Restoration Method of Sootiness Mural Images Based on Dark Channel Prior and Retinex by Bilateral Filter

Restoration Method of Sootiness Mural Images Based on Dark Channel Prior and Retinex by Bilateral Filter | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research article Restoration Method of Sootiness Mural Images Based on Dark Channel Prior and Retinex by Bilateral Filter Ning Cao, Shuqiang Lyu, Miaole Hou, Wanfu Wang, Zhenhua Gao, Ahmed Shaker, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-107842/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Mar, 2021 Read the published version in npj Heritage Science → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Environmental changes and human activities can cause serious degradation of murals, where sootiness is one of the most common problems of ancient Chinese indoor murals. In order to improve the visual quality of the murals, a restoration method is proposed for sootiness murals based on dark channel prior and Retinex by bilateral filter using hyperspectral imaging technology. First, radiometric correction and denoising through band clipping and minimum noise fraction rotation forward and inverse transform were applied to the hyperspectral data of the sootiness mural to produce its denoised reflectance image. Second, a near-infrared band was selected from the reflectance image and combined with the green and blue visible bands to synthesize a pseudo color image for the subsequent sootiness removal processing. The near-infrared band is selected because it is better penetrating the sootiness layer to a certain extent comparing to other bands. Third, the sootiness covered on the pseudo color image was preliminarily removed by using the method of dark channel prior and by adjusting the brightness of the image. Finally, the Retinex by bilateral filter was performed on the image to get the final restored image, where the sootiness was removed. The results show that the proposed method can effectively reduce the influence of sootiness on the mural image and improve its visual quality. It can also be used to reveal the original appearance of the mural to reasonable extent. Cultural Studies Art History mural sootiness hyperspectral imaging near-infrared dark channel prior Retinex by bilateral filter virtual restoration Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Mar, 2021 Read the published version in npj Heritage Science → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 20 Dec, 2020 Review # 2 received at journal 14 Dec, 2020 Review # 1 received at journal 27 Nov, 2020 Reviewer # 3 agreed at journal 21 Nov, 2020 Reviewer # 2 agreed at journal 15 Nov, 2020 Reviewer # 1 agreed at journal 15 Nov, 2020 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Nov, 2020 Editor assigned by journal 09 Nov, 2020 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Nov, 2020 Editor invited by journal 09 Nov, 2020 First submitted to journal 08 Nov, 2020 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-107842","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":4746931,"identity":"5490b8d6-e9ab-4796-b831-3b1e3f15edae","order_by":0,"name":"Ning Cao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ning","middleName":"","lastName":"Cao","suffix":""},{"id":4746932,"identity":"cc3f83ac-5d16-4e7c-9354-84165d78a9f6","order_by":1,"name":"Shuqiang Lyu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shuqiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Lyu","suffix":""},{"id":4746926,"identity":"71187512-8272-4e1a-8f97-76097ce06408","order_by":2,"name":"Miaole Hou","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAxCRwMAgw8DeAxNLIE4LDwPPGVK0MIC0SOQQqcWcvcd0w4MaGx5+ybfHJH5U2DHws+cYMPzcgVuLZc8ZsxsJx9J4JGfnpUn2nElmkOx5Y8DYewa3FoMbOUAtbId5DG7nmEkztjGDRAyYGdsIafl3mMf+5hmgln/1DPZEaUlsA9oiwQPU0nCYwUCCkJYzx8puJPal8UicyUu27Dl2HMh4VnCwF5+W483bbv74ZiPH33724I0fNdVARvLGBz/xaMEAPCDiAAkaRsEoGAWjYBRgAQCt1U6/YuxGRwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Miaole","middleName":"","lastName":"Hou","suffix":""},{"id":4746934,"identity":"9cef9f13-d140-4eb5-8705-79cf159cb79a","order_by":3,"name":"Wanfu Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Dunhuang Research Academy","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wanfu","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":4746935,"identity":"fdc20f9a-8e5d-4218-a1c3-d4dbe98857c6","order_by":4,"name":"Zhenhua Gao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhenhua","middleName":"","lastName":"Gao","suffix":""},{"id":4746929,"identity":"1816c7b7-ab3c-475f-bd02-eb76c49bef64","order_by":5,"name":"Ahmed Shaker","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ryerson University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmed","middleName":"","lastName":"Shaker","suffix":""},{"id":4746930,"identity":"8a79df8e-bf23-45eb-86df-73f6e2ab0c21","order_by":6,"name":"Youqiang Dong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Youqiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Dong","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-11-13 16:30:43","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-107842/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-107842/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00504-5","type":"published","date":"2021-03-06T15:05:40+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":3695728,"identity":"b9ebc18c-f24c-47c9-871c-63aa627c2293","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-19 15:43:14","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":683439,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Sootiness legend of mural.","description":"","filename":"1.PNG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-107842/v1/c55d892b4e7fb82b497d8602.PNG"},{"id":3695729,"identity":"8c83f035-7663-4c3d-ad67-daec22818998","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-19 15:43:14","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":929077,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The image of the mural and the two study areas: (a) complete image of the mural; 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(c) sootiness mural image (SMI).","description":"","filename":"4.PNG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-107842/v1/69395720478c25e10382ba64.PNG"},{"id":3695732,"identity":"e3eea13d-9354-4e9b-ac01-81a66ee89b91","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-19 15:43:15","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":780187,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The synthetic sootiness mural image of area 1: (a) synthetic true color image; (b) near-infrared band image; (c) synthetic pseudo color image; (d) sootiness mural image after block histogram matching.","description":"","filename":"5.PNG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-107842/v1/1e76139ee6c5a92546437528.PNG"},{"id":3695733,"identity":"48195e74-2961-4b08-b47f-b836c82bb205","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-19 15:43:15","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":785017,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The preliminary sootiness removal results of area 1: (a) synthetic true color image; (b) dark channel image; (c) result of dark channel priori sootiness removal; (d) result of brightness adjustment.","description":"","filename":"6.PNG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-107842/v1/baaf2659c8576c469531a0c9.PNG"},{"id":3695734,"identity":"9b7b86eb-8915-4432-82d6-b51c600ada1f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-19 15:43:16","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":500792,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The restoration result of area 1: (a) synthetic true color image; (b) restoration result.","description":"","filename":"7.PNG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-107842/v1/c299a0c048d284a82a24c6da.PNG"},{"id":3695735,"identity":"3b435ff3-b022-4277-82c0-f4bb16482f23","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-19 15:43:16","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":999315,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The restoration effects of digital photo and hyperspectral synthetic image of area 1: (a) digital photo; (b) restoration effect of digital photo; (c) hyperspectral synthetic image; (d) restoration effect of hyperspectral synthetic image.","description":"","filename":"8.PNG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-107842/v1/4a3f01e9b56777e4b95a909e.PNG"},{"id":3695736,"identity":"2694e8c3-1f2b-4bb2-bea2-43857611eb68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-19 15:43:16","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1052319,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The restoration effects of area 1 without different steps of the proposed method: (a) synthetic true color image; (b) restoration effect without MNF transformation; (c) restoration effect without prior dark channel; (d) restoration effect of the proposed method.","description":"","filename":"9.PNG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-107842/v1/1124ba5cfea8c98072b5bd78.PNG"},{"id":3695737,"identity":"1d3580c1-9306-4f56-b2d0-6663d2412bf9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-19 15:43:16","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":897239,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The restoration effects of area 1 with different methods: (a) synthetic true color image; (b) restoration effect of homomorphic filtering method; (c) restoration effect of Gaussian stretching method; (d) restoration effect of the proposed method.","description":"","filename":"10.PNG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-107842/v1/eb58d1aba75563fb34180832.PNG"},{"id":3695738,"identity":"6a892e84-37a9-4aad-ac20-0adafca3b780","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-19 15:43:17","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":994917,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The restoration results of sootiness murals in other study areas: (a) synthetic true color image of area 2 of Qutan Temple; (b) restoration results of area 2 of Qutan Temple; (c) synthetic true color image of Guanyin Temple; (d) restoration results of sootiness mural of Guanyin Temple.","description":"","filename":"11.PNG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-107842/v1/adf144b6329426ac6b2f31e4.PNG"},{"id":3695739,"identity":"953885dc-6198-49c3-82de-aecf43069dfc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-19 15:43:17","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":812643,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The restoration and mosaic result of the left Buddha of Qutan Temple.","description":"","filename":"12.PNG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-107842/v1/2f7af4decafe0288ffc48db8.PNG"},{"id":3695740,"identity":"a58fbdc9-7e8f-43d2-b04e-681d60403700","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-19 15:43:17","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":828614,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The final restoration result of area 1: (a) synthetic true color image; (b) result of preliminary sootiness removal; (c) result of paint losses inpainting; (d) final restoration result.","description":"","filename":"13.PNG","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-107842/v1/00832fab5a826ba4f53457ff.PNG"},{"id":13616744,"identity":"f090390c-e4d5-4529-85ff-3d2aa55d496e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 06:50:51","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2860575,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-107842/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":13557159,"identity":"aa480bd6-b74e-4c7e-a922-db325eb65601","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 02:51:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2798434,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-107842/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":3695741,"identity":"d0cacdd6-a3f9-4e37-9af6-f61eca03b0d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-11-19 15:43:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2593708,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-107842/v1_stamped.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Restoration Method of Sootiness Mural Images Based on Dark Channel Prior and Retinex by Bilateral Filter","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis preprint is available for \u003ca href='/article/rs-107842/latest.pdf' target='_blank'\u003edownload as a PDF\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"npj-heritage-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"hsci","sideBox":"Learn more about [Heritage Science](http://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"40494","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40494/3","title":"npj Heritage Science","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"mural, sootiness, hyperspectral imaging, near-infrared, dark channel prior, Retinex by bilateral filter, virtual restoration","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-107842/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-107842/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Environmental changes and human activities can cause serious degradation of murals, where sootiness is one of the most common problems of ancient Chinese indoor murals. In order to improve the visual quality of the murals, a restoration method is proposed for sootiness murals based on dark channel prior and Retinex by bilateral filter using hyperspectral imaging technology. First, radiometric correction and denoising through band clipping and minimum noise fraction rotation forward and inverse transform were applied to the hyperspectral data of the sootiness mural to produce its denoised reflectance image. Second, a near-infrared band was selected from the reflectance image and combined with the green and blue visible bands to synthesize a pseudo color image for the subsequent sootiness removal processing. The near-infrared band is selected because it is better penetrating the sootiness layer to a certain extent comparing to other bands. Third, the sootiness covered on the pseudo color image was preliminarily removed by using the method of dark channel prior and by adjusting the brightness of the image. Finally, the Retinex by bilateral filter was performed on the image to get the final restored image, where the sootiness was removed. The results show that the proposed method can effectively reduce the influence of sootiness on the mural image and improve its visual quality. It can also be used to reveal the original appearance of the mural to reasonable extent.","manuscriptTitle":"Restoration Method of Sootiness Mural Images Based on Dark Channel Prior and Retinex by Bilateral Filter","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2020-11-19 15:43:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-107842/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2020-12-21T00:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-12-15T00:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Reviewer's comments unavailable due to the journal's policy.\n"},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-11-28T00:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Reviewer's comments unavailable due to the journal's policy.\n"},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-11-22T00:00:00+00:00","index":3,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-11-16T01:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-11-16T00:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2020-11-15T00:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2020-11-10T00:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-11-09T23:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2020-11-09T23:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"","date":"2020-11-09T00:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"npj-heritage-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"hsci","sideBox":"Learn more about [Heritage Science](http://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"40494","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40494/3","title":"npj Heritage Science","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b458fe08-49b1-4258-99a6-fd19ad005f99","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 19th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":1132992,"name":"Cultural Studies"},{"id":1132993,"name":"Art History"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-03-07T15:07:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-107842","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00504-5","journal":{"identity":"npj-heritage-science","isVorOnly":false,"title":"npj Heritage Science"},"publishedOn":"2021-03-06 15:05:40","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 6th, 2021"},"versionCreatedAt":"2020-11-19 15:43:12","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s40494-021-00504-5","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00504-5","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-107842","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-107842","identity":"rs-107842","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"FbvkV6FR0MCFSLy54lSbu","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}