3D-printing of calcium phosphates at nanoscale resolution

3D-printing of calcium phosphates at nanoscale resolution | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Letter 3D-printing of calcium phosphates at nanoscale resolution Hala Zreiqat, Iman Roohani, Shuning Wang, Chaohui Xu, Peter Newman, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4167052/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Calcium phosphates (CaPs) are ubiquitous in biological structures, such as vertebrate bones and teeth, and have diverse biomedical applications. Shaping CaPs at the nanoscale in 3D can unlock new possibilities in a myriad of research and industrial applications. However, fabricating inorganic materials such as CaPs with designed 3D nanostructures remains a significant challenge. Here, we introduce a novel approach to 3D print CaP structures with unprecedented sub-300 nm resolution, achieving a level of detail three orders of magnitude finer than current state-of-the-art additive manufacturing techniques for CaPs. This advancement is achieved by leveraging a bioinspired chemistry using bone prenucleation clusters, within a photoresist. This technique also enables nanopatterning of CaPs on ceramics and metals, and precise engineering of the microstructure down to the level of a single nanograin. This method will offer new frontiers in developing bioinspired metamaterials, damage-tolerant lightweight materials, cell-modulating interfaces, precision-engineered coatings, and targeted drug delivery nanovehicles. Physical sciences/Materials science/Biomaterials/Biomedical materials Physical sciences/Engineering/Biomedical engineering Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files SuppinfDBPR.pdf DestabilizationofPNCsinPNCinkcontaining66wtXPNCs.mp4 Video 1 2PPprintingofmacrogyroidswith1micronwallthicknessusing65wtXPNCInk.mp4 Video 2 2PPprintingofamicroOctetlattice15microninsidelengthusing65wtXPNCink.mp4 Video 3 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4167052","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Letter","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":284704928,"identity":"ff760472-23b8-45f3-b618-3ebcbb633d71","order_by":0,"name":"Hala 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