Sexual selection moderates heat stress response in males and females

A widespread effect of climate change is the displacement of organisms from their thermal optima. The associated thermal stress imposed by climate change has been argued to have a particularly strong impact on male reproduction but evidence for this postulated sex-specific stress response is equivocal. One important factor that may explain intra- and interspecific variation in stress responses is sexual selection, which is predicted to magnify negative effects of stress. Nevertheless, empirical studies exploring the interplay of sexual selection and heat stress are still scarce. We tested experimentally for an interaction between sexual selection and thermal stress in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum by contrasting heat responses in male and female reproductive success between setups of enforced monogamy versus polygamy. We found that polygamy magnifies detrimental effects of heat stress in males but relaxes the observed negative effects in females. Our results suggest that sexual selection can reverse sex differences in thermal sensitivity, and may therefore alter sex-specific selection on alleles associated with heat tolerance. We argue that these findings have important implications for predicting the role of sexual selection for the adaptation to current global warming and increased frequency of extreme climatic events.