Evaluating the efficacy of injectable antioxidant AD3EC on oxidative stress biomarkers in Raeini Cashmere goats

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This study investigated the effects of injectable AD3EC vitamin as an antioxidant on oxidative stress markers in Raeini cashmere goats during the transition period. Twenty Raeini cashmere goats were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. Key oxidative factors, including malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were measured at following time points: two weeks before parturition, one week before parturition, and one, two, and three weeks postpartum. The results demonstrated that the treatment group consistently exhibited significantly lower MDA levels than the control group at all measured time points (p < 0.001). Although TAC levels were higher in the control group, the administration of AD3EC vitamin showed a positive trend in managing oxidative stress during critical periods, particularly one week postpartum. Notably, the treatment group experienced an increase in GPx levels postpartum, highlighting the potential of AD3EC vitamin to stimulate antioxidant enzyme activity. Additionally, SOD levels demonstrated an initial increase prior to parturition (p < 0.001). These findings underscore the potential of AD3EC vitamin as an effective intervention for reducing oxidative stress and promoting overall health and resilience in Raeini cashmere goats during the transition period. Future research should further explore the integration of AD3EC vitamin with other dietary strategies to optimize antioxidant defense mechanisms in livestock. AD3EC oxidative factors Raeini cashmere goat Transition period Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction The transition period, the time surrounding parturition and extending until the onset of lactation, is a critical phase characterized by significant physiological and metabolic changes. During this time, the demand for energy and nutrients increases substantially to support fetal development and subsequent lactation, which can challenge the homeostasis of the animal (Tufarelli et al., 2024 ; Vicente et al., 2024 ). Notably, the transition period is also associated with heightened oxidative stress, a condition that arises when the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeds the body’s antioxidant defenses (Barcarolo et al., 2024 ). Such an imbalance can lead to cellular damage and impaired immune function, consequently affecting overall health and productivity in goats (Li et al., 2024 ). Antioxidants play a crucial role in mitigating the effects of oxidative stress by neutralizing ROS and restoring redox balance (Meng & Su, 2024 ). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) are essential enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants that collectively contribute to the body’s defense mechanisms against oxidative damage. Conversely, malondialdehyde (MDA) is a byproduct of lipid peroxidation, serving as a marker for oxidative stress and cellular injury (Juan et al., 2021 ; Razavi et al., 2023 ). Optimal levels of these oxidative factors are critical for maintaining health, enhancing reproductive performance, and ensuring the long-term productivity of dairy and meat goats. In recent years, the administration of injectable antioxidants, such as AD3EC vitamin (a combination of vitamins A, D 3 , and E), has gained attention as a potential intervention to enhance antioxidant defense during the transition period. Vitamin E, in particular, is well-documented for its role in lipid stabilization and immune modulation, while vitamin A contributes to cellular integrity and function (Cusack et al., 2008 ). By providing these key nutrients directly into the bloodstream via injection, it is hypothesized that their bioavailability and absorption can be enhanced, potentially leading to improved antioxidant status during critical physiological transitions. This study aims to evaluate the effects of injectable AD3EC vitamin on oxidative factors, specifically SOD, MDA, GPx, and TAC, in Raeini cashmere goats during the transition period. By elucidating the impact of this antioxidant therapy on oxidative stress markers, we will determine its potential benefits in improving the health and productivity of goats undergoing significant physiological changes. Materials and Methods Study Area The study was conducted in Baft city, located in Kerman province in southeastern Iran. The city is situated at an elevation of approximately 1,600 meters above sea level, contributing to its unique climatic and geographical characteristics. The region is characterized by a semi-arid climate, with hot, dry summers and mild winters, making it suitable for sheep and goat husbandry. The average annual rainfall in the area is about 200 mm, with the majority of precipitation occurring between late autumn and early spring. This limited rainfall contributes to the arid conditions prevalent during the summer months, resulting in sparse vegetation and the need for supplementary feeding for livestock. The natural forage available during the study period consisted primarily of drought-resistant grasses and shrubs, which provide essential nutrients for the goats. Animals A total of 20 healthy Raeini cashmere goats, aged 1 to 2 years and weighing approximately 40 ± 5 kg, were selected for this study. All goats had a history of at least one successful lambing and were free from any reproductive diseases. Before the commencement of the study, clinical evaluations were performed to ensure the health status of the goats. All goats received antiparasitic treatment to eliminate any potential infections. Pregnancy was confirmed using ultrasound techniques to ascertain the reproductive status of the goats before the treatment commenced. Study design and sampling The goats were randomly divided into two groups: a treatment group which received injectable AD3EC vitamin (1 ml/kg body weight) intramuscularly, and a control group which received an equivalent volume of normal saline as a placebo. Throughout the study, no changes in movement or dietary restrictions were imposed on the goats, ensuring consistency in their environmental conditions. A total of 7 ml of blood sampling was collected via jugular venipuncture at several key time points to monitor oxidative markers: two weeks and one week prior to parturition, and one week, two weeks, and three weeks following parturition. the samples were then poured into the tubes without anti-coagulant and placed in a fixed place for 5 min to clot. In the laboratory, serum was obtained by centrifuging the samples at 3000 rpm for 10 min, then it was labeled and stored at -20°C until used. Assessment of Oxidative Parameters Oxidative stress parameters, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), were assessed using specific kits obtained from Zellbio ® Company, following the manufacturer's guidelines. Statistical Analysis Data analysis was performed using SPSS (R 4.4.1). Independent t-tests were utilized to compare oxidative parameters between the treatment and control groups at each time point. Repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to assess the effects of time and treatment on the oxidative factors across sampling periods. Results The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of injectable AD3EC vitamin on oxidative stress factors in Raeini cashmere goats during the transition period. AD3EC was utilized as a significant supplement during this critical phase to assess its impact on various oxidative and antioxidant markers. Table 1 illustrates the mean differences in oxidative stress factors between the treatment group (those receiving AD3EC) and the control group (not receiving the AD3EC) at different time points. The results indicated that one week before delivery, the MDA level in the treatment group was significantly lower at 74.43 (µM), compared to 101.99 (µM) in the control group (p < 0.001). One week postpartum, the treatment group exhibited a mean MDA level of 98.98 (µM), also lower than the control group (p < 0.001). Two weeks after delivery, the treatment group had a mean MDA level of 79.06 (µM) significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.001). At three weeks postpartum, the treatment group showed a mean MDA level of 75.45 (µM), again lower than the control group 113.33 (µM) (p < 0.001) (Fig. 1 ). TAC levels similarly demonstrated a significant trend in favor of the treatment group. Two weeks prior to parturition, the treatment group had a mean TAC of 0.78 (mM), compared to 0.88 (mM) in the control group (p = 0.005). One week before parturition, the treatment group exhibited a mean TAC of 0.71 (mM), markedly lower than the control group's 0.91 (mM) (p < 0.001). Following parturition, the treatment group’s TAC at one week was 0.77 (mM), while the control group’s was significantly higher at 0.93 (mM) (p < 0.001). By two weeks postpartum, TAC in the treatment group decreased to 0.62 (mM), compared to 0.81 (mM) in the control group (p < 0.001). At three weeks postpartum, mean TAC in the treatment group was 0.43 (mM), lower than the control group value of 0.72 (mM) (p < 0.001) (Fig. 2 ). The influence of the antioxidant treatment on GPx levels demonstrated that one week before delivery, the mean GPx was 64.01 (U/ml) in the treatment group, significantly lower than the control group 256.74 (U/ml) (p < 0.001). One week after delivery, GPx levels in the treatment group rose to 104.08 (U/ml), yet remained significantly lower compared to the control group mean of 249.49 (U/ml) (p < 0.001). Two weeks postpartum, the treatment group exhibited a GPx mean of 91.30 (U/ml), again lower than the control group 245.33 (U/ml) (p < 0.001). By three weeks after delivery, GPx in the treatment group was 80.54 (U/ml), significantly lower than the control group 200.20 (U/ml) (p < 0.001) (Fig. 3 ). SOD levels exhibited distinct trends, as shown in Fig. 4 . Two weeks before parturition, the mean SOD in the treatment group was 39.35 (U/ml), significantly higher than the control group's 10.84 (U/ml) (p < 0.001). One week prior to parturition, SOD levels in the treatment group were 33.86 (U/ml), exceeding the control group 16.26 (U/ml) (p < 0.001). However, one week after parturition, SOD levels in the treatment group decreased to 35.46 (U/ml), which was lower than the control group's 48.22 (U/ml) (p < 0.001). Two weeks after delivery, the treatment group's mean SOD level was 32.16 (U/ml), significantly lower than the control group’s value of 97.47 (U/ml) (p < 0.001). Finally, at three weeks postpartum, the treatment group had a mean SOD of 29.60 (U/ml), compared to 78.46 (U/ml) in the control group (p < 0.001). Overall, the administration of injectable AD3EC vitamin significantly influenced oxidative stress markers in Raeini cashmere goats throughout the transition period, with notable discrepancies between treatment and control groups across all measured parameters. Discussion The use of antioxidant vitamins during the transition period in ruminants has been shown to positively influence oxidative factors and overall health and directly scavenge ROS (Mohebbi-Fani et al., 2012). They play a crucial role in enhancing the antioxidant defense system, helping to mitigate oxidative stress that often peaks during this critical phase (Abuelo et al., 2015). Also, vitamins, including A, D, and E, support cellular function, bolster immune response, and improve metabolic performance, ultimately contributing to enhanced milk production and better reproductive outcomes (Shastak & Pelletier, 2024). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of injectable antioxidant (AD3EC vitamin) on oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), in Raeini cashmere goats during the transition period. Lipids, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids, are highly vulnerable to reactive radicals, which initiate lipid peroxidation. This process results in the formation of various compounds, many of which serve as indicators for assessing lipid peroxidation levels. One of the most commonly used biomarkers for this purpose is malondialdehyde (MDA), a byproduct of lipid peroxidation, which has been widely recognized for its utility in evidencing oxidative stress (Mahmood et al., 2020). In the present study, the treatment group consistently exhibited lower MDA levels compared to the control group at all observed time points. Specifically, one week before delivery, the mean MDA in the treatment group was 74.43, which was significantly lower than the control group. This trend continued postpartum, with MDA levels at 98.98 in the treatment group versus 129.25 in the control. Previous research by (Sucupira et al., 2019) highlighted comparable findings, where the use of injectable ADE resulted in notable reductions in MDA levels in sheep during the transition period, suggesting the major role of vitamins in protecting the cells from the adverse effects of lipid peroxidation. These consistent results underscore the efficacy of AD3EC vitamin in reducing oxidative stress, particularly during critical transition phases associated with increased metabolic demands and potential oxidative stress due to parturition. Consistency with the present study, (Konvičná et al., 2015) observed that serum concentrations of MDA were significantly elevated during the first week following parturition, in comparison to both antepartum and later postpartum periods. Additionally, various researchers have identified a comparable temporary rise in MDA levels in dairy cows during the postpartum phase (Saleh et al., 2007). During this phase, the metabolic demands for fetal growth and the production of colostrum rise significantly. This heightened requirement for energy and oxygen can lead to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, as lactation begins, the need for energy and oxygen escalates even more compared to the prepartum period (Colakoglu et al., 2017). Elevated MDA levels are also associated with various adverse reproductive outcomes (Rehman & Azhar, 2024). Assessing antioxidant capacity takes into account the combined effects of all antioxidants found in plasma and bodily fluids. This approach offers a comprehensive parameter as opposed to merely adding up the individual measurable antioxidants (Ghiselli et al., 2000). TAC offers valuable insights into the dynamic balance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants within the plasma compartment (Cao & Prior, 1998). In fact, TAC proves to be an effective measure of stress in calves during transportation (Pregel et al., 2005). Ultimately, assessing TAC at the herd level may serve as a significant indicator of animal welfare, potentially providing more sensitivity and reliability than measuring a single parameter, which might highlight individual discrepancies. Additionally, TAC can help evaluate the nutritional status of animals on different diets or assess their overall nutritional health throughout the year (Celi, 2011). The results of the current study demonstrated a decline in TAC levels in the treatment group throughout the study, particularly in the context of the significant differences observed with the control group, where TAC values were higher at multiple time points one week before parturition. This may indicate that despite the treatment, the oxidative burden during this period was not sufficiently counteracted, reflecting a challenge in sustaining adequate antioxidant defenses in response to acute oxidative stress. Similarly, a study conducted by (Al-Hassan et al., 2016) revealed that TAC started to decline until the second week after parturition Antioxidant treatments can improve TAC in livestock; however factors such as stress levels, nutritional status, increased lipid peroxidation, and TAC around parturition may lead to the reduction of TAC after parturition (Castillo et al., 2005). Integrating both pre- and post-partum antioxidant administration may develop a more robust antioxidant defense mechanism in goats. GPx plays a crucial role in protecting animal tissues from oxidative damage by facilitating the reduction of hydrogen and lipid peroxides (Halliwell & Chirico, 1993). It is also regarded as a marker of oxidative stress that is involved in cellular redox reactions that help safeguard the cell membrane against damage from free radicals (Tüzün et al., 2002). The present study indicated markedly lower GPx levels in the treatment group compared to controls throughout the experimental period. At one week before delivery, GPx levels were 64.01 in the treatment group versus 256.74 in the control group. Despite a slight increase one week postpartum, GPx levels remained significantly lower than the control group. In accordance with our results, (Celi et al., 2008) reported that the level of GPx had a transient increase immediately after parturition and then started to decline. Additionally, research on dairy goats indicates that blood GPx activity declines during the postpartum period, implying that the animals may have undergone some level of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation (Celi et al., 2010). The prolonged effects of low GPx levels in the treatment group highlight potential limitations in the effectiveness of AD3EC vitamin in stimulating endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity. The variations in GPx levels observed in our study potentially stem from the antioxidant's properties in facilitating reactive oxygen species (ROS) elimination. Future studies might explore the impact of dietary adjustments in conjunction with injectable treatments to optimize antioxidant enzyme stimulation during critical phases. SOD is a key enzyme involved in the initial stage of the antioxidant defense system, as it helps neutralize oxidative processes triggered by stress within the cell. This enzyme facilitates the conversion of superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (Halliwell & Chirico, 1993; Surai, 2016). The initial elevation of SOD in the treatment group, recorded at 39.35 two weeks prior to parturition, reflects a temporary adaptive response to oxidative stress. This finding agrees with the report from El-Sayed et al. (2024) who demonstrated that the use of antioxidant vitamins such as A, D, and E had a positive effect on antioxidant and metabolic indicators, by increasing SOD level, in animals during the transition period (El-Sayed et al., 2024). Despite this encouraging result, SOD levels sharply declined in the treatment group postpartum, plummeting to 29.60 by three weeks, compared to 78.46 in the control group. These findings are in agreement with the results from (Abbas et al., 2024) who observed a reduction in SOD level in ewes after parturition. In addition, the work by (Khudhair et al., 2021) reported an apparent decline in the activity of SOD in cows. In dairy goats, SOD activity tends to decline during the postpartum phase, likely due to reduced peroxide production, which is supported by the observed decrease in reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) concentrations (Celi et al., 2010). The decrease in SOD level in the present study suggests that while the initial administration of AD3EC vitamin may enhance SOD enzymatic activity, the benefits do not persist in the face of ongoing oxidative stress encountered during and after lambing. This highlights the necessity of a comprehensive management strategy that includes not only antioxidant supplementation but also addressing environmental and management factors that contribute to oxidative stress in livestock. Conclusion The results revealed differences in the oxidative parameters between the treatment and control groups, emphasizing the potential role of AD3EC injection in mitigating oxidative stress in Raeini cashmere goats during the transition phase. The disparities observed in oxidative stress markers between treatment and control groups underscore the need for developing tailored antioxidant strategies that consider the unique physiological challenges faced during this period. Although, our study showed that injectable AD3EC vitamin positively affected various oxidative stress markers in Raeini cashmere goats, future research should focus on utilizing a combination of injectable and dietary antioxidants, optimized delivery timings, and environmental management strategies to improve overall oxidative balance in goats. Additionally, further studies could investigate the synergistic effects of different antioxidants, potential gene expressions related to antioxidant defense mechanisms, and the role of other dietary components in enhancing oxidative status. Declarations Consent for publication: All authors read and approved the manuscript. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This laboratory and experimental study involving animals was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch. Ethical approval was obtained from the committee (approval number: IR.IAU.KERMAN.REC.1403.072). All procedures involving animals were performed following the institutional guidelines to ensure their welfare and minimize suffering. Consent for publication: All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its publication . Availability of data and materials: The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Authors' contributions: Mohammad Mazroueisebdani: Conceptualization, Supervision, Project administration, Writing – review & editing. Amirhossein Saeedian: Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft. Mehrdad Shamsaddini Bafti: Contributed to the development of study concept and design, Validation, Visualization, Clinical assessment, Writing – review & editing. Najmeh Kargar: Resources, Animal handling coordination, Ethical compliance, Investigation. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. 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The levels of MDA, TAC, GPx, and SOD in the treatment and control groups during the transition period in Raini Cashmere goats Group - 2 w* - 1 w + 1 w + 2 w + 3 w treatment 79.39 ± 11.15 74.3 ± 9.06 98.98 ± 8.50 79.06 ± 15.89 75.45 ± 17.49 MDA control 86.40 ± 14.72 101.99 ± 15.27 129.25 ± 4.21 122.06 ± 2.12 113.33 ± 5.89 P -value 0.246 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 treatment 0.78 ± 0.07 0.71 ± 0.05 0.77 ± 0.05 0.62 ± 0.05 0.43 ± 0.13 TAC control 0.88 ± 0.05 0.91 ± 0.05 0.93 ± 0.05 0.81 ± 0.06 0.72 ± 0.09 P -value 0.005 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 treatment 99.79 ± 77.38 64.01 ± 24.84 104.08 ± 11.86 91.30 ± 9.20 80.54 ± 15.17 GPx control 147.98 ± 34.13 256.74 ± 83.45 249.49 ± 67.82 245.33 ± 38.35 200.20 ± 42.19 P -value 0.088 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 treatment 39.35 ± 4.98 33.86 ± 2.50 35.69 ± 1.96 32.16 ± 1.22 29.60 ± 2.37 SOD control 10.84 ± 2.66 16.26 ± 11.46 48.22 ± 10.25 47.97 ± 19.50 46.78 ± 4.21 P -value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 * (-) before and (+) after parturition P -values below 0.05 are considered statistically significant Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 19 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Veterinary Research → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 27 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 13 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 12 Aug, 2025 Editor invited by journal 11 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 27 Jul, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 25 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 25 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7188503","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":501419578,"identity":"54427786-0b89-4542-b2a1-b8c9e6ff2c0d","order_by":0,"name":"Amirhossein Saeedian","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Islamic Azad University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amirhossein","middleName":"","lastName":"Saeedian","suffix":""},{"id":501419579,"identity":"33b8636c-914d-4280-932b-831e276a5e8f","order_by":1,"name":"Mohammad Mazrouei Sebdani","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAtklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFADZuYDB4AUDyla2BJI1cLAY0CcOt0G7sSPP/fYJPaz83w88LONQca8gYAWswO8myUknqUlzmzm3XCwt42BR+YAYS0bJAwOHE7ccJh3wwFeoBYJQg4D2fIjAahl/2GeBwf/Eqllm8QBkC3MPAyHibPlMO82y4YDacYzDrMZHJY5J0GEluO9m2/+OGAj299/+PHHN2U29gS1MDCjcglrGAWjYBSMglFABAAARnU+XVlZlmkAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Islamic Azad University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"Mazrouei","lastName":"Sebdani","suffix":""},{"id":501419581,"identity":"500153bf-21c1-4204-be33-3bae66714d04","order_by":2,"name":"Mehrdad Shamsaddini Bafti","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Razi Vaccine \u0026 Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mehrdad","middleName":"Shamsaddini","lastName":"Bafti","suffix":""},{"id":501419584,"identity":"8eeb3566-0110-465e-836d-5a7ba70cb708","order_by":3,"name":"Najmeh kargar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Najmeh","middleName":"","lastName":"kargar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-22 15:08:30","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7188503/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7188503/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-025-05091-2","type":"published","date":"2025-11-19T15:59:03+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89456440,"identity":"9562e4eb-1014-4174-9fe7-5133eaa601f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 07:06:01","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":153924,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the treatment (A) and the control (B) groups in Raini cashmere goats during the transition period.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7188503/v1/5c66c4799b5f6bf40e7a51e5.png"},{"id":89456419,"identity":"79992a35-2536-4e66-b57c-ad54f8b466b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 07:05:59","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":148311,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe level of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) \u0026nbsp;in the treatment (A) and the control (B) groups in Raeini cashmere goats during the transition period.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7188503/v1/960a9d49615ce0118c1f90ce.png"},{"id":89456423,"identity":"201d272a-9115-46a3-826e-9fb4eff5e664","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 07:05:59","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":168526,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe level of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) \u0026nbsp;in the treatment (A) and the control (B) groups in Raeini cashmere goats during the transition period.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7188503/v1/1be2229eb2f025f889e7d009.png"},{"id":89456439,"identity":"165296f5-af8d-4da3-97fa-1a7ab2e0ff0d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 07:06:01","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":148807,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the treatment (A) and the control (B) groups in Raeini cashmere goats during the transition period.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7188503/v1/b400314b157a9e122a2e0011.png"},{"id":96650421,"identity":"ba31df9a-79f4-4357-8dd7-7a0e1a40c0b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-24 16:12:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1275938,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7188503/v1/ad9a1e95-267e-4425-855c-d5035ba64eb5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Evaluating the efficacy of injectable antioxidant AD3EC on oxidative stress biomarkers in Raeini Cashmere goats ","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe transition period, the time surrounding parturition and extending until the onset of lactation, is a critical phase characterized by significant physiological and metabolic changes. During this time, the demand for energy and nutrients increases substantially to support fetal development and subsequent lactation, which can challenge the homeostasis of the animal (Tufarelli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Vicente et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Notably, the transition period is also associated with heightened oxidative stress, a condition that arises when the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeds the body\u0026rsquo;s antioxidant defenses (Barcarolo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Such an imbalance can lead to cellular damage and impaired immune function, consequently affecting overall health and productivity in goats (Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Antioxidants play a crucial role in mitigating the effects of oxidative stress by neutralizing ROS and restoring redox balance (Meng \u0026amp; Su, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) are essential enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants that collectively contribute to the body\u0026rsquo;s defense mechanisms against oxidative damage. Conversely, malondialdehyde (MDA) is a byproduct of lipid peroxidation, serving as a marker for oxidative stress and cellular injury (Juan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Razavi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Optimal levels of these oxidative factors are critical for maintaining health, enhancing reproductive performance, and ensuring the long-term productivity of dairy and meat goats. In recent years, the administration of injectable antioxidants, such as AD3EC vitamin (a combination of vitamins A, D\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, and E), has gained attention as a potential intervention to enhance antioxidant defense during the transition period. Vitamin E, in particular, is well-documented for its role in lipid stabilization and immune modulation, while vitamin A contributes to cellular integrity and function (Cusack et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). By providing these key nutrients directly into the bloodstream via injection, it is hypothesized that their bioavailability and absorption can be enhanced, potentially leading to improved antioxidant status during critical physiological transitions. This study aims to evaluate the effects of injectable AD3EC vitamin on oxidative factors, specifically SOD, MDA, GPx, and TAC, in Raeini cashmere goats during the transition period. By elucidating the impact of this antioxidant therapy on oxidative stress markers, we will determine its potential benefits in improving the health and productivity of goats undergoing significant physiological changes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStudy Area\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in Baft city, located in Kerman province in southeastern Iran. The city is situated at an elevation of approximately 1,600 meters above sea level, contributing to its unique climatic and geographical characteristics. The region is characterized by a semi-arid climate, with hot, dry summers and mild winters, making it suitable for sheep and goat husbandry. The average annual rainfall in the area is about 200 mm, with the majority of precipitation occurring between late autumn and early spring. This limited rainfall contributes to the arid conditions prevalent during the summer months, resulting in sparse vegetation and the need for supplementary feeding for livestock. The natural forage available during the study period consisted primarily of drought-resistant grasses and shrubs, which provide essential nutrients for the goats.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnimals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 20 healthy Raeini cashmere goats, aged 1 to 2 years and weighing approximately 40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5 kg, were selected for this study. All goats had a history of at least one successful lambing and were free from any reproductive diseases. Before the commencement of the study, clinical evaluations were performed to ensure the health status of the goats. All goats received antiparasitic treatment to eliminate any potential infections. Pregnancy was confirmed using ultrasound techniques to ascertain the reproductive status of the goats before the treatment commenced.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStudy design and sampling\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe goats were randomly divided into two groups: a treatment group which received injectable AD3EC vitamin (1 ml/kg body weight) intramuscularly, and a control group which received an equivalent volume of normal saline as a placebo. Throughout the study, no changes in movement or dietary restrictions were imposed on the goats, ensuring consistency in their environmental conditions. A total of 7 ml of blood sampling was collected via jugular venipuncture at several key time points to monitor oxidative markers: two weeks and one week prior to parturition, and one week, two weeks, and three weeks following parturition. the samples were then poured into the tubes without anti-coagulant and placed in a fixed place for 5 min to clot. In the laboratory, serum was obtained by centrifuging the samples at 3000 rpm for 10 min, then it was labeled and stored at -20\u0026deg;C until used.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAssessment of Oxidative Parameters\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOxidative stress parameters, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), were assessed using specific kits obtained from Zellbio \u0026reg; Company, following the manufacturer's guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData analysis was performed using SPSS (R 4.4.1). Independent t-tests were utilized to compare oxidative parameters between the treatment and control groups at each time point. Repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to assess the effects of time and treatment on the oxidative factors across sampling periods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study aimed to evaluate the effect of injectable AD3EC vitamin on oxidative stress factors in Raeini cashmere goats during the transition period. AD3EC was utilized as a significant supplement during this critical phase to assess its impact on various oxidative and antioxidant markers. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the mean differences in oxidative stress factors between the treatment group (those receiving AD3EC) and the control group (not receiving the AD3EC) at different time points.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results indicated that one week before delivery, the MDA level in the treatment group was significantly lower at 74.43 (\u0026micro;M), compared to 101.99 (\u0026micro;M) in the control group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). One week postpartum, the treatment group exhibited a mean MDA level of 98.98 (\u0026micro;M), also lower than the control group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Two weeks after delivery, the treatment group had a mean MDA level of 79.06 (\u0026micro;M) significantly lower than the control group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). At three weeks postpartum, the treatment group showed a mean MDA level of 75.45 (\u0026micro;M), again lower than the control group 113.33 (\u0026micro;M) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTAC levels similarly demonstrated a significant trend in favor of the treatment group. Two weeks prior to parturition, the treatment group had a mean TAC of 0.78 (mM), compared to 0.88 (mM) in the control group (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005). One week before parturition, the treatment group exhibited a mean TAC of 0.71 (mM), markedly lower than the control group's 0.91 (mM) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Following parturition, the treatment group\u0026rsquo;s TAC at one week was 0.77 (mM), while the control group\u0026rsquo;s was significantly higher at 0.93 (mM) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). By two weeks postpartum, TAC in the treatment group decreased to 0.62 (mM), compared to 0.81 (mM) in the control group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). At three weeks postpartum, mean TAC in the treatment group was 0.43 (mM), lower than the control group value of 0.72 (mM) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The influence of the antioxidant treatment on GPx levels demonstrated that one week before delivery, the mean GPx was 64.01 (U/ml) in the treatment group, significantly lower than the control group 256.74 (U/ml) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). One week after delivery, GPx levels in the treatment group rose to 104.08 (U/ml), yet remained significantly lower compared to the control group mean of 249.49 (U/ml) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Two weeks postpartum, the treatment group exhibited a GPx mean of 91.30 (U/ml), again lower than the control group 245.33 (U/ml) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). By three weeks after delivery, GPx in the treatment group was 80.54 (U/ml), significantly lower than the control group 200.20 (U/ml) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSOD levels exhibited distinct trends, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Two weeks before parturition, the mean SOD in the treatment group was 39.35 (U/ml), significantly higher than the control group's 10.84 (U/ml) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). One week prior to parturition, SOD levels in the treatment group were 33.86 (U/ml), exceeding the control group 16.26 (U/ml) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). However, one week after parturition, SOD levels in the treatment group decreased to 35.46 (U/ml), which was lower than the control group's 48.22 (U/ml) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Two weeks after delivery, the treatment group's mean SOD level was 32.16 (U/ml), significantly lower than the control group\u0026rsquo;s value of 97.47 (U/ml) (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Finally, at three weeks postpartum, the treatment group had a mean SOD of 29.60 (U/ml), compared to 78.46 (U/ml) in the control group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall, the administration of injectable AD3EC vitamin significantly influenced oxidative stress markers in Raeini cashmere goats throughout the transition period, with notable discrepancies between treatment and control groups across all measured parameters.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe use of antioxidant vitamins during the transition period in ruminants has been shown to positively influence oxidative factors and overall health and directly scavenge ROS (Mohebbi-Fani et al., 2012). They play a crucial role in enhancing the antioxidant defense system, helping to mitigate oxidative stress that often peaks during this critical phase (Abuelo et al., 2015).\u0026nbsp;Also, vitamins, including A, D, and E, support cellular function, bolster immune response, and improve metabolic performance, ultimately contributing to enhanced milk production and better reproductive outcomes\u0026nbsp;(Shastak \u0026amp; Pelletier, 2024). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of injectable antioxidant (AD3EC vitamin) on oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), in Raeini cashmere goats during the transition period.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLipids, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids, are highly vulnerable to reactive radicals, which initiate lipid peroxidation. This process results in the formation of various compounds, many of which serve as indicators for assessing lipid peroxidation levels. One of the most commonly used biomarkers for this purpose is malondialdehyde (MDA), a byproduct of lipid peroxidation, which has been widely recognized for its utility in evidencing oxidative stress (Mahmood et al., 2020). In the present study, the treatment group consistently exhibited lower MDA levels compared to the control group at all observed time points. Specifically, one week before delivery, the mean MDA in the treatment group was 74.43, which was significantly lower than the control group. This trend continued postpartum, with MDA levels at 98.98 in the treatment group versus 129.25 in the control. Previous research by (Sucupira et al., 2019) highlighted comparable findings, where the use of injectable ADE resulted in notable reductions in MDA levels in sheep during the transition period, suggesting the major role of vitamins in protecting the cells from the adverse effects of lipid\u0026nbsp;peroxidation.\u0026nbsp;These consistent results underscore the efficacy of AD3EC vitamin in reducing oxidative stress, particularly during critical transition phases associated with increased metabolic demands and potential oxidative stress due to parturition. Consistency with the present study,\u0026nbsp;(Konvičn\u0026aacute; et al., 2015)\u0026nbsp;observed that serum concentrations of MDA were significantly elevated during the first week following parturition, in comparison to both antepartum and later postpartum periods. Additionally, various researchers have identified a comparable temporary rise in MDA levels in dairy cows during the postpartum phase\u0026nbsp;(Saleh et al., 2007). During this phase, the metabolic demands for fetal growth and the production of colostrum rise significantly. This heightened requirement for energy and oxygen can lead to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, as lactation begins, the need for energy and oxygen escalates even more compared to the prepartum period\u0026nbsp;(Colakoglu et al., 2017). Elevated MDA levels are also associated with various adverse reproductive outcomes\u0026nbsp;(Rehman \u0026amp; Azhar, 2024).\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Assessing antioxidant capacity takes into account the combined effects of all antioxidants found in plasma and bodily fluids. This approach offers a comprehensive parameter as opposed to merely adding up the individual measurable antioxidants\u0026nbsp;(Ghiselli et al., 2000). TAC offers valuable insights into the dynamic balance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants within the plasma compartment\u0026nbsp;(Cao \u0026amp; Prior, 1998). In fact, TAC proves to be an effective measure of stress in calves during transportation\u0026nbsp;(Pregel et al., 2005). Ultimately, assessing TAC at the herd level may serve as a significant indicator of animal welfare, potentially providing more sensitivity and reliability than measuring a single parameter, which might highlight individual discrepancies. Additionally, TAC can help evaluate the nutritional status of animals on different diets or assess their overall nutritional health throughout the year\u0026nbsp;(Celi, 2011). The results of the current study demonstrated a decline in TAC levels in the treatment group throughout the study, particularly in the context of the significant differences observed with the control group, where TAC values were higher at multiple time points one week before parturition. This may indicate that despite the treatment, the oxidative burden during this period was not sufficiently counteracted, reflecting a challenge in sustaining adequate antioxidant defenses in response to acute oxidative stress. Similarly, a study conducted by\u0026nbsp;(Al-Hassan et al., 2016)\u0026nbsp;revealed that TAC started to decline until the second week after parturition \u0026nbsp;Antioxidant treatments can improve TAC in livestock; however factors such as stress levels, nutritional status, increased lipid peroxidation, and TAC around parturition may lead to the reduction of TAC after parturition\u0026nbsp;(Castillo et al., 2005).\u0026nbsp;Integrating both pre- and post-partum antioxidant administration may develop a more robust antioxidant defense mechanism in goats.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;GPx plays a crucial role in protecting animal tissues from oxidative damage by facilitating the reduction of hydrogen and lipid peroxides\u0026nbsp;(Halliwell \u0026amp; Chirico, 1993). It is also regarded as a marker of oxidative stress\u0026nbsp;that is involved in cellular redox reactions that help safeguard the cell membrane against damage from free radicals\u0026nbsp;(T\u0026uuml;z\u0026uuml;n et al., 2002).\u0026nbsp;The present study indicated markedly lower GPx levels in the treatment group compared to controls throughout the experimental period. At one week before delivery, GPx levels were 64.01 in the treatment group versus 256.74 in the control group. Despite a slight increase one week postpartum, GPx levels remained significantly lower than the control group. In accordance with our results,\u0026nbsp;(Celi et al., 2008)\u0026nbsp;reported that the level of GPx had a transient increase immediately after parturition and then started to decline. Additionally, research on dairy goats indicates that blood GPx activity declines during the postpartum period, implying that the animals may have undergone some level of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation\u0026nbsp;(Celi et al., 2010).\u0026nbsp;The prolonged effects of low GPx levels in the treatment group highlight potential limitations in the effectiveness of AD3EC vitamin in stimulating endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity. \u0026nbsp;The variations in GPx levels observed in our study potentially stem from the antioxidant\u0026apos;s properties in facilitating reactive oxygen species (ROS) elimination. Future studies might explore the impact of dietary adjustments in conjunction with injectable treatments to optimize antioxidant enzyme stimulation during critical phases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSOD is a key enzyme involved in the initial stage of the antioxidant defense system, as it helps neutralize oxidative processes triggered by stress within the cell. This enzyme facilitates the conversion of superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (Halliwell \u0026amp; Chirico, 1993; Surai, 2016). The initial elevation of SOD in the treatment group, recorded at 39.35 two weeks prior to parturition, reflects a temporary adaptive response to oxidative stress. This finding agrees with the report from El-Sayed et al. (2024) who demonstrated that the use of antioxidant vitamins such as A, D, and E had a positive effect on antioxidant and metabolic indicators, by increasing SOD level, in animals during the transition period (El-Sayed et al., 2024). Despite this encouraging result, SOD levels sharply declined in the treatment group postpartum, plummeting to 29.60 by three weeks, compared to 78.46 in the control group. These findings are in agreement with the results from (Abbas et al., 2024) who observed a reduction in SOD level in ewes after parturition. In addition, the work by (Khudhair et al., 2021) reported an apparent decline in the activity of SOD in cows. In dairy goats, SOD activity tends to decline during the postpartum phase, likely due to reduced peroxide production, which is supported by the observed decrease in reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) concentrations (Celi et al., 2010). The decrease in SOD level in the present study suggests that while the initial administration of AD3EC vitamin may enhance SOD enzymatic activity, the benefits do not persist in the face of ongoing oxidative stress encountered during and after lambing. This highlights the necessity of a comprehensive management strategy that includes not only antioxidant supplementation but also addressing environmental and management factors that contribute to oxidative stress in livestock.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results revealed differences in the oxidative parameters between the treatment and control groups, emphasizing the potential role of AD3EC injection in mitigating oxidative stress in Raeini cashmere goats during the transition phase. The disparities observed in oxidative stress markers between treatment and control groups underscore the need for developing tailored antioxidant strategies that consider the unique physiological challenges faced during this period. \u0026nbsp;Although, our study showed that injectable AD3EC vitamin positively affected various oxidative stress markers in Raeini cashmere goats, future research should focus on utilizing a combination of injectable and dietary antioxidants, optimized delivery timings, and environmental management strategies to improve overall oxidative balance in goats. Additionally, further studies could investigate the synergistic effects of different antioxidants, potential gene expressions related to antioxidant defense mechanisms, and the role of other dietary components in enhancing oxidative status.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors read and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis laboratory and experimental study involving animals was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch. Ethical approval was obtained from the committee (approval number: IR.IAU.KERMAN.REC.1403.072). All procedures involving animals were performed following the institutional guidelines to ensure their welfare and minimize suffering.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAll authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMohammad Mazroueisebdani: Conceptualization, Supervision, Project administration, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. Amirhossein Saeedian: Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft. Mehrdad Shamsaddini Bafti: Contributed to the development of study concept and design, Validation, Visualization, Clinical assessment, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. Najmeh Kargar: Resources, Animal handling coordination, Ethical compliance, Investigation. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors sincerely appreciate the facilities and technical assistance provided by the Kerman and Baft Agricultural and Natural Resources Research, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center , AREEO,Kerman.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbbas, M., Alsalim, H., Hasan, N., \u0026amp; Abbas, H. (2024). 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Host oxidative stress in piroplasmosis: a review in domestic animals. \u003cem\u003eVeterinary Parasitology\u003c/em\u003e, 322\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRehman, R., \u0026amp; Azhar, A. (2024). Oxidative stress, mechanisms of subfertility, and reproductive disorders in females. In \u003cem\u003eFundamental Principles of Oxidative Stress in Metabolism and Reproduction\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 185-200). Elsevier. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaleh, M., Abdel-Salam, M., \u0026amp; EL-Milleegy, I. M. (2007). Oxidative antioxidant status during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation in native and cross bred cows in the Egyptian oasis. \u003cem\u003eAssiut Veterinary Medical Journal\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e53(113), 284-304. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShastak, Y., \u0026amp; Pelletier, W. (2024). 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The Most Important Metabolic Diseases in Dairy Cattle during the Transition Period. \u003cem\u003eAnimals\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e14(5), 816. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eT\u0026uuml;z\u0026uuml;n, A., Erdil, A., İnal, V., Aydın, A., Bağcı, S., Yeşilova, Z., Sayal, A., Karaeren, N., \u0026amp; Dağalp, K. (2002). Oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. \u003cem\u003eClinical biochemistry\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e35(7), 569-572. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVicente, F., Campo-Celada, M., Men\u0026eacute;ndez-Miranda, M., Garc\u0026iacute;a-Rodr\u0026iacute;guez, J., \u0026amp; Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Fern\u0026aacute;ndez, A. (2024). Effect of postbiotic supplementation on nutrient digestibility and milk yield during the transition period in dairy cows. \u003cem\u003eAnimals\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e14(16), 2359. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Table 1","content":"\u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTable 1. The levels of MDA, TAC, GPx, and SOD in the treatment and control groups during the transition period in Raini Cashmere goats\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"633\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.9874%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.6719%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e- 2 w*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7729%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e- 1 w\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e+ 1 w\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e+ 2 w\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e+ 3 w\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.9874%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.6719%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003etreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e79.39\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e11.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7729%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e74.3\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e9.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e98.98\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e8.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e79.06\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e15.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e75.45\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e17.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.9874%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMDA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.6719%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7729%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.9874%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.6719%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003econtrol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e86.40\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e14.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7729%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e101.99\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e15.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e129.25\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e122.06\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e113.33\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e5.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.9874%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.6719%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.246\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7729%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.9874%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.6719%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003etreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.78\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7729%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.71\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n 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style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7729%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.9874%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.6719%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003econtrol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.88\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7729%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.91\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.93\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.81\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.72\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.9874%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.6719%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7729%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n 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dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e11.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e91.30\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e9.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e80.54\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e15.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.9874%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGPx\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.6719%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n 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dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e34.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7729%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e256.74\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e83.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e249.49\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e67.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e245.33\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e38.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e200.20\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e42.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.9874%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.6719%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7729%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.9874%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.6719%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003etreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e39.35\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e4.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7729%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e33.86\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e35.69\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e32.16\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e29.60\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e2.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.9874%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSOD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.6719%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7729%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.9874%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.6719%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003econtrol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10.84\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e2.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7729%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e16.26\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e11.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e48.22\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e10.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e47.97\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e19.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e46.78\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.9874%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.6719%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7729%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.142%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e* (-) before and (+) after parturition\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-values below 0.05 are considered statistically significant\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-veterinary-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Veterinary Research](http://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12917","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12917/3?","title":"BMC Veterinary Research","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"AD3EC, oxidative factors, Raeini cashmere goat, Transition period","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7188503/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7188503/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe transition period in goats is a critical phase characterized by significant physiological and metabolic changes as they prepare for parturition and the onset of lactation. This study investigated the effects of injectable AD3EC vitamin as an antioxidant on oxidative stress markers in Raeini cashmere goats during the transition period. Twenty Raeini cashmere goats were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. Key oxidative factors, including malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were measured at following time points: two weeks before parturition, one week before parturition, and one, two, and three weeks postpartum. The results demonstrated that the treatment group consistently exhibited significantly lower MDA levels than the control group at all measured time points (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Although TAC levels were higher in the control group, the administration of AD3EC vitamin showed a positive trend in managing oxidative stress during critical periods, particularly one week postpartum. Notably, the treatment group experienced an increase in GPx levels postpartum, highlighting the potential of AD3EC vitamin to stimulate antioxidant enzyme activity. Additionally, SOD levels demonstrated an initial increase prior to parturition (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). These findings underscore the potential of AD3EC vitamin as an effective intervention for reducing oxidative stress and promoting overall health and resilience in Raeini cashmere goats during the transition period. Future research should further explore the integration of AD3EC vitamin with other dietary strategies to optimize antioxidant defense mechanisms in livestock.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluating the efficacy of injectable antioxidant AD3EC on oxidative stress biomarkers in Raeini Cashmere goats","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-20 07:05:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7188503/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-08-28T03:15:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-20T13:52:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-17T06:59:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-13T09:22:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"25958149104326815469578004484241672838","date":"2025-08-12T19:24:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"191875948001485390600198379956591051068","date":"2025-08-12T10:28:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"338487610468591769509514415850544391526","date":"2025-08-12T10:08:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-12T08:28:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-11T07:43:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-07-28T03:40:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-07-25T18:38:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Veterinary Research","date":"2025-07-25T14:47:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-veterinary-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Veterinary Research](http://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12917","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12917/3?","title":"BMC Veterinary Research","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"161269b6-b9a3-4d0a-97aa-d4002a2bc3d9","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-24T16:08:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7188503","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-025-05091-2","journal":{"identity":"bmc-veterinary-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},"publishedOn":"2025-11-19 15:59:03","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 19th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-20 07:05:55","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12917-025-05091-2","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-025-05091-2","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7188503","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7188503","identity":"rs-7188503","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}