutrients like Mn, Ni etc. (Wadge \u0026amp; Hutton, 1987). It also contains dibenzofuran, dibenzo-p-dioxine (Helder et al., 1982; Sawyer et al., 1983) that suppress fungal growth.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRespondent farmers found to be using neem solution to control both crop diseases and insect pest in wholesome. According to the previous literature, Neem (\u003cem\u003eAzadirachta indica\u003c/em\u003e A. Juss.) extract which mainly contains Azadirachtin poses antifungal properties and have shown effective control over fungal pathogen living inside the soil near root surface and outside the soil surface of crop plant (Nasem \u0026amp; Lanjewar, 1990; Ghewande, 1989; Muthusamy et al., 1988; Sinha and Saxena, 1987; Krisha et al., 1986; Prakash et al., 1985; Singh et al., 1984; Singh \u0026amp; Vyas, 1984; Dath, 1982; Jain \u0026amp; Agrawal, 1978; Singh, 1968; Singh \u0026amp; Pandey, 1966; Cited in Van et al., 2004). Furthermore, Neem can be used as biopesticide substituting the chemical pesticide as effective measure of insect control. Its additional properties are antifeeding, insect repellent properties and also can cause infertility in insects. As insects are good vector of crop pathogens if controlled early, we can prevent the possible enormous loss caused by disease infection in future. Neem has been a better alternative for this purpose (Chaudhary et al., 2017). It clarifies that indigenous technique of applying neem solution used by Tharu farmers can control crop diseases both directly or indirectly by controlling crop insect pests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring survey, an old farmer mentioned that he has been practicing a unique technique to control diseases of vine type of vegetables like Cucurbits. He has been using \u003cem\u003eBhalaayo\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eBhela\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSemecarpus anacardium\u003c/em\u003e) seed latex in the root region of vegetable vines which he believes that it control common diseases of vegetables. Previous research concluded that oil extracted from \u003cem\u003eSemecarpus anacardium\u003c/em\u003e L. seed using organic solvent like n-hexane, petroleum etc. contains good amount of flavonoids, saponoids, tannins etc. that can control both crop insect-pest and diseases (Srinivasan et al., 2016). \u0026nbsp; Common plant disease causing fungi like \u003cem\u003eFusarium oxysporium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia solanii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAlternaria spp\u003c/em\u003e. and \u003cem\u003eSclerotium rolfsii\u003c/em\u003e are effectively controlled by seed oil of \u003cem\u003eSemecarpus anacardium\u003c/em\u003e L. (Jain et al., 2014). However, truth about mechanism and effectiveness of applying seed oil inside the root cut of vegetable vines is still need to be find out. Then only we can verify the existing indigenous knowledge of respondent farmer to be viable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRespondent farmers of triyuga municipality found to be using an indigenous practice (\u003cem\u003eTona Taapar\u003c/em\u003e) for naturally controlling the crop insect-pest and disease incidence. For this they placepsuedostem of Banana, Maize stalk, Chinese chaste tree or \u003cem\u003eSimali\u003c/em\u003e branches (\u003cem\u003eVitex negudo\u003c/em\u003e L.) and place them at side of bund, on bund or on the different part of crop field. They also swipe the \u003cem\u003eSimali\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003estem part over rice field believing that it can reduce both insect and disease occurence. Specifically, respondent farmers do this practices on particular days like Saturday, Sunday, and Monday that differs according to the locality belief. This steps have been practiced as indigenous method by local farmers from ancient period of time. Researches related to \u003cem\u003eTona taapar\u003c/em\u003e practices haven\u0026rsquo;t been found till present. Likewise, evidences of crop disease controlled by just placing banan pseudostem, Chinese chastetree and maize stalk in the field are not found yet. However during transect walk and crop field visit, it was observed that those plant stem parts were utilized by birds to rest and hunt the insect present inside crop field. Resting stem or branches becomes an attractive place to stand and watch insect at close distance. Attracting the birds to eat puffed rice thrown in crop field where they also find large number of insects to eat have been effectively practiced by farmers of Karnataka, India (Shambulingappa and and Mansur, 2018). Likewise, all those plant parts acted as insect trap crop which were also eaten by birds sitting on branches. All those pathogen transmitting vector insects like Aphids, flies, and other insects became easier to manage using birds and trap crops. Likewise, birds after getting chance to eat plenty of insect in crop field tends to eats less crop grains simultaneously. Indigenous concept of \u003cem\u003eTonaa Taapar\u003c/em\u003e controlling crop insect-pest and disease directly and/or indirectly may be a false belief. Still the scientific reliability and mechanism of this technique need to be verified through detailed researches.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRespondent farmers of villages which are located at the vicinity of Churiya forest area in Triyuga municipality have been facing crop damage done by wild animals and birds. They mainly face problem of Monkey, Elephant, Wild boar etc. eating their crop. Respondent farmers have seen tigers also in past years but they are not seen at present. They also stay overnight during peak period of crop cycle so that they can monitor movement of animals, birds or any other pests and use suitable methods in emergency. They have been using indigenous technique like firing local made gun, chasing them showing burning fire, marking large sound by beating metallic utensils. Local farmers of Surkhet district, Nepal used indigenous technique of beating utensils to chase locust swarm during but it was hard to control only using this technique (Sah et al., 2020). However, modern form of sound emitting devices are used to chase crop eating birds like gas cannons, whistlers, gun fires, distress calls, ultrasonic sounds etc. (Suleiman, 2019; Rivadeneira et al., 2018). Whereas the problem occurs if birds get familiar with sound and don\u0026rsquo;t stop damaging the crops becoming fearless (Bishop et al., 2003; Cited in Suleiman, 2019). Local farmers of Ghana have also been using similar kind of techniques like making loud noise by theself, local made pipe bombs operated by gunpowder, showing fire or simply guarding staying under shade hut (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO/UN], 2008).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLikewise, locally made iron trap, wooden trap, hole traps or gummy sticks madeup of Jackfruit (\u003cem\u003eArtocarpus heterophyllus\u003c/em\u003e Lam.) latex are used to catch the wild animals or birds to manage the crop pests by respondent farmers. Previous study also shows that local farmers of Himachal Pradesh, India uses similar kind of iron trap to control crop pests (\u003cem\u003eKaddaki\u003c/em\u003e). Similarly, dummy or scarecrow (\u003cem\u003ePutla\u003c/em\u003e) are also made up of local materials and placed at the bunds of crop field by which birds and animals get scared and stay far from crop field. Similar indigenous practices have been observed to be used by indigenous farmers in previous study done in India (Rautaray, 2002).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRespondent farmers found to be using indigenous iron made serrated knife or sickle (\u003cem\u003eHaansoo/Hasiya\u003c/em\u003e) to manually harvest the field crops. Similarly, they use Curved iron knife (\u003cem\u003eKhukuri\u003c/em\u003e), Axe (\u003cem\u003eKurhaair\u003c/em\u003e) to harvest shrubs yield and do agricultural activities. All these tools are mainly locally made by blacksmith of nearby villages rather than buying readymade tools from market area. Pasa (2017a) and (Kumar \u0026amp; Chander, 2017) have also mentioned similar tools used for harvest by indigenous farmers in their research. A research done in Madhya Pradesh, India concluded that improved type of sickle performed significantly higher than local sickle improving harvest efficiency, more easiness felt by farmers and also reduced time and cost (Khadatkar et al., 2018). It indicates that we can benefit the farmers by improving the local technology. However we are still unable to do such kind of researches yet. Modern harvesters also haven\u0026rsquo;t been brought in practice till date by Tharu farmers of Triyuga municipality.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevious studies also show that local farmers use sun drying (Abass et al., 2014; Kiruba et al., 2008; Chua \u0026amp; Chou, 2003) and smoke drying (Zhang et al., 2014; Sarangi et al., 2009; Kaliyan et al., 2007; Jakobsen and Bertelsen, 2002; Kandel \u0026amp; Wagley; 1999) techniques for storage purpose. Sunlight can exposure can kill different type of bacterias (Rogers, 1920; Garrod, 1944). Ultraviolet rays coming from sun damages the original structure of nucleic acid present in viruses that leads to reduction in its infection (Rauth, 1965; Setlow, 1960). Drying of crop grains either by open sun drying method or using solar cabinet dryers or solar bubble dryer significantly reduces the number of insect infestation and increase storage time interval (Asemu et al., 2020). Sun drying helps to reduce grain moisture lesser than 12% that avoids the problem of fungal growth responsible to produce mycotoxin lethal to consumers and we can safely store grains for long time either in modern bags and/or indigenous storage chambers (Likhayo et al., 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, indigenous practice of drying Areca nut fruit (\u003cem\u003eAreca catechu\u003c/em\u003e L.) found to be commonly practiced by respondent farmers. Smoke drying can be used as effective method of post-harvest technology. It is so because carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) gas coming out of smoke enters into food products and reduce the microbial damage in meat as mentioned by (Jakobsen \u0026amp; Bertelsen, 2002), meat and other food products (Kaliyan et al., 2007), CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and carbon monoxide (CO) reduce insect-pest attack in seeds (Gyawali, 1993; as cited in Kandel \u0026amp; Wagley, 1999) still the use of CO for drying and storage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevious studies show that local farmers of different part of world have been using hand threshing (Ramos et al., 2015), animal trampling using oxen or male buffaloes (Hobbs et al., 1996). Respondent farmers found to be using stick threshing mainly for detaching pods or seeds from legume stem. Likewise, cereal crop grains are still threshed using oxs or male buffaloes tied in a common rope and walked around a bamboo made axis so that their foot step pressure detaches the grain from panicle. Likewise, especially rice grains are threshed using own hand striking bundles of harvested rice plant to detach grains on the cleaned floor. However, with changing time, farmers expect to get some mechanized technology to ease their threshing work which should be both effective, efficient, affordable and socially acceptable also (Devkota et al., 2020). Field study of Triyuga municipality commonly used mechanical thresher are gradually substituting the indigenous technique of threshing but farmers feel expensive to afford. So, technology should be improved to make it easily affordable even by marginal farmers.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRespondent farmers found to be using bamboo made winnower (\u003cem\u003eSuppa or nanglo\u003c/em\u003e) to sort out good type of grains and remove unwanted ones. Similar kind of winnowing tools used by local farmers have been recorded in previous studies (Palikhey et al., 2016; Schmidt, 2007). Farmers using the grain or seed winnowing tray from ancient period of time that can help farmers to separate the grains having different size and density. Separation occurs due to the angular velocity gain by grains due to circular motion created in tray by hands. Grains cover different distances according to its size and density which let the separation occurs (Munir et al., 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLikewise, local farmers of Pategi, Kwara state, Nigeria recorded to be using natural wind method for winnowing the grains. Still the limitations they have been experience of skin itch, rashes and heavy particles are hardly separated by natural wind blow (John, 2012). Force generated by blowing wind, after it get strong enough to lift up the light weight dust or chaffed particles, it will move those particles to a certain distance flowing with the air, also called as \u0026apos;Saltation\u0026apos; process (Kok et al., 2012).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndigenous grain and/or seed storage technique included use of ash, use of mud bins, use of bamboo bins, mix seed with salt, use turmeric and garlic, use homemade jute or cloth bags, pots (\u003cem\u003eDhamni\u003c/em\u003e), use of basil, seed mixed with mustard oil, use wooden box (\u003cem\u003eSanduk\u003c/em\u003e) and use of earthern pots (\u003cem\u003eGhailaa\u003c/em\u003e) practiced by respondent Tharu farmers of triyuga municipality. Previous studies shows local farmers of Nigeria and India have been using different indigenous techniques to store seed or grains using earthen pot (Fuseini, 2003; Ofor, 2011; as cited in Mobolade et al., 2019), common salt (Jeeva et al., 2006), wooden frame (FAO, 1998; David, 1998; Ofor, 2011; as cited in Mobolade et al., 2019), mud container (Adejumo, 2013), mud rhombus or dome shaped container (Mahai et al., 2015), obeh or bamboo woven container (Rajashekar et al., 2012) similar with practice of Tharu respondent farmers of Triyuga Municipality.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAsh contains dibenzofuran, dibenzo-p-dioxine (Helder et al., 1982; Sawyer et al., 1983) helps to reduce growth of fungus that damages the stored seed or grains (Oguntade \u0026amp; Adekunle, 2010). Ash treatment also help to reduce storage insect-pest infestation in seed or grains (Hakbijl, 2002). Ash works as insect repellent (Jaganathan et al., 2018), clogs the tiny pores of seed and prevent insect entering inside the seeds (Golob, 1997). It also helps to reduce egg layering activity done by insect after it covers the pores (Apuuli \u0026amp; Villet, 1996). Likewise, ash dehydrate the insects by absorbing waxy layer of outer skin and kill them (Golob, 1997).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMud bins (\u003cem\u003eKoith\u003c/em\u003e) are strongly build by mixing clay with rice grain husk and giving rectangular shape of chamber. Respondent farmers believes that they can properly protect seed or grains from storage insect-pest attack and pathogen infection too. Similarly bamboo made chamber (\u003cem\u003eDhoksho\u003c/em\u003e) are also used as indigenous storage chambers. Likewise, wood made chamber (\u003cem\u003eSanduk\u003c/em\u003e) are also used to store seeds or grains. However \u003cem\u003eSanduk\u003c/em\u003e is have multipurpose use storing other home stuffs besides crop seeds or grains. Indigenous seed or grain storage chambers are quite effective to store maintaining the quality and seed health for long period of time. These are also non-polluting, cost-effective, and have no harmful effect on consumer or farmers. Its performance can be highly improved if only slight upgrade are done (Mobolade et al., 2019). However, building modern concrete houses and using of metal containers are gradually vanishing these structures in Triyuga municipality. Originality and knowledge related making and use of these kind of indigenous storage chambers need to preserved and promoted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRespondent farmers mix salt or mustard oil with legume seeds and store them for next cropping season. Salt creates a rough surface where insect skin get badly rubbed and they don\u0026rsquo;t try to insert inside the seed (Karthikeyan et al., 2009). Previous study shows that use of different plant originated oils including mustard oil (\u003cem\u003eBrassica juncea\u003c/em\u003e L.) at dose of 1 ml per 100 g seeds (v/w) showed effective reduction of \u003cem\u003eCallasobruchus maculatus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Fab.) population in stored green gram (\u003cem\u003eVigna radiata\u003c/em\u003e L. Wilczek) grains (Gupta \u0026amp; Apte, 2015). It was also mentioned that coating the mustard oil over the green gram grain surface prevented grain weight and egg laying of pulse beetle and other insects inside it.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAr-turmerone (Aromatic turmerone) is a naturally occurring compound present in rhizomes of \u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u003c/em\u003e (turmeric) showed insecticidal effect on cabbage looper; \u003cem\u003eTrichoplusia ni\u003c/em\u003e (Tavares et al, 2016). It has been previously found that using turmeric extract significantly dicreases amylase, invertase, carbohydrate and protein content as well its activity in the body of housefly (\u003cem\u003eMusca domestica\u003c/em\u003e) larvae which resembles that turmeric can be used as an effective pesticide (Pawar, 2013). Botanical oil extracted from Neem have also shown effective control of mango hopper (\u003cem\u003eIdioscopus clypealis\u003c/em\u003e) population (Adnan et al., 2014). Azadiractin present in neem works as antifungal agent (Nasem \u0026amp; Lanjewar, 1990; Ghewande, 1989; Muthuswamy et al., 1988; Sinha and Saxena, 1987; Krisha et al., 1986; Prakash et al., 1985; Singh et al., 1984; Singh \u0026amp; Vyas, 1984; Dath, 1982; Jain \u0026amp; Agrawal, 1978; Singh, 1968; singh \u0026amp; Pandey, 1966; Cited in Van et al., 2004). Likewise, it also functions as antifeedant, insect repellent and creates infertility in insects (Chaudhary et al., 2017).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGarlic (\u003cem\u003eAllium sativum\u003c/em\u003e) produces allicin (diallylthiosulphinate) when its tissuses are break down by any ways. Allicin have been found to be anti-fungal compound effectively controlling \u003cem\u003ePhytopthera infestants, Arabidopsis/Hyaloperonospora parasitica and Magnaporthe oryzae\u003c/em\u003e that are responsible to cause major plant diseases (Slusarenko et al., 2008). It has been recorded that Allicin have anti-microbial properties along with anti-fungal and effectively controls oomycetes growth that causes many major plant diseases (Curtis et al., 2004). It has also been already found that garlic oil consists of naturally occurring insecticidal compounds like dimethyl trisulfide, diallyl disulfide, diallyl sulfide, diallyl tetrasulfide and 3-vinyl-[4H]-1,2-dithiin in major proportion effectively controlled mealworm beetle (\u003cem\u003eTenebrio molitor\u003c/em\u003e L.).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGonzalez et. al. (2019) have found that holy basil (\u003cem\u003eOcium basilicum\u003c/em\u003e) have insecticidal property and have effectively control bean weevil (\u003cem\u003eAcanthoscelides obtectus\u003c/em\u003e). Basil oil consists of naturally occurring Estragol and Terpene including Linalool (Alcohol group) that act as insect repelling agent which kills them (Rozman et al., 2007). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Basil or garlic or neem are simply crushed to mix with seed before storage by respondent farmers. However, their methodology can be improved more if they are given proper training and awareness about it. Likewise, finding the most effective option among botanicals for seed storage need to be studied in detail to improve seed or grain storage done by farmers.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTraditionally, cotton or jute or woolen bags or fiber pots or tray or basket (Small \u003cem\u003eDhamni,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLarge\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Dhamma\u003c/em\u003e) made up of Sabai grass (\u003cem\u003eEulaliopsis binata\u003c/em\u003e (Retz.) C.E. Hubb.) or cloth or plastic wastes are also used to store small amount of grains or seeds. However, non-vaccum polythene bag have shown better performance in seed storage compared to cloth bags (Jaiswal et al., 2018). Presence of several air spaces in cloth bags compared to non-vaccumed and vaccumed polythene bags could have caused higher rate of oxidation process due to higher Reactive Oxygen Species (peroxide, superoxide aninon, O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e etc.) degrading seeds fasters than in polythene bags (Sanjeev \u0026amp; Ramesh, 2006). So, the indigenous practice of using cloth bags by respondent farmers in this study may not be so efficient to use which should be improved for the upgrade of existing indigenous technology. Likewise, effectiveness of \u003cem\u003eDhamni\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003efor grain and seed storage need to be critically studied. It is so because farmers believe that it give good protection to stored seeds than bags. Likewise it could be a source of income if they can also sell those items in market doing proper marketing and promotion (Satpathy \u0026amp; Sahu, 2010).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeed stored in earthern pots maintaining lower moisture (12%) helps to enhance the germination percentage in next cropping season (Marahatta, 2021). Higher the moisture content, higher will be the prevalence of fungal, storage insects and other microorganism growth with increase in humidity of air (Sauer et al., 1984). Accelerated growth of fungus, other microbes and seed will respirate more to increase the temperature around the storage area. This will influence the growth of more microorganisms and worse the condition. Embryo structure damaged by microorganism infection will deteriorate the seed viability (Harrington, 1970; as cited in Nasreen, 2000).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn past years, respondent farmers used to use straw made storage chamber named \u0026quot;\u003cem\u003eMoir\u003c/em\u003e\u0026apos; (Figure 3). They mainly used to store rice and potato seeds inside it. Respondent farmers believes that \u003cem\u003eMoir\u003c/em\u003e used to be very good storage technique because it could maintain suitable temperature, humidity and air required by crop seeds. Its capacity used to vary from 40 kg to 100 kg as per quantity of rice straw material used. It used to be made spherical in shape and tightly closed to prevent any pathogen or insect-pest attack stored in cool and dry room. However, this practice has been already gone extinct because it requires quite experience, time and dedication to build. Nowadays, there have been many modern options for it and everyone have forgotten about this technique which are only known by few old age respondent farmers.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJaato\u003c/em\u003e are used to grind grain to make flour rolloing upper circular stone over lower stone using a wooden handle rolling over and over. Likewise, in\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Okhal,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ea big handle is striked over the wooden vessel repeatedly with hand force to crush the crop grains. Whereas \u003cem\u003eDheku\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eis operated using leg force. All these indigenous technologies used by respondent farmers have been declining and gradually replaced by modern mills. However, respondent farmers believe that using these indigenous tools produces good quality flours than modern mills and can be used during different indigenous rituals but need more time and effort. Similar kind of indigenous techniques have also been recorded to be used by farmers of Nepal (Kandel \u0026amp; Wagley, 1999) and Nigeria (Emmanuel, 2019). Gautam et. al. (2018) have already done a research in Nepal through which they modified the traditional \u003cem\u003eAamako jaato\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Manual stone made grain crusher) into automatic and also operated using Wi-Fi internet. This kind of upgrading of indigenous technology can reduce the work load and make the local machines to be more powerful, efficient and effective to use by modern farmers.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRespondent farmers of some villages within Triyuga municipality still uses bullock cart for carrying crop grains, harvested crops or for other crop field operations. They uses one pair of oxen or male buffalo as animal power to draw the cart. Similar indigenous transport practices used by local farmers have been recorded in previous studies (Braimah et al., 2013). Likewise, respondent farmers also carry harvested crops or grains on their head to transport their commodities to home from field or to sell in the market. Same practice have been recorded to be done by Nigerian farmers in previous study (Emmanuel, 2019).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt needs good knowledge, experience, effort, resource and time to build bullock cart of own by farmers. Likewise, to carry heavy load on the head is laborious and tedious job. So modern farmers mainly prefer modern machines or vehicles for transportation with the rapid development of farm mechanization at present. Increasing trend of using mechanical power, scarcity of labour, expensive wages etc. are the reasons of reducing use of indigenous transport methods in Nepal (Shrestha, 2013). Likewise, electric or fuel operated transport vehicles have very high power (Horsepower) compared to human or animal power (Elamin, 1981). So farmer prefer to use modern machine rather than rearing animals for farm work with changing time. However, improving the traditional bullock cart by using modern science can help to both conserve the indigenous technology and ease the farm work at commercial level.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProbit estimates for factors influencing use of IK in crop production cycle\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProbit regression model outputs are represented in the term of co-efficient, standard error value, calculated probability value and marginal effects (Table 2). Probit regression analysis done in STATA MP 16.0 software does the log likelihood test of LR Chi Square test comparing full model and intercept model without including predicting dependent variables to know about the goodness of fit of tested model (UCLA, 2021). Reported log likelihood value -55.5984, corrected prediction 84.71% with LR chi square test value 66.93 with calculated probability P\u0026lt;0.001 at degree of freedom (df) = 15 represents that there is significant difference between LR Chi\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e test value of full model and intercept model. Though likelihood of model ranges between 0 to 1 and never get equal to 1, log of likelihood tends to get near to zero but remains negative. So log likelihood value -55.5984 with significant different LR Chi\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e 66.93 represents full probit model to have good fit to do analysis. Likewise, estimated corrected prediction value represents that changes in level of IK use value by explained factors is contributed by 84.71% and only 15.29% of contribution of changes are due to unexplained factors representing good prediction of model. Since, probit model are tested using likelihood ratio test comparing two models (full and intercept) rather than single model, R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (Coefficient of determination) used in Ordinary Linear Regression (OLS) is not used. Instead of this, pseudo R-squared value is used. Used statistical software, STATA MP 16.0 uses McFadden\u0026apos;s pseudo R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value for regression analysis. We must not consider this value identical to OLS R\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003evalue because they do not show same characteristics and their interpretation are also different. McFadden\u0026apos;s pseudo R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value ranging between 0.2 to 0.4 represents best goodness of fit of model (McFadden, 1977). \u0026nbsp; Model estimate of present study showed pseudo R-squared value of 0.3758 which lies between 0.2 to 0.4 representing the tested model to have excellent goodness of fit.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable (2) shows factor variables years of schooling, per capita income (per annum), participation in training, membership in farmer\u0026apos;s group, resident nearby forest and flood disturb field work of respondent farmers have significant relationship with use of indigenous knowledge in crop production cycle with regression coefficient of -0.128, -0.0000073, 0.000, 0.903, 1.011 and 1.487 respectively. Among them, per capita income showed significant effect on level of IK use in case of 10% of level of significance only.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLikewise, average marginal effect value can be used to understand the change in probability of level of using technology influenced by dependent factors (Uzunoz \u0026amp; Akcay, 2012). In the present study, average marginal effect value indicates that with increase in years of schooling reduced the probability of using indigenous knowledge in crop production cycle by 2.3%. Likewise, resident being nearer to forest and increase in disturbance of field work by flood increased probability of using IK in crop production cycle by 19.3 and 25.1% respectively. There found to be small increasement in probability of level of using IK as gender of respondent farmers tends more towards to be male than female represented by marginal effect value 16.1% (Table 24).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable (2) shows that there is no significant relationship between age of respondents and level of IK use. However, negative regression coefficient (-0.038) represents that respondents of older age tends to use non-significantly lower level of IK in crop production cycle. Demerits of IK use (Table 56), use of social media, knowledge disseminated by trainers, extension agents, globalization, industrialization etc. (Piniero, 2016) could be responsible older people being discouraged to use IK and relatively prefer modern technologies.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRelationship between gender and level of IK use found to be significant with regression coefficient of 0.903 at 5% of level of significance (Table 2). Previous researchers also found significant relationship between gender of respondents and use of indigenous technology (Anyan, 2016; Paniagua-Zambrana et al., 2014). Mostly male respondent farmers being household head appeared to be majority during survey. Female farmers found to be engaged more in household work compared to male farmers rather than giving interview and some of them felt shy to speak with interviewer. Furthermore, it could be due to male farmer had more knowledge compared to female about existing IK in crop production cycle (Paniagua-Zambrana et al., 2014). \u0026nbsp;Likewise, significant relationship between resident nearby forest, flood disturb field work and level of IK have been found with regression coefficient of 1.011 and 1.487 at 1% of level of significance. Survey revealed 81.08%\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eof respondents have been highly using IK compared to 18.92% of respondents which represents that those who lives near to the forest they know more about IK uses (Al-subaiee, 2015) and also prefer them to practice in their field. But it may also bring detrimental effect by depletion of natural resources due to overexploitation process. So if market facility integration with farmers (Silva et al., 2019) and natural resource management (Al-subaiee, 2015) done properly, we can conserve and promote sustainable use if indigenous knowledge for crop production.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc92877472\"\u003eTable 2. Probit estimates for factors influencing use of IK in crop production cycle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCoefficient\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard Error\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u0026gt;|z|\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage narginal effect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge (In years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYears of Schooling\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal family size (Number)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.849\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYears of farming\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.826\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarm size (In kattha)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePer capita income (Per annum)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0000073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.903\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarmers\u0026apos; Participation in training\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.717\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.752\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarmers\u0026apos; membership in group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.296\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.331\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse internet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.639\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.566\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResident nearby forest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.351\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlood disturb field work\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.487\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.487\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.251\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnow policy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.264\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBenefitted by budget\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.655\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.757\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.387\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEasy to trade outside districts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.745\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 181px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstants\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.751\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.523\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 346px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePseudo R-Squared = 0.3758\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 346px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLog Likelihood = -55.5984\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLR Chi-Squared (15)= 66.93 (0.0001)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 346px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrect Predictions = 84.71%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 346px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObservations = 170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 351px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote: ***, **, * represents level of significance below 1%, 5% and 10% respectively, and level of significane is enclosed in parenthesis.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWild, domestic indigenous and underutilized crops consumed by Tharu farmers of Triyuga municipality\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWild mushroom, bamboo young shoot, fiddlehead fern, wild ginger, drumstick and orchid tree are young leaves are eaten as fried or cooked vegetable (Table 3). Whereas, neem and Indian bael are used as medicinal plant. Wild mushroom, fiddlehead fern, Wild aloe and wild ginger are collected from forest area and its vicinity. Farmers believes to be delicious, nutritious but need good knowledge and experience to separate from poisonous plant species. Commonly found wild mushrooms species including \u003cem\u003ePhutki\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eChaati chyau\u003c/em\u003e in the forests of Nepal are rich in nutrients (Prasad \u0026amp; Pokhrel, 2017) so they can be eaten as healthy indigenous diet. Fiddleheads harvested from edible fern species are rich in antioxidants, omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to common vegetables (Dvorakova et al., 2021). Tender basal portion of Wild ginger (\u003cem\u003eJangali sostha saag)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003estem is separated and cooked as vegetable for consumption as practiced by respondent Tharu farmers. They also informed during survey that they have frequently visited to forest during lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic for finding wild foods to mitigate possible food crisis in locality. Yob et. al. (2011) mentions that wild ginger have medicinal properties like healing wound, controlling diarrhea, worm growth, painful diseases etc. in humans. Yellow inflorescence of wild aloe are harvested and cooked as vegetable by respondent farmers. Wild Aloe plant including its inflorescence is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, proteins, essential amino acids etc. (Hes et al., 2019) being nutritionally and medicinally important crop. Likewise, young bamboo shoot (\u003cem\u003eTaama\u003c/em\u003e) are harvested from bamboo root region and consumed as cooked, fried vegetable or as pickle by respondent farmers. Only young shoots are edible otherwise it turns into hard fibrous bamboo tree which are used for construction and forages by local farmers of studied area. Young bamboo shoots are also considered nutritionally rich food including calcium, copper, sodium, zinc, iron, potassium, vitamin E, vitamin C, fibers, fat, carbohydrate, protein and amino acids compared to the common vegetable crops (Nongdam \u0026amp; Tikendra, 2014; Chongtham et al., 2011). Moreover, previous evidences also show that \u003cem\u003eBauhinia variegata\u003c/em\u003e contains biochemicals like flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides etc. that makes it to have anti-cancer, anti-microbial, antidiabetic properties etc. (Naeem \u0026amp; Ugur, 2019). However, respondent Tharu farmers have been consuming young tender leaflets as fried vegetables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNeem branches are used as natural brush by respondent Tharu farmers. Its leaves are also used during seed storage and used as ethnomedicine. Alzohairy (2016) mentioned that neem have anticancer, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial properties etc. that resembles neem to be an important indigenous underutilized crops. Likewise, Indian bael is also used for curing health problems like stomachache and diarrhea by respondent farmers of studied area. Pathirana et. al. (2020) mentions that Indian bael contains naturally occurring chemicals like coumarin, xanthotoxol etc. that makes it to have antidiabetic, anticancerous, insecticidal, antimicrobial properties etc. Moreover, it also contains 12-hydroxyoctadec \u0026ndash; cis \u0026ndash; 9 \u0026ndash; enoic acid or ricinolenic acid that can be utilized to make biodiesel but local community of respondent area don\u0026rsquo;t have such kind of technical knowledge. Local government also haven\u0026rsquo;t brought adequate programs that can support promotion, conservation and utilization of such indigenous and underutilized crops found in Triyuga municipality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. Tabular representation of wild, domestic indigenous and underutilized crops produced and used by Tharu farmers of Triyuga Municicpality in 2020\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"102%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.N.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocal Name\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnglish Name\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScientific\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eName\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant parts used\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocal use (Mode of use)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResponses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercent of Cases\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(N=169)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ePatko Chyau/Phutki Chyau\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eChaati Chyau\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWild button mushroom\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWild Oyster mushroom\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eScleroderma texense\u003c/em\u003e Berk.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePleurotus ostreatus\u003c/em\u003e (Jacq. ex Fr.) P.Kumm.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncertae sedis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePleurotaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruiting body\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruiting body\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEaten as fried and cooked vegetable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEaten as fried and cooked vegetable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156 (16.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(92.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTaama baans\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBamboo young shoot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBambusa vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e (L.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYoung emerging shoot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEaten as fried and cooked vegetable, as pickle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162 (16.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(95.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNiguro/Dhakiya saag\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFiddlehead Fern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMatteuccia struthiopteris\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Tod.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOnocleaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYoung furled fronds of a young fern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEaten as fried or cooked vegetable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143 (14.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(84.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJangali sostha saag\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWild Ginger\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZingiber zerumbet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(L.) Smith\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZingiberaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYoung shoot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEaten as cooked vegetable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119 (12.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(70.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMunga saag\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrumstick\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMoringa oleifera\u003c/em\u003e (L.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoringaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYoung fruit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEaten as fried or cooked vegetable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150 (15.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(88.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDaanti saag\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWild Aloe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAloe vera\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Burm. f.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsphodelaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYellow inflorescence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEaten as cooked vegetable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66 (6.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(39.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeem\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAzadirachta indica\u003c/em\u003e A. Juss.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeliaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf, tender branch\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUsed as ethno medicine, storage of grains, bio pesticides, natural teeth brush\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110 (11.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(65.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBel\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndian Bael\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAegle marmelos\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Correa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRutaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEaten to cure stomachache, diarrhea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (5.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(33.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKoilaar\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrchid tree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBauhinia variegata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(L.) Benth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFabaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTender leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEaten as cooked or fried vegetable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e963 (100.00)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(569.82)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndigenous food items prepared and consumed by Tharu farmers of Triyuga Municipality\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBagiya\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eis an indigenous food item expecially made on the occasion of Tihar festival after the day of Laxmi Puja to celebrate the moment. It is made up of rice flour that is mold properly in different shapes like birds, animals, etc. It is cooked by steaming method and eaten with meat curry or lentil. Respondent farmers considers \u003cem\u003eBagiya\u003c/em\u003e as the indigenous, unique and important food item for Tharu people in Tihar festival.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOil fried pan cake (\u003cem\u003eTelpo roti)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eis an indigenous circular shaped pan cake made by Tharu people to celebrate the new year of Nepali calendar (1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e day of Baisakh month in \u003cem\u003eBikram Samwat\u003c/em\u003e) as \u003cem\u003eJur sital\u003c/em\u003e festival. \u003cem\u003eTelpo roti\u003c/em\u003e is fried in rapeseed oil over heat that gives delicious taste and aroma while eating.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHomemade doughnut (\u003cem\u003eGhurmaalo\u003c/em\u003e) is the food item made up of rice or wheat flour which is ring like in shape fried in rapeseed oil and consumed along with \u003cem\u003eBagiya\u003c/em\u003e during tihar festival. This food item is common among other local communities too and used for several festivals and ceremonies too.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLai murhi and til ko laddu\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eis the indigenous sweet item made by blending hot jaggery with with puffed rice (\u003cem\u003emuri\u003c/em\u003e/\u003cem\u003ebhuja\u003c/em\u003e), beaten rice (\u003cem\u003echiura\u003c/em\u003e) and sesame (\u003cem\u003etil\u003c/em\u003e). It is especially made during the 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e day of Magh month according to Nepali calendar (\u003cem\u003eBikram Samwat\u003c/em\u003e) to celebrate \u003cem\u003eMaghe Sankranti\u003c/em\u003e festival by Tharu people.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHome made popcorn (\u003cem\u003ePhuthaa\u003c/em\u003e) is made by frying bajra or maize grain in hot sand. Especially local maize or bajra cultivar gives good quality of popcorn. The fried corn is also crushed in mill to get fine flour (\u003cem\u003esaato\u003c/em\u003e) which is used as local energy provider consumed by Tharu farmers. Maize flour is enriched of vitamin B, \u0026beta; carotene, protein, fat, fibre, magnesium, zinc, phosphorus, antioxidants, copper etc. and used toprepare processed foods like corn flakes, popcorns etc. that helps to ensure nutritional balance in children. So, maize food item also plays crucial role to fulfil nutritional requirement of community people in studied area.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAdauri\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eis made by merging black gram grains in water overnight, peeling off its outer cover, crushed in stone crusher (jaato) and mixed again with fresh water to form spherical shape balls. Those grain balls are sundried properly. Likewsie, \u003cem\u003eBiriyaa\u003c/em\u003e is made up by mixing lathyrus young leaf with gram paste and sundried as done for \u003cem\u003eAdauri\u003c/em\u003e. They are later on cooked as vegetable, mixed with other vegetables or consumed fried. Respondent farmers have been consuming these food items during the days of less availability of fresh vegetables in market. Broaddus-Shea et. al. (2018) have concluded that amount of consumption of nutritious food differs according to the season and agroecological zone of Nepal. So, to maintain the nutrient requirement of people, indigenous food item like \u003cem\u003eAdauri\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eBiriyaa\u003c/em\u003e etc. plays vital importance. \u003cem\u003eLathyrus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003efound to be rich in unsaturated fatty acid, ascorbic acid, glutathione, folic acid etc. that makes it to be nutritionally beneficial. However, seeds of \u003cem\u003eLathyrus species\u003c/em\u003e also contains a neurotoxin, Oxalyldiaminopropionic acid (ODAP) that can cause a kind of paralysis disease, Lathyrism (Tamburino et al., 2012). So, consuming leaves more than seeds seems to be better practice of consuming \u003cem\u003eLathyrus\u003c/em\u003e product.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWater snail (\u003cem\u003eGhongi\u003c/em\u003e) and Oyster shell (\u003cem\u003eSituwa\u003c/em\u003e) are found in swampy places or water resource areas. These are aquatic animals that are nutritious and delicious to consume but needs good skill and experience of cooking. These are rinsed, boiled, cleaned repeatedly with clean water to remove dust particles and cooked properly. \u003cem\u003eGhongi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eSituwaa\u003c/em\u003e meat are consumed as gravy or soup. Gradually these food items are also eaten by other communities. However, many people still don\u0026rsquo;t like it due to its dirty appearance and lack of indigenous knowledge about its benefits. Moreover, Fresh water crab (\u003cem\u003eGangata/Konkhraa\u003c/em\u003e) are also consumed as Chutney, fried or soup collected from rice field, pond or riverside areas while fishing wild fishes. Wild fishes are also catched in ponds or river areas using fishing net or needle hook. Respondent farmers believes that wild fishes are tastier and healthier than commercially produced carps. Moniruzzaman et. al. (2021) concluded that fresh water mollusk species like Oyster, Freshwater snail etc. contains high protein content, omega-3- fatty acid, omega-6-fatty acid and lesser amount of saturated fatty acid that makes these to be highly nutritious diet scientifically. Desirable amount of unsaturated fatty acid like omega-3 and ome-6 fatty acids, essential amino acids, protein, sodium-potassium ratio etc. are present in wild fishes too as found in commercially domesticated fishes (Islam et al., 2021). Respondent farmers consume them fresh as fried or soup or they also sun dry them and make \u003cem\u003eSukuti\u003c/em\u003e or also crushed and compressed over heavy load for one week mixing with taro leaves to make \u003cem\u003eSidhra\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(fermented crushed fish item) consumed in less food availability days.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDhindo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eis made up of finger millet or maize flour mixed with boiled water. It is common among Tharu community people as well as other local communities. Respondent farmers especially liked to eat \u003cem\u003eDhindo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewith meat item. They also use to consume pancakes made up of finger millet in past years but now they don\u0026rsquo;t eat anymore because their food has already been changed and they prefer rice and wheat pancake rather than finger millet \u003cem\u003eroti\u003c/em\u003e. Likewise, \u003cem\u003eGundruk/Sidhraa/sinki\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003emade by crushing and fermenting green leafy vegetables using wooden crusher. The crushed vegetables are compressed placing stone vegetables placed in any bucket. They usually consume \u003cem\u003eGundruk\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esoup with \u003cem\u003eDhindo,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eespecially in cold winter to experience warmth from food. \u003cem\u003eDhindo\u003c/em\u003e made up of Buckwheat and millet cooked on firewood contains high amount of dietary fiber, low carbohydrate and reducing sugar. This makes Dhindo to be healthy diet suitable to consume for diabetic patient too (Sharma et al., 2020). Similarly \u003cem\u003eGundruk\u003c/em\u003e also contains desirable amount of calcium, iron and crude fiber that makes it nutritionally important indigenous food item (Shrestha et al., 2012).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLocal alcoholic beverage (\u003cem\u003eJaad\u003c/em\u003e) is prepared by doing fermentation and distillation of fermented rice, finger millet or wheat grains. They use \u003cem\u003eAtani\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Indigenous alcohol making utensil) to make \u003cem\u003eJaad.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eAccording to respondent farmer, Rabi Lal Chaudhary,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026quot;Hathiya Chitraa chit marwaabe, gharbaithal grihat agraabe; kothiya chaurke chimairke maach, dhaknaale bhansiyaa naach\u0026quot;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHere, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003ehathiyaa chitra\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; means heavy rainfall, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003ekothiyaa\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; means mud bin, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eDhaknaa\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; means wooden cover cork of alcohol bottle. It says that people use to eat rice, fish and alcohol as celebration during heavy rainfall days in past enjoying themselves finishing the heavy field work. This shows that consumption of wild fish is closely related with \u003cem\u003eJaand\u003c/em\u003e consumption done by Tharu farmers of Triyuga municipality.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThekuwa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eis made by mixing flour with water, sugar and spicy ingredients. Artistic form is given pressing under wooden frame before frying in cooking oil. This indigenous food item is prepared during different festivals and occasions for celebration. Likewise, sweets (\u003cem\u003eMithai\u003c/em\u003e) are made by frying different crop flours in cooking oil and merged in melted sugar to give sweeter taste. Some indigenous sweets like \u003cem\u003ekhaaja, buniya, rasbari\u003c/em\u003e etc. are prepared using flour or milk products.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTharu people have indigenous practice of hunting, gathering and cooking wild animals, birds, rabbit and mouse. However, eating mouse is nomore consider to be hygenic and only 2.94% respondents found to be still consuming it (Table 4). Otherwise, remaining respondents feel disgusting to eat mouse as meat item and hate practicing in recent years. Rodents are the active vector to transfer zoonotic disease pathogens like bacteria, virus, and parasites etc. that are life threatening to humans and farm animals (Beckhans \u0026amp; Fellstrom, 2012). So, its good practice not to consume rodents for meat. They enjoy to hunt and kill rabbits that visits frequently to their crop field and try to damage it. Likewise, they also hunt wild boars that sometime devastate the whole crop field if it\u0026apos;s present at the vicinity of \u003cem\u003eChuriya\u003c/em\u003e forest. However, respondent farmers hardly hunt wild animals and birds because such hunting practices considered to be illegal and punishable offence by government rule (Nepal Law Commission [NLC], 1973).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndigenous food items like pork meat, mutton, eggs, fish, alcohol (\u003cem\u003ejaad/rakshi/daru\u003c/em\u003e), chicken, \u003cem\u003eGhongi\u003c/em\u003e etc. are commonly consumed by Tharu community people of Nepal to celebrate several happy festivals, occasions and ceremonies (Khadka, 2016). Overall, indigenous food items being nutritious, healthier to consume can be utilized to earn additional income if promoted and conserved adequately by Tharu community people of Triyuga municipality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc92877502\"\u003eTable 4. Frequency distribution of Identified indigenous food items prepared and consumed by Tharu farmers of Triyuga Municipality in 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"623\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndigenous food items\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResponses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercent of Cases\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(N=170)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSteamed flour cake (\u003cem\u003eBagiya\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (7.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOil fried pancake (\u003cem\u003eTelpo roti\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (7.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHome made doughnut (\u003cem\u003eGhurmaalo\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167 (7.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePuffed beaten rice sweet (\u003cem\u003eLai murhi and til ko laddu\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (7.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePopcorn (\u003cem\u003ePhuthaa\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (7.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAdauri\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eSun dried \u003cem\u003eLathyrus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eBiriyaa\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169 (7.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater snail (\u003cem\u003eGhongi\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167 (7.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOyster shell (\u003cem\u003eSituwaa\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163 (6.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFresh water crab (\u003cem\u003eGangata/Kaukhra\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165 (7.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoiled fingermillet flour (\u003cem\u003eDhindoo\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77 (3.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFermented and compressed vegetable (\u003cem\u003eGundruk\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166 (7.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocal alchoholic beverage (\u003cem\u003eJaand\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (1.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlur made sweet pancake (\u003cem\u003eThekuwa\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165 (7.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSweets (\u003cem\u003eMithai\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166 (7.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWild fish (\u003cem\u003eMaachaa\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167 (7.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMouse (\u003cem\u003eMushaa\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (0.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRabbit (\u003cem\u003eKharaayo\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (0.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWild bird\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (0.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWild animal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (0.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2339 (100.00)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1375.88\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRanking of indigenous knowledge used during crop production cycle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the defined advantages, the most significant advantage found to be \u0026apos;Ensure good health\u0026apos; with total score of 64, highest mean 3.77 and 0.991 standard deviation (Table 5). It is followed by other major advantages like well experience of using IK, cost effective technology, faithful technology, give good quality with better price of products, well adopted by local community, conserve IK for future generation and advantage of multi-cropping respectively. \u0026nbsp; Result indicates respondent farmers believes that ensuring the good health of farmers using IK in crop production cycle is most important advantage of it. So, we need to conserve, improve and promote IK. Since practicing indigenous knowledge in crop production involves natural methods rather than using hazardous chemicals being environment friendly so it ensures good health of both farmers and commodity consumers (Das et al., 2020). After obtaining good health of consumers, we can also earn good income by producing and selling good quality products in market. As the crop commodities are organic and of good quality than commercially produced crops using indigenous practices, farmers can receive higher revenue with better customer\u0026apos;s satisfaction (Pawlewicz, 2020). As respondent farmers have been practicing the IK through generations to generations they have good experience and better knows how and why to utilize it properly. Likewise, using of such IKs have been their indigenous culture and belief. Local farmers feel more confident and convenient using indigenous technology rather than using modern technologies because such technologies have been a part of their living and ignoring those knowledges make them feel hard to do agriculture (Waithaka, 2011). The same knowledge will also be helpful for new generations for sustaining their daily life and mitigate the possible disasters in future days. Not only that multi-cropping practice will also help to maintain and improve agro-biodiversity that ensures the food security and make local farmers to be self-reliant (Kotschi \u0026amp; Lossau, 2011).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc92877503\"\u003eTable 5. Distribution of respondents regarding their perception about merits or advantages of using indigenous knowledge during crop production cycle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMerits/Advantages of using IK in crop production cycle\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 310px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRank\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScore\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRanking\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard Error of Mean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard Deviation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNot important\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLess important\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeutral\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImportant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(4)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMost important\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(5)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCost effective technology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e625\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.946\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWell experience of using IK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e636\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.872\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnsure good health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e641\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.991\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConserve IK for future generation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e592\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.974\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFaithful technology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e615\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGive good quality with better price \u0026nbsp;products\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e602\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWell adopted by local community\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e596\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdvantage of multi-cropping\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e576\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVIII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; 1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndigenous knowledge used in crop production cycle also have some key demerits or disadvantages despite of many merits or advantages as listed above (Table 6). From Likert scale analysis, Poor crop yield has been found to be the most important disadvantage of using IK in crop production cycle with score 588, mean value 3.46 and standard deviation 0.992 followed by hard to control plant diseases, insect-pests, scientifically unproven technologies, poor field management, modernization of agricultural technologies, time and labour intensive and gradual loss of existing IK respectively. Crop yield found to be better if modern crop cultivation technologies are used than compared to conventional farming method due to higher efficiency and wiser production cost management (Sangari, 1991). Likewise, only using the old technologies, it is hard to efficiently and effectively control the crop diseases, insect-pests, so farmers in modern time prefer chemical based disease controller, insecticides and pesticides. However due to lack of adequate knowledge and awareness about using chemicals and its possible hazards, these have been randomly used. So, farmer\u0026apos;s capacity building must be done in order to utilize indigenous and modern technologies harmonically (Bhandari, 2019). There are many indigenous knowledges used by indigenous farmers which haven\u0026rsquo;t been studied in detail. It is also not necessary that all indigenous knowledge should be effective and efficient. In order to differentiate and improve the existing technologies, adequate researches should be followed up after exploration of such IKs in different communities (Nelson, 2015). Poor field management and being more time and labour intensive, indigenous knowledge have been less efficient due to labour scarcity caused by increasing trend of outmigration of manpower at present context (Aryal, 2023). With changing time, people are preferring modern technologies and due to carelessness or any other possibly causes the existing old technologies are vanishing out of record (Gaskin, 2016) which need to be documented before its complete extinction.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc92877504\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e. Distribution of respondents regarding their perception about demerits or disadvantages of using indigenous knowledge during crop production cycle\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemerits/Disadvantages/Constraints of using IK in crop production cycle\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRank\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScore\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRanking\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard Error of Mean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard Deviation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNot important\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLess important (2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeutral\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImportant (4)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMost Important\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(5)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor crop yield\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e588\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.992\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTime and labour intensive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e565\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModernization of agricultural technologies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e573\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGradual loss of existing IK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e561\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHard to control disease-pests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e583\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor field management\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e578\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScientifically unproven technologies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e580\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc92877505\"\u003eFor improving the IKs and its use in crop production cycle, major solutions have been found out through the study as mentioned above (Table 7). \u0026nbsp;The most important solution found to be positive changes in act and policies related to IK with score 624, mean value 3.67 and standard deviation 1.013 followed by transfer IK to new generation in home, formal registration of IK, adequate training facility to farmers, develop compatible combined technologies, conduct awareness program, competition and entrepreneurship development and include IK information in formal education respectively. Adequate provision of conserving, promoting and utilizing existing agricultural indigenous knowledge in Tharu as well other communities still absent in Nepal. So those IKs are prone to be pirated or exploited by internal as well external forces of community. \u0026nbsp;To mitigate this vulnerable situation suitable laws, policies, strategies and action plan need to be promulgated and implemented that can help to identify, protect, upgrade and earn benefit from it by indigenous farmer people. Provision of copyright, patent, trademark etc. should be formed and must be brought in practice (Australian Human Right Commission [AHRC], 2008) which definitely helps to improve status of IK used in crop production cycle of indigenous farmers like Tharu farmers of Triyuga municipality. \u0026nbsp;As the parents are consider to be prime teacher for small children, they can could be given practical knowledge about using of indigenous knowledge in crop production cycle in their home so that they can utilize them in correct manner to live life and transfer the learned lessons to the next generations. They get chance to identify themselves, their specialty and uniqueness belonging to Tharu community and respect their culture (Romero-Little, 2010). More children and youths are getting chance to have formal education going to the school, college and universities from Tharu community of Triyuga municipality. The negative impact in level of IK use in crop production cycle is that school going children and youth lacks of knowledge and awareness about using those technologies and believe more in modern technologies because such old technologies haven\u0026rsquo;t been adequately taken in consideration while making education curriculum. Government of Nepal have initiated to include the information about indigenous knowledge used in crop production cycle and whole agriculture in course book of school children at present context (Ministry of Education, Science and Technology [MoEST], 2020; MoEST, 2018). However, there still lacks systematic presentation and course module that really can emphasize significance of IK in formal curriculum which need to be improved by government side.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e. Distribution of respondents regarding their perception about solution of improving the use of indigenous knowledge during crop production cycle\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSolutions to improve \u0026nbsp; IK use in crop production cycle\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRank\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScore\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRanking\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard Error of Mean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard Deviation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNot important (1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLess important (2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeutral\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImportant (4)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMost important (5)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdequate training facility to farmers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e595\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTransfer IK to new generation in home\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e622\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFormal registration of IK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e610\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive changes in act and policies related to IK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e624\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDevelop compatible combined technologies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e585\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInclude IK information in curriculum of formal education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e571\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVIII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.194\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConduct awareness program about using IK in agriculture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e578\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompetition and Entrepreneurship development among farmers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e576\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003ePresent research revealed the relationship between some of the the socio-economic, institutional, geographical and political factors and level of use of indigenous knowledge related to crop production cycle. Research also indicated that local Tharu farmers of study area have been very rich in their own indigenous knowledge used in their crop production cycle. Changing scenario of agricultural system, life style and many other factors, people are preferring modern over indigenous technologies for agriculture. Due to this, several common as well unique and valuable indigenous knowledge and technologies that were recorded found to be in stage of prior to extinct or already got extinct.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThey also have been producing several local food crops in their field. They like to consume own produce rather than buying from markets. They still follow their agriculture profession and plays important role in their family economy. They uses local crops in versatile manner including their cultural rituals, ethno-medicinal use, feeding of livestock etc. apart from just feeding themselves only. Moreover, they persue good knowledge of utilizing wild and underutilized crops as well which make them survive during isolated conditions of global crisis, famine, pandemic or economic downfall. But it doesn\u0026rsquo;t mean that their IK is absolute. They too have some disadvantages and/or limitations. Study revealed that ensure good health as most important merit, poor crop yield as demerit and positive change in IK related act and policies as most important solution to improve IK use. Whereas, chemical free organic foods, lower crop yield and technical support to farmers found to be most important merit, demerits and solution related to local crop utility respectively. Subsistence agriculture, farming experience, and farmer's belief were the factors responsible to conserve the IKs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEstablishment of community level seed banks, field gene banks, agro ecotourism, registration of local cultivars, subject matter in academic curriculum and promotion of indigenous food are important to conserve IK and local crops. Moreover, improvement of existing indigenous technologies combining with compatible modern technologies, giving good technical support to needy farmers can support existing crop production system of local farmers in sustainable way.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRecommendation for future research\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePresent research could only describe the major Indigenous Knowledge and technologies related to crop production cycle known and utilized by Tharu farmers of study area. This research is unable to account for the IK related to livestock production system due to time and resource constraints. Likewise, it could not cover all the indigenous community groups of people of Udayapur district or whole country Nepal including every geographical area as well which could have discovered the wide range of important and viable IK related to agriculture.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, future research should be focused on including study of every indigenous community to record the available IKs and locally grown crop with scenario of its uses. So that we can do comparative study of theirs. Indigenous Knowledge either related to agriculture or used in non-agricultural purposes should also be identified. Detailed scientific verification research should be followed up so that we could know the actual viability of any existing old knowledge and truthful reasons behind using them. Research involving modification, upgrading or improvement of existing technologies could cope with the present and future problems of farmers with more efficiency and effectiveness. Wild and underutilized domestic locally grown crops would also be recorded properly. New methods of value addition, coping with dreadful situations using IK and locally grown crops in future should be found to promote them for the welfare of our own community and society.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors express warm gratitude to Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Nepal, Survey Department, Government of Nepal (GoN), governmental offices and respondents for their invaluable support and information required for this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Declaration:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/strong\u003e: It is not applicable in this research work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI, the undersigned, on behalf of all co-authors, hereby declare the following with respect to the submitted manuscript:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOriginality and Authorship\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis manuscript is an original work and has not been published or submitted elsewhere, in whole or in part. All individuals listed as authors have significantly contributed to the conception, design, execution, analysis, or interpretation of the research and have approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlagiarism\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe content of this manuscript is free from plagiarism. All sources, references, and prior research have been duly cited and acknowledged.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Research Practices\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll research involving farmers, extension workers, communities, or other human participants was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and their privacy and confidentiality were respected. The study was approved by the appropriate institutional or departmental ethics committee, where applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is no conflict of interest\u0026mdash;financial, personal, or professional\u0026mdash;that could have influenced the results or interpretations of this research. Any potential conflict has been clearly disclosed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Integrity and Transparency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data presented in the article are accurate, complete, and derived from reliable sources. No data have been fabricated, falsified, or misrepresented. The required data analyzing software were provided by University for free of cost.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding and Acknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll sources of funding or institutional support have been fully disclosed in the manuscript. Any assistance from organizations, individuals, or institutions has been properly acknowledged. We have done this research on our financial effort without taking any research fund from others.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResponsibility and Accountability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI/we accept full responsibility for the content of the article and agree to cooperate with the editorial board should any questions or concerns arise regarding the ethical integrity of the work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExplicit committee statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;All research involving farmers, extension workers, communities, or other human participants was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and their privacy and confidentiality were respected. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Committee of the Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology, Agriculture and Forestry University, Nepal.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatement of No Participation of Individuals Below Age 16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors hereby declare that no individuals under the age of 16 were included as participants in the research study. All data collected and analyzed in this study involved participants who were aged 16 years or older, in accordance with ethical standards and institutional guidelines for research involving human subjects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish declaration:\u003c/strong\u003e I/We all authors show consent to publish this research article without any hesitation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Section\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. All datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study have been stored securely and can be provided in accordance with ethical guidelines and data-sharing policies. No restrictions apply to the availability of anonymized data used in this research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbass, A.B., Ndunguru, G., Mamiro, P., Alenkhe, B., Mlingi, N., \u0026amp; Bekunda, M. (2014). Post-harvest food losses in a maize-based farming system of semi-arid savannah area of Tanzania. \u003cem\u003eJournal of stored products research, 57\u003c/em\u003e, 49-57. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022474X1300101X\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAdejumo, B.A. (2013). Development of a 350kg double-walled insulated metallic silo for tropical climate. \u003cem\u003eGreener Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research, 3\u003c/em\u003e(6), 195-204. https://gjournals.org/GJSETR/gjsetr-archive/vol-36june-2013/adejumo.html\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAdnan, S.M., Uddin, M.M., Alam, M.J., Islam, M.S., Kashem, M.A., Rafii, M.Y., \u0026amp; Latiff, M.A. (2014). Management of mango hopper, idioscopus clypealis, using chemical insecticides and neem oil. The Scientific World Journal, Article ID 709614. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264940775_Management_of_Mango_Ho pper_Idioscopus_clypealis_Using_Chemical_Insecticides_and_Neem_Oil\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAHRC. (2008). \u003cem\u003eThe protection of Indigenous Knowledge: Native title report 2008\u003c/em\u003e. Australian Human Rights Commission. https://humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/social_justice/nt_report/ntreport08/pdf/chap7.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAhrens, C.D. (2011). \u003cem\u003eEssentials of meteorology: An invitation to the atmosphere\u003c/em\u003e, 6\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e Edition. Cengage Learning Publishers. Boston, United States. https://www.amazon.com/Essentials-Meteorology-Invitation-Donald-Ahrens/dp/0840049331\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAl-Subaiee, F.S. (2015). Socioeconomic factors affecting the conservation of natural woodlands in central Riyadh area-Saudi Arabia. \u003cem\u003eSaudi Journal of Biological Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e23\u003c/em\u003e(3), 319-326. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1319562X 1500056X\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlzohairy, M.A. (2016). Therapeutics role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and their active constituents in disease prevention and treatment. \u003cem\u003eHindawi Publishing Corporation. Evidence \u0026ndash; Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016\u003c/em\u003e, Article ID 7382506. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27034694/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAnju, R., \u0026amp; Bonny, B.P. (2019). Indigenous Knowledge based abiotic indicators used in weather prediction by farmers of Wayanad, Kerala, India. Indian \u003cem\u003eJournal of Traditional Knowledge, 18\u003c/em\u003e(3), 565-572. https://core.ac.uk/reader/298003174\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAnyan, F.Y. (2016). Farmer\u0026apos;s perceptions and attitudes towards the use of agricultural Indigenous Knowledge in farming. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e(7), 604-608. https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v7i7/ART20183731.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAnyan, F.Y. (2017). Assessment of Indigenous Knowledge usage among small scale farmers in Kpando municipality, Ghana. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), 6\u003c/em\u003e(3), 103-108. https://www.ijeat.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/v6i3/C4843026317.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eApuuli, J.K.K., \u0026amp; Villet, M.H. (1996). The use of wood ash for the protection of stored cowpea seed (\u003cem\u003eVigna unguiculata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(L.) Walp.) against Bruchidae (Coleoptera). \u003cem\u003eAfrican Entomology, 4\u003c/em\u003e(1), 97-99. https://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/72812\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAryal, G.R. (2023). Overseas labour migration of Nepal: Trends and patterns. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Population and Development,\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(1), 21\u0026ndash;29. https://doi.org/10.3126/jpd.v4i1.64235\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAsemu, A.M., Habtu, N.G., Subramanyam, B., Delele, M.A., Kalsa, K,K., and S. Alavi. (2020). Effects of grain drying methods on post-harvest insect infestation and physicochemical characteristics of maize grain. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Food Process Engineering, 43\u003c/em\u003e, e13423. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jfpe.13423\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAshour, M. A., Abdel Nasser, M. S., \u0026amp; Abu-Zaid, T. S. (2024). Evaluation of the effects of improving tertiary earthen canals on water savings, conveyance efficiency, and agricultural productivity. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 15(8). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2024.102850\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBanful, B., Adjei P.Y., \u0026amp; Achiaa, N.K. (2011). Effect of seed drying on germination behavior and seedling growth of Sweetsop (\u003cem\u003eAnnona squamosa\u003c/em\u003e). \u003cem\u003eJournal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 5\u003c/em\u003e(4), 443-447. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264894313_ Effect_of_Seed_Drying_on_ Germination_Behavior_and_Seedling_Growth_of_Sweetsop_Annona_squamosa\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBasak, A.B., Lee, M.W., \u0026amp; Lee, T.S. (2002). In Vitro Inhibitory activity of cow urine and dung to \u003cem\u003eFusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eMycobiology, 30\u003c/em\u003e(1), 51-54. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264849912_In_Vitro_Inhibitory_Activity_of_Cow_Urine_and_Dung_to_Fusarium_solani_f_sp_cucurbitae\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBeckhans, A., \u0026amp; Fellstrom, C. (2012). Rodents on pig and chicken farms-A potential threat to human and animal health. \u003cem\u003eInfection Ecology and Epidemiology, 2\u003c/em\u003e, 17093. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426328/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBhandari, L.R. (2019). Increasing trend of pesticides\u0026apos; use in vegetable farming and its impact for human health. \u003cem\u003eNepal Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2\u003c/em\u003e(3), 50-67. https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/njmr/article/download/26975/22340\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBhattarai, B. (2016). Community forest and forest management in Nepal. \u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Environmental Protection, 4\u003c/em\u003e(3), 79-91. http://pubs.sciepub.com/env/4/3/3/#:~:text=The%20Forest%20Act%20was%20ena cted,the%20forestry%20programs%20for%20Nepal.\u0026amp;text=The%20regulations%2 0allowed%20local%20people,District%20Forest%20Office%20(DFO).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBoM, AG. (2021). Cloud types and precipitation. \u003cem\u003eBureau of Meteorology, Australian Government\u003c/em\u003e. assessed on August 31, 2021. http://www.bom.gov.au/weather- services/about/cloud/cloud-types.shtml\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBraimah, M. M., Abdul-Rahaman, I., \u0026amp; Oppong-Sekyere, D. (2013). Donkey-Cart Transport, a Source of Livelihood for Farmers in the Kassena Nankana Municipality in Upper East Region of Ghana. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare. 3\u003c/em\u003e(17). 127-137. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234659493.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBroaddus-Shea, E.T., Thorne-Lyman, A.L., Manmohan, S., Nonyane, B.A.S., Winch, P.J., \u0026amp; West, Jr., K.P. (2018). Seasonality of consumption of non staple nutritious foods among young children from Nepal\u0026apos;s 3 agroecological zones. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Developments in Nutrition, 2\u003c/em\u003e, nzy058. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6121130/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCarayannis, E.G., Campbell, D.F.J., \u0026amp; Rehamn, S.S. (2016). Mode 3 knowledge production: Systems and systems theory, clusters and networks. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e5\u003c/em\u003e, 17. https://innovation-entrepreneurship.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13731-016-0045-9\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChangnon, S.A., \u0026amp; Huff, F.A. (1957). \u003cem\u003eCloud distribution and correlation with precipitation in Illinois\u003c/em\u003e. State Water Survey Division. Urbana, Illinois. https://www.isws.illinois.edu/pubdoc/RI/ISWSRI-33.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCharness, N., \u0026amp; Boot, W.R. (2016). Technology, gaming and social networking. In K. W. Schaie \u0026amp; S. L. Willis (Eds.), \u003cem\u003eHandbook of the Psychology of Aging\u003c/em\u003e, Eight Edition (pp 389-407). Academic Press. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ B9780124114692000200\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChaudhari, L. (2017). The Landless Sharecroppers of Dumraha Village: A Case Study on Food Sufficiency among Tharu Community. \u003cem\u003eNepalese Journal of Development and Rural Studies\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e(1-2), 36-42. https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/njdrs/ article/view/19646\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChaudhary, S., Kanwar, R.K., Sehgal, A., Cahill, D.M., Barrow, C.J., Sehgal, R., \u0026amp; Kanwar, J.R. (2017). Progress on \u003cem\u003eAzadirachta indica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ebased biopesticides in replacing synthetic toxic pesticides. \u003cem\u003ehttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5420583/\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChongtham, N., Bisht, M.S., \u0026amp; Haorongbam, S. (2011). Nutritional properties of bamboo shoots: Potential and prospects for utilization as a health food. \u003cem\u003eComprehensive reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 10\u003c/em\u003e, 153-169. https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00147.x\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChua, K.J., \u0026amp; Chou, S.K. (2003). Low-cost drying methods for developing countries. \u003cem\u003eTrends in Food Science and Technology, 14\u003c/em\u003e, 519-528. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924224403001626\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCurtis, H., Noll, U., Stormann, J., \u0026amp; Slusarenko, A.J. (2004). Broad-spectrum activity of the volatile phytoanticipin allicin in extracts of garlic (\u003cem\u003eAllium sativum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.) against plant pathogenic bacteria, fungi and Oomycetes. \u003cem\u003ePhysiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 65\u003c/em\u003e, 79-89.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ehttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222202291_Broad-spectrum_ activity_of_the_volatile_phytoanticipin_allicin_in_extracts_of_garlic_Allium_sativ um_L_against_plant_pathogenic_bacteria_fungi_and_Oomycetes\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDas, S., Chatterjee, A., \u0026amp; Pal, T.K. (2020). Organic farming in India: A vision towards a healthy nation. \u003cem\u003eFood Quality and Safety, 4\u003c/em\u003e(2), 69-76. https://academic.oup.com/fqs/article/4/2/69/5861338\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDent, D., \u0026amp; Cocking, E. (2017). Establishing symbiotic nitrogen fixation in cereals and other non-legume crops: The greener nitrogen revolution. \u003cem\u003eAgriculture and Food Security, 6\u003c/em\u003e, 7. https://agricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral. com/articles/10.1186/s40066-016-0084-2\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDevkota, R., Pant, L.P., Gartaula, H.N., Patel, K., Gauchan, D., Odame, H.H., Thapa, B., \u0026amp; Raizada, M.N. (2020). Responsible agricultural mechanization innovation for the sustainable development of Nepal\u0026apos;s hillside farming system. \u003cem\u003eSustainability, 12\u003c/em\u003e, 374. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/1/374/pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDhakal, S. (2000). An anthropological perspective on shifting cultivation: A case study of khoriya cultivation in the Arun valley of Eastern Nepal. \u003cem\u003eOccasional paper\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(pp 92- 111). \u003cem\u003eNepal Journals Online\u003c/em\u003e. https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/OPSA/ article/download/1104/1600\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDvorakova, M., Pumprova, K., Antoninova, Z., Rezek, J., Haisel, D. Ekrt, l., Vanek, T., \u0026amp; Langhansova, L. (2021). Nutritional and antioxidant potential of fiddleheads from European ferns. \u003cem\u003eFoods, 10\u003c/em\u003e, 460. https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/2/460/pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEinem, G.E., \u0026amp; Ober, L.D. (1956). The seasonal behavior of certain Floridian Salienta.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eHerpetologica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e(3), 205-212. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3889772\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eElamin, M.A. (1981). \u003cem\u003eA comparative evaluation of electric and gasoline powered garden tractors\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[Master\u0026apos;s dissertation, Iowa State University]. Ames, Iowa. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=15461\u0026amp;context=rtd\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eElia, E.F., Mutula, S., \u0026amp; Stilwell, C. (2014). Indigenous Knowledge use in seasonal weather forecasting in Tanzania: The case of semi-arid Central Tanzania\u003cem\u003e. South African Journal of Libraries and Information Science, 80\u003c/em\u003e(1), 18-27. https://sajlis.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/1395/1312\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eElseewi, A.A., Grimm, S.R., Page, A.L., \u0026amp; Straughan, I.R. (1981). Boron enrichment of plants and soils treated with coal ash. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Plant Nutrition, 3\u003c/em\u003e(1-4), 409-427. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01904168109362848\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEmmanuel, A.P. (2019). Women participation in post-harvest processing of maize using Indigenous technologies: A perspective of Kogi state, Nigeria. \u003cem\u003eMaize production and use\u003c/em\u003e. Intech Open. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/69896\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFAO/UN. (2008). In Y.O. Owusu and L. Bakker. (Eds.), \u003cem\u003eHuman-wildlife conflict: Elephant technical manual\u003c/em\u003e. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/ai576e/ai576e.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFini, A., \u0026amp; Ferrini, F. (2011). Effects of mulching with compost on growth and physiology of \u003cem\u003eAcer campestre\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL. and \u003cem\u003eCarpinus betulus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL. \u003cem\u003eAdvances in Horticultural Science, 25\u003c/em\u003e(4), 232-238. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236593060_ Effects_of_mulching_ with_compost_on_growth_and_physiology_of_Acer_ campestre_L_and_Carpinus_betulus_L\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGalindo, S. (2020, January 16). Breakdown: Why the moon can have a halo around it. \u003cem\u003eWMCAction News 5\u003c/em\u003e. Memphis, Tennessee. https://www.actionnews5.com/2021/12/06/breakdown-why-sun-moon-can-have-halos-around-it/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGarrod, L.P. (1944). Hospital dust: Light as hygienic safeguard. \u003cem\u003eBritish Medical Journal, 1\u003c/em\u003e(4337), 245-247. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2283584/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGashaw, M., \u0026amp; Michelsen, A. (2002). Influence of heat shock on seed germination of plants from regularly burnt Savanna woodlands and grasslands in Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003ePlant Ecology, 159\u003c/em\u003e(1), 83-93. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:10155\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGaskin, J.F. (2016). The role of hybridization in facilitating tree invasion. \u003cem\u003eAoB Plants, 9\u003c/em\u003e(1), plw 079. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28028055/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGautam, B.P., Rokaha, B., \u0026amp; Bhattarai, K.P. (2018). Enhancement of traditional knowledge with modern mind: A case study of \u003cem\u003eAamako Janto,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ean eco friendly agro- device in IoOT (Internet of Old Things).\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eInternational Conference on Trends in Multidisciplinary Business and Economic Research (TMBER) - 2018\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eFull paper proceeding,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e5, 82-89. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328304875_Enhancement_of_Traditional_Knowledge_with_\u003cbr\u003eModern_Mind_A_Case_Study_of_Aamako_Janto_an_Echo_Fr iendly_Agro-device_in_IoOT_Internet_of_old_Things\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGolob, P. (1997). Current status and future perspectives for inert dusts for control of stored product insects. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Stored Products Research, 33\u003c/em\u003e(1), 69-79. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022474X96000318\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGonzalez, A.R., Garcia, S.A., Lopez, O.G., Silva, F.D., \u0026amp; Casquero, P.A. (2019). Insecticidal properties of \u003cem\u003eOcimum basilicum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eCymbopogon winterianus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eagainst \u003cem\u003eAcanthoscelides obtecutus\u003c/em\u003e, insect pest of the common bean (\u003cem\u003ePhaseolus vulgaris\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.) \u003cem\u003eInsects, 10\u003c/em\u003e(5), 151. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6572361/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGupta, S., \u0026amp; Apte, S.D. (2015). Effect of botanicals (oils) on green gram (\u003cem\u003eVigna radiata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL. Wilczek) against \u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus maculatus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Fab.). \u003cem\u003eEuropean Journal of Experimental Biology, 5\u003c/em\u003e(8), 31-33. https://www.primescholars.com/articles/effect-of-botanicals-oils-on-green-gram-ivigna-radiatai-l-wilczek-against-icallasobruchus-maculatusi-fab.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHakbijl, T. (2002). The traditional, historical and prehistoric use of ashes as an insecticides, with an experimental study on the insecticidal efficacy of washed ash. \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental Archaeology, 7\u003c/em\u003e(1), 13-22. https://www.tandfonline.com /doi/abs/10.1179/env. 2002.7.1.13\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHelder, T., Stutterheim, E., \u0026amp; Olie, K. (1982). The toxicity and toxic potential of fly ash from municipal incinerators assessed by means of a fish early stage test. \u003cem\u003eChemosphere, 11\u003c/em\u003e(10), 965-972. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0045653582900686\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHes, M., Dziedzic, K., Gorecka, D., Golinska, A.J., \u0026amp; Gujska, E. (2019). \u003cem\u003eAloe vera\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(L.) Webb.: Natural sources of antioxidants: A review. \u003cem\u003ePlant Foods for Human Nutrition, 74\u003c/em\u003e, 255-265. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31209704/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHobbs, P.R., Harrington, L.W., Adhikary, C., Giri, G.S., Upadhyay, S.R., \u0026amp; Adhikary, B. (1996). \u003cem\u003eWheat and rice in the Nepal terai: Farm resources and production practices in Rupandehi district\u003c/em\u003e. RARS, Rupandehi, Nepal. NARC and CIMMYT, Mexico. https://books.google.com.np/books?id=pjgevX6Gw5IC\u0026amp;pg=PA27\u0026amp;lpg=PA27\u0026amp;dq=animal+threshing+in+nepal\u0026amp;source=bl\u0026amp;ots=alEuZjA0-m\u0026amp;sig=ACfU3U3v EYzNXrzpU7E_13I43UZKAoxpFw\u0026amp;hl=en\u0026amp;sa=X\u0026amp;ved=2ahUKEwi5x4THksvoA hWioekKHV49D2kQ6AEwDHoECAwQJw#v=onepage\u0026amp;q=animal%20threshing%20in%20nepal\u0026amp;f=false\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHoh, J.M., \u0026amp; Dhanashree, B. (2017). Antifungal effect of cow\u0026apos;s urine distillate on \u003cem\u003eCandida\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003especies. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 8\u003c/em\u003e(94), 233-237. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5747510/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIrangani, M.K.L., \u0026amp; Shiratake, Y. (2013). Indigenous techniques used in rice cultivation in Sri Lanka: An analysis from an agricultural history perspective. \u003cem\u003eIndian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 12\u003c/em\u003e(4), 638-650. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287511532_Indigenous_techniques_\u003cbr\u003eused_in_rice_cultivation_in_Sri_Lanka_An_\u003cbr\u003eanalysis_from_an_agricultural_history_perspective\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIslam, S., Bhowmik, S., Majumdar, P.R., Srzednicki, G., Rahman, M., \u0026amp; Hossain, M.A. (2021). Nutritional profile of wild, pond-, gher- and cage-cultured tilapia in Bangladesh. \u003cem\u003eHeliyon, 7\u003c/em\u003e(5), e06968. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844021010719\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJaganathan, G.K., Jiajin, L., Yashu, Y., \u0026amp; Baolin, L. (2018). Efficacy of ash in post-harvest seed storage of three species of cucurbitaceae. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Plant Science and Research, 5\u003c/em\u003e(2), 181. https://www.opensciencepublications.com/fulltextarticles/JPSR-2349-2805-5-181.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJain, P., Singh, S.K., Sharma, H.P., \u0026amp; Basri, F. (2014). Phytochemical screening and anti- fungal activity of \u003cem\u003eSemecarpus anacardium\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL. (An anti-cancer plant). \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 5\u003c/em\u003e(5), 1884-1891. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272111539_PHYTOCHEMICAL_SCRE ENING_AND_ANTIFUNGAL_ACTIVITY_OF_SEMECARPUS_ANACARDIU M_L_AN_ANTI-CANCER_PLANT\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJaiswal, A.K., Rai, P.K., \u0026amp; Ram, S. (2018). Studies on packaging materials, storage duration on seed viability and seed health in soybean (\u003cem\u003eGlycine max\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.) seeds. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1092-1096. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2018/vol7issue1/PartO/7-1-173-226.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJakobsen, M., \u0026amp; Bertelsen, G. (2002). The use of CO2 in packaging of fresh red meats and its effect on chemical quality changes in the meat: A review. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Muscle Foods, 13\u003c/em\u003e(2), 143-168. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229989543_ The_use_of_CO2_in_packaging_of_fresh_red_meats_and_its_effect_on_chemical_quality_changes_in_the_meat_A_review\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJeeva, S., Laloo, R.C., \u0026amp; Mishra, B.P. (2006). Traditional agricultural practices in Meghalaya, North East India. \u003cem\u003eIndian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 5\u003c/em\u003e(1), 7-18. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292729847_Traditional_agricultural_prac tices_in_Meghalaya_northeast_India\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJohn, F.T. (2012). \u003cem\u003ePost-harvest handling of rice paddy and its effects on paddy quality: A case study of Olam Nigeria outgrowers in Pategi local government area of Kwara state, Nigeria\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[Master\u0026apos;s Dissertation, University Putra Malaysia]. https://edepot.wur.nl/298425\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJoshi, R., \u0026amp; Kumar, P. (2012). Lysigenous aerenchyma formation involves non-apoptotic programmed cell death in rice (\u003cem\u003eOryza sativa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.) roots. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 18(1), 1-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23573035/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKaliyan, N., Gayathri, P., Alagusundaram, K., Morey, R.V., \u0026amp; Wilcke, W.F. (2007). Applications of carbon dioxide in food and processing industries: Current status and future threats. Presented at the \u003cem\u003e2007 ASABE Annual International Meeting\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esponsored by ASABE. Minneapolis Convention Center. Minneapolis, Minnesota on 17-20 June 2007. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271432085_ Applications_of_Carbon_Dioxide_in_Food_and_Processing_Industries_Current_St atus_and_Future_Thrusts\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKandel, D.D., \u0026amp; Wagley, M.P. (1999). \u003cem\u003eSome salient Indigenous technology practices for watershed management in Nepal\u003c/em\u003e. PMWTA field document No. 19. Participatory Watershed Management Training in Asiahttps://lib.icimod.org/records/dzw5d-1w432\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKarthikeyan, C., Veeraragavathatham, D., Karpagam, D., \u0026amp; Firdouse, S.A. (2009) Traditional storage practices. \u003cem\u003eIndian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 8\u003c/em\u003e(4), 564-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228344463_Traditional_storage_practices\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKaymakanova, M. (2009). Effect of salinity on germination and seed physiology in Bean (\u003cem\u003ePhaseolus vulgaris L.\u003c/em\u003e). \u003cem\u003eBiotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment, 23\u003c/em\u003e(1), 326-329.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13102818.2009.10818430#:~:text=S alinity%20affects%20germination%20in%20two,be%20toxic%20to%20the%20em bryo.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKhadatkar, A., Potdar, R.R., Wakudkar, H., Narwariya, B.S., \u0026amp; Dubey, U.C. (2018). Evaluation of improved sickle for paddy harvesting in Central India\u003cem\u003e. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 54\u003c/em\u003e(1), 104-107. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331989500_Evaluation_of_Improved_Sickle_for_Paddy_Harvesting_in_Central_India\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKhadka. , N. B. (2016). \u003cem\u003eTharu Barghar-Mukhiya Indigenous Model: A Case Study of Tharu Community of Nepal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[Doctoral dissertation, Nova Southeastern University]. NSUWorks, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences \u0026ndash; Department of Conflict Resolution Studies. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1046\u0026amp;context=shss_dcar_et\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKhan, M.R., \u0026amp; Khan, M.W. (1996). The effect of fly ash on plant growth and yield of tomato. \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental Pollution, 92\u003c/em\u003e(2), 105-111. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0269749195000984\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKhan, M.R., \u0026amp; Singh, W. N. (2001). Effects of soil application of fly ash on the fusarium wilt on tomato landraces. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Pest management, 47\u003c/em\u003e(4), 293-297. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/096708700110052059\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKiros-Meles, A., \u0026amp; Abang, M.M. (2008). Farmers\u0026rsquo; knowledge of crop diseases and control strategies in the regional states of Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia: Implications for farmer-researcher collaboration in disease management. \u003cem\u003eAgriculture and Human Values, 25\u003c/em\u003e(3), 433-452.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226902675_Farmers\u0026apos;_knowledge_of_cro p_diseases_and_control_strategies_in_the_Regional_State_of_Tigrai_northern_Eth iopia_Implications_for_farmer-researcher_collaboration_in_disease_management\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKiruba, S., Jeeva, S., Kanagappan, M., Stalin, S.I., \u0026amp; Das, S.S.M. (2008). Ethnic storage strategies adopted by farmers of Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu, Southern Peninsular India. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Agricultural Technology, 4\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1-10.http://www.thaiscience.info/journals/Article/IJAT/10843012.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKok, J.F., Parteli, E.J.R., Michaels, T.I., and D.B. Karam. (2012). The physics of wind- blown sand and dust. \u003cem\u003eReports on Progress in Physics, 75\u003c/em\u003e. 106901. https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1201/1201.4353.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKotschi, J., \u0026amp; Lossau, A.V. (2011). \u003cem\u003eAgrobiodiversity-The key to food security and adaptation to climate change\u003c/em\u003e. Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u0026uuml;r Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). On behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. Germany. https://wocatpedia.net/images/d/d4/Giz2011-en-agrobiodiv-food-security-a-climate-change.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKumar, G., \u0026amp; Chander, H. (2017). Documentation of Indigenous agricultural implements, practices and other conservation techniques in\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003esubtropical climatic zone of Shivalik hills, North Western Himalaya.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eJournal of Biological and Chemical Chronicles, 3\u003c/em\u003e(2), 15-23. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320685860_Documentation_of_Indigeno us_Agricultural_Implements_Practices_and_other_\u003cbr\u003eConservation_Techniques_in_S ubtropical_Climatic_Zone_of_Shivalik_Hills_North_Western_Himalaya\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLikhayo, P., Bruce, A.Y., Teferam T., \u0026amp; Mueke, J. (2018). Maize grain stored in hermetic bags: Effect of moisture and pest infestation on grain quality. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Food Quality\u003c/em\u003e, Article ID 2515698. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328741574_Maize_Grain_Stored_in_Hermetic_Bags_Effect_of_Moisture_and_Pest_Infestation_on_Grain_Quality\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLiu, D., Maimaitijiang, R., Gu, J., Zhong, S., Zhou, M., Wu, Z., Luo, A., Lu, C., \u0026amp; Hao, Y. (2019). Using the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) to investigate the intention to use physical activity apps: Cross sectional survey. \u003cem\u003eJMIR Mhealth Uhealth\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e(9), e13127. https://mhealth.jmir.org/2019/9/e13127/#ref29\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMahai, S., Jamala, G.Y., Mada, D.A., \u0026amp; Medugu, I.A. (2015). Assessment of sorghum storage methods in Madagali and Ganye areas of Adamawa state. The International Journal of Engineering and Science, 4(10), 2319-1805.http://www.theijes.com/papers/v4-i10/Version-3/A041030106.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMarahatta, S. (2021). Assessment of the effectiveness of storage structures for maintaining the quality of maize seed stored at different moisture levels. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Agriculture and Natural resources, 4\u003c/em\u003e(1), 96-110. https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/ janr/article/view/33231/26146\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMathad, R.C., Vasudevan, S.N., Mathad, N.C., and Patil, S.B. (2013). Traditional seed treatment and storage methods of northeastern region of Karnataka. \u003cem\u003eAsian Agri-History, 17\u003c/em\u003e(3), 233-239. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286173748_Traditional_seed_treatment_and_storage_methods_of_Northeastern_region_of_Karnataka\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMcFadden, D. (1977). \u003cem\u003eQuantitative methods for analyzing travel behavior of individuals: Some recent developments\u003c/em\u003e. Cowles Foundation Discussion paper no. 474. Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University, New Haven, Connceticut. https://ideas.repec.org/p/cwl/cwldpp/474.html\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMcLeod, S. A. (2019, August 3). Likert scale definition, examples and analysis. \u003cem\u003eSimply Psychology\u003c/em\u003e. https://www.simplypsychology.org/likert-scale.html\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMehari, A., Schultz, B., \u0026amp; Depeweg, H. (2005). Where Indigenous water management practices overcome failure of structures: The Wadi Laba spate irrigation system in Eritrea. \u003cem\u003eIrrigation and Drainage, 54\u003c/em\u003e, 1-14. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ird.151\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMimiaga, M.J., Reisner, S.L., Reilly, L., Soroudi, N., \u0026amp; Saffren. S.A. (2009). Individual interventions. \u003cem\u003eHIV prevention\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(pp 203-239). https://sci-hub.se/tree/31/f9/31f9d9f1808cbd7a00c99f00717234e9.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMishra, P.K., \u0026amp; Rai, S.C. (2013). Use of Indigenous soil and water conservation practices among farmers in Sikkim Himalaya. \u003cem\u003eIndian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 12\u003c/em\u003e(3), 454-464. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286943918_ Use_of_Indigenous_soil_and_water_conservation_practices_among_farmers_in_Si kkim_Himalaya\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMittler, R. (2002). Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. \u003cem\u003eTrends in Plant Science, 7\u003c/em\u003e(9), 405-410. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12234732/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMO, UKG. (2021). Altocumulus clouds. \u003cem\u003eMet Office, UK Government\u003c/em\u003e. United Kingdom. assessed on August 31, 2021. https://weather.metoffice.gov.uk/learn-about/weather/types-of-weather/clouds/mid-level-clouds/altocumulus\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMobolade, A.J., Bunindro, N., Sahoo, D., \u0026amp; Rajashekar, Y. (2019). Traditional methods of food grains preservation and storage in Nigeria and India. \u003cem\u003eAnnals of Agricultural\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eSciences, 64\u003c/em\u003e(2), 196-205. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0570178319300375\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMoEST. (2018). Chapter 15: \u003cem\u003eSaamaanya sthaaniya prawidhiharu. Mero bigyaan, swasthya thathaa shaaririk sikshaa, Class 5,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e Edition, (pp 79-82). Curriculum Development Center. Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. Bhaktapur, Nepal.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMoEST. (2020). Unit 15: \u003cem\u003ePrawidhi siksha (sthaaniya prawidhi)\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ePeshaa, wyawashaaya ra prawidhi, class 8\u003c/em\u003e, 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e Edition, (pp 152-161). Curriculum Development Center. Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. Bhaktapur, Nepal.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMonaco, T.J., Weller, S.C., \u0026amp; Ashton, F.M. 1983. \u003cem\u003eWeed Science: Principles and Practices,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e Edition. http://base.dnsgb.com.ua/files/book/Agriculture/Weed/Weed-Science.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMoniruzzaman, M., Sku, S., Chowdhury, P., Tanu, M.B., Yeasmine, S., Hossen, M.N., Min, T., Bai, S.C., \u0026amp; Mahmud, Y. (2021). Nutritional evaluation of some economically important marine and freshwater mollusk species of Bangladesh. \u003cem\u003eHeliyon, 7\u003c/em\u003e, e07088. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S2405844021011919\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMunir, R., Rahmayanti, H.D., Murniati, R., Rahman, D.Y., Viridi, S., \u0026amp; Abdullah, M. (2018). Experiment and modeling of rice winnowing: Granular segregation method in ancient traditions. \u003cem\u003eArxiv\u003c/em\u003e. https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.11076\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMus, F., Crook, M.B., Garcia, K., Costas, A.G., Geddes, B.A., Kouri, E.D., Parmasivan,\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eP., Ryu, M.H., Oldroyd, G.E.D., Poole, P.S., Udvardi, M.K., Voigt, C.A., Ane, J.M., and Peters, J.W. (2016). Symbiotic nitrogen fixation and the challenges to its extension to non-legumes. \u003cem\u003eApplied and Environmental Microbiology, 82\u003c/em\u003e(13), 3698- 3710. https://aem.asm.org/content/82/13/3698.long#sec-8\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNabeela, F., Murad, W., Khan, I., Mian, I.A., Rehman, H., Adnan, M., \u0026amp; Azzullah, A. (2015). Effect of wood ash application on the morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters of \u003cem\u003eBrassica napus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL. \u003cem\u003ePlant Physiology and Biochemistry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e95\u003c/em\u003e, 15-25. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26163419\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNaeem, M.Y., \u0026amp; Ugur, S. (2019). Nutritional and health consequences of \u003cem\u003eBauhinia variegata\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eTurkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 7\u003c/em\u003e(3), 27-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338402465_Nutritional_and_Health_ Consequences_of_Bauhinia_variegata\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNasreen, S.(2000). Effect of storage temperature, storage period and seed moisture content on seed viability of mash beans (\u003cem\u003eVigna mungo\u003c/em\u003e). \u003cem\u003ePakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 3\u003c/em\u003e, 513-514. https://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=pjbs.2000.513.514\u0026amp;org=11\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNelson, H.E. (2015). \u003cem\u003eChallenges of documenting and disseminating agricultural Indigenous Knowledge for sustainable food security in Soroti district\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[Master\u0026apos;s Dissertation, Makerere University]. http://repository.ruforum.org/documents/challenges-documenting-and-disseminating-agricultural-indigenous-knowledge-sustainable\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNLC. (1973). \u003cem\u003eNational Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2029 B.S. (1973)\u003c/em\u003e. Nepal Law Commission. https://csrcnepal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/National-Parks-and-Wildlife-Conservation-Act-2029-1973.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNongdam, P., \u0026amp; Tikendra, L. (2014). The nutritional facts of bamboo shoots and their usage as important traditional foods of Northeast India. \u003cem\u003eHindawi Publishing Corporation. Evidience based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014\u003c/em\u003e, Article ID 679073. https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2014/679073.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOguntade, T.O., \u0026amp; Adekunle, A.A. (2010). Preservation of seeds against fungi using wood ash of some tropical forest trees in Nigeria. \u003cem\u003eAfrican Journal of Microbiology Research, 4\u003c/em\u003e(4), 279-288. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262692808_ Preservation_ of_seeds_against_fungi_using_wood-ash_of_some_tropical_forest_ trees_in_Nigeria\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePalikhey, e., Sthapit, S.R., Gautam, S., Gauchan, D., Bhandari, B., Joshi, B.K., \u0026amp; Sthapit,B.R. (2016). \u003cem\u003eBaseline survey report III,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eHanku, jumla. Integrating traditional crop genetic diversity into technology: Using a biodiversity portfolio approach to buffer\u003c/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;against unpredictable environmental change in Nepal Himalayas\u003c/em\u003e. Li-BIRD, NARC and Biodiversity International, pokhara, Nepal. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333867800_BASELINE_SURVEY_REPORT_Integrating_Traditional_Crop_Genetic_Diversity_\u003cbr\u003einto_Technology_Using_a_Biodiversity_Portfolio_Approach_to_Buffer_against_Unpredictable_Environmental_Change_in_Nepal_Himalayas_Do\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePaniagua-Zambrana, N.Y., Camara-Leret, R., Bussmannn, R.W., \u0026amp; Macia, M.J. (2014). The influence of socioeconomic factors on traditional knowledge: a cross scale comparison of palmuse in northwestern South America. \u003cem\u003eEcology and Society, 19\u003c/em\u003e(4), 9. https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol19/iss4/art9/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePathirana, C.K., Madhujith, T., \u0026amp; Eeswara, J. (2020). Bael (\u003cem\u003eAegle marmelos\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL. Correa), a medicinal tree with immense economic potentials. \u003cem\u003eHindawi Advances in Agriculture, 2020\u003c/em\u003e, Article ID 8814018. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2020/8814018\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePawar, R. (2013). Effect of \u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(turmeric) on biochemical aspects of housefly, \u003cem\u003eMusa domestica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Diptera: Muscidae). \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Scientific and research Publications, 3\u003c/em\u003e(5), 1-3. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1\u0026amp;type=pdf\u0026amp;doi=e53c095f5f15bff219b912684b8cdbe6a8ca41f2\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePawlewicz. A. 2020. Change of price premium trend for organic food products: The example of the Polish egg market. \u003cem\u003eAgriculture, 10\u003c/em\u003e(35). https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/10/2/35\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePiniero, M.C. (2016). Globalization and industrialization of agriculture: impacts on rural Chocont\u0026aacute;, Colombia. \u003cem\u003eLuna Azul, 43\u003c/em\u003e, 468-496. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext\u0026amp;pid=S1909-24742016000200020\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePrasad, D., \u0026amp; Pokhrel, B. (2017). Mushroom Diversity of Amrite Community Forest, Kapilvastu, Nepal. Himalayan Biodiversity, 5(1), 84\u0026ndash;91. https://doi.org/10.3126/hebids.v5i1.36158\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRajashekar, Y., Bakthavatsalam, N., \u0026amp; Shivanandappa, T. (2012). Botanicals as grain protectants. Psyche: \u003cem\u003eA Journal of Entomology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eVolume 2012\u003c/em\u003e, Article ID 646740. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/2012/646740/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRamos, R.E.E., Gallibu, T.C., \u0026amp; Tindowen, D.J.C. (2015). Rice farming methods, tools and Indigenous practices and beliefs of Itwaes farmers of Tuguegarao city. \u003cem\u003eBannag: A Journal of Local Knowledge\u003c/em\u003e. University of Saint Louis. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319545023_RICE_FARMING_METHO DS_TOOLS_AND_INDIGENOUS_PRACTICES_AND_BELIEFS_OF_ITAWES_FARMERS_OF_TUGUEGARAO_CITY\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRandhawa, G.K., \u0026amp; Sharma, R. (2015). Chemotherapeutic potential of cow urine: A review. \u003cem\u003eJournal of intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 4\u003c/em\u003e(2), 180-186. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4566776/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRankoana, S.A. (2016). The use of Indigenous Knowledge in subsistence farming: Implications for sustainable agricultural production in Dikgale community in Limpopo province, South Africa. Towards Sustainable Agriculture: \u003cem\u003eFarming Practices and Water Use: Frontiers in Sustainability Series 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Volume 1, Issue 1, 63-74). https://www.mdpi.com/books/edition/820/article/828-the-use-of-indigenous-knowledge-in-subsistence-farming-implications-for-sustainable-agricultural\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRautaray, S.K. (2002). Indigenous Knowledge and belief on rice farming in Eastern India. \u003cem\u003eIndian Journal of Hill Farming, 15\u003c/em\u003e(1), 44-49. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319273622_INDIGENOUS_KNOWLEDGE_AND_BELIEF_ON_RICE_FARMING_IN_EASTERN_INDIA\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRauth, A.M. (1965). The physical state of viral nucleic acid and the sensitivity of viruses to ultraviolet light. \u003cem\u003eBiophysical Journal, 5\u003c/em\u003e(3), 257-273 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19431332/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRivadeneira, P., Kross, S., Gonzalez, N.N., \u0026amp; Russel, M.J. (2018). In D.M. Woods. (Ed.). A review of birds deterrents used in agriculture. Proceedings of the \u003cem\u003e28\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e vertebrate pest conference\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eUniversity of California, Davis https://escholarship.org/content/qt33s6p09d/qt33s6p09d_noSplash_04a6e950836409a43901695c86fff638.pdf?t=q2cyfv\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRogers, J.B. (1920). Studies on the viability of the \u003cem\u003eTubercle bacillus\u003c/em\u003e. American \u003cem\u003eJournal of Public Health, 10\u003c/em\u003e(4), 345-347. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18010292/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRomero-Little, M.E. (2010). How should young Indigenous children be prepared for learning? A vision of early childhood education for Indigenous children. \u003cem\u003eJournal of American Indian Education, 49\u003c/em\u003e(1-2), 7-27. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43608587\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRozman, V., Kalinovic, I., \u0026amp; Korunic, Z. (2007). Toxicity of naturally occurring compounds of Lamiaceae and Lauraceae to three stored-product insects. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Stored Products Research, 43\u003c/em\u003e(4), 349-355. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022474X06000725\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSah, L.P., Lamichhaney, D., KC, H.B., Acharya, M.C., Humagain, S.P., Subedi, R.K., Rajbhandari, R.D., Bhandari, G., \u0026amp; Muniappan, R. (2020). Desert locust [\u003cem\u003eSchistocerca gregaria\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Forskal)] (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Invasion and strategies for its management in Nepal. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Plant Protection Society, 6\u003c/em\u003e, 82-99. https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jpps/article/view/36474\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSangari, D.U. (1991). \u003cem\u003eA comparative analysis of traditional and modern systems of irrigated agriculture in the Donga river basin, Gongola state\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[Doctoral Dissertation, University of Ibadan]. https://publication.codesria.org/index.php/pub/catalog/book/1501\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSanjeev, K., \u0026amp; Ramesh, M.N. (2006). Low oxygen and inert gas processing of foods. \u003cem\u003eCritical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 46\u003c/em\u003e(5), 423-451. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16891213/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSarangi, S.K., Singh, R., \u0026amp; Singh, K.A. (2009). Indigenous method of rat proof grain storage by Adi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. \u003cem\u003eIndian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 8\u003c/em\u003e, 230-233. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228510894_Indigenous_method_of_Rat_proof_grain_storage_by_Adi_tribes_of_Arunachal_Pradesh\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSarmah, H., \u0026amp; Hazarika, B.B. (2012). Importance of the size of sample and its determination in the context of data related to the schools of greater Guwahati. \u003cem\u003eBulletin of the Gauhati University Mathematics Association\u003c/em\u003e, 12, 55-76. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306099484_Importance_of_the_size_of_ Sample_and_its_determination_in_the_context_of_data_related_to_the_schools_of_greater_Guwahati\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSarmah, H.K., Hazarika, B.B., \u0026amp; Choudhury, G. (2013). An investigation on the effect of bias on determination of sample size on the basis of data related to the students of Guwahati. International \u003cem\u003eJournal of Applied Mathematics and Statistical Sciences (IJAMSS), 2\u003c/em\u003e(1), 33-48.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303014899_AN_INVESTIGATION_ON_EFFECT_OF_BIAS_ON_DETERMINATION_OF_SAMPLE_SIZE_ON_THE_ BASIS_OF_DATA_RELATED_TO_THE_STUDENTS_OF_SCHOOLS_OF_GU WAHATI\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSatpathy, A.R., \u0026amp; Sahu, U.N. (2010). The role of sabai grass industry in the economic development of Mayurbhanj district of Orissa (India). International \u003cem\u003eJournal of Applied Agricultural Research, 5\u003c/em\u003e(2), 221-242. https://www.ripublication.com/IJAER/ijaarv5n2_11.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSauer, D.B., Storey, C.L. \u0026amp; Walker , D.E. (1984). Fungal populations in U.S. farm-stored Sauer, D.B., Storey, C.L. \u0026amp; Walker , D.E. (1984). Fungal populations in U.S. farm-stored grain and their relationship to moisture, storage time, regions, and insect infestation. \u003cem\u003ePhytopathology. 74\u003c/em\u003e(9), 1052-1053. https://www.apsnet.org/publications/phytopathology/backissues/Documents/1984Articles/Phyto74n09_1050.PDF\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSawyer, T., Bandiera, S., Safe, S., Hutzinger, O., \u0026amp; Olie, K. (1983). Bioanalysis of polychlorinated dibenzofuran and dibenzo-p-dioxin mixtures in fly ash. \u003cem\u003eChemosphere, 12\u003c/em\u003e(4-5), 529-536. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0045653583902059\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSchmidt, L.H. (2007). \u003cem\u003eTropical forest seed: Tropical forestry.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eSpringer Science and Business Media.https://books.google.com.np/books?id=qvLzz8Gnzm8C\u0026amp;pg=PA117\u0026amp;lpg=PA117 \u0026amp;dq=traditional+winnowing+techniques+used+by+farmers\u0026amp;source=bl\u0026amp;ots=QFer CeD6G2\u0026amp;sig=ACfU3U2NDF6hPR2Q28dQas71OotxKk_MKg\u0026amp;hl=en\u0026amp;sa=X\u0026amp;ve d=2ahUKEwj0_M3tlsvoAhU0huYKHU-_Al4Q6AEwGHoECA0QJw#v= onepage\u0026amp;q=traditional%20winnowing%20techniques%20used%20by%20farmers \u0026amp;f=false\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSebopetji, T.O., \u0026amp; Belete, A. (2009). An application of probit analysis to factors affecting small-scale farmers\u0026rsquo; decision to take credit: a case study of the Greater Letaba Local Municipality in South Africa. \u003cem\u003eAfrican Journal of Agricultural Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(8), 718-723. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228716417_An_application_of_probit_analysis_to_factors_affecting_small-scale_farmers\u0026apos;_decision_to_take_credit_a_case_study_of_the_Greater_Letaba_Local_Municipality_in_South\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSetlow, R. (1960). The use of action spectra to determine the physical state of DNA in vivo. \u003cem\u003eBiochimica et biophysica acta. 25\u003c/em\u003e(39), 180-181. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14445189/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShambulingappa, B.G., \u0026amp; Mansur, C.P. (2018). Traditional practices to overcome weeds, pests and diseases in agricultural crops: A study among farmers in Haveri district, Karnataka state, India. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Chemical Studies, 6\u003c/em\u003e(6), 1578-1582. http://www.chemijournal.com/archives/2018/vol6issue6/PartAB/6-5-611-336.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSharma, H., Pudasaini, P., Dhungana, S., Pokharel, M., Subedi, P., \u0026amp; Sharma, B. (2020). Evaluating the effect of flame for the determination of carbohydrate, protein and dietary fiber in Nepali Food Dhido- Novel food for diabetic. \u003cem\u003eHindawi. International Journal of Food Science, 2020\u003c/em\u003e, Article ID 8832151.https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijfs/2020/8832151.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShrestha, R., Bhattarai, R.R., \u0026amp; Katawal, S.B. (2012). Effect of different fermentation containers on the quality of \u003cem\u003eGundruk\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Current Research, 4\u003c/em\u003e(11), 315-320. http://www.journalcra.com/sites/default/files/issue-pdf/2757.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShrestha, S. (2013). \u003cem\u003eAgricultural mechanization in Nepal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[PowerPoint Slides]. The Ninth Session of the Technical Committee of the Centre for Sustainable Agricultural Mechanization (CSAM). https://un-csam.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/np.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSilva, T.L.L.D., Campos, J.L.D.A., Alves, A.G.C., \u0026amp; Albuquerque, U.P. (2019). Market integration does not affect traditional ecological knowledge but contributes additional pressure on plant resources. \u003cem\u003eActa\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Botanica Brasilica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e33\u003c/em\u003e(2). 232-240. https://www.scielo.br/j/abb/a/YK4yrKpXBwpnfMt9tBvxTGd/?lang=en\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSivanarayana, G. (1993). \u003cem\u003eIndigenous Technical Knowledge and its Communication Pattern in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[Doctoral dissertation, Banaras Hindu University]. Varanasi, India. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation\u0026amp;hl=en\u0026amp;user=LiFy-lUAAAAJ\u0026amp;citation_for_view=LiFy-lUAAAAJ:3fE2CSJIrl8C\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSlusarenko, A.J., Patel, A., \u0026amp; Partz, D. (2008). Control of plant diseases by natural products: Allicin from garlic as a case study. \u003cem\u003eEuropean Journal of Plant Pathology, 121\u003c/em\u003e, 313-322. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-8780-6_10\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSrinivasan, A., Babu, D.S., Senthilkumar, N., \u0026amp; Murugesan, S. (2016). Physicochemical properties and phytochemical constituents of \u003cem\u003eSemecarpus anacardium\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL. seed oil. \u003cem\u003eAdvances in Applied Science Research, 7\u003c/em\u003e(3), 151-154. https://www.primescholars.com/articles/physicochemical-properties-and-phytochemical-constituents-ofsemecarpus-anacardium-l-seed-oil.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSuleiman, I. (2019). \u003cem\u003eDevelopment of a bird repelling system for farm use\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[Doctoral dissertation]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338124207_DEVELOPMENT_OF_A_BI RD_REPELLING_SYSTEM_FOR_FARM_USE\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTamburino, R., Guida, V., Pacifico, S., Rocco, M., Zarreli, A., Parente, A., \u0026amp; Maro, A.D. (2012). Nutritional values and radical scavenging capacities of grass pea (\u003cem\u003eLathyrus sativus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.) seeds in Valle Agricola district, Italy. \u003cem\u003eAustralian Journal of Crop Science, 6\u003c/em\u003e(1).https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267711822_Nutritional_values_and_radic al_scavenging_capacities_of_grass_pea_Lathyrus_sativus_L_seeds_in_Valle_Agri cola_district_Italy\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTavares, W.D.S., Akhta, Y., Goncalves, G.L.P., Zanuncio, J.C., \u0026amp; Isman, M.B. (2016). Turmeric powder and its derivatives from \u003cem\u003eCurcuma longa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003erhizomes: Insecticidal efects on cabbage looper and the role of synergists. \u003cem\u003eScientific Reports, 6\u003c/em\u003e, 34093. https://www.nature.com/articles/srep34093.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTelkar, S.G., Kant, K., \u0026amp; Solanki, S.P.S. (2017). Effect of mulching on soil moisture conservation. \u003cem\u003eBiomolecule Reports\u003c/em\u003e, ISSN: 2456-8759. https://www.researchgate. net/ publication/320356486_Effect_of_Mulching_on_Soil_Moisture_Conservation\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThakur, D., Chander, M. \u0026amp; Sinha, S.K. (2017). A scale to measure the attitude of farmers towards social media use in Agricultural Extension. \u003cem\u003eIndian Research Journal of Extension Education, 17\u003c/em\u003e(3), 10-15. https://api.seea.org.in/uploads/pdf/1323-2402-1-SM.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTharakan, J. (2015). Indigenous Knowledge systems: A rich appropriate technology resource. \u003cem\u003eAfrican Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development\u003c/em\u003e, 7(1), 52-57. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20421338.2014.987987?src=recsys\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTMO, Udayapur, Nepal. (2018). \u003cem\u003eTriyuga Municipality Profile (Triyuga nagarpalikako bastugat bibaran 2075 B.S\u003c/em\u003e. Triyuga Municipality Office, Udayapur, Nepal.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUcarli, C. (2020). Effect of salinity on seed germination and early seedling stage. \u003cem\u003eIntechOpen\u003c/em\u003e. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73200\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUCLA, (2021). \u003cem\u003eProbit regression: Stata annoted output\u003c/em\u003e. University of California, Los Angeles. https://stats.idre.ucla.edu/stata/output/probit-regression/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUzunoz, M., \u0026amp; Akcay, Y. (2012). A case study of probit model analysis of factors affecting consumption of packed and unpacked milk in Turkey. \u003cem\u003eEconomics Research International\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHindawi Publishing Corporation,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eArticle ID 732583. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2012/732583\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVan, S.G., Gopalakrishan, G., \u0026amp; Masilamani, S. (2004). Neem for plant pathogenic fungal control: The outlook in the new millennium. In O. Koul \u0026amp; S. Wahab (Eds.), \u003cem\u003eNeem: Today and in the New Millenium\u003c/em\u003e. Springer, Dordecht. https://ia601301.us.archive.org/35/items/springer_10.1007-1-4020-2596-3/10.1007-1-4020-2596-3.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVarshneya, M.C., Kale, N., Vaidya, V.B., Kane, P.V., \u0026amp; Pandey, V. (2009). Forecasting and validation of rainfall for Barshi in Maharashtra based on astro-meteorological principle of rainfall conception. Asian Agri-History, 13(3), 189-196. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294265404_Forecasting_and_validation_ of_rainfall_for_barshi_in_Maharashtra_based_on_astro- meteorological_principle_of_rainfall_conception\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVenkatesh, V., Thong, J.Y.L., \u0026amp; Xu, X. (2016). Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. A synthesis and the road ahead. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the Association for Information Systems\u003c/em\u003e, 17(5), 328-376. https://aisel.aisnet.org/jais/vol17/iss5/1/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWadge, A., \u0026amp; Hutton, M. (1987). The leachability and chemical speciation of selected trace elements in fly ash from coal combustion and refuse incineration. \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental Pollution, 48\u003c/em\u003e(2), 85-99. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0269749187900893\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWaithaka, M. 2011. \u003cem\u003eThe role of Indigenous Knowledge in sustainable food production: a case of post-harvest practices in maize preservation in Mua hill location, East Kenya\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[Masters Dissertation, Van Hal Larenstein University of Applied Sciences]. https://edepot.wur.nl/192610\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWatts, B. (2020). Notice a ring around the moon? Here\u0026apos;s what it means [News article]. \u003cem\u003eWhsv 3\u003c/em\u003e. Harrisonburg, Virginia. https://www.whsv.com/content/news/Notice-a-ring-around-the-moon-Heres-what-it-means-568525161.html\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eXu, S., Zhou, Y., Xu, S., Gu, R., yue, S., Zhang, Y., \u0026amp; Zhang, X. (2019). Seed selection and storage with nano-silver and copper as potential antibacterial agents for the seagrass \u003cem\u003eZostera marina\u003c/em\u003e: Implications for habitat restoration. \u003cem\u003eScientific Reports. 9\u003c/em\u003e, 20249.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6934746/pdf/41598_2019_Article_56376.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYob, N.J., Jofrry, M., Affandi, M.M.R.M.M., The, L.K., Salleh, M.Z., \u0026amp; Zakaria, Z.A. (2011). \u003cem\u003eZingiber zerumbet\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(L.) Smith: A review of its ethnomedicinal, chemical and pharmacological uses. \u003cem\u003eHindawi Publishing Corporation\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eEvidence based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011\u003c/em\u003e, Article ID 543216. https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2011/543216.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang, S., Li, Y., \u0026amp; Pei, F. (2014). Carbon monoxide fumigation improved the quality, nutrients and antioxidant activities of postharvest peach. International \u003cem\u003eJournal of Food Science\u003c/em\u003e, Article ID 834150. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26904651/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Conservation, Food, Practice, Traditional, Technology","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6950701/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6950701/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurpose:\u003c/strong\u003e A research was carried out to assess the indigenous knowledge used in crop production cycle and local crops utilized by Tharu community farmers of Triyuga municipality, Udayapur district in 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDesign/methodology/approach:\u003c/strong\u003e A purposive random sampling with proportional allocation method was used to select 170 households and structured schedule was used to collect data from respondents. Descriptive statistics along with multiple response analysis, Chi square test, Pearson correlation, probit regression model and 5-point Likert scaling technique were used for data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFindings:\u003c/strong\u003e The study revealed that per capita income and year of schooling had significant and negative relation with Indigenous Knowledge (IK) use. Sex, resident nearby forest and field work disturb by flood showed significant positive relationship with IK use. Factor, road disturb by flood had significantly affected the IK use. Use of IK in the crop production cycle showed non-significant relationship with local crop utility. Survey revealed ensure good health, poor crop yield and positive change in IK related act and policies found to be a must important merit, demerit and solution of IK use. Whereas, chemical free organic foods, lower crop yield and technical support to farmers were found to be the most important merit, demerit and solution related to local crop utility.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePractical implications: \u003c/strong\u003eThe findings of this research can be utilized to reform the policies related to conservation, promotion and improvement of indigenous knowledge and technologies to improve the whole agriculture system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTheoretical implications:\u003c/strong\u003e Indigenous knowledge related to crop production cycle practiced by Tharu farmers that are undervalued yet will be recognized by every reader. This research will be very helpful to develop the new curriculum of schools and universities including important IKs of different ethnic groups giving them proper credit and recognition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOriginality/value: \u003c/strong\u003eDespite of few research papers related to agricultural indigenous knowledge of particular ethnic groups of Nepal found, this study will be a better initiation and reference to explore such IKs in different ethnic communities at national and inter-nations.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Indigenous Knowledge in Crop Production and Use of Locally Grown Crops by Tharu Farmersof Triyuga Municipality, Nepal","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-10 17:28:44","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6950701/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f2044abd-5abd-4f9b-8990-03084fd46ed6","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 10th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-10T06:38:41+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-10 17:28:44","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6950701","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6950701","identity":"rs-6950701","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}