How does immediate auditory feedback coupled to locomotion influence the spontaneous actions of rats?

Sense of agency is a subjective experience that is difficult to examine in animals and preverbal infants. In animals and infants, the sensory monitoring of self-motion, which is the basis of this sense, and the contingency between self-motion and sensory feedback are investigated. Here, we performed experiments on rats using locomotor movements and auditory feedback of pulsed sounds with real-time changes in pulse interval corresponding to the velocity of locomotion, and tested whether rats change their locomotion depending on the degree of contingency between locomotion and auditory feedback. The results showed that rats increased their locomotion distance when the pulse interval of sound changed in accordance with the velocity of locomotion. However, this effect was not long-lasting. This study provides a simple and convenient method to examine the awareness of the contingency between self-motion and auditory feedback in a wide range of animal species without long-term training, and is expected to be a useful tool for comparisons with humans.